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ANSWERS FOR LEXICOLOGY..............................................................................................

..............................................................................................22
PART A. THEORY..................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
.................
..............
......22
Q.1. What are lexicology, word and vocabulary? vocabu lary?........................................................
................................................................
...............
.......22
Q.2. State the origin of English words? words ?.................................................................................
.......................................................................................
......22
Q.3. What is the assimilation of borrowings?
borrowin gs?.........................................................
.................................................................
................
............
....33
Q.4. Classify borrowed words according to the th e degree of assimilation?
assi milation? ....................................
....................................33
Q.5. What is morpheme? Classify morphemes?..................................................
..........................................................
................
...............
.......33
Q.6. What’s allomorph? State the kind of allomorph? Classify the morphological conditioned
allomorph?...................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................4
Q.7. What is compound? Classify Class ify English
Engli sh compounds?
compounds ?.............................................................
.............................................................55
Q.8. What is clipping? State the kinds of clipping? cli pping?......................................................
..............................................................
..............
......66
Q.9. What is conversion?
conversi on? State the semantic seman tic relationship
relation ship in conversion?
conversi on?..................................
..................................66
Q.10. What is meaning?
meanin g?..........................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
.....77
Q.11. Lexical meaning
meanin g of the word?......................................................................
..............................................................................
................
............
....77
Q.12. What is metaphor?
metaph or? Types of metaphor? metaph or?..................................................................
..........................................................................
............77
Q.13. What is metonymy?
meto nymy? Types of metonymy? meton ymy?...............................................................
.......................................................................
..........7
Q.14. What is homonym? Classify homonym? State the origin of homonym? homon ym?........ ................
...............
...........88
Q.15. What is synonym?
synony m? What are the criteria of synonym? State the th e types of synonym?
synony m?... .......10
10
Q.16. What are the types of connotation? ..........................................................
..................................................................
.................
...............
......1010
Q.17. What is euphemism?
euph emism? State the reasons r easons for euphemism?.................................................
.................................................11 11
Q.18. What is antonym?
an tonym? What are the types of antonym?.................................................
........................................................
.......1111
Q.19. What are the main characteristics of Phraseological units (Pus)? How can PUs can be
distinguished
distingui shed from Free word groups (FWGs)? ( FWGs)?...................................................................
........................................................................
.....1212
Q.20. Principles of classificati
clas sification on of PUs?.....................................................................
.............................................................................
............
....1313
Q.21. Structural
Structura l classification
classif ication of PUs?....................................................................................
........................................................................................1313

PART B. EXERCISES...........................................................................................
...................................................................................................
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...............
......14
14
CHAPTER I. FUNDAMENT
FUNDAMENTALS ALS..............................................................................
......................................................................................
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......14
14
CHAPTER II. THE ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORDS..................................... .............................................
............
....15
15
CHAPTER III. MORPHEME STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS................................... ...................................1616
CHAPTER IV. WORD – BUILDING....................................................................
............................................................................
.................
...........17
CHAPTER V. SEMANTICS – MEANING.......................................................
...............................................................
................
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......24
24
CHAPTER VI. HOMONYM
HOMONYMS S.................................................................................
.........................................................................................
................
..........25
CHAPTER VII. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS..........................................
..................................................
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......26
26
CHAPTER VIII. SET EXPRESSION - PHRASEOL PHRASEOLOGY OGY....................................................
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ANSWERS FOR LEXICOLOGY

PART A. THEORY

Q.1. What are lexicology, word and vocabulary?

- Lexicology is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of language and the properties
of words as the main units of language.
- Word is the term used to denote the basic unit of a given language resulting from the association
of particular meaning with a particular group of sounds capable of a particular grammatical
employment.
- Vocabulary is the term used to denote the system formed by the sum total of all the words that
the language processes

Q.2. State the origin of English words?

2.1. Native words:
- Definition: Native words are words belonging to original English
- Native words are sub-divided into 3 groups:
+ Indo-European element: are words having cognate (same origin) in the vocabulary of
different Indo-European languages.
Eg. Father, mother, brother, son, daughter, foot, heart, cow, day, night, sun, moon, star,
sheep, wolf, man, two, three, tree, etc.
+ Germanic element: are words of roots common to all or most Germanic languages.
Eg. Head, arm, bear, oak, rain, winter, spring, sea, land, house, boat, green, blue, earth,
little, strong, long, etc.
+ English proper: are words having no cognates in other languages.

Eg. Bird, boy, girl, lady, woman, lord, apple, dog, bread, etc.
2.1. Borrowed words (borrowing / loan words):
- Definition: Borrowed words are those taken from other languages and modified in phonetic
shape, graphic, morphological…according
morphological…according to standards of the English language.
- Borrowed words can be taken from various languages such as: Latin, French, Russian, Greek,
Spanish, etc.
Eg. + Latin: butter, plum, beef…
+ Spanish: tomato, potato…
+ French: desire, adore, baron, count…
2.3. International words:
- International words are words of identical origin that occurs in several languages as a result of
simultaneous
simultaneous and successive borrowing from one ultimate source: Football, email, internet.

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Q.3. What is the assimilation of borrowings?

The term assimilation of loan words is used to denote a partial or total conformation to the
phonetical, graphical and morphological standards of the receiving language and its semantic
system.

Q.4. Classify borrowed words according to the degree of assimilation?

Accor
According
ding to deg
degree
ree of ass
assim
imila
ilatio
tion,
n, bor
borrow
rowed
ed wo
words
rds can be cla
classi
ssifie
fiedd int
into:
o: co
compl
mplete
etely
ly
assimilatedd words, partially assimilated words and unassimilated words.
assimilate
- Completely assimilated words are found in all the layers of older borrowings.
Eg. + Latin: cheese, street, wall, wine…
+ Scandinavian: husband, fellow, gate, root, wing…
+ French: table, chair, face…
- Partially assimilated words are aub-divided into 4 subgroups:
+ Loan words not assimilate
assimilatedd semantically: denote the objects, notion of country they’re from
Eg. Kimono (Japanese), rickshaw (Chinese)
+ Loan words not assimilated grammatically:
Eg. Formula – formulae; index – indice; phenomenon – phenomena (plural form is kept
constant).
+ Loan words not completely assimilate
assimilatedd phoneticall
phonetically:
y:
Eg. ma’chine, car’toon, po’lice (stress / accent is kept on original syllabe)
+ Loan words not completely assimilate
assimilatedd graphically:
Eg. Café, cliché (keep a diacritical mark)
- Unassimilated words / barbarisms: are words from other langusges used by English people in
conversation or writing, but not assoimilated in any way. (additional)
Eg. ciao (Italian) – ‘good bye’

Q.5. What is morpheme? Classify morphemes?

- Definition: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a given language.
- Classificat
Classification:
ion:
5.1. According to its function:
- Grammatical morphemes: show how the words can be combined with other, how it is changed.
They are funtional words.

Eg. books
ooks “-
“-s”
s” is gra
ram
mmatic
aticaal morp
rphe
hem
me
- Lexical morphemes: are content words.
Eg. bboooks “book” is
is le
lexical mo
morpheme

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5.2. According to its distribution:

- Free morphemes: can stand alone as independent words
- Bound morpheme: can’t stand alone as independent words, can only be added to other words to
form new forms of word or new words.
Eg.. bbook
Eg ooked
ed “bo
“book”
ok” – ffree
ree mo
morp
rphem
heme;
e; “-e
“-ed”
d” – bo
bound
und mo
morp
rphem
hemee
5.3. According to word-buiding:
- Affi
Af fixe
xess can’
can’tt stan
standd alon
alonee as in
inde
depe
pend
nden
entt words
ords,, are
are su
sub-
b-di
divi
vide into inflectional and
dedd into
derivational morphemes.
+ Inflectional morpheme is used to add to the root to form new form.
Eg. translated, booked…
+ Derivational morpheme
morpheme is used to add to the root to form new word.
Eg. translation
- Root (base): can stand alone as independent word.
Base is the morpheme which carries the principle meaning in the word and to which a
suffix or prefix can be added.
Eg. happy (base) – happiness
Free base can stand by itself while bound base must be preceded by prefix or followed by
suffix.
5.4. IC – Immediate Constituent division:
Each hierarchy is the layer or structure by which a word has been composed, we can make
successful division into parts, each of which called IC and this division is called IC division.
To divide, we must:
- Find inflectional morpheme
- Find derivational morpheme
- Find the root.

