DIPLOMA IN BIOMEDICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

(INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY)

DUE10062

ENGLISH FOR COMMUNICATION 1

REPORT WRITING: THE DISASTER OF LANDSLIDE

NAME: MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN TAJUL ARIFFIN [DB12115]

MOHAMAD DANISH HAKIM BIN MOHD ARIFF [DB12111]

AHMAD AINUL SALSABIL BIN ZULPAKAR [DB12102]

NUR AINI NADHIRAH BINTI SAMRIN [DB12118]

NUR DINI HUSNA BINTI MOHD AZHAR [DB12119]

LECTURE’S NAME: MADAM THERESA MARION A/P B NAMBIRAJAN

SESSION: MAY – OCTOBER 2021
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO. CONTENTS PAGES

1. 1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE
1.2 BACKGROUND 1-3
1.3 METHOD INVESTIGATION
1.4 SCOPE
2. 2.0 METHOD OF GATHERING INFORMATION 4
3. 3.0 FINDING / DISCUSSION 5 - 19
4. 4.0 CONCLUSION 20
5. 5.0 INDIVIDUAL REFLECTIONS
5.1 AHMAD AINUL BIN ZULPAKAR
5.2 MOHAMAD DANISH HAKIM BIN MOHD ARIFF
21 - 25
5.3 MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN TAJUL ARIFFIN
5.4 NUR AINI NADHIRAH BINTI SAMRIN
5.5 NUR DINI HUSNA BINTI MOHD AZHAR
6. 6.0 REFERENCES 26
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE

Our purpose is to investigate related to this landslide disaster because the first
tragic event in Malaysia in 1961 in Cameron Highland and we will also find out the
cause of each event.

1.2 BACKGROUND

Landslide, also called landslip, the movement downslope of a mass of rock,

debris, earth, or soil (soil being a mixture of earth and debris). Landslides occur when
gravitational and other types of shear stresses within a slope exceed the shear
strength (resistance to shearing) of the materials that form the slope. Shear stresses
can be built up within a slope by a number of processes. These include oversteepening
of the base of the slope, such as by natural erosion or excavation, and loading of the
slope, such as by an inflow of water, a rise in the groundwater table, or the
accumulation of debris on the slope’s surface. Short-term stresses, such as those
imposed by earthquakes and rainstorms, can likewise contribute to the activation of
landslides. Landslides can also be activated by processes that weaken the shear
strength of a slope’s material. Shear strength is dependent mainly on two factors:
frictional strength, which is the resistance to movement between the slope material’s
interacting constituent particles, and cohesive strength, which is the bonding between
the particles. Coarse particles such as sand grains have high frictional strength but
low cohesive strength, whereas the opposite is true for clays, which are composed of
fine particles. Another factor that affects the shear strength of a slope-forming material
is the spatial disposition of its constituent particles, referred to as the sediment fabric.
Some materials with a loose, open sediment fabric will weaken if they are mechanically
disturbed or flooded with water. An increase in water content, resulting from either
natural causes or human activity, typically weakens sandy materials through the
reduction of interparticle friction and weakens clays through the dissolution of
interparticle cements, the hydration of clay minerals, and the elimination of interparticle
(capillary) tension.

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 1.3 METHOD INVESTIGATION

The cause of these landslides can be due to natural and human causes.
Examples of natural causes are, in terms of gravity, heavy rainfall, soil erosion, and so
on. The cause from humans is cutting and mining which causes soil erosion to fall
down which can cause accidents and damage roads. For example, the landslide area
in Simpang Pulai -Cameron Highlands which caused the route to crack on Jalan
Simpang Pulai -Cameron Highlands and was completely closed to all traffic flows. The
landslide incident at kilometer 43.95 of Jalan Simpang Pulai-Blue Valley that caused
the road closure did not involve the Cameron Highlands district in the state. On the
other hand, the location of the incident was in Kinta district, Perak due to slope failure.
The road in Section 43.9 was completely closed to all road traffic starting that night,
following a landslide at Kilometer 43.95 of the route due to continuous heavy rain. The
Kinta District Public Works Department (JKR) through its statement, stated that the
incident involved a 30 -meter long road with a width of five meters that was detected.

