KOLEJ KEMAHIRAN TINGGI MARA LEDANG

DIPLOMA IN BIOMEDICAL ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING (ICT)

ENGLISH FOR COMMUNICATION

FACTORS AND EFFECTS OF THE DISASTER: TSUNAMI

ABDULLAH AFIQ BADLY SHAH BIN ABDULLAH [DB12101]

FARAH NAJIHAH BINTI BAHDRULSHAM [DB12110]

MUHAMMAD AJMAL DANIAL BIN MAHARAM [DB12112]

NABILAH AISYAH BINTI MOHD NOORZI [DB12117]

SITI HANISAH BINTI SULAIMAN [DB12125]

 Table Of Contents

1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Method of Gathering Information 2
3.0 Findings/ Discussion 3-8
4.0 Conclusion 9
5.0 Individual Reflection
5.1 Member 1 10
5.2 Member 2 11
5.3 Member 3 12
5.4 Member 4 13
5.5 Member 5 14

REFERENCES
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Tsunami is Japanese for ‘harbour wave’ and usually form through combination
of a series of strong waves that are responsible for the surge in water sometimes reach
the heights in many meters. This is a natural disaster that is caused due to the volcano
eruption in the ocean beds. Thus, tsunami is also called as the series of ocean waves
that have a very long wavelength. The effects and management of tsunami depend on
several factors. One of the countries, Malaysian was affected by the 2004 Indian
Ocean earthquake and tsunami on 26 December 2004. Despite its proximity to the
epicentre of the earthquake, Malaysia escaped the kind of damage that struck
countries hundreds of miles further away. Since the epicentre was on the western
coast of Sumatra, the island largely protected the country from the worst of
the tsunami. The country’s worst affected areas were the northern coastal areas and
outlying islands like Penang and Langkawi.

Although 17 years have passed, the tsunami disaster that hit the region in 2004
was still fresh in the memories of the villagers here and even the bitter memories were
also remembered by 52 family members of the victims who died in the tsunami on
several beaches, Tanjung Bungah Penang. This tragedy which occurred at about 1:30
pm resulted in 52 victims being killed while other 141 were injured. Among them, the
victims who were picnicking and fishing by the beach at Tanjung Bungah, Batu
Feringhi and Balik Pulau.

Mokhtar Syeikh Mohamad, 61 years old was one of the locals recounting the
tragedy that happened in Tanjung Bungah, Georgetown, Pulau Pinang. After the
tsunami, his family’s life got better from a fisherman to a food trader. This business
site was formerly the former home of the tsunami victim. Instead of being left
unmanageable, he applied to the village committee members to trade here. Mokhtar
who has been six years old trading on the seafront near the floating mosque, admits
it, he very worries when once in a time the waves look great with sound.
2.0 METHOD OF GATHERING INFORMATION

This report is intended to study about disasters that occur in Malaysia. The task
also give us the opportunity to explore, evaluate and understand the factors and
effects of the disasters. We have chosen the tsunami as a disaster to be discussed in
this report. Among the states affected by the tsunami from the Indian Ocean are
Kedah, Penang and Perlis. We have also collected some data to be used as a
reference for our study on the tsunami. In addition, the tsunami is one of those
disasters that occurs suddenly.

In this report, we have used the method of archival research. Archival research
as a data that used to obtain any type of information. Here, the focus is on information
that may be used to answer questions related to psychological phenomena, with an
overview of the myriad sources of data available to the psychological researcher, and
the advantages and disadvantages of secondary versus primary data use. Particularly
creative uses of archival data and good examples of archived studies, along with
resources for those interested in archival data, are given. All of the data that we have
collected in the report are from existing data through the Internet. Besides that,
archives may also provide access to content via microfilm due to the fragility or
popularity of the original archive. Digital copies may also be provided for the same
reason. Before asking for access to the original, make sure that the items that have
been reformatted are suitable for the use you require. This is because to request
access to original content may include the need to view color images or for
accessibility reasons.

In conclusion, this method is very suitable to be used for students in performing

a task. Other than that, the data have already been collected.
3.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Earthquakes are one of the causes of tsunami. A tsunami occurs when the
position of the ocean floor changes and causes the water to shake violently. Tectonic
earthquakes are earthquakes that will usually cause defects or changes in the earth’s
crust; when an earthquake occurs on the ocean floor, the water in the area of the event
will change from its equilibrium position. The wave will result from a change in the
mass of water, which acts under the influence of gravity trying to restore the balance
of its position. When the area of the seabed that changes position (up or down) is
large, a tsunami will result. The resulting wave can move quickly.

The effects of the tsunami have caused the destruction of human property. The
earthquake on the seabed has caused almost all buildings to collapse, vehicles and
human property to be destroyed. The tsunami caused by the earthquake has
destroyed the settlements and at the same time destroyed their property. In addition,
the Tsunami also claimed the lives of residents. This is because the collapse of
buildings and also the impact of waves have claimed several lives such as the tsunami
tragedy that occurred in Tanjung Bungah, Penang has resulted in 52 victims.

