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Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 7
Multiple Choice
1. Production of NADH by glycolysis requires an input of the oxidized molecule NAD+. Where does this
supply of NAD+ come from in the absence of oxygen?
a. It is regenerated by donating electrons to the electron transport chain.
b. It is regenerated by reducing pyruvate to ethanol or lactic acid.
c. It is transferred from the citric acid cycle, which is not functioning due to lack of oxygen.
d. There is a ready supply of NAD+ from the cytoplasm.
ANSWER: b
2. What happens to pyruvate during fermentation?

a. It is reduced to ethanol or lactic acid.
b. It is oxidized to ethanol or lactic acid.
c. It is oxidized to CO2.
d. It is oxidized to acetyl-CoA.
e. It is reduced to acetyl-CoA.
ANSWER: a
3. Why is fermentation a required pathway for providing cellular energy when oxygen is unavailable or in
insufficient supply?
a. NAD+ is not regenerated by the electron transport chain.
b. ATP production requires oxygen.
c. NADH cannot be reduced to NAD+.
d. Cells need either lactic acid or ethanol when oxygen is low.
e. Lactic acid or ethanol can be used to generate oxygen.
ANSWER: a
4. Not all cell or tissue types in the human body can undergo fermentation. Such cells can be grown in the lab in
tissue culture as long as oxygen is supplied, but they will not survive under anoxic (no oxygen) conditions.
Which of the answer choices would be an experiment that would likely confirm the limiting substance during
anoxic conditions for a lab culture of such a tissue/cell line?
a. Add more glucose to the culture medium and monitor cell survival without oxygen.
b. Microinject the cells with NADH and monitor cell survival without oxygen.
c. Microinject the cells with oxygen and monitor cell survival.
d. Add NADH to the culture medium and monitor cell survival without oxygen.
e. Microinject the cells with NAD+ and monitor cell survival without oxygen.
ANSWER: e
5. The lactate dehydrogenase gene codes for the enzyme that converts pyruvate to lactic acid. If cells in a lab
culture are unable to undergo fermentation because of a mutation that blocks activity of the lactate
dehydrogenase gene, and those cells are placed in anoxic conditions, which treatment should allow the cells to
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Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 7
survive without oxygen?
a. adding more glucose to the culture medium
b. microinjection of the cells with NADH
c. microinjection of the cells with acetyl-CoA
d. microinjection of the cells with NAD+
ANSWER: d
6. During the metabolism of glucose (the cellular fuel molecule) by the process of aerobic cellular respiration,
glucose is _____ to CO2 via _____ reactions.
a. oxidized; redox
b. reduced; endergonic
c. oxidized; hydrolysis
d. reduced; dehydration
e. reduced; oxidation
ANSWER: a
7. During glycolysis, _____ phosphorylation adds phosphate groups to ADP by _____.

a. substrate-level; ATP synthase
b. substrate-level; enzymatic transfer
c. oxidative; ATP synthase
d. oxidative; enzymatic transfer
ANSWER: b
8. If you could attach fluorescent marker tags to the enzyme that transfers the acetyl group from acetyl CoA to
oxaloacetate, and then detect that fluorescence with a powerful microscope, in which part of a cell would you
predict to observe the fluorescence?
a. in the cytoplasm
b. in the mitochondrial intermembrane space
c. embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane
d. embedded in the outer mitochondrial membrane
e. in the mitochondrial matrix
ANSWER: e
9. Which summary sequence correctly tracks electrons through the overall process of aerobic cellular
respiration?
a. glucose -> electron carriers -> electron transport chain -> water
b. glucose -> pyruvate -> acetyl-CoA -> carbon dioxide
c. glucose -> pyruvate -> acetyl-CoA -> carbon dioxide -> ATP
d. NAD+ and FAD -> NADH and FADH2 -> ATP
ANSWER: a

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Chapter 7
10. Some tissue types, such as brain tissue, use glucose exclusively as an energy source, whereas other tissues
utilize a diversity of sources, including fats and proteins.
a. true
b. false
ANSWER: a
11. In aerobic cellular respiration, the approximate yield of ATP molecules from the full oxidation of a
molecule of glucose is:
a. 2.
b. 6.
c. 12.
d. 32.
e. 64.
ANSWER: d
12. During the important redox reactions of electron transport chain, the transfer of electrons is typically
accompanied by transfer of:
a. phosphate groups.
b. oxygen atoms.
c. water molecules.
d. carbon atoms.
e. protons.
ANSWER: e
13. Which molecule has the greatest chemical potential energy?

a. pyruvate
b. glucose
c. fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
d. NADH
e. ATP
ANSWER: c
14. How many reactions in glycolysis directly generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation?
a. 4
b. 1
c. 3
d. 2
e. 5
ANSWER: d
15. In eukaryotic cells, the oxidation of pyruvate occurs in:

Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 7
a. the matrix of the mitochondria.