Q.6. What’s allomorph? State the kind of allomorph? Classify the morphological
conditioned allomorph?
6.1. Definition:
Allomorphs are various phonemic shapes that represent the same morpheme. An allomorph is a
structure which is similar semantically
semantically but phonological
phonologically
ly different.
Eg. /z/, /s/, /iz/ - are allomorph of {s}
6.2. Kinds of allomorph:

- Phonologically conditioned allomorph (PCA): a morpheme is phonologically conditioned when

its distribution depends on the phonological nature of the preceding phoneme.

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- Morphologically conditioned allomorph (MCA): a morpheme is morphologically conditioned

when it is determined by a specific morpheme.
6.3. Classify MCA:

- Zero allomorph: no change in writing – symbol φ of {…}

Eg. sheep – sheep φ of {-s}

- Additive allomorph: {-s}  ∞ /↔n/

Eg. child – children
- Peplacive allomorph:
+ Vowel: v  v Eg. man – men /æ/  /e/
+ Consonant: c  c Eg. tooth – teeth /ð/  /θ/

Q.7. What is compound? Classify English compounds?

- Composition or word compound is the combination of at least 2 free bases.
- Classificat
Classification:
ion:
7.1. According to the structural aspect: neutral, morpgologicall and syntactic.
- Neutral compounds:
+ Simple nautral compounds: consist of simple affixless stems.
Eg. blackbird, ladybird, windshield…
+ Derivational compounds: one constituent is derivational stem.
Eg. lady-killer, air-conditioner, chainsmoke
chainsmoker…
r…
+ Neutral contracted compounds: one constituent is clipped stem.
Eg. V-day, H-bomb, U-turn…
- Morphorlogical compounds:
compounds: stems are linked by a vowel or a consonant.

Eg. handicraft, spokesman, handiwork…

- Syntactic compounds: mother-in-law
mother-in-law,, lady-in-waiting,
lady-in-waiting, good-for-nothing…
7.2. According to semantic aspect: idiomatic and non-idiomat
non-idiomatic
ic
- Non-i
Non-idio
dioma
matic
tic com
compo
pound
unds:
s: who
whose
se meani
meaning
ng can
can reall
reallyy be descri
describe
bedd as the sum of the
their
ir
constituent meanings.
Eg. bedroom, reasinglamp, earthquake…
- Idiomatic compounds: whose meaning do not correspond to the separate meanings of their
constituent parts.
Eg. blackboard, tallboy, lazybone, butter-finger…
7.3. According to IC:
- Compounds of simple stems.
Eg. film-star, windshield…

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- Compounds which at least one constituent is derived stem.

Eg. chainsmoker, bank-robber…
- Compounds which at least one constituent is clipped stem.
Eg. H-bag, D-day…
- Compounds which at least one constituent is compound stem.
Eg. wastepaper-basket…

Q.8. What is clipping? State the kinds of clipping?

- Clipping is the cutting-off the beginning or the end of the word or both, leaving a part to stand
for the word.
- Kinds of clipping:
+ Initial clipping: retains the final part of the word (the initial part is cut).
Eg. telephone  phone; violoncello  cello…
+ Final clipping: retains the initial part of the word (the final part is cut).
  
Eg. advertisement ad; examination exam; laboratory lab…
+ Inito-final clipping: retains the medial part of the word (the initial and final parts are cut).
Eg. influenza  flu; refridgerator  fridge…
+ Medial clipping: retains the initial and final parts of the word (the medial part is cut).
Eg. mathematics  maths; spectacles  specs…

Q.9. What is conversion? State the semantic relationship in conversion?

- Conversion is the process by which a word is extended its grammatical function.
Eg. book (n) – to book (v)
- Semantic relationship:
+ N – name of tool or implement; V – denotes action performed by it.
Eg. hammer – to hammer, comb – to comb, brush – to brush…
+ N – name of animal; V – denotes action or aspect of behaviour considered typical of it.
Eg. dog – to dog, ape – to ape… (except: fish – to fish _try to catch fish).
+ N – name of part of human body; V – denoted action performed by it.
Eg. head – to head, eye – to eye, leg – to leg…
+ N – name of a profession of occupatio
occupation;
n; V – denotes an activity typical of it.
Eg. cook – to cook, nurse – to nurse…
+ N – name of place; V – the process of occupying it or put sb/sth into it.
Eg. room – to room, table – to table…

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+ N – name of container; V – the act of putting sth within the container.

Eg. can – to can, bottle – to bottle…
+ N – name of meal; V – the process of making it.
Eg. lunch – to lunch…

Q.10. What is meaning?

Meaning can be more or less described as a component of the word through which a concept is
communicated.

Q.11. Lexical meaning of the word?

Lexical meaning of a word is the relization of the notion by mean of the definite language system.
The notion content of the word is expressed by the denitative meaning and the emotional content
of the word is expressed by the connotative meaning.

Q.12. What is metaphor? Types of metaphor?

- Metaphor is the transfer of name basedon the association of similarity and thus is actually a
hidden compariso
comparison.
n.
- Types of metaphor:
+ Similarity of shape or function.
Eg. head of cabbage, the key to a mystery…
+ Similarity of position.
Eg. foot of a page, foot of mountain…
+ Similarity of behaviour.
Eg. a bookworm, a fox…
+ Transition of proper name into common one.
Eg. Don Juan, Vandal…

Q.13. What is metonymy? Types of metonymy?

- Metonymy is the transfer based upon the association of contiguity. It is a shift of names between
things that are known to be in some way or other connected in reality. The transfer may be
conditioned by spatial, temporal, causal, symbolic, instrumental , functional and other relations.

- Types of metonymy:
+ Spatial relations: the name of place is used for the people occupying it.
Eg. chair means chairman

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+ Causal relations:
 State or properties serves as names for objects and people possessing them.
Eg. youth, authoritied, forces…
 Name of action serves to name result of the action.
Eg. kill (O.E – means ‘hit on the head’)
 Emotion may be named by movements that accompanied them.
Eg. to start, to frown…
+ Symbolic relation:
 Instrument
Instrument for the product.
Eg. hand for handwriting
 Material for particular article.
Eg. glass, iron, nickel…
+ Functional change: the shift is between names of things substituting one another inhuman
practice.
 Common name derived from proper one, named after the inventor.
Eg. macadam, diesel…
 Physical, technical units are named after great scientists.
Eg. volt, watt, ohm, ampare, farad…
 Name of establishment is used not only for the establishment itself but also its staff or the
policy.
Eg. the White House, the Pentagon, the Downing Street…
 Geographical
Geographical names used for goods originating where there are axceedingly numerous.
Eg. china, bikini, boston…

 Garments came to be known by the name of those who brought them into fashion.
Eg. mackintosh, wellingtons, CK…

Q.14. What is homonym? Classify homonym? State the origin of homonym?

homonym?
14.1. Definition:
Two or more words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning, distribution and (in
many cases) origin are called homonym.
14.2. Classification:
- According to the sound: (sound form)
+ Homonym proper: same sound and spelling, but different meaning.
Eg. back (adv) – back (v)

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+ Homophone: same sound, but different spelling and meaning.

Eg. by – buy – bye
+ Homograph: same spelling, but different sound and meaning.
Eg. row (n) /r↔Υ / - row (v) /raΥ /; lead
lead (n)
(n) /le
/led/
d/ - lead
lead ((v)
v) /li:
/li:d/
d/
- According to lexico-gram
lexico-grammatical
matical criteria:
+ Full homonym: same sound, spelling and grammatical function (part of speech), but different
meaning.
Eg. match (n): in ‘football match’ and ‘matchbox’
spring (n): wound wire device and first season of the year
+ Partial homonym:
 Simple lexico-grammatical homonym: same sound, spelling and part of speech, but different
meaning.
Eg. found (v): PP of ‘to find’
to found: to build, to establish
 Complex lexico-grammatical homonym: same sound and spelling, but different part of speech
and meaning.
Eg. rose (n) – rose (v)_past tense of rise
 Partial-lexical homonym: same sound, spelling and part of speech, but different meaning and
change in part of speech.
Eg. to lie – lay – laid
to lie – lied – lied
14.3. Origin of homonym:

 Convergent development of sound form:

- Homonyms through convergent sound development when 2 or 3 words of different origins
accidently concide in sound.
- It may consist of:
+ Phonetic change.
+ Phonetic change combined with loss of affixes.
+ Independent formation from homonymous bases by means of homonymous morpheme.
 Devergent semantic development:
- Homonyms developed from polysemy through devergent sense development, both may be
combined with loss of ending and other morphorlogical process.
- It may be:
+ Limited within lexico-grammatical class of words.

