PRESENTATION REPORT ABOUT VOLCANO ERUPTION

Members Name:
1. Muhammad Alfian Alfarizi (20)
2. Muhammad Calvin Krisdianto (21)
3. Muhammad Risqi (22)
4. Muhammad Wipra Wimada (23)

PEMERINTAH PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR

DINAS PENDIDIKAN
SMA NEGERI 3 LUMAJANG
Jalan Jendral Panjaitan 79 Telp. 0334-881057
Website: www.sman3lumajang.sch.id & e-mail: admin@sman3lumajang.sch.id
2020
5.
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Indonesia is one of the equatorial countries located in the Pacific
Ring of Fire. These areas have formed a horseshoe of approximately
40,000 km (25,000 miles) from South America to North America through
the Bearing Strait, Japan up to New Zealand. Along the Ring of Fire, there
are 452 volcanoes, of which 75% are in active status. It can be said that
Indonesia is a country having the most active volcanoes in the world.
Indonesia has a great number of volcanoes in the world. There are
147 volcanoes, and 76 of them are the active volcanoes and spread along
the islands of Sumatra, Java, Celebes, and Lesser Sunda. This means
Indonesia has a tremendous opportunity to face eruption disaster in next
future. It can be said that Indonesia is the windows of volcanic world.
The volcanic eruption is one of the terrible types of natural
disasters in Indonesia. In addition to the high casualties, the eruption
disaster is also followed by large-scale infrastructure damage and by
changes in social institutions and in the long-term economic impact. One
example is the eruption of Mount Sinabung. Based on the record from the
Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation or Pusat
Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG), Sinabung has
shown the eruptive activity since 2010 until now. Hot clouds (Indonesian
= wedus gembel) and volcanic ash are constantly out of volcano
ventilation. They damage most of the surrounding agricultural areas
around the mountain. In addition to the economic impact, this condition is
also very unfavorable for the psychological community. They live in the
shadow of fear of eruption disaster. Besides the Sinabung eruption,
Indonesia has 20 most active volcanoes of Merapi, Kaba, Kerinci, Anak
Krakatau, Papandayan, Slamet, Bromo, Semeru, Batur, Rinjani, Sangeang
Api, Rokatenda, Egon, Soputan, Lokon, Gamalama, Dukono,
Karangetang, Ibu, and Talang. Although the level of awesomeness is not
 as big as the previous disaster, the impact of the eruption on the
environment and society is quite alarming. This is very disturbing to life
and economic stability of the community around the volcanoes. Based on
the record from the global database on natural and technological disaster
or emergency events database (EMDAT), volcanic eruption is the third
greatest disaster in Indonesia after flooding and earthquakes and also has
the second highest number of casualties after the earthquakes (Figure 2).
The characteristics of Indonesian volcanoes are enticing in terms of the
formation processes, eruption phenomena, and generated impacts. Usually,
the types of volcanoes are represented by stratovolcanoes. They were
shaped as results of subduction of the earth crust in subduction zones, but
this does not mean that the resulting eruption is always explosive and in
long periods. This can be seen from the activity of Semeru as a
stratovolcano that erupts every day

1.2 The Problem Formulation

The problems in this paper are formulated as follows:
 Mention Positive Effect of Volcano Eruption !
 Why You Choose This Topic ?
 What are the impacts of Volcano Eruption ?

1.3 Objectives
 Explain the notion of Volcano Eruption.
 Explaining the cause of Volcano Eruption.
 Explaining the impact of Volcano Eruption occurring.
 Explaining how to overcome Volcano Eruption.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Volcanic Eruption

Volcanic eruptions happen when lava and gas are discharged from
a volcanic vent. The most common consequences of this are population
movements as large numbers of people are often forced to flee the moving
lava flow. Volcanic eruptions often cause temporary food shortages and
volcanicash landslides called Lahar.
The most dangerous type of volcanic eruption is referred to as a
'glowing avalanche'. This is when freshly erupted magma forms hot
pyroclastic flow which have temperatures of up to 1,200 degrees. The
pyroclastic flow is formed from rock fragments following a volcanic
explosion , the flow surges down the flanks of the volcano at speeds of up
to several hundred kilometres per hour, to distances often up to 10km and
occasionally as far as 40 km from the original disaster site.
The International Federation response adjusts to meet the needs of
each specific circumstance. As population movement is often a
consequence, the provision of safe areas, shelter, water, food and health
supplies are primordial. In general response prioritizes temporary shelter
materials; safe water and basic sanitation; food supplies; and the short
term provision of basic health services and supplies.

Type – Volcanin Eruption type:

The following are the main eruption types:

 Hawaiian low viscosity lava, high effusion rates, passive

venting to fire-fountaining; low level to no plume

 Strombolian moderate viscosity lava, high effusion rates,

vigorous fire-fountaining; low level plume

 Vulcanian moderate viscosity lava, moderate effusion rates,

fire-fountaining to explosive ejection; low-mod level plume;
early phases sometime phreatomagmatic
  Peléan moderate viscosity lava, low-moderate effusion rates,
explosive ejection; low-mod level plume

 Plinian high viscosity lava, moderate effusion rates, explosive

ejection; moderate-high level plume

 Ultra-Plinianhigh viscosity lava, high effusion rates,....