b. the nucleus.
c. the cytoplasm.
d. the endoplasmic reticulum.
e. vacuoles.
ANSWER: a
16. In 1937, two German biochemists published a paper proposing these reactions as part of glucose oxidation:
citrate → isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate → succinate → fumarate → malate → oxaloacetate. Adding succinate,
fumarate, or malate to thin slices of tissue increased oxygen consumption, supporting the hypothesis that these
molecules are intermediates in the process. However, they were puzzled by the observation that these
intermediates were still present in the reaction mixture at the end of the experiment. They had thought that
intermediates would be consumed as they were converted to the next molecule in the pathway. What explains
the observation that these intermediates were still present?
a. Succinate, fumarate, and malate increase metabolism and therefore oxygen consumption, but they are
not directly part of the glucose oxidation pathway.
b. Succinate, fumarate, and malate are not reactants, but catalysts, and catalysts are not consumed in the
process.
c. The pathway is a cycle, constantly regenerating intermediates as glucose is broken down.
ANSWER: c
17. The citric acid cycle begins when acetyl-CoA reacts with _____ to form _____ and ______.
a. citrate; isocitrate; ATP
b. malate; oxaloacetate; CoA
c. oxaloacetate; malate-CoA; acetate
d. pyruvate; citrate; NADH
e. oxaloacetate; citrate; CoA
ANSWER: e
18. Certain complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain pump protons. Protons are pumped across
the _____ mitochondrial membrane, from the _____ to the _____.
a. inner; matrix; intermembrane space
b. outer; cytoplasm; intermembrane space
c. outer; intermembrane space; cytoplasm
d. inner; intermembrane space; matrix
ANSWER: a
19. If oxygen is unavailable, predict what will happen to the citric acid cycle.
a. It will continue because none of the reactions in the citric acid cycle require oxygen.
b. It will stop because ADP levels will increase in the absence of oxygen.
c. It will stop because the supplies of NAD+ and FAD will become depleted.
d. It will continue because ATP levels will be low, and low ATP activates enzymes of the cycle.
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 7
ANSWER: c
20. In human cells, such as those in muscle tissue, the product of fermentation is:
a. pyruvate.
b. lactic acid.
c. acetic acid.
d. FADH2.
e. ethanol.
ANSWER: b
21. Glycogen stored in muscles can be "mobilized" to supply metabolic energy by hydrolyzing individual
glucose subunits from the polymer. What other organ has a major function of storing glycogen?
a. the large intestine
b. the brain
c. the stomach
d. the liver
ANSWER: d
22. The liver plays an important role in modulating blood glucose levels by removing glucose from the blood
during periods of abundance or secreting it into the blood when blood glucose concentration is low. However,
the liver doesn't simply stockpile glucose. Rather, it polymerizes it into glycogen, which it can then hydrolyze
back into glucose monomers as needed. Why would storage as glycogen be better than simply storing the
glucose?
a. Glycogen is easier to transport across the cell membrane.
b. Glycogen increases the available energy yield from glucose.
c. Glucose molecules would create potential osmotic damage.
d. Glycogen creates more osmotic pressure on the cell membrane.
ANSWER: c
23. Why is the storage of glycogen in the liver an important function in terms of aerobic cellular respiration?
a. Glycogen is a polymer of glucose, and hydrolysis to monomers supplies glucose to the blood in times
of high energy needs.
b. Glycogen is like cellulose and can form structural supports for cells.
c. Glycogen is an important enzyme that metabolizes ethanol that may flow through the liver.
d. Glycogen is transported directly into mitochondria where it is oxidized in the electron transport
chain.
ANSWER: a
24. The breakdown of one glucose molecule during glycolysis results in two molecules of pyruvate, each of
which is then oxidized to a molecule of acetyl-CoA, and these, in turn, are substrates for the citric acid cycle. If
all three fatty acids of a triacylglycerol molecule (a fat molecule) are palmitic acid (C16, having 16 carbons),
how many acetyl-CoA molecules would result from beta-oxidation of all of these fatty acids?
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 7
a. 4
b. 8
c. 16
d. 24
e. 32
ANSWER: d
25. Which regulatory mechanism is activated when the overall energy availability of a cell is high?
a. ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.
b. ADP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1.
c. ADP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.
d. AMP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1.
e. ATP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1.
ANSWER: a
26. Indicate which step in glycolysis is considered the first committed step. Refer to the figure shown.