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+ Comb
Combine
inedd wi
with
th dif
differ
ferenc
ences
es in lexic
lexico-g
o-gram
ramma
matic
tical
al cla
class
ss and the
there
refore
fore dif
differ
ferent
ent in
grammatical
grammatical function and distribution.
+ Based on independent formation from the same base by homonymous morpheme.

Q.15. What is synonym? What are the criteria of synonym? State the types of synonym?
- Definition: Synonym can be defined as 2 or more words of the same language, belonging to the
same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meaning,
interchangeable, at least in some contexts, without any considerable alteration in denotational
meani
meaning,
ng, bu
butt differ
differing
ing in morphe
morphemic
mic compo
composit
sition
ion,, ph
phone
onemi
micc sha
shape
pe,, shade
shadess of me
meani
aning,
ng,
connotation, affective value, style, valency and idiomatic use.
- Criteria of synonym:
+ Inter
Intercha
change
ngeab
abili
ility:
ty: only
only in som
somee conte
contexts
xts syn
synony
onym
m can be change
changedd wit
withou
houtt any
alteration in denotational meaning.
+ Substitution: only in some contexts, and in others the substitution may destroy the
precision.
+ Notional criterion: synonyms convey the same notion but different shade of meaning or
stylistic charateristic
charateristic..
- Types of synonyms:
+ Absolute (total) synnonym: the member of synonymic group can replace each other in
any given context without any alteration in denotational meaning. This is rare in vocabulary.
Eg. only ‘noun’ can total replaces ‘substantive’.
+ Contextual synonym: is similar in meaning only under some specific distributional
conditions.
Eg. to buy
buy ticket ≈ to get ticket.
ticket.

Q.16. What are the types of connotation?

- The connotation of degree or intensity.
Eg. to surprise – to astonish – to amaze – to astound
to like – to admire – to love – to adore – to worship
- The connotation of duration.
Eg. to stare: quick look – to glance: longer look
- Emotive connotation.

Eg. daddy (emotion) – father; mum (emotion) – mother

- Evaluative connotation.
Eg. well-known, famous, celebrate – positive meaning

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notorious – negative meaning

- Causative connotation.
Eg. to shiver: to shake (with cold) – to shudder (with fear)
- Connotation of manner.
Eg. to stare – to glare – to gaze – to glance – to peep : # ways of looking at sth.
- Connotation of attendant circumstances.
Eg. to peep: to look at sth quickly, secretary (through a small opening)
to peer: to look at sth carefully when it is unable to see well
- Connotation of attendant feature.
Eg. pretty: delicate feature
beautiful: classical feature
- Stylistic connotation.
Eg. snack, bite (colloqual); snap (dialect); refreshment (formal)
Kid (slang); child (neutral); infant (literature)

Q.17. What is euphemism? State the reasons for euphemism?

- Definition: A source of synonyms from social linguistics is euphemism in which by a shift of
meaning, a word of more or less pleasant or at leasr inoffensive connotation substitutes
substitutes one harsh,
obsence, indelicate or unleasant.
- Reasons for euphemism:
+ To avoid social taboos: eg. in the family way (pregnant).
+ To avoid getting hurt someone’s feeling: eg. to die is replaced by – to pass away
+ Religious taboos: eg. Devil – replaced by – the Prince of Darkness, Old Nick
+ For mental diseases: eg. mad – described as – unbalanced, insane.
The use and existence of euphemisms are caused by social conventions or by certain
psychologicall factors.
psychologica

Q.18. What is antonym? What are the types of antonym?

- Antonyms may be defined as 2 or rarely more words of the same language belonging to the same
part of speech, identical in style and nearly identical in distribution, associa
associated
ted and use together so
that their denotative meanings render (form) contrary or contradictory
contradictory notions.
The antonyms are used to increase the positive or nnagative
agative aspect.

- Types of antonyms:
+ Absolute antonyms: formulae (A,B – antonyms; X,Y – the words they serve to qualify
respectively).

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 A and (or) B = all. Eg. good and bad; pros and cons
 Not A bu
butt (on
(on the
the ccon
ontr
trar
ary)
y) B. eg.
eg. iitt iiss nnot
ot bi
bigg but
but sm
smal
alll
 A or B. eg. right or wrong
 X is A, and Y (on the contrary) is B.
eg. unity is strong, and seperation
seperation is weak; the whole is big, onsel
onselff is little
+ Derivational antonyms:
antonyms: the affixes in them serve to deny the quality stated in stem.
 Negative prefixes:
prefixes: dis-, il-, im-, in-, un-, ir-.
Eg. polite – impolite; courage – discourage
 Suffix “-less”.
Eg. useful – useless; hopeful – hopeless

Q.19. What are the main characteristics of Phraseological units (Pus)? How can PUs can be
distinguished from Free word groups (FWGs)?
19.1. Charateristics:

- Double sense: the current mening of constituent words build up certain picture but the atual
meaning (hidden one) of the whole unit has little or nothing to do with that picture, it creates an
entirely new image.
- Using PUs with care espec
especially
ially to foreigner to aviod misunderst
misunderstanding.
anding.
19.2. The differnces between the PUs and FWGs:
- Semantic criterion:
+ FWG has one sense meaning which can be total meaning of the constituents expressing in the
utterances.
+ PUs has double sense (real and imagine), it can be total or partial change with the meaning of the

constituents.
- Strutural criterion:
+ Restrict
Restriction
ion in substitution:
 PUs convey single notion, the constitution can’t be changed – if they are changed, the total
meaning will be changed.
 FWGs:: the constituents can be changed without any considerable change in total meaning.
FWGs
+ Reatriction in introducing any additional components
components:

 FWGs: such change can be made without affecting the general meaning of the utterance.
 PUs: no additional components can be introduced.

+ Restriction in grammatical invariability:

grammatical
 FWGs: grammar can be changed

 PUs: grammar can’t be changed.

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Q.20. Principles of classification of PUs?

- Traditional principle:
+ Based on original content of PUs, may be alluded as “thematic”.
+ Has real merit but it does’t take into consideration the linguistic charateristic
charateristic feature of PUs.
- Semantic principle:
+ Phraseological
Phraseological combinations: are word-group with a partially changed meaning.
Eg. to be good at sth
+ Phraseological
Phraseological unities: are word-groups with a completely changed meaning, the meaning of the
unit doesn’t correspond to the meaning of its constituent parts. The whole meaning of the unit can
be duduced from its components.
Eg. to stick to one’s gun
+ Phraseolog
Phraseological
ical fusions: are word-groups with a completely changed meaning, but in contrast to
unities, their meaning
meaning can’t be deduced from the mea
meanings
nings of the constituents.
Eg. neck and crop (entirely)
- Structural principle:
+ Verbal: eg. to run for one’s life
+ Substantive (noun): eg. cat and dog
+ Adjectival: eg. safe and sound, brand new
+ Adverbial: eg. high or low, for love or money
+ Interjectional: eg. my god!, good heavens!

Q.21. Structural classification of PUs?

