Test Bank For Psychology Concepts and Applications 4th Edition by Nevid

Test Bank for Psychology Concepts and Applications 4th Edition by Nevid
Test Bank for Psychology Concepts and

Applications 4th Edition by Nevid
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CHAPTER 7
Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Dr. Gregor's research focuses on decision making and problem solving. Dr. Gregor is probably what
type of psychologist?
a. Environmental
b. Social
c. Physiological
d. Cognitive
e. Health
ANS: D REF: Thinking TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Apply | Identify
MSC: applied
2. Cognitive psychologists are likely to study all EXCEPT which of the following topics?
a. Language
b. Development across the life span
c. Thinking
d. Problem solving
e. Information processing
ANS: B REF: Thinking TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Identify | Evaluate/Explain
MSC: conceptual
3. ________ is the mental representation words, images and concepts and manipulation of information
to solve problems, make decisions and engage in creative pursuits.
a. Learning
b. Memory
c. Sensation
d. Thinking
e. Perception
ANS: D REF: Thinking OBJ: 1-Define thinking.
TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Define/Describe MSC: conceptual
4. According to the text, thinking is defined as:

a. the ability to learn and profit from experience.
b. the mental representation and manipulation of information.
c. mental awareness and processing.
d. the cognitive representation of information.
e. private mental processes allowing us to interact with the world.
ANS: B REF: Thinking OBJ: 1-Define thinking.
NOT: WWW
5. The definition of thinking in the text includes which of the following?

a. Mental awareness of the environment and manipulation of information by solving
problems, making decisions, and engaging in creative pursuits
b. Mental representation of information as images, words, and concepts and manipulation of
information by solving problems, making decisions, and engaging in creative pursuits
c. Mental awareness of the environment and mental representation of information as images,
words, and concepts
d. Mental representation of information of information as images, words and concepts, and
private mental processes
e. Private mental processes and mental manipulation of information b solving problems,
making decisions, and engaging in creative pursuits
ANS: B REF: Thinking OBJ: 1-Define thinking.
6. According to the text, thinking involves each of the following EXCEPT:

a. forming mental images.
b. using concepts.
c. using words to express ideas.
d. solving problems.
e. functional fixedness.
ANS: E REF: Thinking OBJ: 1-Define thinking.
TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Define/Describe | Evaluate/Explain
MSC: conceptual
7. One difference between a seen image and one that is imagined is that:
a. they activate different parts of the visual cortex.
b. imagined images are less likely to be stored in long-term memory.
c. seen images are more likely to stimulate creative thinking.
d. only imagined images can be manipulated.
e. only seen images facilitate thought processes.
ANS: D REF: Thinking
OBJ: 2-Describe the roles of mental imagery, concept formation, problem solving, and creativity in
thinking. TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: conceptual
8. A mental image of an event is best described by which of the following?

a. A photograph
b. A mirror image
c. A reconstruction
d. An abstraction
e. A video recording
ANS: C REF: Thinking
MSC: conceptual
9. As cited in the text, many of Albert Einstein’s creative insights involved the use of:
a. free association
b. group problem solving
c. library research
d. mental imagery
e. using words to conceptualize physical phenomena
MSC: conceptual
10. Compared to men, women tend to:

a. report less vivid images of past experiences.
b. use more visual imagery to remember past events.
c. use less visual imagery to remember past experiences.
d. more often use imagery in problem solving.
e. perform worse in forming still images of objects.
MSC: conceptual
11. Regarding thinking and mental imagery, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Physical objects are generally better represented by words and concepts than by images.
b. When thinking, information is represented in the mind in the form of images, words, or
concepts.
c. While most people can form mental images of sensory experiences other than visual ones,
they generally have the easiest time forming visual images.
d. Behavior therapists use mental imagery in treating phobias.
e. A mental image is a reconstruction of an object or event in one’s mind.
ANS: A REF: Thinking TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
MSC: conceptual
12. Which type of imagery is easiest to form?

a. Auditory
b. Tactile
c. Olfactory
d. Gustatory
e. Visual
ANS: E REF: Thinking
thinking. TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Define/Describe | Identify
MSC: conceptual NOT: WWW
13. Which of the following is the best definition of concept?

a. A mental category used to group objects according to shared features
b. A rule of thumb for solving problems or making judgments
c. A mental picture or representation of an object or event
d. A comparison between two things based on similar features
e. A system of communication composed of symbols and following particular rules
ANS: A REF: Thinking
MSC: conceptual
14. Concepts function to do all EXCEPT which of the following?
a. Help us bring a sense of order to our world.
b. Make us better able to anticipate and predict future events.
c. Help us respond more quickly to events.
d. Reduce the need for new learning each time we encounter a familiar object or event.
e. Enable us to engage in mental imagery.
ANS: E REF: Thinking TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
MSC: conceptual
15. Comparing the two types of concepts, logical is to ________ as natural is to ________.
a. negative; positive
b. subordinate; superordinate
c. superordinate; subordinate
d. positive; negative
e. clear; fuzzy
OBJ: 3-Explain the difference between logical and natural concepts.
TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: conceptual
16. Logical concepts are concepts:

a. that rely on judgments.
b. that are based on intuitions.
c. that are based on instincts.
d. that are defined by specific rules.
e. that are derived from specific formulas .
TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Define/Describe
MSC: factual
17. Regarding concepts, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. People often apply probabilities when categorizing concepts.
b. Cognitive psychologists classify concepts as either logical or natural.
c. Most of the concepts we use in everyday life are natural concepts.
d. Compared to logical concepts, natural concepts have more clearly defined rules for
membership.
e. Natural concepts include objects, activities, and abstractions.
NOT: WWW
18. Jorge is a biology student and learns that botanists have clear rules for determining what a bean is. The
concept of “bean” he is learning in class is referred to as a:
a. heuristic concept.
b. natural concept.
c. logical concept.
d. applied concept.
e. probabilistic concept.
TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Apply MSC: apply
19. Anita says she can’t define pornography but she knows it when she sees it. She is applying what type
of concept?
a. Heuristic concept
b. Natural concept
c. Logical concept
d. Applied concept
e. Probabilistic concept
ANS: B REF: Thinking
TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Apply MSC: applied
20. In the hierarchy of how we mentally organize concepts presented in the text, the ________ category of
concepts is labeled ___________.
a. broadest, superordinate
b. broadest, subordinate
c. narrowest, superordinate
d. narrowest, basic-level
e. broadest, basic-level
ANS: A REF: Thinking TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Identify
MSC: factual
21. Which of the following best represents basic-level concepts?

a. Compact, French poodle, recliner
b. Car, dog, chair
c. Vehicle, animal, furniture
d. SUV, greyhound, love seat
e. Convertible, dachshund, folding chair
ANS: B REF: Thinking TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Apply | Evaluate/Explain
MSC: applied
22. Which of the following tots' first word was a subordinate concept?
a. Little Camille's, who said, "Toy."
b. Little Eddie's, who said, "Bottle."
c. Little Harriet's, who said, "Blanket."
d. Little Michael's, who said, "Taxi."
e. Little Doris's, who said, "House."
ANS: D REF: Thinking TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Apply | Evaluate/Explain
MSC: applied
23. Which of the following BEST describes the hierarchy of concepts?

a. People tend to most readily use superordinate concepts because they are the most general
and convenient way to convey information.
b. People tend to most readily use basic-level concepts because they provide the most useful
information.
c. People tend to most readily use logical concepts because they provide the most useful
information.
d. People tend to most readily use natural concepts because they are the most commonly
occurring in our environment.
e. People tend to most readily use subordinate concepts because they the most specific and
descriptive.
thinking. TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Define/Describe | Evaluate/Explain
MSC: conceptual
24. Children learn to narrow and refine concepts through the use of:
a. brainstorming.
b. the representativeness heuristic.
c. analogies.
d. incubation.
e. positive and negative instances.
MSC: factual
25. In concept formation, a negative instance:

a. can occur only at the subordinate level.
b. can occur only at the basic level.
c. can occur only at the superordinate level.
d. is an example that does not fit the concept.
e. exemplifies a concept.
MSC: factual
26. Tyrone is learning to speak. He appeared to generate a negative instance of a concept when he referred
to a:
a. bottle as "Baba."
b. dog as "Doggie."
c. quilt as "Blanket."
d. mailman as "Dada."
e. toy train as "Choo choo."
thinking. TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Define/Describe | Apply
MSC: applied
27. Karen had been trying to solve a problem for several days when she experienced a sudden awareness
of the correct solution to her problem. Karen’s experience describes the concept of:
a. linguistic relativity.
b. conceptual expansion.
c. insight.
d. functional fixedness.
e. a mental set.
thinking. TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Define/Describe | Apply
MSC: applied
28. Shirley has been working for days on a very difficult crossword puzzle. She decides to set the puzzle
aside for a day and come back later to solve the last few items that have eluded her. Which
problem-solving technique is Shirley using?
a. Creating subgoals
b. An incubation period
c. A means-ends heuristic
d. A backwards-thinking heuristic
e. A representativeness heuristic
OBJ: 4-Describe mental strategies we can use to solve problems more effectively.
TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Define/Describe | Apply MSC: applied
29. When her students are first learning algebra, math teacher Ruth Dibble teaches the students a series of
step-by-step rules for working with algebraic equations. What is Ms. Dibble teaching her students?
a. Insight strategies
b. Algorithms
c. Heuristics
d. Natural concepts
e. Logical concepts
NOT: WWW
30. What is the major drawback of algorithms?

a. They tend to lead to confirmation bias.
b. They cause people to rely on the same solutions over and over.
c. They can lead to faulty solutions.
d. They take too long to apply.
e. There may not be any algorithm that precisely applies to one’s particular problem.
MSC: conceptual
31. Chrissy relies on a “rule of thumb” to solve her problem. In scientific terms, Chrissy’s strategy is
called a(n):
a. algorithm.
b. heuristic.
c. natural concept.
d. logical concept.
e. analogy.
NOT: WWW
32. A heuristic is:

a. a step-by-step process for solving a problem.
b. a sudden realization of the correct solution to a problem.
c. the most common type of logical concept.
d. a mental shortcut for solving a problem.
e. a standard used to compare an individual’s performance on a test with the performance of
others.
33. Letty has a very complex problem to solve. She decides to break the problem down into smaller, more
manageable problems. Which strategy best describes Letty’s approach?
a. Insight heuristic
b. Backward-working heuristic
c. Creating subgoals
d. Means-end heuristic
e. Functional fixedness
34. Which heuristic involves starting with a possible solution and then working in reverse order to see if
the data support the solution?
a. Insight heuristic
b. Creating subgoals
c. Means-end heuristic
d. Backward-working heuristic
e. Functional fixedness
35. Georgia, a new mother, hears her baby crying and picks him up, which has always seemed to soothe
him in the past. However, this time he continues to wail as his mother paces the floor with him,
singing softly. Finally the baby lets out a good long burp and stops crying. Georgia’s failure to try
something other than what has served her well in the past is an example of:
a. a means-end heuristic.
b. a mental set.
c. functional fixedness.
d. confirmation bias.
e. inflexible thinking.
OBJ: 5-Apply your knowledge of mental roadblocks and cognitive biases to how these factors affect
problem solving and decision making. TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Apply | Define/Describe
MSC: apply
36. Marisol was on the phone and had to jot down an important phone number. She rummaged through her
purse for a pen, but all she found were a pair of tweezers and an old lipstick. Her failure to consider
using the lipstick to write down the number is an example of:
a. a mental set.
b. confirmatory bias.
d. inflexible thinking.
e. a means-end heuristic.
MSC: apply
37. Which of the following best describes decision making?

a. Finding the one correct solution to a particular problem
b. Mentally representing and manipulating information
c. Conceiving of new ways to view situations or new uses for familiar objects
d. Developing new, workable products or solutions to problems
e. Selecting a course of action from a set of available alternatives
MSC: conceptual
38. Celia is a juror at a trial. Based on her reading of newspapers, Celia has already decided that the
defendant is guilty. She sticks to her decision even when the defense attorney presents strong
contradicting evidence. Celia is demonstrating:
a. functional fixedness.
b. mental set.
c. confirmation bias.
d. availability heuristic.
e. representativeness heuristic.
MSC: apply
39. Which cognitive bias best describes our tendency to judge people based on first impressions?
a. Confirmation bias
b. The representativeness heuristic
c. The availability heuristic
d. The means-end heuristic
e. Divergent thinking
ANS: A REF: Thinking TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: conceptual
40. Your text mentions a young woman who headed home before finishing a college tour after noticing a
student who was wearing unfashionable shoes. This woman was using the representativeness heuristic
by assuming that:
a. a sample represented the larger population.
b. easily recalled examples represented more prevalent categories.
c. more people agreed with her than actually did.
d. her point of view was unique.
e. her initial hypothesis was correct despite evidence against it.
MSC: apply
41. Based on a few interactions with an ethnic group, Darnell has developed a stereotype of that group.
Darnell is demonstrating:
a. the representativeness heuristic.
b. divergent thinking.
c. the availability heuristic.
d. framing.
e. mental set.
MSC: apply NOT: WWW
42. The tendency to base decisions on information that most readily comes to mind is called:
a. framing.
b. mental set.
c. the availability heuristic.
d. the representativeness heuristic.
e. convergent thinking.
ANS: C REF: Thinking TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: conceptual
43. Most people assume there are more words in the English language that begin with the letter k than
have the letter k in the third position. This may be because it is easier to think of words that begin with
k and thus may be an example of:
a. the availability heuristic.
b. the representativeness heuristic.
d. mental set.
e. confirmation bias.
MSC: apply
44. Mental set is a:

a. type of means-end heuristic.
b. tendency to rely on problem solving strategies that worked in the past.
c. type of subgoal setting.
d. form of the backwards-thinking heuristic.
e. rule of thumb in problem solving.
ANS: B REF: Thinking TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: conceptual
45. Functional fixedness is:

a. the tendency to rely on strategies that have been successful in the past.
b. a type of means-end heuristic.
c. the inability to see how familiar objects can be used in new ways.
d. a form of backward-thinking heuristic.
e. a type of multiple intelligence.
ANS: C REF: Thinking TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: conceptual
46. Framing is:

a. assuming a sample is representative of a larger population.
b. basing decisions on how possible outcomes are phrased.
c. basing decisions on information that comes readily to mind.
d. the inability to see new uses for familiar objects.
e. comparing two items based on similar features or properties.
ANS: B REF: Thinking TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: conceptual
47. People will accept a bet in which they are told they have an 80 percent chance of winning. However,
people are less likely to accept a bet in which they are told they have a 20 percent chance of losing. In
reality, both bets are the same. This is an example of which cognitive bias?
a. Mental set
b. The representative heuristic
c. Functional fixedness
d. Confirmation bias
e. Framing
MSC: apply
48. Regarding creativity, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Most people have the potential to be creative.
b. Creativity is strongly related to IQ.
c. Creativity makes more use of divergent thinking than convergent thinking.
d. Creativity is a type of cognitive ability.
e. Creativity involves using cognitive processes to manipulate or act upon stored knowledge.
ANS: B REF: Thinking TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
MSC: factual
49. Divergent thinking is ________, whereas convergent thinking is ________.