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Chapter 7
a. step 3
b. step 1
c. step 5
d. step 7
e. step 9
ANSWER: a
27. PFK-1 is _____ by ATP and _____ by ADP.

a. inhibited; inhibited
b. activated; inhibited
c. activated; activated
d. inhibited; activated
ANSWER: d
28. When oxygen is depleted, the citric acid cycle stops. What could we add to the system to restore citric acid
cycle activity (other than oxygen)?
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Chapter 7
a. ethanol and lactic acid

b. acetyl-CoA
c. ADP and Pi
d. NAD+ or FAD
ANSWER: d
29. Acetate is the starting point for synthesis of a cell's:

a. RNA
b. carbohydrates
c. DNA
d. lipids
e. proteins
ANSWER: d
30. Oxidation of FADH2 to FAD by _____ results in fewer _____ being pumped across the inner membrane,
and therefore yields fewer _____ molecules when compared to oxidation of NADH to NAD+ by _____.
a. complex II; Co Q; ATP; complex III
b. complex III; protons; water; complex II
c. CoQ; electrons; ATP; cytochrome c
d. complex III; CoQ; ATP; complex II
e. complex II; protons; ATP; complex I
ANSWER: e
31. Which choice correctly lists the approximate number of ATP produced by (1) metabolism of a 16-carbon
fatty acid, (2) fermentation of a single glucose, and (3) aerobic respiration of a single glucose, in that order? For
this calculation, you will need to know that each 2-carbon unit cleaved from the fatty acid yields one NADH
and one FADH2, and the 2-carbon unit is added to coenzyme A to become acetyl-CoA, which is further
metabolized by the citric acid cycle.
a. 40, 10, 20
b. 75, 10, 25
c. 50, 10, 20
d. 108, 2, 32
e. 100, 1, 10
ANSWER: d
32. In oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reactions), ________ are _______ during reduction.
a. neutrons; gained
b. electrons; lost
c. protons; gained
d. neutrons; lost
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Chapter 7
e. electrons; gained
ANSWER: e
33. Why do some marathon runners attempt to "carbo load" (that is, eat a lot of pasta) before a big race?
a. They will feel full longer.
b. The bonds in carbohydrates have high potential energy.
c. The bonds in carbohydrates have low potential energy and can thus be broken down and readily
consumed.
d. Through the process of anabolism, the athlete will break down the carbohydrates into smaller
components, including ATP.
ANSWER: b
34. Which example represents the reduced forms of the two major electron carriers?
a. NADH and FAD
b. NAD+ and FADH2
c. NADH and FADH2
d. NAD+ and FAD
ANSWER: a
35. The most stable and least reactive form of carbon is:
a. carbon dioxide.
b. fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
c. glucose.
d. pyruvate.
e. ethanol.
ANSWER: a
36. Glycolysis results in the partial oxidation of glucose to pyruvate. This means that:
a. the electron carriers donate electrons to proteins in the mitochondria that in turn produce ATP.
b. glucose is broken down partially to ATP in the cytoplasm.
c. glucose combines with oxygen in the cytoplasm to get partially oxidized.
d. glycolysis consists only of exergonic reactions so that ATP can be made from the release of energy.
e. in the process of the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, some potential energy is transferred to
NADH and ATP.
ANSWER: e
37. Even though the full oxidation of glucose is exergonic, some of the reactions in cellular respiration are
endergonic.
a. true
b. false
ANSWER: a
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Chapter 7
38. When considering the transfer and capture of potential energy derived from glucose during cellular
respiration, which molecule carries the smallest amount of that potential energy?
a. acetyl-CoA
b. NADH
c. ATP
d. pyruvate
e. FADH2
ANSWER: c
39. If an energy source is available, the citric acid cycle can run in reverse in some organisms.
a. true
b. false
ANSWER: a
40. In which stage of aerobic cellular respiration is the most energy transferred from chemical bonds in the fuel
molecule to bonds in other molecules?
a. glycolysis
b. the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
c. the citric acid cycle
d. the electron-transport chain
ANSWER: c
41. What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
a. NAD+
b. glucose
c. ATP
d. ADP
e. oxygen
ANSWER: e
42. What would happen if complexes I-IV of the electron transport chain pumped protons in the opposite
direction?
a. Too much ATP would be synthesized.
b. No ATP would be synthesized.
c. There would be too many electrons in the mitochondrial matrix.
d. ATP synthase would operate in reverse.
ANSWER: b
43. The outer surface of the F0 subunit of ATP synthase must be _____ to be embedded in the membrane.
a. hydrophobic
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Chapter 7
b. hydrophilic
c. negatively charged
d. positively charged
ANSWER: a
44. Animals breathe in air containing oxygen and breathe out air containing less oxygen. The consumed oxygen
is used:
a. in photosynthesis.
b. in the glycolysis pathway.
c. in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl Co-A.
d. as an electron acceptor in the respiratory electron transport chain.
e. in the citric acid cycle.
ANSWER: d
45. The energy from the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain is directly used to
synthesize ATP.
a. true
b. false
ANSWER: b
46. In order for a pathway to produce its products, it must have sufficient inputs. Which input that results from
fermentation makes glycolysis possible in anoxic (no oxygen) conditions?
a. ADP
b. glucose (or other sugar)
c. NAD+
d. ATP
e. NADH
ANSWER: c
47. Kangaroo rats live in the deserts of the southwestern United States. Kangaroo rats have many adaptations to
minimize water loss. They obtain a small amount of water from seeds that they eat. However, the rest of the
water they obtain is from cellular respiration.
a. This could be true, as water is produced in glycolysis.
b. This cannot be true, as water is actually consumed in cellular respiration.
c. This cannot be true, as cellular respiration doesn't really "produce" water.
d. This could be true, as water is produced in cellular respiration.
e. This could be true, as water is produced in the citric acid cycle.
ANSWER: d
48. When carbohydrates are metabolized as cellular fuel, the C—H and C—C bonds of the carbohydrate are
oxidized to C=O bonds of carbon dioxide. Oxidation is defined as a loss of electrons, but carbon does not
become positively charged in the process. Why, then, is this considered oxidation?
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Chapter 7
a. The phosphate groups of ATP are ionized and carbons donate those electrons.
b. Electrons in the C=O bonds are higher energy than the electrons in the C—H bonds.
c. C=O bonds in CO2 are double bonds, and C—H bonds are single bonds.
d. The shared electrons in C—O bonds spend less time close to the carbon nucleus than the shared
electrons in C—H or C—C bonds.
ANSWER: d
49. Which statement best summarizes cellular respiration?