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 1.4 SCOPE

Mohamed Zhaidi (2007) conducted a controlled slope assessment study by

PLUS on the route from Bidor to Ipoh Selatan but his study is more focused to slope
condition assessment studies for maintenance purposes. Findings his study found
several major categories to be taken into account in identify damage and slope
conditions i.e., slope surface, drainage system slopes, signs of damage and slope
collapse as well as slope stabilization structures.

Suhaimi J. (2006) in turn conducted a study to evaluate the accuracy of the

four-slope assessment system (SAS) by JKR namely Slope Management System
(SMS), Slope Priority Sequence System (SPRS), Information System and Slope
Management (SIMS), and Slope Risk Management and Tracking System (SMART) in
predicts the occurrence of landslides on slopes of granite rock type cuttings and
sediment/metasediment. Assessment analysis for granite type cut slope found no SAS
satisfactory in predicting the occurrence of landslides and the highest accuracy was
produced by SMART only (61%). As for the slope cut sediment/metasediment type
shows SMART accuracy is very good (90%) in addition to the remaining three other
SAS none satisfactory.

The study conducted is focused on the slope asset valuation system operated
by PLUS and JKR in the highway area. The slope is one of the main elements of
landslides. Therefore, it is important to given attention to what is required in making
an assessment of something of that slope and the influence that involves how
something lands the collapse took place. The study is focused on a slope assessment
system the existing Slope Management and Risk Tracking System (SMART)
implemented by JKR and the Expressway Slope Maintenance System (ESMaS)
applied by PLUS. Each indicator is applied in the assessment system is taken into
account as the result of the study.

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2.0 Method of gathering information

The method of gathering information is based on various sources. Most of the

information we collect is from internet searches. We made the choice to seek sources
from the internet because our country is still in the Covid-19 epidemic despite already
heading towards recovery. We also need to keep the SOPs set by the government to
prevent Covid-19 infection. To reduce the risk, we chose to use the internet to find
methods of collecting information related to landslide disasters. The information data
that we find on social media sites is from online news, articles, online newspapers and
more. We also take excerpts from articles, news, newspapers and websites from
abroad to add more knowledge related to landslide disasters. The cause of this
landslide disaster is also not the same as in Malaysia. There are also in other countries
where the cause is not the same as in Malaysia because of the position of the country
itself. An example of an incident that occurred in Malaysia was in Bukit Antarabangsa,
Ulu Klang, Selangor in 2008. It is said that 4 victims were killed and 15 others were
injured in addition to 14 bungalows collapsed in the landslide tragedy in Taman Bukit
Mewah and Taman Bukit Utama, which took place at about 3.50 am (Malaysian time).
The tragedy occurred about 1.5 kilometers from the site of the Highland Towers
tragedy that collapsed on December 11, 1993.

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3.0 Findings / discussion

3.1 What is a Landslide?

Landslides are among the many natural disasters causing massive destructions
and loss of lives across the globe. According to a survey study by the International
Landslide Centre at Durham University, UK, 2,620 fatal landslides occurred between
2004 and 2010. These landslides resulted in the death of over 32,322 people. The
figure does not include landslides caused by earthquakes. This research result is
astonishing considering the number of people killed by landslides. It is, thus,
paramount to know the causes and warning signs of a potential landslide to minimize
losses. A landslide, sometimes known as landslip, slope failure or slump, is an
uncontrollable downhill flow of rock, earth, debris or the combination of the three.
Landslides stem from the failure of materials making up the hill slopes and are beefed
up by the force of gravity. When the ground becomes saturated, it can become
unstable, losing its equilibrium in the long run. That’s when a landslide breaks loose.
When people are living down these hills or mountains, it’s usually just a matter of time
before disaster happens.

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 3.2 Causes of Landslides
While landslides are considered naturally occurring disasters, human-induced
changes in the environment have recently caused their upsurge. Although the causes
of landslides are wide ranging, they have 2 aspects in common; they are driven by
forces of gravity and result from failure of soil and rock materials that constitute the hill
slope:

a) Natural Causes of Landslides

i. Climate

Long-term climatic changes can significantly impact soil stability. A general

reduction in precipitation leads to lowering of water table and reduction in overall
weight of soil mass, reduced solution of materials and less powerful freeze-thaw
activity. A significant upsurge in precipitation or ground saturation would dramatically
increase the level of ground water. When sloped areas are completely saturated with
water, landslides can occur. If there is absence of mechanical root support, the soils
start to run off.

ii. Earthquakes

Seismic activities have, for a long time, contributed to landslides across the
globe. Any moment tectonic plates move, the soil covering them also moves along.
When earthquakes strike areas with steep slopes, on numerous occasions, the soil
slips leading to landslides. In addition, ashen debris flows instigated by earthquakes
could also cause mass soil movement.

iii. Weathering

Weathering is the natural procedure of rock deterioration that leads to weak,

landslide-susceptive materials. Weathering is brought about by the chemical action of
water, air, plants and bacteria. When the rocks are weak enough, they slip away
causing landslides.