a. the ability to conceive of novel ways of viewing situations and using familiar objects; the
tendency to see one correct solution to a problem
b. the tendency to see one correct solution to a problem; the ability to conceive of novel ways
of viewing situations and using familiar objects
c. the ability to conceive of novel ways of viewing situations and using familiar objects;
tendency to rely on problem solving strategies that worked in the past
d. the ability to conceive of novel ways of viewing situations and using familiar objects; the
inability to see how familiar objects can be used in new ways
e. the ability to incorporate new information from external sources when solving a problem;
the tendency to only use information that readily comes to mind to solve a problem
OBJ: 6-Describe the process of creative thinking and explain the difference between divergent and
convergent thinking. TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
MSC: conceptual
50. Arnold often tries to find the single correct solution to his problem, rather than considering other
alternatives. Which mental process does Arnold tend to use?
a. Divergent thinking
b. Mental set
c. Conceptual combinations
d. Convergent thinking
e. Metaphor
MSC: conceptual
51. Guilford was a pioneer in the development of tests that measured:

a. functional fixedness.
b. divergent thinking.
c. confirmation bias.
d. convergent thinking.
e. heuristics.
ANS: B REF: Thinking TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Identify
MSC: factual
52. Engineer Phinegan Tatarchuk likes to use analogy during the creative process of developing new
products. When Tatarchuk does this, he is:
a. representing objects on the basis of metaphors.
b. comparing two things based on similarities.
c. comparing two things based on differences.
d. combining two or more concepts into one.
e. expanding familiar concepts into new ones.
convergent thinking. TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Define/Describe | Apply
MSC: applied NOT: WWW
53. All EXCEPT which of the following underlie creative thinking?

a. Divergent thinking
b. Conceptual expansion
c. Conceptual combinations
d. Use of algorithms
e. Use of analogy
MSC: applied
54. The terms “voice mail” and “text message” represent which process underlying creative thinking?
a. Conceptual combination
b. Algorithm
c. Analogy
d. Metaphor
e. Conceptual expansion
convergent thinking. TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: conceptual
55. Lev’s boss just gave him a raise, praising his ability to “think outside the box” and look at problems in
new ways, generating novel solutions. His colleague, Anton, however, was told he needs to think
beyond a single solution when presented with a problem. Anton was warned he is in danger of losing
his job. Lev is demonstrating ________; whereas Anton is demonstrating _________.
a. divergent thinking; functional fixedness
b. divergent thinking; mental set
c. divergent thinking; convergent thinking
d. conceptual combination; functional fixedness
e. conceptual expansion; mental set
convergent thinking. TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Apply
MSC: applied NOT: WWW
56. School psychologist Miguel Blackstone sometimes is called upon to administer the Alternate Uses
Test when assessing students for the gifted and talented class. Which of the following is Blackstone
measuring?
a. Intelligence
b. Convergent thinking
c. Multiple intelligence
d. Language skills
e. Creativity
MSC: applied
57. Alexander Graham Bell studied the human ear and noticed how sounds were transmitted when a
membrane (the eardrum) vibrated. He applied this knowledge to the development of the telephone,
using a similar process of vibration of a membrane. Which cognitive process did Bell demonstrate?
a. Metaphor
b. Conceptual expansion
c. Analogy
d. Conceptual combination
e. Mental set
MSC: applied
58. Which of the following tests for divergent thinking?

a. If Dana is Maya's daughter and Maya is Nancy's aunt, how are Dana and Nancy related?
b. If there were no more clocks or watches, what would be the consequences?
c. If a train leaves the station at 2:00 P.M. and is traveling at 60 miles per hour, at what time
will it reach the next station, which is 40 miles down the track?
d. If Johnny gets paid $5 for every lawn he rakes and he raked 24 this week, how much
money did he make?
e. If a triangle has one angle that measures 30 degrees and another that measures 110
degrees, how many degrees does the third angle measure?
convergent thinking. TOP: MOD: 7.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Apply
MSC: applied
59. Chef Josie Grossman takes her mother's recipe and adds new, never-used ingredients. Grossman
creates a new culinary delight. Which aspect of creativity is this chef demonstrating?
a. Use of the representativeness heuristic
b. Use of metaphor
c. Use of analogy
d. Conceptual combination
e. Conceptual expansion
MSC: applied
60. In language, phonemes are to ______ as morphemes are to ______.

a. sound; meaning
b. meaning; semantics
c. semantics; syntax
d. syntax; semantics
e. linguistics; grammar
ANS: A REF: Language
OBJ: 7-Identify the basic components of language and the milestones in language development.
TOP: MOD: 7.2 KEY: Identify MSC: conceptual
61. Language is:
a. a set of rules for communication.
b. a set of symbols for communication.
c. a set of rules and symbols for communication.
d. composed of words and other sounds.
e. a mental picture or representation of an object or event.
ANS: C REF: Language TOP: MOD: 7.2 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: factual
62. The rules governing proper use of words, phrases, and sentences to convey meaning are called:
a. language.
b. grammar.
c. syntax.
d. semantics.
e. linguistics.
ANS: B REF: Language
TOP: MOD: 7.2 KEY: Identify | Define/Describe MSC: factual
63. All but which of the following are examples of phonemes?