Other than that, Volcanic eruptions also can generate Tsunamis. Violent
volcanic eruptions represent also impulsive disturbances, it will displace a great
volume of water and generate extremely destructive tsunami waves in the immediate
source area. According to this mechanism, waves may be generated by the sudden
displacement of water caused by a volcanic explosion, by a volcano's slope failure, or
more likely by a phreatomagmatic explosion and collapse/engulfment of the volcanic
magmatic chambers.

One of the largest and most destructive tsunamis ever recorded was generated
in August 26, 1883 after the explosion and collapse of the volcano of Krakatoa
(Krakatau), in Indonesia. This explosion generated waves that reached 135 feet,
destroyed coastal towns and villages along the Sunda Strait in both the islands of Java
and Sumatra, killing 36,417 people.

Finally, landslides can also generate Tsunamis, landslides that produce

tsunamis commonly occur during earthquakes, but other forces can also produce
sudden failures of unstable slopes. The earthquakes that do not directly cause
tsunamis may still create landslides that can lead to tsunamis and the landslide-
derived tsunami can happen independently of an earthquake tsunami or it may
coincide with it, which complicates the warning process and increases the losses.
 For examples, an earthquake of magnitude 7.8 struck the Southeast Alaska on
July 10, 1958, prompting submarine landslides, rock falls, and ice falls that generated
tsunamis that killed five people and a magnitude 7.3 earthquake on October 11, 1918,
in Puerto Rico caused a submarine landslide and generated a tsunami with waves up
to 20 feet (6 meters) high caused approximately $62 million in damage (2017 dollars),
and at least 140 people died.
4.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, tsunami can be very dangerous and deadly. Tsunami can

damage a lot of property and life, and also usually leave a panic for the human basic
necessities. So, they are not a thing to be taken lightly. There are several safety
measures that can be used during a tsunami. First, keep your getaway kit with you if
possible. Don't travel into the areas in danger to urge your kit or belongings. In
addition, you should move instantly to the closest higher ground, or as far inland as
you'll. If you have got evacuation maps handy, follow the routes shown. Furthermore,
If in any case one cannot escape the tsunami, then he/she should move to an upper
storey of a sturdy building or climb onto a roof or up a tree. Or grab a floating object
and hang on until help arrives. We learned about tsunami warning system ,tsunami of
26th December 2004 were so strong that they could bring about drastic physiographic
changes in different parts of world. The Indian Ocean had many severe social,
economic and environmental effects including 230,000 people involved in deaths.
Those day tsunami warning system were not enough, so most of people didn’t know
how to away elsewhere. Currently system is based on this experience. Now the
experience encourage that we should be more careful.
5.0 INDIVIDUAL REFLECTION

5.1 ABDULLAH AFIQ BADLY SHAH

My name is Abdullah Afiq Badly Shah Bin Abdullah from ICT1A. This project
taught me that tsunami is a series of waves that can move on shore rapidly, but last
for several hours and flood coastal communities with little warning. Tsunamis can be
triggered by a variety of geological processes such as earthquakes, landslides,
volcanic eruptions, or meteorite impacts. Since modern record keeping began in 1800,
they have taken many lives in Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands,
California, Oregon, and American Samoa. The threat of a potentially catastrophic
tsunami on U.S. soil looms in seismically active regions in the Pacific and Atlantic

For examples, most tsunamis are caused by a large earthquake on the sea
floor when slabs of rock move past each other suddenly, causing the overlying water
to move. The resulting waves move away from the source of the earthquake event.
Besides, Landslides can also happen on the seafloor, just like on land. Areas of the
seafloor that are steep and loaded with sediment, such as the edge of the continental
slope, are more prone to undersea landslides. When an undersea landslide occurs
(perhaps after a nearby earthquake) a large mass of sand, mud and gravel can move
down the slope. This movement will draw the water down and may cause a tsunami
that will travel across the ocean.

Finally, Tsunami can also be initiated by volcanic eruptions but they are less
common. They occur in several ways such as a destructive collapse of coastal, island
and underwater volcanoes which result in massive landslides, a pyroclastic flow, which
are dense mixtures of hot blocks, pumice, ash and gas, plunging down volcanic slopes
into the ocean and pushing water outwards and a caldera volcano collapsing after an
eruption causing overlying water to drop suddenly.
 5.2 FARAH NAJIHAH

Hi, my name is Farah Najihah Binti Bahdrulsham and I’m from ICT1A. The thing
I got while doing this assignment was, Tsunami waves actually refer to big waves that
bring destruction to beachfront buildings. A tsunami is a large wave caused by an
earthquake that occurs on the seabed. Landslides and volcanic eruptions were also
among the causes of the tsunami.

Nearly 90 percent of tsunami events in the world are caused by earthquakes

that occur under the sea. Earthquakes that occur under the sea will cause many
vibrations that will encourage the emergence of tsunami waves. Earthquakes that
occur under the sea are a type of tectonic earthquake that arises due to the meeting
of tectonic plates. However, you need to know that not all undersea earthquakes will
cause a tsunami. Undersea earthquakes can cause a tsunami only if the epicenter is
less than 30 km below sea level, the earthquake has a minimum magnitude of 6.5 on
the Richter scale, and the earthquake pattern is a pattern fault up or down.