- Functioning like nouns:

N+N eg. m
maaid
ideen nam
namee, calf
alf llov
ovee, bbrrain
ain tr
trus
ustt
 N’s + N eg. ca
cat’
t’ss ppaaw ((pe
perrsoniz
onizeed)
 Ns’ + N eg. ladies’ m
maan
 N + preposit
sition
ion + N eg. tthe
he day
day aaft
fteer tthe
he fa
fair
ir (miss the chanc
hancee)
 N + adj eg. bbra
rand
nd new
new, knig
knight
ht erra
rant
nt
 N + aand
nd + N eg.
eg. llor
ordd aand
nd ma
mast
steer ((hu
husb
sban
and)
d),, nnec
eckk and
and crop
crop (com
(compl
plet
etel
ely)
y)
 Adjj + N
Ad eg
eg.. bro
brown
wn sstud
tudy,
y, gr
gree
eenn room (th
(thee ge
gener
neral
al re
recep
ceptio
tionn roo
room
m of a thea
theatre
tre))
 N + su
subo
bord
rdin
inat
atee ccla
laus
usee eg.
eg. tthe
he ship
ship that
that pass
pass in the
the nnig
ight
ht
- Functioning like verbs:
 V+N eg. to take advantage

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 V + ppos
ostp
tpos
osit
itiv
ivee eg.
eg. to
to giv
givee up
up
 V + aand
nd/o
/orr + V eg.
eg. ttoo pic
pickk aand
nd choo
choose
se,, ttoo kkil
illl oorr cur
curee
 V + (one
(one’s)
’s) + N + ((pre
prep)
p) eg.
eg. to snap
snap one’s
one’s finge
fingers
rs at
 V + one + N eg. to give one the bird ‘to fire smb’
 V + sub
subord
ordina
inate
te ccla
lause
use eg.
eg. to ssee
ee how
how tthe
he la
land
nd li
lies
es ((to
to ddisc
iscove
overr the sta
state
te of aaffa
ffairs
irs))
- Functioning like adjectives:
 Adj + and
and + aadj
dj eg.
eg. saf
safee aand
nd soun
sound,
d, hi
high
gh and
and mig
might
htyy
 (As) + adj + as + N eg. as old as the
the hills, as m
maad aass hatter
- Functioning like adverbs:
 N+N eg. tooth and nail
 Prep
rep + N eg
eg.. bbyy hheear
art,
t, of cour
course
se
 Adv + preposition + adj + N eg. on
once in a blue m
mooon
 Prepp + N + or + N eg. by
Pre by hook
hook or by crook
crook
 Conj + cla
claus
usee eg. be
befo
forre one
one can
can ssaay ja
jack R
Rob
obiinso
nson
- Funtioning like prepositions:
 Prep
rep + N + pre
prep eg.
eg. iinn ccon
onse
sequ
quen
ence
ce of
- Functioning like interjections: eg. god bless you, take your time

_________________________The
_________________________The End_________________
End_________________________
________

PART B. EXERCISES

CHAPTER I. FUNDAMENTALS
E 3. What is the external structure (morphological structure) of the word irresistible? What is the
internal structure (semantic structure) of this word?
The external structure of the word irresistible consists of morphe
morphemes:
mes: the prefixes ir-, re-,
the root sist, and the adjective-for
adjective-forming
ming suffix –ible.
The internal structure of the word: ir- means not, re- means again, sist meaningless, -ible
means capable.
capable. The word means ‘‘so
so strong that it can’t be stopped or resisted’.

E 5. Explain why the word blackboard can be considered a unity and why the combination of
words black board doesn’t possess such a unity?

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The word blackboard, which is characterized by unity, possess a single grammatical

framing: ‘blackboard’. The first constituent black is not subjected to any grammatical changes. In
the word-group black board each constituent can acquire grammatical forms of it own: the
blackest board. Other words can be inserted between the components which is immposs
immpossible
ible so far
as the word concerned as would violate its unity: a black wide board.
In the word-group black board, each component conveys a separate concept: black – a
colour, board – a flat abject.
The word blackboard conveys only one concept: a type of board.

CHAPTER II. THE ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORDS

E 1. Explain the origin of the following words:
father, mother, brother, dog, cat, sheep, wolf, house, home, life, earth, man, apple, bread, live, go,
give, begin, come, quick, strong, long, wide, to, for, two, three, well, much, little.
- All the above words belong to native English origin, but they are divided into such group:

English proper Indo-European Germanic

do
dog,
g, bbre
read
ad,, ap
appl
ple,
e, ccom
ome.
e. fa
fath
ther
er,, mo
moth
ther
er,, brot
brothe
her,
r, w
wol
olf,
f, house, cat, sheep, home,
man, live, go, give, quick, life, earth, begin, strong,
wide, for, two, three, much, long, to, little.
well.

E 2. - State the origin of the following doublets

- Comment on the different formation of the doublets and on the difference in meaning if any.
1. abb
abbrevi
reviat
atee (L
(L)) – aabr
brid
idge
ge (F
(Fr)
r) 2. hosp
hospit
ital
al (L
(L)) – hot
hotel
el (Fr)
(Fr) – hhos
oste
tell (F
(Fr)

3. cavalry (L) – chivalry (Fr) 4. major (L) – mayor (Fr)

5. cart (Scand) – chart (Fr) 6. senior (L) – sir (Fr)
7. fragile (L) – frail (Fr) 8. canal (Fr) – channel (E)
9. suit (OE) – suite (Fr) 10. legal (L) – loyal (Fr)
11. shade
hade (OE
(OE) – sha
hado
dow
w ((O
OE) 12. skir
irtt ((S
Scand)
nd) – shirt
hirt (O
(OE
E)
13. dike (OE/Ger) – ditch (E) 14. screw (Fr) – shrew (OE)

E 3. Give adjectives of Latin origin corresponding to the following nouns: eg. lip – labial.
Noun Adj Noun Adj

Myoeuth
E Ocraullar Hoxrse
O Eqouvine
B
Tongue Lingual Sheep Ovine
Nose Nasal Mother Maternal

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Tooth Dental Father Paternal

Body Corporal Brother Fraternal
Head Capital Woman Feminine
Ear Auricular Husband Marital
Hand manual House Domestic
Sight Visible Town Urban
Mind Mental Moon Lunar
Life Vital Sun Solar
Youth Juvenile S
Beoaok M
Liaterrinarey

E 4. Classify the following words:

- According to their origins
- According to their meanings
ox, cow, beef, calf, veal, sheep, mutton, pig, bacon, deer, venison, chase, hunt, begin, commence,
baker, tailor, weaver, butcher, shoemaker, painter, fish-man, mason, shepherd, lord, baron, lady,
count.
- According to their origins, these words are divided into such groups: Native English and French
and Latin
English French Latin
Ox, cow, calf, sheep, pig, bacon, Veal,
eal, mutto
utton,
n, veni
veniso
son,
n, ch
chas
asee, beef
deer, hunt, begin, baker, fish-man, commence, tailor, weaver, butcher,
shoemaker,
shoemaker, shepherd,
sh epherd, lord, lady. painter, mason, baron, count.

- According to their meanings we have such groups:

Animal Meat Occupation & title Verb
Ox, cow, calf, pig, Veal, mutton, Baker, tailor, Chase, hunt, begin,
sheep, deer, bacon, venison weaver, butcher, commence, count
shoemaker, painter,
fish-man, mason,
shepherd, lord,
baron, lady

CHAPTER III. MORPHEME STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS

E 1. Analyze the structure of the following words: eg. misuse
B F
Convene dislike preface foresee darkroom subway
B B B F B F B F F F B F
Recut supervise postwar policeman friendship typist

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B F F B B F F F F B F B
Loneliness assistant intervene
F B F B B B

E 2. – Separate word form into its constituent morpheme:

Eg. expression = {ex-} {-press} {-ion}

- State whether the base is bound or free and what it means

- Give at least two English words containing the same base.
Detachment = {de-} {-tach} {-ment}, the base {-tach} is a bound one; eg. attachment
Expectation = {ex} {-pect} {-ation}, the base {-pect} is a bound base, eg. pectize
Portable = {port-} {-able}, the base {port} is free base, eg. import, export
Correspondent = {cor-} {-respond} {-dent}, the base {-respond} is free base, eg. irresponsive
Revise = {re-} {-vise}, the base {-vise} is bound base, eg. supervise
Eject = {e-} {-ject}, the base {-ject} is bound base, eg. inject, project
Retainer = {re-} {-tain} {-er}, the base {-tain} is bound base, eg. maintain, contain

Contradic = {contra-} {-dict}, the base {-dict} is bound base, eg. predict, dictionary
Telephone = {tele-} {-phone}, the base {-phone} is bound base, eg. homophone, headphone
Apprehensible = {ap-} {-pre} {-hens} {-ible}, the base {-hens}is bound base, eg. comprehensive,
comprehensible
Regress = {re-} {-gress}, the base {-gress} is bound base, eg. congress
Deceiver = {de-} {-ceiv} {-er}, the base {-ceiv} is bound base, eg. receive, perceive
Department = {de-} {-part} {-ment}, the base {-part} is free base, eg. apartment
Intervene = {inter-} {-vene}, the base {-vene} is bound base, eg. convene, subvene
Consent = {con-} {-sent}, the base {-sent} is bound base, eg. resent, assent