a. au
b. g
c. l
d. o
e. ed
ANS: E REF: Language
TOP: MOD: 7.2 KEY: Identify MSC: conceptual
64. Phonemes are the ______ in a language, and the English language has ______ phonemes.
a. rules governing word order; approximately 122
b. basic units of sound; exactly 26
c. basic units of sound; around 40
d. basic units of meaning; thousands of
e. basic units of meaning; hundreds of
ANS: C REF: Language
TOP: MOD: 7.2 KEY: Identify MSC: factual
65. The word ball consists of ________ phoneme(s) and ________ morpheme(s).
a. one; three
b. two; one
c. three; one
d. one; two
e. four; two
TOP: MOD: 7.2 KEY: Identify | Apply MSC: applied
NOT: WWW
66. Regarding language, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Morphemes consist of simple words, as well as prefixes and suffixes.
b. In English, phonemes correspond to individual letters, as well as letter combinations.
c. Phonemes combine to form syntax.
d. Changing one phoneme in a word can change the meaning of the word.
e. Different languages have different phonemes.
ANS: C REF: Language TOP: MOD: 7.2 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
MSC: conceptual
67. What is the smallest unit of meaning in a language?

a. A phoneme
b. A morpheme
c. A semantic
d. A syllable
e. A letter of the alphabet
68. Javan's English teacher tells him, "Watch your syntax!" To what is Javan's teacher referring?
a. Word order
b. Word pronunciation
c. Vocabulary
d. Spelling
e. Word meaning
69. Language consists of ________ basic components, and they are called ________.
a. three; mental images, concepts, and speech
b. two; words and grammar
c. two; language acquisition and linguistic relativity
d. three; heuristics, algorithms, and analogies
e. four; phonemes, morphemes, syntax, and semantics
70. The rules governing the meaning of words are called:

a. grammar.
b. syntax.
c. morphemes.
d. semantics.
e. linguistics.
ANS: D REF: Language
71. Martin looks at his class syllabus and notices that his professor will lecture today on the work of Noam
Chomsky. What is most likely to be the focus of the lecture?
a. Discussion of an innate mechanism in the brain for learning language
b. Suggestions for how teachers and parents can encourage children to attempt to use
language
c. A focus on circumstances in the environment that support language development
d. Comparing and contrasting biological and environmental influences on language
development
e. Debate over whether intelligence is composed of a single factor or multiple factors
OBJ: 8-Explain the factors involved in language development. TOP: MOD: 7.2
KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Apply MSC: applied
72. Regarding the concept of the language acquisition device, which of the following statements is
FALSE?
a. It represents an innate mechanism in the brain for learning language.
b. It is believed to be prewired into the human nervous system.
c. Critics consider it an abstract concept rather than a physical structure in the brain .
d. It was developed by the linguist Noam Chomsky.
e. It explains how environment shapes language development.
KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: factual
73. Which of the following conclusions is BEST SUPPORTED by the current research in language
acquisition?
a. Language is prewired into the nervous system.
b. Language is best explained by processes of maturation.
c. Language depends on biological capacity for language and experience.
d. Language is a function of cultural processes, not underlying biological mechanisms.
e. Language is learned by listening to the speech of others.
74. Which of the following statements regarding language development is MOST STRONGLY
SUPPORTED by the evidence?
a. Although genes are important in many aspects of behavior, scientists do not believe they
play a role in language.
b. Many areas of the brain appear to be responsible for producing language.
c. Chomsky showed that the language acquisition device depends on formal training in the
rules of grammar.
d. Evidence shows that language is a function of cultural processes, not underlying biological
mechanisms.
e. Scientists recently discovered a language center in the brain that is largely responsible for
the use of language.
75. Regarding human language development, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Although all children experience the same stages of language development, there is a great
variety in the ordering of the stages, as well as the ages at which the stages occur,
depending on the culture.
b. Children naturally acquire language by listening to the speech of others, long before they
learn rules of grammar as part of their formal education.
c. By about 2.5 years of age, the average child speaks in full sentences and has a vocabulary
over 500 words.
d. Scientists are now beginning to locate genes involved in the development of brain
mechanisms responsible for language and speech.
e. Parents can help children develop language skills by talking and reading to them
frequently, as well as by demonstrating proper language use and rewarding children for
imitating it.
KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: factual NOT: WWW
76. Norm and Bertha’s baby daughter has just begun making cooing sounds. If her development is
average, what age is she predicted to be?
a. 1 week
b. 2 months
c. 6 months
d. 12 months
e. 18 months
77. What is the sequence for language development?