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 iv. Erosion

Erosion caused by sporadic running water such as streams, rivers, wind,

currents, ice and waves wipe out latent and lateral slope support enabling landslides
to occur easily.

v. Volcanoes

Volcanic eruptions can trigger landslides. If an eruption occurs in a wet

condition, the soil will start to move downhill instigating a landslide. Stratovolcano is a
typical example of volcano responsible for most landslides across the globe.

vi. Forest fires

Forest fires instigate soil erosion and bring about floods, which might lead to
landslides

vii. Gravity
Gravity works more effectively on steeper slopes, but more gradual slopes may
also be vulnerable.

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 b) Human causes of landslides
i. Mining

Mining activities that utilize blasting techniques contribute mightily to landslides.

Vibrations emanating from the blasts can weaken soils in other areas susceptible to
landslides. The weakening of soil means a landslide can occur anytime.

ii. Clear cutting

Clear cutting is a technique of timber harvesting that eliminates all old trees
from the area. This technique is dangerous since it decimates the existing mechanical
root structure of the area.

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 3.3 TYPES OF LANDSLIDES

Landslides are classified by their type of movement. The four main types of
movement are:

 falls
 topples
 slides (rotational and translational)
 flows

Landslides can be classified as just one of these movements or, more commonly, can
be a mixture of several. Geologists also refer to the type of material involved in the
movement, e.g. rock, debris, earth

Falls

Falls are landslides that involve the collapse of material from a cliff or steep slope.
Falls usually involve a mixture of free fall through the air, bouncing or rolling. A fall-
type landslide results in the collection of rock or debris near the base of a slope. A
good example of a fall landslide is the rock fall at Pennington Point.

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Falls: the rock mass descends mostly through air by free fall, bouncing or rolling,
after being separated from the rest of the slope.

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Topples
Topple failures involve the forward rotation and movement of a mass of rock, earth or
debris out of a slope. This kind of slope failure generally occurs around an axis (or
point) at or near the base of the block of rock. A good example of a site experiencing
topple failures is Aldbrough, UK

Topples: movements of rock, debris or earth masses by forward rotation about a

pivot point.

Flows

Flows are landslides that involve the movement of material down a slope in the form
of a fluid. Flows often leave behind a distinctive, upside-down funnel shaped deposit
where the landslide material has stopped moving. There are different types of flows:
mud, debris and rock (rock avalanches). Two of the most common in the UK are mud
flows and debris flows. Mud flows can be found on the south coast of England, often
associated with larger complex landslides such as Stone barrow Hill in Dorset. Debris
flows can be very rapid and usually occur on steep slopes such as those at the Rest
and Be Thankful Pass in Argyll and Bute.

Flows are landslides that involve the movement of material down a slope in the form
of a fluid.

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Slides

A slide-type landslide is a downslope movement of material that occurs along a

distinctive rupture or slip surface. The slip surface tends to be deeper than that of other
landslide types and not structurally controlled. These landslides are characterised by
a prominent main scarp and back-tilted bench or block at the top, with limited internal
deformation. Below this, movement is more or less rotational about an axis.Slides are
characterised by a failure of material at depth and then movement by sliding along a
rupture or slip surface. There are two types of slide failure, rotational slides (slumps)
and translational (planar) slides.

Rotational slides

If the slip surface is listric (curved or spoon-shaped) the slide is said to be rotational.
A good example of a rotational landslide is the Holbeck Hall landslide, in Scarborough,
North Yorkshire.

Rotational slides occur on curved slip surfaces where the upper surface of the
displaced material may tilt backwards toward the scarp.