CHAPTER IV. WORD – BUILDING

IV. 1. Affixation
E 1. Give
Give examp
examples
les of nouns
nouns wi
with
th the fo
follo
llowi
wing
ng suffix
suffixes.
es. State which
which of the suffix
suffixes
es are
productive?
-tion, -dom, -ness, -ism, -ship, -er, -or, -ist, -ess, -ing, -th, -age
Suffixes Productiveness
- tion: nation, derivation, station productive
- dom: kingdom, freedom -
- ness: homelessness, loneliness productive
-- isshmip::cfrriiteicnidssmh,ipte, rsrcohroislm
arship produ-ctive
- er: worker, teacher, lawyer productive
- or: actor, professor, vendor productive

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- ist: impressionist, specialist productive

- ess: lioness -
- ing: wedding, functioning productive
- th: sixth, eighth -
- age: leakage, advatantage -

E 2. State the origin and explain the meaning of the suffixes in the following words
Childhood, friendship, freedom, toward, backward, brotherly, rider, granny, teacher, aunty,
hierling, village, hindrance, drunkard, limitation, reinforcement,
reinforcement, cheerfulness
cheerfulness..
1. Native suffixes:
- hood: state or quality of , condition
- ship: state or quality of , condition
- dom: condition or state of
- ward: in the direction of
- ly: in the way mantioned, having the quality of
- er: denoting agent, residence of, device
- y: full of, having quality of
- ing: denoting agent, action, fact
- ness: the quality, state or charater of
- ard: having the quality
2. Borrowing suffixes:
- age: action or result of action (Latin)
- ance: state or charater (Latin)
- ion: action or process (Latin)
- ment: action, process (Latin)

E 3. Give adjectives or adverbs with the following suffixes:

- y: sleepy, cloudy, sunny, windy
- ed: talented, interested
- ward: backward, onward, upward
- long: age-long
- wise: clockwise, likewise
- ly: windy, manly, brotherly, slowly

E 4. Give verbs with the following suffixes:

- ize: legalize, civilize, industrialize
- en: lengthen, darken, widen

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 IWBK

- fy: clarify, testify, modify

- ish: poverish, publish, polish
- ate: generate, activate, demenstrate

E 5. Form some adjectives from noun stems by adding the suffix – ish. Explain the meaning of the
derivatives.

Child – childish girl – girlish baby – babyish cat – cattish

In this form, suffix –ish is added to the noun to make the adjective have meaning “similar to or
behave like”. (use antonyms or synonyms to explain)

E 6. Form some adjectives

adjectives from adjective stems by adding the suffix – ish. Explain the meaning of
the derivatives.
Cool – coolish red – reddish yellow – yellowish fool – foolish
When suffix –ish is added to adjective stem to make adjective it will add an depreciation to the
meaning of the stem.

E 7. Pick out the productive and non-productive prefixes:

Un-, be-, pre-, al-, non-, mis-, post-, a-, anti-, out-, ex-, for-, re-, up-, counter- , extra-, super-, dis,
trans-, inter-, ante-, ultra- , infra- , under-, intro-
Productive prefixes:
Un-: unhappy – unhappily, uneasy – uneasiness – uneasily
Be-: beget – begetter
Pre-: preheat – preheating
Al-: allocate – allocation, almighty – almightily
almightily – almightiness
Non-: non-productive – non-product
non-productiveness
iveness
Mis-: misunderstand – misunderst
misunderstanding
anding
Post-: postposition – postpositional
postpositional
A-: achromatic – achromatize – achromatism
Out-: outfight – outfighting, outfit – outfitter
Ex-: ex-service – exserviceman
For-: forbidding – forbiddingness
Re-: rearrange – rearrangement
rearrangement
Up-: upland – uplander
Super-: supercharge – supercharger
Dis-: disable – disability
Trans-: transact – transaction
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Inter-: interact – interactive – interaction

The rest in bold are non-productive prefixes.

E 7. Classify the following prefixes according to their origin:

Re-, under-, with-, in-, over-, trans-, anti-, a-, non-, pre-, de-, dis-, inter-, mis-, co-, ex-
Native prefixes: under-, with-, over-, a-, mis-
Borrowing prefixes: re-, in-, trans-, non-, pre-, de-, dis-, inter-, co-, ex- (Latin).
anti- (Greek)

IV.2. Composition – compound

E 1. Arrange the compounds given below into groups: idiomatic and non-idiomatic. Say whether
the semantic change within idiomatic compounds is partial or total.

Idiomatic
Non-idiomatic
Total change Partial change

Light-hearted Homebody Medium-size

Butterfly Bluebell Wolf-dog
Tallboy Free-way Earthquake
Bluestocking Highway Looking-glass
Dragonfly Blackberry Necklace
Lazy-bone Greengrocer
Good-for-nothing

E 2. Identify the neutral compounds in the word combinations given below and write them out in

three columns: simple neutral compounds, neutral derived compounds and neutral contracted
compounds.

Simple neutral Neutral derived Neutral contracted

A car’s windshield
A heavy topcoat
A snow-white handkerchief
A howl long and wolf-like
An air-conditioned hall To fight against H-bomb
A high pitched voice Big A.A. guns
Thoudsands of gold- To go into frantic U-turns
seekers To fix M-day
A lightish-colored man
A glass-walled room
A radio-equipped car
A big hunting-knife

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E 3. Analyze the structure of the following words:

Get-at-table,
Get-at-table, undertaker, looking-glass, sea-coast, fountain-pen, stay-at-home, red-hot, will-to-live
will-to-live,,
heart-br
heart-broken,
oken, hair
hair’s
’s bre
breadth,
adth, bir
bird’s
d’s eye, penn
penny-a-l
y-a-liner
iner,, butt
butter-fin
er-finger
gers,
s, mot
mother-o
her-of-tho
f-thousand
usands,
s,
sunfish, ladybird, no-longer-young, mother-in-law, non-stop-flight, up-to-date, gaslight, office-in-
charge, workday.
These above words are compounds, and they can be divided in to 3 groups according to the
structural aspects: neutral, morpholo
morphological
gical and syntactic compounds.
Neutral compounds Morphological
Syntactic compounds
Simple Derived compounds
Sea-coast, Undertaker, Get-at-table, stay-at-home, will-to-
fountain-pen, looking-glass, live, penny-a-liner, mother-of-
red-hot, sunfish, heart-broken, thousands, no-longer-you
no-longer-young,
ng,
#
ladybird, hair’s breadth, mother-in-law,
mother-in-law, non-stop-flig
non-stop-flight,
ht, up-
gaslight, bird’s eye, to-date, office-in-char
office-in-charge
ge

workday butter-fingers

E 4. - Comment on the meaning and the form of the following compounds

- Compare the meaning of the compound with that of its components.
+ butterball, butterfinger: N + N, idiomatic, total change
buttermilk, butter-woman: N + N, idiomatic, partial change
+ dustm
dustman,
an, mot
motorm
orman,
an, mil
milkm
kman,
an, fis
fisher
herma
man,
n, shi
shipm
pman,
an, postm
postman,
an, oil
oilma
man,
n, woo
woodm
dman:
an: N + N,
idiomatic, partial change
nobleman, madman: Adj + N, non-idiomatic.
+ craftsman, salesman, batsman, oarsman, kinsman, herdsman, statesman, sportsman: N + infix +
N, idiomatic, partial change.
+ pot-boy, stable-boy, post-boy, cowboy, doughboy: N + N, idiomatic, partial change.
+ ladybird, lady-in-waiting,
lady-in-waiting, lady-killer, lady-love:
lady-love: mixed up, idiomatic, total change.
+ hot-blooded, cold-blooded, thick-headed, woodened-headed, pig-headed:
pig-headed: Adj + N_ed, idiomatic,
total change.
+ cross-eyed, eagle-eye
eagle-eyed,
d, sharp-eye
sharp-eyed,
d, single-eyed, wild-eyed, green-eyed (idiomatic, total change),
round-eyed: Adj + N_ed, idiomatic, partial change.
hollow-eyed, dim-eyed, sleepy-eyed: Adj + N_ed, non-idiomatic.
+ black-hearted,
black-hearted, lion-hearted, stony-he
stony-hearted,
arted, chicken-hear
chicken-hearted,
ted, cold-hearte
cold-hearted,
d, light-hearted, cruel
cruel--
hearted: Adj + N_ed, idiomatic, total change.