a. Cooing, babbling, crying, one-word phrases, two-word phrases
b. Crying, cooing, babbling, one-word phrases, two-word phrases
c. Crying, babbling, cooing, one-word phrases, two-word phrases
d. Crying, cooing, one-word phrases, babbling, two-word phrases
e. Cooing, crying, babbling, one-word phrases, two-word phrases
78. Brenda and Akin's son is able to imitate sounds and can understand some words. He has just begun
saying single words. If his development is average, how old is he likely to be?
a. 6 months
b. 9 months
c. 12 months
d. 18 months
e. 21 months
NOT: WWW
79. What were the findings of the landmark study conducted by Eleanor Rosch with the members of a
New Guinea tribe that failed to support the Whorfian hypothesis?
a. The language the New Guinea tribe speaks, determines how they perceive color.
b. Because they lacked the vocabulary, the tribe members were unable to recognize most of
the colors.
c. It was discovered that the tribe members appeared to be suffering from a rare form of
colorblindness.
d. Even though they had no names for them, the tribe members were able to recognize all the
colors.
e. Because their language was inadequate, the tribe members made up new words to describe
the colors in the study.
OBJ: 10-Evaluate the linguistic relativity hypothesis in light of evidence.
TOP: MOD: 7.2 KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: factual
80. Simone Farnsworth is a writer of children’s books. When she creates her books, Farnsworth is very
careful to avoid the use of language that emphasizes the world from a male perspective. Simone
believes that using words and phrases that emphasize traditional gender roles may influence children
to think in a gender-stereotyped manner. Farnsworth’s perspective is consistent with which of the
following?
a. The existence of a language acquisition device
b. Divergent thinking
c. The triarchic theory of intelligence
d. The linguistic relativity hypothesis
e. The practice of culture-fair testing
81. The belief that language affects how we think was first developed by ________, and this idea is
presented in the ________.
a. Chomsky; linguistic relativity hypothesis
b. Whorf; linguistic relativity hypothesis
c. Chomsky; language acquisition hypothesis
d. Sternberg; triarchic linguistic hypothesis
e. Whorf; language acquisition hypothesis
MSC: factual
82. Regarding research on the Whorfian hypothesis, which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. Research evidence does not support the original version of the Whorfian hypothesis, but it
does support a weaker version of the hypothesis.
b. Research evidence does not support the original version of the Whorfian hypothesis, nor
any subsequent versions.
c. Research evidence supports the Whorfian hypothesis.
d. Research has not yet been conducted on the Whorfian hypothesis.
e. Research supports the belief that language determines how we think and perceive the
world.
NOT: WWW
83. The use of the generic “he” in referring to doctors and scientists may negatively affect career
aspirations in young woman. This can best be explained by:
a. the role that language plays in thinking.
b. the original but not the weaker version of the Whorfian hypothesis.
c. the language acquisition device as a mechanism that determines cultural patterns in
language use.
d. the role that culture plays in language development.
e. Chomsky’s view of the importance of cultural experience in determining how we think
about the world.
84. The linguistic relativity hypothesis states that:

a. there are innate mechanisms in the brain associated with language learning.
b. there are environmental influences important for language learning.
c. the way we think affects the language we use.
d. the language we use determines the way we think.
e. differences in language do not affect our perception of reality.
ANS: D REF: Language TOP: MOD: 7.2 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: factual
85. Some scientists would say that language is not unique to humans because Koko the gorilla:
a. could use signs to form simple phrases and demonstrated a basic understanding of
grammar.
b. used the American Sign Language sign for pain while pointing to her mouth, thus
communicating that she had a decayed tooth.
c. was able to make requests and other communications by putting together a sequence of
communication chips.
d. learned how to communicate on a keyboard by observing and imitating her mother.
e. was able to get what she wanted by responding to reinforcement schedules.
ANS: B REF: Language OBJ: 9-Evaluate whether language is unique to humans.
86. Which of the following examples represents the most remarkable demonstration of teaching animals to
communicate, indicating to some that language is not unique to humans?
a. Kanzi’s mother, a chimp who learned to communicate through the pushing of geometric
shapes on a keyboard
b. Washoe the chimp, who learned to combine signs into simple phrases
c. Sarah the chimp, who learned to communicate through placement of plastic chips
d. A chimp named Nim Chimpsky learned to “sign” via operant conditioning
e. Kanzi the chimp, who learned to communicate through observation and imitation of his
mother
ANS: E REF: Language OBJ: 9-Evaluate whether language is unique to humans.
87. Scientists believe that ape communication through gesturing represents:

a. a clear use of complex rules of language on par with adult communication in humans.
b. a simple form of conditioning that can be demonstrated in the lab.
c. a form of complex communication that is unrelated to human language.
d. a form of communication that may represent a starting point for human language.
e. a form of communication having surprising complexity that can be likened to a computer
language.
ANS: D REF: Language OBJ: 9-Evaluate whether language is unique to humans.
88. Recent research on communications with gorillas and chimpanzees suggest that these animals can
learn to use language. The conclusion that these animals truly use language has been criticized
because:
a. gestures and other simple responses can be learned through conditioning and
reinforcement without a true use of language.
b. language is a uniquely human attribute that cannot be shared with animals.
c. the language abilities of chimpanzees are too limited to represent any form of language.
d. phonemes cannot be used by chimpanzees or other animals.
e. researchers have not agreed on an adequate definition of language.
ANS: A REF: Language OBJ: 9-Evaluate whether language is unique to humans.
KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: conceptual NOT: WWW
89. According to the text, which of the following definitions best describes intelligence?
a. The ability to hold and manipulate information in mind
b. The ability to perform well on achievement tests in school
c. The ability to think clearly in challenging situations
d. The ability to conceive of new ways of viewing situations and new uses for familiar
objects
e. The capacity to think and reason clearly and to act purposefully and effectively in adapting
to the environment
ANS: E REF: Intelligence
OBJ: 11-Define intelligence and identify the major figures in the development of intelligence tests.
TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Define/Describe MSC: factual
90. Regarding the concept of intelligence, psychologists have long argued about all EXCEPT which of the
following?
a. How to define it
b. What factors govern it
c. Whether different racial and ethnic groups have different levels of intelligence and what
accounts for these differences
d. How to measure it
e. Whether it varies among members of a population
NOT: WWW
91. Among these individuals, who would be considered the earliest pioneer in the field of intelligence
testing?
a. Lewis Terman
b. Alfred Binet
c. Charles Spearman
d. Robert Sternberg
e. Howard Gardner
ANS: B REF: Intelligence
TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Identify MSC: factual NOT: WWW
92. Who adapted the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test for American use and established norms for the test?
a. Alfred Binet
b. Henry Goddard
c. Theodore Simon
d. Lewis Terman
e. Ira Stanford
ANS: D REF: Intelligence
93. Who first developed a formula to determine an individual’s intelligence quotient?