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Translational slides

A translational or planar landslide is a downslope movement of material that occurs

along a distinctive planar surface of weakness such as a fault, joint or bedding
plane. Some of the largest and most damaging landslides on Earth are
translational. These landslides occur at all scales and are not self-stabilising. They can
be very rapid where discontinuities are steep.Translational landslides commonly
trigger debris flows in Scotland, such as the Stob Coire Sgriodain landslide.

Translational slides occur on curved slip surfaces where the upper surface of the
displaced material may tilt backwards toward the scarp.

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 3.4 EFFECT OF LANDSLIDES

a) Social Impact

Landslides bring billions of dollars in losses and thousands of deaths and

injuries each year (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2003). So, socially it
can be said that there are some obvious effects as follows.

1. Death And Loss of Property

In a report by The National Landslide Information Center (1998) in the United

States alone it is estimated that losses exceed 1 billion (US Dollars) and deaths
between 25–50 people each year.

Meanwhile, in Malaysia alone, it was found that thousands of ringgits and

hundreds of people died as a result of mudslides and landslides which not only brought
death but also had a negative impact on the economy in the affected areas.

2. Destruction of the Transportation System

Landslides also often disrupt transport systems causing disruption to human

movement as well as affecting the economy of the areas involved but also leading to
destruction of property, as well as supplies (University of Wales 2003). Researchers
argue that the meaning of ‘supply’ here refers to the source of raw materials brought
out of landslide -affected areas and vice versa.

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 3. The Cost of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Areas Damaged Due to
Highlands Is Very Expensive

The questions that arise after a landslide incident are the restoration or
reconstruction of communication systems, repair of buildings and also the landscaping
of the areas involved. Based on the report (Chan, 2003, p.25) it is clear that the cost
of rehabilitating roads and settlement areas requires very high costs amounting to
millions of Ringgits.

b) Impact on the Environment

1. Loss of Fertile Land for Agricultural Land Use

Landslides not only lead to property destruction, disruption of communication

systems, supply and loss of life but also cause loss of productive land resources
(University of Wales, 2003). The researcher argues that what is meant by ‘productive’
land here refers to areas of fertile land that have the potential for agricultural land use.
Due to the occurrence of landslides and erosion in the affected areas causing surface
erosion as well as bringing soil fertility to other places. Meanwhile, landslides not only
destroy soil fertility but it is almost impossible to carry out agricultural activities in the
area if no rehabilitation efforts are made.

2. Terrain Damage

It is undeniable that landslides also change the landscape of an area. In the

meantime, now eco-tourism is becoming more important with modern human
awareness of the need for a break from the hustle and bustle of the city so the
highlands are an option such as Genting Highlands, Cameroon Highlands, Kinabalu
Park and so on. However, this area has potential and frequent landslides.

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 3.6 WAYS TO AVOID LANDSLIDE DISASTERS

1. Strengthening the ground

 This method can be done by remove the loose soil and replace it with more
dense material.And by the time,soil can erode and grow more prone to
landslides.The contractor can replacing the topsoil with denser and sandy soil
so that it will become more tightly-packed.This can help the edge to become
more stable.This is a professional job that requires machinery and equipment
and also probably will require a high budget.
 Next,the other way to prevent landslide is you can plant trees and shrubs on
hills to keep the soil packed and protected.For example,when you plant the
vegetation will protects the soil from erosion and of course will lower the
percentage of landslide to happen.You can try to plant some plants with thick
or deep systems.So that the roots of the plants can grip the ground more firmly.
 Furthermore,you also can prevent landslide by build a retaining wall at the base
of slope to protect your house.Incase the landslide suddenly happen,your
house will not receive a huge impact or destruction.If you live in a landslide area
or at the base of hill,so this one of your solution to prevent the landslide.You
can use this way by build a heavy,brick retaining wall along the base of the
slope.Plus you can extend it for the entire length for the best protection.

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2. Keeping any material and structures away from the slopes

 Firstly,this way need you to remove loose or heavy material from the top of the
slope.For example,rocks,fallen trees and other debris at the top of a hill have a
high risk for the landslide to happen. Clean off all the slopes along the way to
remove material that might come loose when landslide suddenly happen.For
the heavy objects such as large stones or logs might need a be done by a
professional person with the heavy equipment to remove that large stones and
logs.
 Furthermore,the other way is to make sure that you build your house or other
structures away from the edge.If you have planning to build a shed or any other
similar,you need to make sure that the base is far away from the edge.You also
can consult an engineer to tell you what a safe distance from the slope is and
then you can follow that advice before you start building.This way can make
sure that your house are safe from the landslide and also your life.
 Other than that,you also can prevent landslide by avoiding piling junk at the top
of a hill.If suddenly rains heavily for a long time happen,it is feared that the very
heavy rubbish will easily slip from the end of the hill.Also when it happens it is
also feared that the soil on the hillside will become soft and begin to erode and
then landslides will occur.Plus,also remember that do not dump water at the top
of the slope either. This can gradually erode the soil and make it looser.