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E 5. Form as many compounds as possible, using the follwing stems as their first component:
Grass-, hand-, ink-, horse-, mother-, pack-, steam-, steel-
Grass-: grassroots, grasswidow, grasshopper
Hand-: handwriting, handicraft, handbag,
h andbag, handball, handbrake
Ink-: inkpot, inkbottle, inkpad, inkwell
Horse-: horsepower, horseback, horsebean, horse opera, horse race, horse-tail
Mother-: mother-in-law, mother-of-thousands, motherland, mother tongue, mother-to-be
Pack-: pack horse, pack saddle, pack job, pack rat, pack train
Steam-: steam engine, steam bath, steamturbine, steam jacket
Steel-: steelworker, steel band, steelhead

E 6. Form as many compounds as possible, using the following stems as their second components:
-man, -berry,- woman, - boy,- room, -looking
-man: salesman, policeman, businessman, spokesman
-berry: blackberry, strawberry, cranberry
-woman: policewoman, businesswoman, chairwoman
-boy: pot-boy, cowboy, post-boy
-room: livingroom, bathroom, bedroom
-looking: good looking, forward-looking

IV.3. Words formed by special processes:

IV.3.1. Conversion:
E 1. State the relationships in conversion of the following
following words:

Noun Verb Relationship

- ape to ape Nouns are the names of animals, verbs denote typical
- ass to ass
actions or behaviour.
- duck to duck
- fish to fish Try to catch fish
- eye to eye
N – name of part of the human body, V – an action
- finger to finger
performed by it.
- shoulder to shoulder
N – name of place, V – the process of occupying the place
- top to top
or of putting sth/ smb in it.
- dress to dress N – name of container, V – act of putting sth within the
- pocket to pocket container
- line to line
- square to square N – name of symbol, V – process of making it.
- star to star
- cork to cork N – name of tool, V – action performed by the tool.

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E 2. Compare the meaning of the words in the bold type with that of the corresponding nouns.
- to head an army: means to lead the noun head – part of body.
- to toe a mark: means to make or press the noun toe – part of body.
- to eye a foe: means to watch the noun eye – part of body.
- to chair a candidate:
candidate: mea
means
ns to point the noun chair – name of place.
- to table a resolution: means to discuss the no
nouun table – name of place.
- to foot a stocking: means to wear the noun foot – part of body.
- to mind a command: means to to no
notice the noun mind – part of body.
- to fish a com
compl
plim
imeent
nt:: m
mea
eans
ns to tr
tryy to
to get
get th
thee nnou
ounn fish – name of animal.
- to stone a martyr: means to kill the noun stone – name of tool.
- to dress a woun
wound:
d: me
means
ans to cov
cover
er or wear
wear the nou
nounn dress – name of container.

IV.3.2. Shortening
Write out in full the following shortened words. Define the type of shortening.
- N.C.O: Non Commissioned Officer acronym
- pub: public house ellipsis
- ad: advertisement final clipping
- fancy: fantasy contraction – rhythm
- H-bomb: Hydrogen bomb initial abbreviation
- V-day: Victory day initial abbreviation
- US
USSR: Un
Union ooff S
Sooviet S
Soocialist R
Reepublics acronym
- UNO: United Nations Organizartion acronym
- UNESCO: United Nations Educational, acronym
Scientific and Cultural Organizat
Organizaton
on
- mike: microphone shortening spoken language
- lab: laboratory final clipping
- FI
FIFA: In
International F
Foootball As
Association acronym
(Fédération
(Fédération Internationale de Football Association)
Association)
- USA: United Nations of America acronym
- ml: millilitre acronym
- UFO: Unidentified Flying Object acronym
- TEFL: Teaching (of) English as a acronym
Foreign Language
- UEFA
UEFA:: U
Union
nion of Euro
Europea
peann F
Footb
ootball
all Asso
Associat
ciations
ions acro
acronym
nym

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CHAPTER V. SEMANTICS – MEANING

V.1. Metaphor
E 1. Pick out the metaphors from the following word combinations:
- a green bush, a green man, a green apple, green with envy.
- seeds of a plant, seeds of evil.
- a fruitful tree, fruitful work.
- a fruitless tree, a fruitless
f ruitless effort.
- the root of a tree, the root of a word.
- a blooming rose, blooming health.
- a fading or faded flower, fading or faded beauty.

E 2. What do we mean when we say a person is:

Like a fox, like a bull in a china shop?
- When we say a person like a fox, we mean he/she is a cunning or smart one and if we say
someone like a bull in a china shop we imply that he/she is a very careless person who always
break every thing.

V.2. Metonymy
E 1. Comment on the type and meaning of the following cases of metonymy:
- sandwich, mackintosh, boycott, hooligan: thing known by the name of person who brought it to
public/fashion.
- che
chevio
viot,t, made
madeira
ira,, cha
champ
mpag
agne,
ne, bo
borde
rdeaux
aux,, Ha
Hava
vana:
na: geogr
geograph
aphica
icall nam
namee is use
usedd for goods
goods
originating from place where they are exceedingly numerous.

E 2. Discuss the following cases of metonymy:

- He is the hope of family: states and propertie
propertiess serve as names for objects and people possessing
them.
- She was the pride of her school: states and properties serve as names for objects and people
possessing them.
- I have never read Balzac in the original: common name derived from proper name.
- My sister is fond of old china: geographical name is used for goods originating from place where
they are exceedingly numerous.
- the coffee pot is boiling: symbol for thing symbolized – instrument for the product.

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CHAPTER VI. HOMONYMS

E 1. Find the homonyms proper for the following words:
- band: a company of musician band: a thin flat strip of cloth
- seal
seal:: a w
war
arm-
m-bl
bloo
oode
dedd fi
fish
sh-e
-eat
ating
ing anim
animal
al seal
seal:: cl
clos
osee
- ear: part of human body ear: plant part containing grain
- cut: the result of cutting cut: change scene
- ttoo bboore: ttoo ma
make a long rroound ho
hole bore: ttoo ma
make ssoomebody uunninte
nterested
- ccoorn: a hahard, hor
horny thic
hickeni
keningng of tthe
he skin,
kin, esp. oonn the
the foot
foot corn
orn: a typ
type ooff ce
cereal
real
- fall: tthhe act of falling autumn – the 3rd season in the year
fall: au
- to hail: to greet hail: pellets of ice
- ray: a kind of fish ray: single line or narrow beam of light
- draw
draw:: some
someth
thing
ing that
that att
attra
ract
ctss at
atte
tent
ntio
ionn dr
draw
aw:: fini
finish
sh w
wit
ithh eq
equa
uall sc
scor
oree (s
(spo
port
rts)
s)..

E 2. Find the homophones to the following words. Explain meaning in English.

- heir /e(r)/: person entiled to propertyair /e(r)/: mixture of oxygen and nitrogen surrounding the
earth.
- dye /d
/daai/:
i/: sub
substan
stance
ce used ttoo chang
hangee col
color of hair
hair or cloth
loth die
die /da
/dai/: stop
top livi
iving.
ng.
- cent
cent /s
/seent
nt/:
/: co
comm
mmon
on un
unit
it of curr
curren
ency
cy scen
scentt /sen
/sent/
t/:: sm
smeell,
ll, pper
erfu
fume
me..
- ta
tale
le /t
/teeil
il/:
/: st
stor
oryy ta
tail
il /t
/tei
eil/
l/:: rreear part
part of an
anim
imal
al body
body..
- sun /sΛn/: star around which earth revolves son /sΛn/: boy in relation with parents.
- meat //m
mi:t/: edible animal flesh meet //m
mi:t/: to
to se
see aannother.
- stee
steell /s
/sti
ti:l
:l/:
/: an
an al
allo
loyy of iiro
ronn and
and carb
carbon
on stea
steall /s
/sti
ti:l
:l/:
/: ttoo ta
take
ke ssth
th iill
lleg
egal
ally
ly..
- kn
knig
ight
ht /n
/nai
ait/
t/:: ho
hono
nour
ured
ed mil
ilit
itar
aryy man (h
(his
ist)
t) nig
night /nai
/nait/
t/:: dail
dailyy peri
period
od of dark
darkne
ness
ss..
- sum /sΛm/: total some /sΛm/: several.
- hare
hare //he(
he(r)/
r)/:: ma
mamm
mmalal like
like rab
rabbi
bitt hai
hairr /h
/he(r
e(r)/:
)/: str
strand
andss grow
growing ing on tthe he he
head
ad oorr body
body..
- wr
write /r/rait/: pu
put w
woords on
on ppaaper wwiith ppeen right /r/rait/: trtrue, co
correct.
- sight /sait/: seeing site /sait/: place.