a. The chemical potential energy stored in organic molecules is converted to chemical energy that can
be used to do the work of the cell.
b. Organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, are converted to chemical energy that can be used to do
the work of the cell.
c. Chemical potential energy in the bonds of ADP is transferred to the chemical potential energy in the
bonds of ATP.
ANSWER: a
50. An organism that carries out cellular respiration in its mitochondria:

a. could be a cell from a terrestrial (land) plant.
b. could be a prokaryotic cell from the domain Archaea.
c. could be a bacterium.
d. could be any kind of cell.
e. None of these choices is correct.
ANSWER: a
51. Complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 involves two different mechanisms for synthesizing ATP: oxidative
phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation. Which is true of substrate-level phosphorylation?
a. Most of the ATP generated in cellular respiration is generated by substrate-level phosphoylation.
b. An enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP to form
ATP.
c. ATP is generated indirectly through the transfer of high-energy electrons from electron carriers to an
electron transport chain.
d. ATP is generated by release of energy from the electron carriers NADH and FADH2.
ANSWER: b
52. The energy in organic molecules is released in a series of steps, rather than a single step, because:
a. it is not possible to release it in a single step.
b. more total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step.
c. less total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step.
d. the amount of energy released would be too much to capture in one reaction.
e. only a single electron can be moved at a time in a cellular reaction.
ANSWER: d
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Chapter 7
53. Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions (endergonic and exergonic) by which the cell can obtain ATP.
NAD+ plays a crucial role in the reactions of glycolysis by:
a. donating electrons to ADP to make ATP.
b. donating electrons to pyruvate when glucose becomes partially oxidized.
c. converting endergonic reactions to exergonic reactions so that there is an output of energy to make
ATP.
d. accepting electrons during glycolysis, with the overall result that glucose is partially oxidized to
pyruvate.
ANSWER: d
54. You are trying to find the maximum source of energy for an organism, and you are limited to 0.1 moles of a
molecule from a compound. Which compound would you choose to provide 0.1 moles for maximum energy?
a. ATP
b. oxygen
c. glucose
d. pyruvate
e. NADH
ANSWER: c
55. If one follows the respiratory energy transfers and transformations sequentially from glucose through
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle, but before the electron transport chain and oxidative
phosphorylation, most of the free energy captured from the original glucose molecule is found in:
a. NADH.
b. acetyl-CoA.
c. CO2.
d. pyruvate.
e. ATP.
ANSWER: a
56. Each round of the citric acid cycle begins when the four-carbon molecule oxaloacetate is converted to the
six-carbon molecule citrate. As the cycle progresses, two carbons are eliminated to regenerate the oxaloacetate.
The added carbon is supplied by _____ and the two eliminated carbons are released as _____.
a. ATP; acetyl-CoA
b. CO2; pyruvate
c. acetyl-CoA; CO2
d. CO2; NADH
e. CO2; acetyl-CoA
ANSWER: c
57. Atractyloside is a poison that inhibits the transport of ADP from the cytosol across the mitochondrial
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 7
membranes and into the mitochondrial matrix. The direct effect of this drug is to stop ATP synthesis because:
a. the poison prevents proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
b. ADP is a necessary substrate for the reactions catalyzed by ATP synthase.
c. the poison prevents electron transfer to O2.
d. the poison prevents electron transfer from NADH to complex I.
ANSWER: b
58. Oligomycin is an antibiotic that binds ATP synthase, blocking the flow of protons through the enzyme's
proton channel. In addition to preventing synthesis of ATP, what additional effect might you expect in response
to the presence of oligomycin?
a. a buildup of protons in the mitochondrial matrix
b. higher pH in the intermembrane space
c. lower pH in the intermembrane space
ANSWER: c
59. Very low concentrations of detergent make membranes leaky to small molecules and ions without damaging
proteins. In isolated mitochondria exposed to detergent, the molecules of the electron transport chain and of
ATP synthase remain intact. Do you expect ATP synthesis to continue in the presence of low concentrations of
detergent?
a. No, because with a leaky membrane, the proton gradient cannot be maintained.
b. Yes, because all enzymes and electron carriers remain intact.
c. No, because leaky membranes do not allow NADH and FADH2 to donate their electrons to the
electron transport chain.
d. No, because leaky membranes inhibit glycolysis.
ANSWER: a
60. The pH in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria should be _____ compared with the matrix, due to
the _____ concentration of protons in the intermembrane space.
a. higher; higher
b. lower; higher
c. higher; lower
d. lower; lower
ANSWER: b
61. Brown fat is a specialized tissue found especially in infants and hibernating mammals. Brown fat
mitochondria have proton channels located in their inner membranes that allow protons to flow from the
intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix without passing through ATP synthase. What does the flow
of protons through these channels mean for the organism?
a. There would be no effect.
b. Channels would contribute to the formation of the proton electrochemical gradient.
c. ATP production would be reduced, because these organisms do not need as much energy.
d. Rather than producing ATP, much more of the energy of metabolism would be lost as heat.
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Chapter 7
ANSWER: d
62. A research group has discovered an organism with cells that contain a previously undescribed organelle.
Researchers perform some tests on the isolated organelle to see if it is involved in any major metabolic
reactions. To do this, they incubate these organelles for a period of time and determine changes in the amount of
various substances in the suspending solution. The results are shown in the table.
Based on this analysis, which metabolic process would you conclude could be taking place in this organelle?
a. pyruvate oxidation
b. citric acid cycle
c. glycolysis
d. electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation
ANSWER: b
various substances in the suspending solution. The results are:
a. glycolysis
c. pyruvate oxidation
ANSWER: a
various substances in the suspending solution. The results are:

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Chapter 7
a. glycolysis
c. pyruvate oxidation
ANSWER: c
65. Which of these reactions summarizes the overall reactions of cellular respiration?
a. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
b. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
c. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O
d. 6 CO2 + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O
e. H2O → 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2e-
ANSWER: a
66. Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is generated through:
a. oxidative phosphorylation.
b. substrate-level phosphorylation.
c. glycolysis.
d. fermentation.
e. pyruvate oxidation.
ANSWER: a
67. Which molecule would you expect to act as allosteric activator of an enzyme in glycolysis?
a. pyruvate
b. NADH
c. ADP
d. ATP
ANSWER: c
68. In the absence of carbohydrates, which of the answer choices can maintain production of NADH and
FADH2 by the citric acid cycle?
a. β-oxidation of fatty acids
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Chapter 7
b. fermentation of glucose
c. hydrolysis of glycogen
ANSWER: a
69. When fats are used as an energy source, the fatty acids are broken down to acetyl-CoA. That means that fats
bypass the reactions of _____ and enter the respiratory pathway at _____.
a. oxidative phosphorylation; fermentation
b. fermentation; glycolysis
c. the citric acid cycle; oxidative phosphorylation
d. the citric acid cycle; glycolysis
e. glycolysis; the citric acid cycle
ANSWER: e
70. The emperor penguins of Antarctica live on a diet of fish and crustaceans obtained from the cold Antarctic
seawaters. During their annual breeding cycle, however, they migrate across the frozen continent to their
breeding grounds 50 miles away from the sea (and 50 miles away from their source of food). For over two
months, the male emperor penguins care for and incubate eggs, while the females return to the sea to feed.
During this time, a male penguin can lose up to 50% of its biomass (by dry weight). Where does this biomass
go?
a. It is converted to heat and then lost to the environment.
b. It is converted to CO2 and H2O and then released.
c. It is converted to ATP molecules.
d. It leaves the penguins as excrement.
ANSWER: b
71. Which statement is true concerning glycogen?

a. Glycogen is made by animal cells and is primarily an energy storage molecule.
b. Glycogen is made by plant cells and is primarily an energy storage molecule.
c. Glycogen is made by plant cells and provides structural support for the cell.
d. Glycogen is made by animal cells and provides structural support for the cell.
ANSWER: a
72. Which statement is true concerning starch?