2.2 Causes Of Volcanic Eruption

Volcanoes erupt when molten rock called magma rises to the
surface. Magma is formed when the earth's mantle melts. ... Runny magma
erupts through openings or vents in the earth's crust before flowing onto its
surface as lava. If magma is thick, gas bubbles cannot easily escape and
pressure builds up as the magma rises.

2.3 Impact Of Volcanic Eruption Catastrophe Occurring In Indonesia.

The Volcanic Eruption Indonesia has caused a detrimental impact,
both material loss and psychological loss. The effects or consequences of
Volcanic Eruption occurring in Indonesia are:
1. Air pollution caused by volcanic ash. The volcanic ash contains very
dangerous substances, namely hydrogen sulfide (H²S), sulfur dioxide
(SO²), nitrogen dioxide and dust material that contains toxins.
2. Toxic gas released from volcanoes is very dangerous for humans when
humans inhale the gas.
3. Hot clouds released by volcanoes can kill living things and plants.
4. Cold and hot lava can damage the area through which it flattens to the
ground.
5. Lapillary bombs and volcanic sand can damage homes, bridges and
agricultural areas.
6. Rain dust from volcanic eruptions can expand and limit visibility. Traffic,
both land and air, began to be disrupted.
7. A variety of materials issued by volcanoes can cause germs such as
coughing, respiratory infections, skin diseases and others.
2.4 How To Overcome The Flood Disaster In Indonesia
There is a better expression of preventing than treating. It is a wise
expression considering prevention efforts are easier to do than cure itself.
This is also what we can apply in case of Volcanic Eruption Surviving
Tips. There are several attempts to Surviving Volcanic Eruption , namely:

1. Do your homework: Travelers heading to the “Ring of Fire” – the string

of volcanos around the edges of the Pacific basin – as well as East Africa’s
Rift Valley and Mexico should research volcanic risks prior to departure.
Check local media and government agencies that track seismic activity, as
agencies are often able to provide warnings weeks or even months in
advance of an eruption — for example, Indonesian authorities first raised
the alert level for the Mount Agung volcano in Bali on 15 September,
more than two months prior to its 21 November eruption.
2. Bring a Volcano Emergency Kit: This should include goggles, masks,
flashlights, and a radio, as well as food and water if they can be stored
safely.
3. Be ready to move…: In the event that you are traveling to an area where a
volcanic eruption may be imminent, it is best to immediately find
transportation to a safe location. If possible, withdraw cash ahead of time –
credit cards may not be usable if networks go down.
4. … but be ready to improvise: Volcanic ash can damage aviation
equipment and reduce visibility for pilots, and eruptions may trigger
airport closures and flight cancellations. When Eyjafjallajökull volcano
erupted in Iceland in 2010, the volcanic ash cloud prompted the closure of
most of the European airspace for 6 days, resulting in the cancellation of
thousands of flights across northern and western Europe. Ground vehicle
transportation may be affected too – if driving, maintain a low speed to
minimize engine damage due to volcanic ash particles.
5. After the eruption: If an eruption occurs, try to exit the area immediately.
Take care to avoid lava, mudflows, river areas, and low-lying regions.
Travelers should be prepared to utilize any means necessary to exit the
affected region, including air, sea, and land travel. Monitor local media,
government alerts, and airport notices to stay informed as the situation
develops.
6. Protect yourself indoors and out: Take health precautions while
outdoors by covering skin and wearing masks and goggles. If you don’t
have a mask, tie a damp cloth over your mouth. While indoors, close
windows, doors, vents, and any other openings that may let ash into the
buildings
 CHAPTER III

QUESTION

1. Mention positive effect of vulcano eruption ?

 When a volcano erupts and releases volcanic ash, it can fertilize the
surrounding agricultural land so that it can increase the population's
agricultural production. We know that many people who live on the slopes
of the mountain, work as farmers and plantations. Tea and coffee are the
main farms on the mountain slopes.
 Even though the forest has been damaged, in a few months so trees grow
new forests will form new ecosystems as well.
 The sand miners get a new job to get sand on the edge of cold lava and
they can also spend their time watching by playing on MAHA168 trusted
online gambling sites in Indonesia.
 Volcanic materials such as sand and stone can be used as building
materials, and others.
 volcanic area that allows large amounts of orographic precipitation. This is
because the mountain is a good rain catch zone.
 In the area of possible volcanic power generation, which comes from
thermal energy around the volcano.
 Makdani Lots of hot water and water used for tourism.
 There are many different minerals such as sulfur, metals and gems. We
can use as a way to generate income.
 But if we understand when there is a volcano that will become a tourist
attraction. This is a post-volcanic phenomenon which is an attractive
tourist attraction.