E 3. Find the homographs to the following words and transcribe both

- to bow /baΥ /: to bend the head of the body

bow /b↔Υ /: looped knot
- wind /wind/: air in motion
wind /waind/: wrap sth with coil
- to tear /tзr/: to pull apart by force
tear /ti↔/: single drop of fluid from eyes

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- bear /bi↔/: a large, heavy animal

bear /be↔/: to carry, bring
- to dessert /diz∈ :t/: to go away from a person or place
desert /dez↔t/: arid area
- row /r↔Υ /: number of person or things in a line
Υ
to row /ra /: noisy quarrel.
CHAPTER VII. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
VII.1. Synonyms
E 1. In the following groups of synonyms, find the synonymic dominant:
- exact, precise, accurate
- salvage, uncivilized, barbarous
- hide, conceal, disguise
- agree, approve, consent
- recall, recollect
- cry, weep, scream, sheirk
- clever, able, intelligent, keen, sharp
- uneducated, ignorant, illiterate, misinformed
- agile, nimble, alert, quick, brisk, active

E 2. Arrange the following synonyms according to their degree of intensity:

- ask, implore, beg ask  beg  implore

- longing, desire, wish
- wither, decay, fade
- handsome, pretty, beautiful
- irritate, annoy
- pierce, penetrate
- alarmed, frightened, terrified
- happiness, pleasure, delight
- affiction, despair, sadness
- as
astonishme
hment, ssuurprise, ccoonsternation
- excuse, pardon, forgive
wish  desire  longing
fade  wither  decay
pretty  handsome / beautiful
annoy  irritate
penetrate  pierce
fightened  alarmed  terrified
pleasure  happiness  delight
sadness  dispare  affiction
surprise  astonishment  consternation
excuse  pardon  forgive

- accident, disaster, misfortune misfortune  accident  disaster

- malicious, naughty, nnaasty, wicked naughty  nasty  malicious  wicked
- genius, capability, talent capability  talent  genius.
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VII.2. Antonyms
E 1. Give
Give anton
antonym
ymss to the follow
following
ing word
words.
s. Ar
Arran
range
ge them
them in three
three colum
columns:
ns: deriva
derivatio
tional
nal
antonyms (eg. careful – careless), absolute antonyms (eg. slow – fast) and mixed (eg. correct –
incorrect, wrong).

Alert, discord, alive, ugly, artless, appearance, assist, arrange, courage, attentive, descend, safety,
consistent, aware, convinent, competent, continue, preceding, correct, sufficent, frequent, distinct,
expensive, hostile, faithful, wet, enemy, temporary, legal, lower, kind, normal, painful, encourage.

Derivational antonyms Absolute antonyms Mixed antonyms

Artless – artful Discord – accord Aware – unaware, ignorant
Appearance – disappearance Alive – dead Continue – discontinue, stop
Attentive - inattentive Ugly – beautiful Correct – incorrect, wrong
Arrange – disarrange Assist – hinder Expensive – inexpensive, cheap

Descend – ascend Courage – cowardice Faithful – faithless, disloyal

Consistent – inconsistent
Convenient
Convenient – inconvenient
Competent – incompetent
Sufficent – insufficent
Frequent – infrequent
Distinct – indistinct
Legal – illegal
Normal – abnormal
Safety – danger Kind – unkind, cruel
Preceding – following Painful – painless, pleasant
Hostile – friendly
Wet – dry
Enemy – friend
Temporary – permanent
Lower – higher

Encourage - discourage

E 2. Give derivational antonyms to the following words:

Just, justice, use (v), use (n), fortunate, fortune, grateful, like (v), like (adj), lovely, movable,
moved, related, relative.
Just – unjust Like (v) – dislike
Justice – injustice Like (adj) – anlike
Use (v) – misuse Lovely – unlovely
Use (n) – disuse Movable – immovable

Fortunate – unfortunate Moved – unmoved

Fortune – misfortune Related – unrelated
Grateful – ungrateful Relative - irrelative

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CHAPTER VIII. SET EXPRESSION - PHRASEOLOGY

E 1. Analyze the structure of the following phraseological units. Give Vietnamese equivalents.
1. It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back.
Function like noun. N + that clause. Già néo đứt dây.
2. Can the loepard change his spots?
Sentence. Đánh chết cái nết không chừa
3. To put all one’s eggs in one basket.
Function like verb. V + one’s + N + preposition. Được ăn cả ngã về không.
4. Burnt child dreads the fire.
Sentence. Chim phải
phải đạn sợ làn cây cong.
5. To set the Thames on fire.
Function like verb. V + N. Kinh thiên động địa / Bán trời không văn tự.
6. It is not the grey coat that makes the gentleman.
Funtion like noun. N + that/ subordinate clause. Mặc áo cà sa không hẳn đã là sư.
7. As well be hung for a sheep as for a lamb.
Function like Adj. As + adj + as + N. Đâm lao thì phải theo lao / Đã trót thì trét.
8. To let no grass grow under one’s feet.
Function like verb. V + N. Đừng để nước đến chan mới nhảy.
9. To give somebody a piece of one’s mind.
Function like verb. V + N. Mắng cho một trận / Thẳng thắn phê bình.
10. A stitch in times saves nine.
Sentence. Diệt
Diệt cỏ diệt tận gốc / Nhổ cỏ nhổ cả gốc.
11. The game is not worth the candle.
Sentence. Lợi bất cập hại / Thu không đủ chi.
12. To look for a needle in a bottle of hay.
Function like verb. V + postpositive. Mò kim đáy bể.
13. A skeleton in the cupboard.
Funtcion like noun. N + preposition + N. Đẹp tốt phô ra, xấu xa đậy lại.
14. To have a finger in the pie.
Function like verb. V + N + preposition. Dây máu ăn phần.
15. To skate on thin ice.
Function like verb. V + postpositve. Liều lĩnh / Dễ gây sứt mẻ.
16. He who would catch fish must not mind getting wet.
Sentence. Muốn ăn thì lăn vào bếp.
17. To bring water to someone’s mouth.
Function like verb. V + N + preposition. Mỡ để miệng mèo.

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18. Like fish out of water.

Function like noun. N + preposition + N. Như cá mắc cạn / Chim chích vào rừng.
19. To take the bull by the horns.
Function like verb. V + N + preposition. Đứng mũi chịu sào.
20. To let the cat out of the bag.
Funtion like verb. V + N + preposition. Để lộ bí mật / Cái kim trong bọc lâu ngày cũng lòi
ra / Giấu đầu hở đuôi.
21. A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.
Sentence. Chớ thả mồi bắt bóng.
22. Like a cat on hot bricks.
Function like noun. N + preposition + N. Bồn chồn / Lo lắng / Như ngồi trên đốn
đốngg lửa.
23. Once bitten twice shy.
Funtion like verb. V + N. Phải một cái thì vái đến già.
24. On the horns of dilemma.
Function like adj. Preposition
Preposition + N. Tiến thoái lưỡng nan.
25. Beauty is only the skin deep.
Sentence. Tốt gỗ hơn tốt nước sơn / Cái nết đánh chết cái đẹp.
26. Better luck next time.
Function like adj. Adj + N. Thua keo này bày keo khác.
27. A big fish in little pond. (In the kingdom of the blind, one-eyed man is the king)
Sentence. Chột làm vua sứ mù
28. A game that two can play, two can play at that game.
Sentence. Gậy ông đập lưng ông.
29. Give the game away.
Function like verb. V + N. Tiết lộ bí mật.
30. The devil looks after his own.
Sentence. Mèo mù vớ cá rán.
31. Where there is a will, there is a way.
Sentence. Có chí thì nên / Có công mài sắt có ngày nên kim.
32. To be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth.
Sentence. Sướng từ trong trứng nước.
33. Necessity is the mother of invention.
Sentence. Cái khó ló cái khôn.
34. One good turn deserves another.
Sentence. Ở hiền gặp lành.
35. The worm will turn.
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Sentence. Con giun xéo mãi cũng quằn.

