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TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
(NON-EXPERIMENTAL)
Descriptive Research
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Descriptive research seeks to

explain the current status of an
identified variable. The aim of
descriptive research is to explain
and interpret, the current status
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of people, settings, conditions, or

events.
In descriptive research, the
researcher does not usually
begin with the hypothesis,
however, it is probably going to
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develop one after collecting the

information.
Description of different kinds of
physical activities that occur in
schools, etc. are all examples of
descriptive research
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1. Survey Research
Survey Research is the most
elementary tool for all sorts of
quantitative research
techniques. The very most
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important purpose of the

research is to widely explain the
characteristics of a particular
group or a bunch of population.
Cross-sectional and


longitudinal are two main kinds

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of surveys that can be used to

conduct the survey quantitative
research analysis.
 The cross-sectional survey is
conducted specifically on a
target population at a given
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purpose of time. These type of

surveys are used to conduct
research mostly in retail stores,
health care trade, etc.
 In a longitudinal survey,
research is conducted at
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various time durations. These

are utilized in medicine and
applied sciences.
2.Correlational Research
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 Correlational research is used

to establish a relationship
between two close entities and
to determine how one impacts
the other. For this, a researcher
needs at least two separate
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groups. This type of research will

recognize trends and patterns in
data, but it does not go so far in
its analysis to observe the
different patterns.
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 Examples of Correlational
research include the
relationships between the types
of activities of mathematics
classrooms and the
achievement of students, the
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relationship between diet and

anxiety.
3. Casual-Comparative
Research
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 Casual-Comparative research is
employed to conclude the
cause-effect equation between
two or more variables, where
one variable depends on the
opposite experimental variable.
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An independent variable is not

manipulated by the
experimenter, and the effects of
the independent variable is on
the dependent variable are
measured.
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Casual-Comparative research is
a method that works on the
process of comparison.
Once analysis and conclusions


are made, deciding about the

causes should be done
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fastidiously, as other different

variables, each far-famed and
unknown, might still have an
effect on the result.
 Examples of this type of
research include the effect of
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preschool attendance on social

maturity at the end of the first
grade, the impact of drugs on a
teenager.
4. EX-POST FACTO
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 An ex post facto research

design is a method in which
groups with qualities that
already exist are compared on
some dependent variable. Also
known as "after the fact"
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research, an ex post facto

design is considered quasi-
experimental because the
subjects are not randomly
assigned - they are grouped
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based on a particular
characteristic or trait.
For example, a researcher is
interested in how weight
influences self-esteem levels in
adults. So the participants
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would be separated into

differing groups (underweight,
normal weight, overweight) and
their self esteem levels
measured. This is an ex post
facto design because a pre-
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existing characteristic (weight)

was used to form the groups.
5. Comparative research
Comparative research
essentially compares two
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groups in an attempt to draw a

conclusion about them.
Researchers attempt to identify
and analyze similarities and
differences between groups,
and these studies are most
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often cross-national, comparing

two separate people groups.
Comparative studies can be
used to increase understanding
between cultures and societies
and create a foundation for
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compromise and collaboration.

These studies contain both
quantitative and qualitative
research methods.
2. Experimental Research
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Experimental research, as the

name suggests, is usually based
on one or more theories. It is
based on one or more than one
theory. It is called true
experimentation, uses the
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scientific method to establish the

cause-effect relationship among
a group of variables that make
up a study. Multiple theories can
be used to conduct this research
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 A comparison group of
participants who are randomly
selected and assigned to
experimental and control
groups.
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 An independent variable,
which can be referred to as
the experimental variable that
can be applied to the
experimental group.
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 A dependent variable, which

can be referred to as the effect
or posttest variable that can be
measured in an identical
manner for all groups.