a. Starch is made by animal cells and provides structural support for the cell.
b. Starch is made by animal cells and is primarily an energy storage molecule.
c. Starch is made by plant cells and provides structural support for the cell.
d. Starch is made by plant cells and is primarily an energy storage molecule.
ANSWER: d
73. Given that the free energy available from the full oxidation of glucose is -686 kcal/mole, which ratio
represents the ratio of the free energy captured in ATP by aerobic cellular respiration to the free energy in
glucose as the starting fuel molecule?
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Chapter 7
a. 234:686
b. 7.3:686
c. 530:686
d. 53:234
e. 7.3:234
ANSWER: a
74. The NADH yield from oxidation of glucose up through and including the citric acid cycle is 10 NADH per
glucose (10 moles NADH per mole glucose). The ΔG for of oxidation of NADH to NAD+ is -53 kcal per mole,
and the yield of ATP per NADH from oxidative phosphorylation is about 2.5 ATP per NADH. What is the
approximate efficiency of converting the energy captured in NADH into potential energy in ATP?
a. 7.3%
b. 53%
c. 34.4%
d. 13.7%
ANSWER: c
75. In the electron transport chain, the energy from high-energy electrons is transformed into _____ before
being used to generate ATP.
a. a proton gradient
b. bonds in phosphate
c. C-C and C-H bonds in carbohydrates
d. O2 to form H2O
ANSWER: a
76. The diagram shown represents the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration as four simple boxes. Many of
the "inputs" and "outputs" are shown as arrows. Open arrows represent "energy management molecules" (ATP
and electron carriers), and closed arrows represent other inputs and outputs, such as substrates and products.
Use this diagram to answer the questions.
Which arrow in the diagram shown could represent NADH?

a. A
b. B
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Chapter 7
c. C
d. D
e. E
ANSWER: a
Which arrow in the diagram shown could represent ATP?

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
ANSWER: c

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Chapter 7
Which arrow in the diagram shown could represent acetyl-CoA?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
ANSWER: d
Which arrow in the diagram shown could represent O2?

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
ANSWER: b

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Chapter 7
Which arrow in the diagram shown could represent CO2?

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
ANSWER: e
81. Why do you need to breathe in oxygen?

a. It is required as the final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain.
b. It is required for creating CO2 during the oxidation steps of cellular respiration.
c. It is required for the pyruvate oxidation stage of cellular respiration.
d. It used to oxidize glucose during glycolysis.
e. It is used as an input to the pathway that produces glycogen for energy storage.
ANSWER: a
Multiple Response
82. What are direct sources of electrons for the electron transport chain? Select all that apply.
a. FAD
b. FADH2
c. NADH
d. NAD+
e. ATP
ANSWER: b, c
83. During which stages of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide released? Select all that apply.
a. pyruvate oxidation
b. the citric acid cycle
c. electron transport chain
d. glycolysis
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 7
e. oxidative phosphorylation
ANSWER: a, b
84. Which of these components of the electron transport chain directly move protons across the inner
mitochondrial membrane? Select all that apply.
a. complex I
b. complex III
c. complex IV
d. complex II
e. cytochrome c
f. CoQ
ANSWER: a, b, c
85. Which of the processes can pyruvate undergo as a result of fermentation? Select all that apply.
a. It can be reduced to ethanol.
b. It can be oxidized to ethanol.
c. It can be reduced to acetyl-CoA.
d. It can be reduced to lactic acid.
e. It can be oxidized to pyruvic acid.
ANSWER: a, d
86. Which regulatory mechanisms are important in keeping glycolysis and the citric acid cycle in relative
balance to each other? Select all that apply.
a. Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.
b. ADP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1.
c. ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.
d. AMP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1.
ANSWER: a, b, c, d
87. Which one of the answer choices must be cleaved into monosaccharides before being transported into cells?
Select all that apply.
a. lactose
b. maltose
c. sucrose
d. fructose
ANSWER: a, b, c
88. The phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis serves to:

a. destabilize the molecule, making it easier to cleave.
b. trap imported glucose inside the cell.

Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 7
c. reduce an electron carrier, storing energy for later.

d. trap imported glucose inside the mitochondria.
ANSWER: a, b
89. Pyruvate can be used to produce:

a. sugars.
b. acetyl-CoA.
c. alanine.
ANSWER: a, b, c
90. Which of the answer choices is a net products of the citric acid cycle for each molecule of acetyl-CoA
generated by pyruvate oxidation? Select all that apply.
a. 1 ATP
b. 3 NADH
c. 1 FADH2
d. 2 NADH
e. 2 ATP
f. 2 FADH2
ANSWER: a, b, c
91. When oxygen is depleted, the citric acid cycle stops. Which of the answer choices would you need to add to
the system to restore activity? Select all that apply.
a. NADH
b. NAD+
c. FAD
d. glucose
e. acetyl-CoA
f. FADH2
ANSWER: b, c
92. When oxygen is depleted, the electron transport chain stops. What else happens when oxygen is depleted?
a. The citric acid cycle would stop.
b. The citric acid cycle would not change.
c. ATP synthase would stop.
d. ATP synthase would not change.
e. Fermentation would start.
ANSWER: a, c, e
93. Which of the answer choices is true about ATP synthase? Select all that apply.
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 7
a. ATP synthase is an integral membrane protein.