Finally, if an early warning has been issued all residents in the area will need
to move to a safer place to prevent loss of life from occurring. Millions of human lives
have been lost as a result of the tsunami, such as in Japan and Indonesia.
 5.3 MUHAMMAD AJMAL DANIAL

Hi my name is Muhammad Ajmal Danial Bin Maharam, from ICT1A .By doing
this assignment, what I've learn are Volcanic tsunami is a mass movement of water
caused by a volcano. Volcanoes are one source that can produce tsunamis as high
as those produced by the largest earthquake.

volcanic tsunamis can be caused by underwater explosions and shock waves

caused by large explosions, even ones that occur above the waterline. Shock waves
coupling with sea waves can produce tsunamis up to three meters in height. So,
sometimes the energy of the eruption all by itself can make the sea behave in
extremely dangerous ways. Pyroclastic flows and lahars hitting the ocean can also
displace water on an alarming scale. Lahars can dump quite a lot of material into the
waters near a volcano very quickly, but pyroclastic flows are the stars of this show.
These lethal flows of searing gasses and entrained volcanic debris can send a cubic
kilometre or more of material careening into formerly serene seas, displacing massive
amounts of water that have nowhere to go but away.

Finally, all country should be alert about this because we never know what will
happen in the future. The government should be prepared and make sure they can
solve this problem if anythings happen.
5.4 NABILAH AISYAH

Hi! My name is Nabilah Aisyah Binti Mohd Noorzi from ICT1A. What I
got from this assignment; tsunamis are very important to study because they
are a natural danger that can occur at any time in coastal areas around the
world. I also had discussed about this assignment with my group members.
This incident reminds me, although the coastline is considered as a tourist
attraction for the development of the country, the tsunami remains a major
threat to coastal infrastructure and human life. This incident has claimed the
lives of thousands of locals as well as tourists that visiting the areas.

Besides that, during this assignment process, I also discussed with

group members to divide the tasks. Then, we decided to create the link of
Microsoft word to facilitate this assignment process. By using the archival
research method, it was able to facilitate me in obtaining information about the
tsunami accurately and concisely. As a part of this report assignment, I was
also able to learn the knowledge of how the tsunami could have happened. I
also take the time to get information about the tsunami and refer to the video
recording on YouTube.

In conclusion, as a team member, I also got improved skills in working

by group and as society it is necessary to provide emergency packs that contain
food, drinks and placed in a place that is easily visible and accessible. We must
also be aware of natural phenomena. For example, sea water tides suddenly
because of it signals a big wave will hit the land. I am so grateful to be able to
complete this task well.
 5.5 SITI HANISAH
Hello my name is Siti Hanisah Binti Sulaiman from ICT1A. What I got from my
research about this report is, tsunami is a sequence of waves created by the
displacement of a significant volume of water, usually an ocean or a large lake.
Tsunamis can be caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other
underwater events including detonations, landslides, glacier calving's, meteorite
impacts, and other disturbances that occur above or below water. A tsunami is
caused by the displacement of water caused by a huge event, as opposed to
normal ocean waves caused by wind or tides caused by the gravitational attraction
of the Moon and Sun.

In addition, tsunami waves have a wavelength that is far longer than usual
submarine currents or sea waves. Tsunami, like a breaking wave, may appear to
be a quickly rising tide at first. As a result, it is sometimes referred to as a tidal
wave, despite the fact that scientists dislike this term since it may create the
erroneous sense of a direct link between tides and tsunamis. Tsunamis are made
up of a sequence of waves that arrive in a wave train with times varying from
minutes to hours. Large occurrences can produce wave heights of tens of metres.
Tsunamis have a limited influence on coastal communities, but their destructive
potential is immense, and they may devastate whole ocean basins. The 2004
Indian Ocean tsunami was one of the worst natural disasters in history, with at least
230,000 people killed or missing

In conclusion, we have to be prepared if you're travelling to places considered to

be tsunami hotspots. Make sure you have an emergency kit in your travel bag in
case you need to make a quick getaway in the middle of the night. Stock up on
food, drink, weather appropriate clothes, and a small first-aid kit if feasible. Keep it
stocked with enough supplies to last a few days. Furthermore, be alert to any
warnings made by local authorities. Tsunamis can strike very, very quickly
following an earthquake, so the quicker, and higher, you can get up a hill the better.
And if you have a lighter emergency pack, you will travel faster. You don't want to
be lumbered by an enormous suitcase.
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December 25). MStar.
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3. U. (2009, November 9). Tsunami 2004 at Tanjung Bungah Penang [Video].

YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkPw0WSgWqc&feature=youtu.be

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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10346-016-0732-4
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https://marufish.com/bencana-alam/tsunami/

9. Fukuji, T. (2021). How Do Volcanic Eruptions Generate Tsunamis? -

International Tsunami Information Center. How Do Volcanic Eruptions
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