a. Theodore Simon
b. Alfred Binet
c. William Stern
d. Robert Sternberg
e. David Weschler
ANS: C REF: Intelligence
94. The Binet-Simon test of intelligence was brought to the U.S. and translated into English by:
a. Terman.
b. Spearman.
c. Stanford.
d. Goddard.
e. Galton.
95. Who introduced the concept of deviation IQ?

a. Theodore Simon
b. Alfred Binet
c. William Stern
d. Robert Sternberg
e. David Weschler
96. In his work on the measurement of intelligence, Binet was initially attempting to:
a. identify intellectually gifted children.
b. identify children who would benefit from special education.
c. determine grade placement for school children.
d. determine which children had enough schooling to go to work.
e. identify intellectually superior individuals.
ANS: B REF: Intelligence TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
MSC: factual
97. In Binet’s method of intelligence testing, the age at which a child’s performance peaked describes his
or her:
a. chronological age.
b. intelligence quotient.
c. mental age.
d. intellectual age.
e. deviation IQ.
OBJ: 12-Describe different tests of intelligence and evaluate the characteristics of a good test of
intelligence. TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: factual
98. The term “intelligence quotient” or IQ was first applied to intelligence tests developed by Binet and
Simon. The terms was then defined as:
a. mental age multiplied by chronological age and multiplied by 100.
b. mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.
c. mental age subtracted from chronological age and multiplied by 100.
d. chronological age subtracted from mental age and multiplied by 100.
e. mental age divided by chronological age and divided by 100.
MSC: factual
99. Irene has a mental age of 10 and a chronological age of 8. Using the IQ formula from your text, Irene’s
IQ would be:
a. 200.
b. 125.
c. 80.
d. 18.
e. 12.5.
ANS: C REF: Intelligence TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
MSC: factual
100. In intelligence testing, norms are:

a. control questions on IQ tests.
b. trial questions on IQ tests.
c. criteria for comparing an individual’s IQ score with those of the general population.
d. minimum standards for performance on an IQ test.
e. the average scores achieved on IQ tests.
MSC: factual
101. In the history of intelligence tests, which event is the most recent?
a. Development of the deviation IQ
b. Use of group-administered intelligence tests in the U.S. Army
c. Development of a mental quotient
d. Development of norms for the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
e. Development of the intelligence quotient
ANS: A REF: Intelligence
MSC: factual
102. Regarding Wechsler’s tests of intelligence, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Wechsler’s tests are the most widely used intelligence tests in the United States and
Canada.
b. There are separate Wechsler tests for preschool children, school-age children, and adults.
c. Wechsler scales are standardized so that an average score is set at 100.
d. Wechsler developed the first measure of a mental quotient.
e. The Wechsler scales introduced the concept of the deviation IQ.
intelligence. TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Define/Describe | Evaluate/Explain
MSC: factual
103. On tests that use a deviation IQ , the IQ score is based on:

a. an average score after taking the test repeatedly.
b. typical IQ divided by grade in school.
c. typical IQ divided by age.
d. the difference of a person’s test score from the norms for that person’s age group.
e. the ratio of mental age to chronological age.
MSC: factual NOT: WWW
104. The process of establishing norms for a test by giving it to large numbers of people is called:
a. reliability.
b. validity.
c. standardization.
d. normalization.
e. predictability.
ANS: C REF: Intelligence TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: factual
105. In order to be confident in the results of a test, it must do all following EXCEPT:
a. establish norms by administering it to large numbers of people.
b. measure what it purports to measure.
c. yield consistent scores over time.
d. compare people of different ages to establish a standard of intelligence.
e. be administered the same way every time.
intelligence. TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
MSC: factual NOT: WWW
106. Third-grade teacher Victor serves as a proctor for administration of group IQ tests to children at his
school. Victor has been instructed to make sure that he follows the uniform procedures for
administering the test in order to make sure the test is used correctly. With which criteria of test
administration is Victor concerned?
a. Standardization
b. Norming
c. Validity
d. Accuracy
e. Reliability
intelligence. TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Apply
MSC: applied
107. In testing, ________ is to consistency of results as ________ is to accuracy of results.