36. Play it by ear.
Function like verb. V + N. Tuỳ cơ ứng biến
37. Fish in trouble water.
Function like noun. N + preposition + N. Đục nước béo cò / Thừa nước đục thả câu.
38. Too many cooks spoil the broth.
Sentence. Lắm thầy nhiều ma / Lắm sãi không ai đóng cửa chùa.
39. Two heads are better than one.
Sentence. Một cây làm chẳng nên non, Ba cây chụm lại nên hòn núi cao .
40. Heap coals of fire on somebody’s head.
Function like verb. V + N. Lấy oán trả ơn / Gắp lửa bỏ tay người.
41. The devil makes work for idle hands.
Sentence. Nhàn cư vi bất thiện.
42. To talk of the devil and he will appear.
Function like verb. V + postpositive. Nhắc tới Tào Tháo thì Tào Tháo đến.

E 2. Explain whether the semantic change in the following phraseological units are complete or
partial.
1. Cast pearls before swine.
Complete change. Đàn gảy tai trâu.
2. Go on a fool’s errand.
Complete change. Có tiếng mà không có miếng.
3. To eat humber pie.
Partial change. Ngậm bồ hòn làm ngọt / Nếm mật nằm gai.
4. To be in the same boat.
Partial change. Cùng hội cùng thuyền.
5. Tell it to the marine.
Complete change. Nói cho ma nghe.
6. To stick to one’s gun.
Partial change. Giữ vững lập trường.
7. To beat about the bush.
Partial change. Vòng vo tam quốc.
8. To throw cold water on smb.
Partial change. Dội gáo nước lạnh.
9. To pour oil on fire.
Partial change. Đổ thêm dầu vào lửa.
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10. Like father, like son.

Partial change. Cha nào con nấy.

E 3. Complete the following phrases so that they make English proverbs and phraseological units.
1. a bird in hand
A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. Chớ thả mồi bắt bóng.
2. the devil makes work
The devil makes work for idle hands. Nhàn cư vi bất thiện.
3. kill two birds
Kill two birds with one stones. Một mũi tên trúng hai đích.
4. there’s no fool
There’s no fool like an old fool. Chẳng có cái dại nào như cái dại nào.
5. to eat one’s cake
To eat one’s cake and have it. Vẹn cả đôi đường.
6. the die
The die is cast. Bút sa gà chết.
7. the early bird
The early bird catches the worm. Trâu chậm uống nước đục.
8. between the cup and the lip
There is a many slips between the cup and the lip. Miếng ăn đến miệng còn rơi mất.
9. the cap
If the cap fits, wear it. Có tật giật mình.
10. spilt milk
It’s no use crying over spilt milk. Thôi đừng tiếc rẻ con gà quạ tha.

E 4. Complete the following similes, using words from the list below.
a ditch-water, a post, a bear, day, nails, thieves, fiddles, bee, egg, bat, brass, fish, needle, gun,
grave.
1. as dull as… As dull as a ditch-water. (Nhạt như nước ốc)
2. as fit as… As fit as a fiddle. (Khoẻ như vâm)
3. as sharp as… As sharp as a nee
needle. ((S
Sắc như ddaao)
4. as surly as
as… As surly as
as a bear. (Gắt như mắm tôm)
5. as ssil
ileent as… As sil
sileent as ggra
rave
ve.. ((K
Kín như
như bbưưng / L
Lặn
ặngg nnhư
hư tờ)
6. as deaf as
as… As deaf aass a post. (Điếc đặc điếc lòi)
7. as mute as… As mute as a fish. (Câm như hến)
8. as clear aass… As clear aass day. (Rõ như ban ngày)
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9. as thi
hicck as… As thi
hicck as thi
hieeves. (Ă
(Ănn ý / Hoà hợp)
10. as busy as… As busy as a bee. ((B
Bận rộn)
11. as sure
sure as… As sure
sure as a gguun. (C
(Chắ
hắcc như
như đinh
đinh đó
đóng
ng cột)
ột)
12.
12. as
as bol
boldd as…
as… As bbol
oldd as
as bra
brass
ss.. ((T
Trơ tr
tráo
áo như
như gáo
gáo múc
múc ddầu
ầu / Mặt
Mặt dày
dày m
mày
ày dạn)
dạn)
13. as full as…As full as an egg. (Chật như nêm)
14. as har
hard as… As hard as nai
nails. (Cứ
(Cứng nhắc
hắc)
15. as blind as… As blind as bat. (Mù tịt)
ịt)

E 5. Compare the meaning of the expressions given in the two columns below. State which of them
are phraseological.

# Phraseological units
1. to have fling at smb/sth: speak in a
To have one’s fling: to be a playboy.
ironical voice.
To lose one’s heart to smb: to fall in love
2. to lose heart: to be cowardice
cowardice..
with smb.

34.. to
to thhav
aave
keecaarw
eord
: cdarw
wor efith:
wituh:
l. ttoo tal
talkk to sm
smb.b. T
Too tha
akve
e cword
have arerds
wo osf w
: tith
wit ohlosm
okb:afquar
smb: terarre
qu ,m
rellinw
dith
. h sm
wit smb.
b.
5. in a family way: natural. In the family way: to be pregnant.
6. in and out: to go in and out. Ins and outs: specific.
7. a matt atter of fac
factt: an
an oobbvio
vious thi
thing
ng.. As a mattetter ooff fa
fact:
ct: ob
obvious
ious..
8. before long: not long. Long before: very long.
9. behind time: late. Behind the times: backward.
10. noth
nothin
ingg in common: diff
diffeere
rent
nt.. Nothi
othing
ng out of common:
on: exact
xactlly the
the sam
same.

E 6. Translate the following proverbs and idioms into English:

1. Trứng lại đòi khôn hơn vịt.

To teach one’s grandmother to suck eggs.
2. Khẩu phật tâm xà.
A woft in a sheep’s clothing.
3. Tránh vỏ dưa gặp vỏ dừa.
Out of the frying pan into the fire.
4. Vắng chủ nhà gà vọc niêu tôm.
When the cat’s away, the mice will play.
5. Liệu cơm gắp mắm.

To cut one’s coat according to one’s cloths.

6. Vỏ quít dày có móng tay nhọn.
n họn.
Diamond cuts diamond / To set a thief to catch a thief.
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7. Đứng núi này trông núi nọ.

The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence/hill.
8. Chớ múa rìu qua mắt thợ.
Never offer to teach fish to swim.
9. Nước đổ đầu vịt.
Like water off a duck’s back.
10. Dã tràng xe cát.
To build castle in the air.
11. Yêu cho đòn cho vọt, ghét cho ăn cho chơi.
To spare the rat spoil the child.
12. Chớ thả mồi bắt bóng.
A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.
13. Ngưu tầm ngưu mã tầm mã.
Birds of a feather flock together.
14. Một giọt máu đào hơn ao nước lã.
Blood is thicker than water.
15. Cầm đèn chạy trước ô tô.
To put the cart before the horse.
E 7. Give as many phraseological units as possible, using the followingwords:
a. to beat, to catch, to draw, to keep.
To beat:
- to beat about: khuấy.
- to beat one’s brain: vắt óc suy nghĩ.
- to beat about the bush: vòng vo tam quốc.
- to beat up: đánh cho nhừ tử.
- to beat it: go way.
To catch:
- to catch one’s meaning: hiểu ý.
- to catch out: tìm thấy điểm yếu.
- to catch up: bắt kịp.
To draw:
- to draw back: rút lui.
- to draw in one’s horns: mất tự tin.
- to draw out: gặng hỏi.
- to draw one’s last breath: trút hơi thở cuối cùng.
To keep:
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- to keep way: để xa, tránh xa.

- to keep smb add some words: bắt ai làm gì.
- to keep up: duy trì, tiếp tục.
- to keep an eye on: để mắt đến, để ý.

b. bone, mind
Bone:
- to be on one’s bone: túng quẫn.
- to be bred in the bone: ngấm sâu vào máu.
Mind:
- to cause smb to mind: nhớ lại.
- to keep one’s mind on doing sth: chú ý làm gì.
- to change one’s mind: thay đổi ý kiến.

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