b. ATP synthase is a transport protein.
c. ATP synthase makes a total of four ATP molecules in glycolysis.
d. Under aerobic conditions, the F1 portion of ATP synthase catalyzes a catabolic reaction.
e. ATP synthase is an important enzyme in the citric acid cycle.
f. ATP synthase relies on an electrochemical gradient of sodium ions to catalyze the formation of ATP.
ANSWER: a, b
94. Which of the answer choices is a mobile electron carrier in the electron transport chain? Select all that
apply.
a. complex II
b. complex III
c. ATP synthase
d. CoQ
e. cytochrome c
f. complex I
g. complex IV
ANSWER: d, e
95. Which of the answer choices is an electron carrier in the electron transport chain? Select all that apply.
a. CoQ
b. cytochrome c
c. ATP synthase
d. phosphofructokinase
e. pyruvate dehydrogenase
ANSWER: a, b
96. The coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to heart muscle. Following a heart attack, which of the
events would occur in heart tissue due to a block in the coronary arteries? Select all that apply.
a. Pyruvate would accumulate.
b. The production of ATP would decrease.
c. Phosphofructokinase, an intermediary enzyme of glycolysis, would be activated.
d. Lactic acid would accumulate in the tissue due to glycolysis and fermentation.
ANSWER: b, c, d
97. How would you explain why fermentation yields so much less ATP than the yield from aerobic cellular
respiration? Select all that apply.
a. The end products of fermentation retain much more of the starting free energy than CO2.
b. The products of fermentation have no more free energy.
c. The end products of fermentation are only partially oxidized, compared to the end product of aerobic

Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 7
cellular respiration (CO2).

d. The process of glycolysis and fermentation can make ethanol and lactic acid.
ANSWER: a, c
98. Which of the answer choices are products of the breakdown of triacylglycerols? Select all that apply.
a. glycerol
b. NADH
c. FADH2
d. acetyl-CoA
e. pyruvate
f. glucose
ANSWER: b, c, d
99. What glycolysis products are transported into the mitochondria? Select all that apply.
a. NADH
b. pyruvate
c. ATP
d. glucose
ANSWER: a, b
100. DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol) is an effective weight loss agent that was used in diet pills in the 1930s. It has
since been removed from the market because of serious side effects such as fever, cataracts, rashes, and
sometimes death. DNP inserts into the inner mitochondrial membrane and allows the flow of protons from the
intermembrane space to the matrix. Based on this information, which of the answer choices might you predict?
a. decreased difference in pH between the matrix and intermembrane space
b. reduced ATP production
c. dissipation of the proton gradient
d. increased ATP production
e. increased hydrolysis of ATP
ANSWER: a, b, c
101. In order for a pathway to produce its products, it must have sufficient inputs. Which of the answer choices
must be directly supplied to the citric acid cycle for it to proceed? Select all that apply.
a. acetyl-CoA
b. NAD+
c. FAD
d. ADP
e. NADH
f. ATP
g. pyruvate
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 7
h. glucose (or other sugar)

ANSWER: a, b, c, d
102. In order for a pathway to produce its products, it must have sufficient inputs. Which of the answer choices
must be available in sufficient supply for glycolysis to proceed? Select all that apply.
a. glucose (or other sugar)
b. NAD+
c. ADP
d. ATP
e. NADH
f. FAD
g. pyruvate
h. acetyl-CoA
ANSWER: a, b, c, d
103. Which of the answer choices are products of pyruvate oxidation? Select all that apply.
a. ATP
b. pyruvate
c. acetyl Co-A
d. CO2
e. NADH
f. FADH2
ANSWER: c, d, e
104. Which of the answer choices is/are true regarding redox reactions? (Note that in redox reactions, the
molecule that "causes" another to gain or lose electrons is referred to as the agent.) Select all that apply.
a. Oxidizing agents accept electrons.
b. If a molecule accepts electrons, it has been reduced.
c. Redox reactions may involve the transfer of hydrogen ions (H+).
d. A molecule that has gained H atoms is said to be reduced.
e. Oxidizing agents may accept H+ ions.
f. Reducing agents may accept H+ ions.
ANSWER: a, b, c, d, e
105. In the reactions of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle, chemical energy is transferred
to:
a. bonds in ATP.
b. electrons in electron carriers.
c. C-C and C-H bonds in fats.
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 7
d. a proton gradient.
ANSWER: a, b
106. The reaction diagrammed:

a. is one possible pathway in the fermentation of pyruvate.

b. occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
c. occurs twice for each glucose oxidized.
d. is the final reaction of glycolysis.
e. shows synthesis of the substrate that enters the citric acid cycle.
f. occurs in the cytosol.
ANSWER: b, c, e
107. In step 6 of the citric acid cycle, succinate + FAD → fumarate + FADH2. Which statements concerning
this reaction are true? Refer to the figure shown. (Note that in redox reactions, the molecule that "causes"
another to gain or lose electrons is referred to as the agent.) Select all that apply.
a. Fumarate is more oxidized than succinate.
b. FAD is an oxidizing agent in the reaction.
c. FAD is more reduced than FADH2.
d. This is not an oxidation/reduction reaction; that is, no electrons have moved.
ANSWER: a, b
108. Complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 involves two different mechanisms for synthesizing ATP: oxidative
phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation. Substrate-level phosphorylation:
a. requires an electron transport chain.
b. requires activity of the enzyme ATP synthase.
c. occurs in the cytosol.
d. occurs across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
e. occurs in the mitochondria.

Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 7
ANSWER: c, e
109. How would you characterize the process of fermentation? Select all that apply.
a. a limited way of deriving energy without oxygen, as the amount of ATP generated in fermentation is
low
b. a useful process in the production of alcohol
c. a useful process in the production of cheese and yogurt
d. a useful process for organisms that were present when there was very little atmospheric oxygen
e. a useful process for making glucose
f. a very useful way of deriving energy without oxygen, as the amount of ATP generated in
fermentation made is high
ANSWER: a, b, c, d
110. Which of the answer choices would you expect to observe in response to an increase in the concentration
of cellular ADP, provided that the cell has plenty of glucose and oxygen? Select all that apply.
a. an increase in phosphofructokinase activity
b. an increase in ATP production by ATP synthase
c. an increase in CO2 production
d. an increase in electron transport chain activity
e. an increase in ATP production by substrate-level phosphorylation
f. a decrease in acetyl-CoA production
g. an increase in the pH of the mitochondrial matrix
h. a decrease in the reduction of oxygen to form water
ANSWER: a, b, c, d, e
111. Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes a key regulatory step in glycolysis.
What statements are true about this enzyme? Select all that apply.
a. Decreased levels of citrate in the cytoplasm inhibit PFK-1 activity.
b. ADP and AMP are allosteric activators of PFK-1 activity.
c. ATP acts as an allosteric inhibitor of PFK-1 activity.
d. Cells switch to β-oxidation of fatty acids when PFK-1 activity is inhibited.
e. ADP can bind PFK-1's active site to block substrate binding.
ANSWER: b, c
112. Which of the answer choices can yield a significant amount of metabolic energy via cellular respiration?
a. candy bar
b. egg
c. bread
d. multivitamins
e. oil
Test Bank for Biology: How Life Works, 3rd Edition, James Morris, Daniel Hartl, Andrew Knoll
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 7
f. fiber
g. coffee
ANSWER: a, b, c, e
113. An individual's ability to excel in certain types of sports may be due to different muscle fiber types. Certain
muscle types allow some people, like marathoners, to achieve sustained muscle activity, whereas other muscle
types allow people, like sprinters, to make use of a rapid burst of muscle activity, although the muscles fatigue
quickly. The sustained activity of muscles in marathon runners is due to the higher yield of ATP per glucose.
What differences would you predict for marathoners' muscles compared to sprinters'?
a. None of the other answer options is correct.
b. Marathoners' muscles require greater oxygen delivery to the muscle cells.
c. Marathoners' muscles have a greater number of mitochondria.
d. Marathoners' muscles use a different set of enzymes for cellular respiration.
e. Marathoners' muscles rely more on oxidative phosphorylation.
ANSWER: b, c, e
114. Based on your interpretation of the model shown of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) activity, which
alterations might result in an increase in PFK-1 activity? Select all that apply.
a. a mutation that decreases binding affinity for ATP

b. a mutation that increases binding affinity for AMP
c. a mutation that increases binding affinity for fructose 6-phosphate
d. a mutation that increases binding affinity for ATP
e. a mutation that decreases binding affinity for ADP
f. a mutation that decreases binding affinity for fructose 6-phosphate
ANSWER: a, b, c
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2. What happens to pyruvate during fermentation?

7. During glycolysis, _____ phosphorylation adds phosphate groups to ADP by _____.

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13. Which molecule has the greatest chemical potential energy?

15. In eukaryotic cells, the oxidation of pyruvate occurs in:

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a. the matrix of the mitochondria.

Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6

27. PFK-1 is _____ by ATP and _____ by ADP.

a. ethanol and lactic acid

29. Acetate is the starting point for synthesis of a cell's:

49. Which statement best summarizes cellular respiration?

50. An organism that carries out cellular respiration in its mitochondria:

Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 15

71. Which statement is true concerning glycogen?

72. Which statement is true concerning starch?

Which arrow in the diagram shown could represent NADH?

Which arrow in the diagram shown could represent ATP?

Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 19

Which arrow in the diagram shown could represent O2?

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Which arrow in the diagram shown could represent CO2?

81. Why do you need to breathe in oxygen?

88. The phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis serves to:

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c. reduce an electron carrier, storing energy for later.

89. Pyruvate can be used to produce:

a. ATP synthase is an integral membrane protein.

Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 24

cellular respiration (CO2).

h. glucose (or other sugar)

106. The reaction diagrammed:

a. is one possible pathway in the fermentation of pyruvate.

Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 27

Name: Class: Date:

a. a mutation that decreases binding affinity for ATP

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7. During glycolysis, _ phosphorylation adds phosphate groups to ADP by _.

27. PFK-1 is _ by ATP and _ by ADP.