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 3.7 LANDSLIDE CONTROL MEASURES

 The government replanted the trees

The first step to prevent landslides in the country is for the government to
replant trees on hill slopes, especially in areas that have been developed. Such
noble efforts are the best way to keep the slopes and developed areas from being
exposed to the risk of landslides. Such efforts can also strengthen the land that
has undergone the development process. It is undeniable that the development
carried out has resulted in many trees being felled and hills being directed in the
name of development. Jungle forests and hills are pegs to the earth’s ecosystem.
Uncontrolled logging and deforestation have loosened soil texture bonds, making
slopes loose and collapse. In Malaysia, heavy rains will cause the soil on the
hillside to become loose and slip. Therefore, large deep-rooted trees and ground
cover crops need to be planted to save development areas that are vulnerable to
weather and heavy rains. This can help restrict soil movement from carrying
underground airflow that slides down unstable slopes. Efforts to plant trees or
plants, can re-compress the soil looseness due to development. Landslides
occurred at Highland Tower Condominium and International Hill.

 The government built a planned drainage system.

The government built a planned drainage system. A well -planned drainage
system is important to allow rainwater from hill slopes to flow well and directly into
drains or rivers and the sea. Water will not stagnate in an area to cause floods. This
condition can indirectly prevent the occurrence of soil erosion and landslides. The built
-in drainage system can serve as a strong fortification on the hillside. A planned
drainage system can compact the soil structure on the hillside. If, no drainage system
is built on the hillside, heavy rains that fall on the hill area will cause water to stagnate
and seep in the hillside area through the soil until the soil structure becomes loose and
unstable. This can invite consequences such as flash floods, soil erosion and
landslides. Malaysians have never forgotten the events that took place in Pos Dipang,
Perak which claimed so many lives due to mud floods.

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 Reducing planned development
Reducing the construction of planned buildings can also reduce the occurrence
of landslides. The government needs to face the development competition strategically
and wisely. Strategic and systematic action on development is very important to be
practiced to ensure that development does not invite consequences. Planned
development must be people -friendly, taking into account the safety and well -being
of the people. It is true that development cannot be stopped, but development must
be planned as best as possible to reduce the phenomena that bring disaster to the
conservation of nature and human beings. Developments such as housing, plantations
and tourism need to be carefully planned for long -term security. Farm areas on
hillsides need to be built terraces in addition to arranging crops and paths to save the
slopes. The government or housing developers need to review the integrity of the land
on the hillside from time to time to prevent the occurrence of unwanted landslides. The
government also needs to set a total quota to implement development on the hillsides.
In addition, certain parties such as housing developers need to create an Emergency
Action Plan to act swiftly when detecting signs of slope movement occurring.
Development planning needs to look at the symbiosis of nature with the project to be
developed.

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 The Chain of Functions in Systematic Control
Stabilizing: Fixation of debris flow channels in a wanted level to stop and/or prevent
depth erosion. The main goal of landslide control is stabilization of the gliding mass to
prevent further landslides.
Consolidating: Elevating of debris flow bed to support and/or prevent landslides
and gliding/creeping slopes and lateral erosion.
Bank Stabilisation Retaining: Storage and deposition of bedload transport or a
debris flow until it’s aggradation to the retention capacity. Sorting & Sizing Filtrations
and/or storage of undesirable bedload components during bedload transport or a
debris flow.
Bedload sizing: Filtration and storage the large pieces of bedload during bedload
transport or a debris flow.
Wood grading: Filtration of undesirable wood during woody debris transport or a
debris flow.
Breaking of debris flow: Decrease the high energy level of a debris flow to a lower
level under particular energy change.
Dosing: Parting of a large mass of bedload transport or of a debris flow in small
amounts. (Kettl 1984)

Bedload Dosing: Quantitatively dosing and discharging of intermediate stored

debris flow and bedload by declining floods and mean waters. (Ueblagger 1972)
Flood (Water) dosing Quantitative change of the water discharge by qualitative
change of the flood hydrograph at a specific site.