2. Why You Choose this topic ?.

Because the topic of vulcano eruption is very interesting to be
used as material for presentations, in essence we after the presentation can
understand the causes and consequences of why vulcano eruptions can occur
3. What impact Vulcano Eruption ?.
 Damaging volcanic ash. When an eruption or eruption on a volcano
occurs, ash and hot clouds will appear that spread to various directions.
This hot cloud can easily destroy living things that come in contact with it.
Living things that are exposed to volcanic ash will usually dry up until it
hardens and dies.
 Air pollution. In addition to heat and damage, volcanic ash coming out of
the volcano also releases substances that can pollute the air such as
hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide, and dust
material that may contain toxins. If humans and animals breathe too much
can cause respiratory problems and also deadly diseases.
 Crippling the activities of the surrounding community. Due to the danger,
often the surrounding residents are required to evacuate and seek shelter
when a volcano erupts. They are forced to leave their homes, farms,
plantations, food stalls and all their activities. Often these things cause
losses and also the death of the economy of residents around the village.
 Hot lava that threatens the ecosystem. Hot lava that comes out of the
mouth of a volcano can easily kill animals and plants around the mountain.
Animals that do not have time to flee will be burned down by hot lava, and
for animals that survive will be confused looking for a new place to live
because their ecosystems have been damaged. That is part of the dangers
and negative effects of volcanic eruptions.
 CHAPTER IV

COVER

3.1. Conclusion

Volcanoes are best defined as cracks in the Earth’s surface where magma
has flowed and turned into lava. Volcanoes can be either active, dormant or
extinct. While active volcanoes erupt regularly, dormant volcanoes erupted in the
past, but do not now; and extinct volcanoes have never erupted and scientists do
not expect that they will.

Scientists also classify volcanoes further as to their form. These forms

include fissure volcanoes, composites, cinder cones, shield volcanoes and lava
domes. Fissure volcanoes form when tectonics plates spread apart, while
composites form when two plates meet, and one is beneath the other. Composite
volcanoes have a crater and several layers of lava and hardened ash and debris.
They can erupt because of gas build-ups.

Cinder cones often form on other volcanoes as cooled lava and usually

only erupt once. Lava domes can be quite explosive, while shield volcanoes are
not. In lava domes, lava can plug the vent causing a build-up, which can lead to an
eruption. Shield volcanoes are mainly comprised of many different layers of
hardened lava.

3.2. Suggestions

IF YOU ARE UNDER A VOLCANO WARNING:

 Listen for emergency information and alerts.

 Follow evacuation or shelter orders. If advised to evacuate, then do so

early.

 Avoid areas downstream of the eruption.

 Protect yourself from falling ash.

 Do not drive in heavy ash fall.

HOW TO STAY SAFE WHEN A VOLCANO THREATENS:

Prepare NOW

 Know your area’s risk from volcanic eruption.

 Ask local emergency management for evacuation and shelter plans, and
for potential means of protection from ash.
 Learn about community warning systems by signing up for a free service
called the Volcano Notification Service (VNS) that sends notifications
about volcanic activity.
 Get necessary supplies in advance in case you have to evacuate
immediately, or if services are cut off. Keep in mind each person’s specific
needs, including medication. Do not forget the needs of pets.
 Consult your doctor if you have existing respiratory difficulties.
 Practice a communication and evacuation plan with everyone in your
family.
 Have a shelter-in-place plan if your biggest risk is from ash.
 Keep important documents in a safe place. Create password-protected
digital copies.
 Find out what your homeowner’s insurance policy will cover when a
volcano erupts.

Survive DURING

 Listen to alerts. The Volcano Notification Service provides up-to-date

information about eruptions.
 Follow evacuation orders from local authorities. Evacuate early.
 Avoid areas downwind, and river valleys downstream, of the volcano.
Rubble and ash will be carried by wind and gravity.
 Take temporary shelter from volcanic ash where you are if you have
enough supplies. Cover ventilation openings and seal doors and windows.
 If outside, protect yourself from falling ash that can irritate skin and injure
breathing passages, eyes, and open wounds. Use a well-fitting, certified
 face mask such as an N95. The Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) has a list of certified masks and the maker’s instructions
on how to use the masks.
 Avoid driving in heavy ash fall.

Be Safe AFTER

Listen to authorities to find out when it is safe to return after an eruption.

 Send text messages or use social media to reach out to family and friends.
Phone systems are often busy after a disaster. Only make emergency calls.
 Avoid driving in heavy ash. Driving will stir up volcanic ash that can clog
engines and stall vehicles.
 If you have any breathing problems, avoid contact with ash. Stay indoors
until authorities say it is safe to go outside.
 Do not get on your roof to remove ash unless you have guidance or
training. If you have to remove ash, then be very careful as ash makes
surfaces slippery. Be careful not to contribute additional weight to an
overloaded roof.