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4.0 Conclusion

Areas susceptible to landslides can be projected, based on the physical factors

associated with landslide activity: past landslide history, bedrock, slope steepness,
and hydrology. Predicting where and when landslides are going to occur is not
possible even with the best available information. It is, however, possible to identify
landslide-susceptible areas. This chapter has discussed some of the concepts related
to landslide susceptibility: the different types of landslides; the relative nature of
landslide hazard zonation; its relationship to development activity; and ways to
mitigate the effects of landslides. The essential point has been to demonstrate the
importance of considering landslides early in the planning study and to provide one
technique which can be used at all stages of the planning process. The different
questions that need to be asked at the different planning stages were highlighted.
Many answers can be generated from the use of landslide hazard zonation at each
stage of the planning study. The step-by-step combined factor analysis to prepare
hazard maps was presented. All of this will enable the planner to have a working
knowledge of terms, concepts, and the important considerations related to landslides
and landslide hazard mapping.

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5.0 REFLECTION INDIVIDUAL
5.1 AHMAD AINUL BIN ZULPAKAR

My name is Ahmad Ainul. Right here I want to say about my reflection on this
report assignment. Firstly, I would to say about my part in this report assignment I
make the ‘how to prevent the landslide part in this part I had been doing my research
on the internet to find the best way to prevent the landslide. The solution that I have
found is very suitable to be done in Malaysia. There are some ways which need a lot
of money and some are do not need so much money. Then, the way which need a lot
of money should be done by the government because these are their responsibilities
to serve for the people. They also have the responsibilities to save people lives from
the catastrophic landslide before too late. And I hope the people in the government
will concerned about this. Government also is the people’s hope.

Next, for another way which need the less amount of money are need to be
done by the society. This is because the society need to be to unite among
themselves. They also need to work by themselves if the government not do their
responsibilities. They have to be together to save people life. So, in Malaysia, all
people like Malay, Chinese and Indian need to be together to prevent this catastrophic
from happen. They need to learn from the past tragedy which has taken many lives. I
am very scare if the past tragedy will be happened once again if there are nobody who
will solve this problem in the future.

Furthermore, I am very scare if the past tragedy will ever happen again. For
example, there a one landslide that I am still remember which was happened at Bukit
Antarabangsa on 2008.While doing my research, I found this case on the internet. The
date was 6 December 2008 at the Bukit Antarabangsa, Ulu Klang, Selangor, Malaysia.
There were around 4 person who was dead and around 15 person who were injured.
Moreover, around 14 bungalow houses have collapsed in the landslide tragedy at
Taman Bukit Mewah and Taman Bukit Utama, which occurred about at 3.50 am.

Based on this tragedy, what I have learned was that catastrophe can be happen
at any time. So, we need to always be prepared with all the precautions as well as
preventive measures. As conclusion, we as the Malaysia citizen need to take our
action with all measures so that no more lives are lost in the future. Plus, I hope my
measures to prevent landslide can help many people in the future.

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 5.2 MOHAMAD DANISH HAKIM BIN MOHD ARIFF

My name is Mohamad Danish Hakim Bin Mohd Ariff and I would like to talk
about my reflections in the assignment of this report. I would like to state about my
part in this report assignment I made Landslide Control Measures, this part I have
done research on the internet to find the best way for such landslide control measures.
There are landslide control measures like the government should planting plants on
hill slopes, the government building a planned drainage system and reducing planned
development.

So, there is one event that I studied and we should understand that the landslide
in Bukit Antarabangsa on 6 December 2008 and the landslide that claimed the lives of
orphans in Hulu Langat, are two events that bring tears to the eyes of Malaysians. This
event demands the society to bury its mind in common sense to find a solution not just
polemics in the media and point fingers arguing with each other over the events that
took place. Implicitly, the indifference of the people of this country is the cause of
nature's wrath to us. Therefore, it is appropriate for all parties to open their eyes and
take steps to prevent this incident.

From this tragedy, I was able to learn landslide control measures. This we can
learn and control from the occurrence of landslides, so as Malaysians we must control
the occurrence of these landslides so that accidents and deaths do not occur.

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 5.3 MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN TAJUL ARIFFIN

My name is Muhammad Irfan Bin Tajul Ariffin and I wanna talk about my
reflection in this report assignment.So in this report assignment my job is to do the
task 3.3 which is “Types of Landslide”.For this task I search on the internet about types
of landslide.They are many articles that talk about landslide all over the world.

From what I read and searching in internet landslides are classified by their type
of movement and they are four main types of landslide which is falls, topples, flows
and slides(ratational and translational).So from what I read the first one is falls,falls
lanslide is a rock mass that descends mostly by free fall, bouncing or rolling, after
being separated from the rest of the slope.Second is topples, topples lanslide is
movements of rock, debris or earth masses by forward rotation about a pivot point..The
third is flows,flows lanslide are landslides that involve the movement of material down
a slope in the form of a fluid.For last one is slides lanslide they are two which is
rotational and translational.Rotational and tranlational slides occur on curved slip
surfaces where the upper surface of the displaced material may tilt backwards toward
the scarp.

So from this we will know the types of landslide,by knowing the types of
landslide,it will be easier for goverment to take countermeasure or fix a landslide.

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 5.4 NUR AINI NADHIRAH BINTI SAMRIN
I am Nur Aini Nadhirah, thank you for allowing me to carry out tasks related to
natural disasters. I chose to create one of the natural disasters which was the
landslide disaster. I also learned a lot about landslides. Landslide disasters also
have many causes and reasons why landslides occur. Landslides also consist of
various types such as flow, fall, slide, and fall. The effects of landslides can also
cause people to lose property, social, environmental as well as physical and mental.

The side effects of this disaster can result in loss of life. I have done research
in newspapers or articles that caused landslides. Recently, there was an incident on
Jalan Simpang Pulai - Cameron Highland which resulted in the route being closed.
And there was also a landslide case in 2008 at International Hill where many families
lost lives and property. The case in Bukit Antarabangsa also found a suit from 3 family
members for negligence as a result of the tragedy.

The title of this landslide disaster made me learn a lot about the types of
landslides, the causes of landslides and so on. As a group member, I always ask my
opinion on something, whether it suits my point of view or not. I am also an active
group member during discussions, when they need an opinion, I will give my opinion
to my group mates. I always ask the progress of the report and will check whether the
matter is left out or not. If the report is ready to be sent, I will share it in the WhatsApp
Group for them to check.

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 5.5 NUR DINI HUSNA BINTI MOHD AZHAR

I’m Dini Husna one of group assignment title “LANDSLIDE”. In this topic I was
also able to learn a lot about how landslides occur and coping measures to reduce the
occurrence of landslides and I would like to thanks for my lecture i.e., Madam Theresa
and also a group member. They helped me a lot to find a few important points about
the topic that had been discussed. In groups, I was also active and always asked a
group member in WhatsApp group and they also responded quickly if anyone didn’t
understand. They are very helpful and always give ideas. I am very grateful to be with
them.

What I know about landslide is landslides are caused by disturbances in the

natural stability of a slope. They can accompany heavy rains or follow droughts,
earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions. These are the things that cause landslides in
sloping areas. Apart from the sloping areas, there are also rubble or cracks on the
road. This is because the soil is unstable and the area is prone to landslides.

To reduce the occurrence of landslides, people around should be quick and

quick to act if there is a small number of landslides in their area. This is because it can
cause humans and animals in the area to lose their homes. And the cost to restore it
is also very expensive. We can also overcome it before the collapse is even more
devastating. Examples are replanting trees, ensuring endangered development is
implemented, building an efficient drainage system and maintaining ditches and roads.

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6.0 REFERENCES
- Meng, X. (2021, July 15). landslide. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/landslide
- Madaan, S. (2017, May 6). Causes, Effects and Types of Landslides. Earth
Eclipse. https://eartheclipse.com/natural-disaster/causes-effects-and-types-of-
landslides.html
- Mohamed Zhaidi Bin Baharin (2007) Kajian Penilaian Kondisi Cerun Untuk Tujuan
Penyelenggaraan Laluan dari Bidor ke Ipoh Selatan, Lebuhraya Utara-Selatan. Fakulti
Kejuruteraan Awam, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
- Suhaimi J. (2006) Development of A Cut-Slope Stability Assessment System for
Peninsular Malaysia, School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

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