a. norm; validity
b. norm; reliability
c. reliability; norm
d. validity; norm
e. reliability; validity
intelligence. TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Identify
MSC: applied
108. Dr. Fabiano wishes to assess the reliability of an intelligence test he recently developed. Fabiano
chooses the test-retest method of assessing reliability. What will Dr. Fabiano have to do?
a. Compare subjects’ scores on the tests to their performance in academic arenas.
b. Give one version of the test to a group of subjects and then re-administer a parallel version
of the test to the same subjects.
c. Make certain that he follows uniform procedures in administering the test to different
subjects.
d. Give the test once to a group of subjects and then re-administer the test to a different group
of subjects after a short time interval.
e. Give the test to a group of subjects and then re-administer it to the same subjects after a
short time interval.
intelligence. TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Apply
MSC: applied
109. Your best friend takes an IQ test and tells you that s/he scored “average.” Generalizing from the
normal distribution of IQ scores, you know that your friend’s score:
a. was below 100.
b. was above 100.
c. was 100.
d. fell somewhere between 85 and 115.
e. fell somewhere between 115 and 130.
ANS: D REF: Intelligence TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Identify | Apply
MSC: applied
110. Concerns with intelligence tests include all of the following EXCEPT that:
a. they may be culturally biased.
b. they may encourage self-fulfilling prophecies.
c. they may be overemphasized.
d. there is a lack of access to them.
e. they can lead to lower expectations.
MSC: factual
111. Culture-fair IQ tests are not widely used because they:

a. are generally unavailable.
b. do not predict academic performance as well as standard tests.
c. are too expensive.
d. are invalid.
e. rely too heavily on verbal tasks.
MSC: factual
112. Regarding mental retardation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Low IQ scores are sufficient to determine mental retardation.
b. Most individuals with mental retardation fall in a mild range of severity.
c. Many children with mental retardation are placed in regular classrooms.
d. The causes of mental retardation can be biological, environmental, or both.
e. About one to two percent of those with mental retardation have severe delays in all areas
of development.
ANS: A REF: Intelligence TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
MSC: factual
113. Chalanda has an IQ of 40. Her range of intellectual functioning is described as:
a. average.
b. mild mental retardation.
c. moderate mental retardation.
d. severe mental retardation
e. profound mental retardation
OBJ: 13-Describe the characteristics of the two extremes of intelligence.
114. What percentage of people with mental retardation can be described as having a profound level of
mental retardation?
a. Almost all, more than 90%
b. The majority, 85%
c. About half, 49%
d. About 10% to 20%
e. Very few, 1% to 2%
115. Samuel faces the challenge of mental retardation. He has been working as a cashier in a convenience
store for several years. He has learned to do relatively simple arithmetic as it applies to his job, and
he can read well enough to understand the daily newspaper, but he cannot easily go beyond these
tasks. Samuel is best described as having:
a. profound retardation.
b. severe retardation.
c. moderate retardation.
d. mild retardation.
e. non-functional retardation.
116. Marvin is a 25-year-old man with mental retardation. He has very simple communication and manual
skills, but has great difficulty in reading and math. Based on this description, Marvin’s IQ score most
likely falls between:
a. 0 and 20.
b. 20 and 34.
c. 35 and 49.
d. 50 and 70.
e. 71 and 90.
117. Kelly is a 12-year-old with mental retardation. Even though she has difficulty with math and reading,
Kelly is placed in a regular classroom for her entire school day. Which educational practice for
students with mental retardation is Kelly’s school using?
a. Brainstorming
b. Enrichment
c. Standardization
d. Culture-fair testing
e. Mainstreaming
ANS: E REF: Intelligence TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Define/Describe | Apply
MSC: applied
118. Eric was tested at school for entry into the gifted program. It is likely that Eric scored at least _____ on
his intelligence test.
a. 100
b. 115
c. 130
d. 150
e. 175
NOT: WWW
119. Today the concept of giftedness has been expanded to encompass not only those intelligence test
scores fall within the top 2%, but also those who:
a. demonstrate unique talents, such as in music or art.
b. excel in all eight categories of intelligence.
c. achieve two or more grade levels higher in math or reading.
d. demonstrate persistance and a desire to excel.
e. demonstrate consistent gains in academic achievement over time.
120. Which psychologist was a pioneer in the testing of intellectually gifted children?
a. Robert Sternberg
b. Howard Gardner
c. Charles Spearman
d. Lewis Terman
e. Louis Thurstone
ANS: D REF: Intelligence TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Identify
MSC: factual
121. What lesson can be drawn from the findings of Terman's study of intellectually gifted children?
a. The mere fact that a person has the IQ of a genius in childhood does not necessarily mean
that she or he will grow up to be an intellectually gifted adult.
b. Intellectually gifted individuals will most often be drawn to the academic field.
c. It's not possible to predict how successful an intellectually gifted individual will be solely
on the basis of IQ.
d. Intellectually gifted individuals will always excel in the occupation they choose.
e. The mere fact that a person has a high IQ does not necessarily mean that he or she is
capable of doing good academic work.
122. In the study of the "little geniuses" discussed in the text, which personality trait distinguished between
high- and low-achievement gifted children?
a. Need for sensation
b. Flexibility
c. Introversion
d. Aggressiveness
e. Persistence
123. Spearman proposed that intelligence is composed of:

a. seven primary mental abilities.
b. a general factor he termed “g.”
c. a general factor he termed “g” and other specific abilities.
d. eight different factors.
e. three aspects – analytic, reactive, and practical.
OBJ: 14-Describe the major theories of intelligence and identify the major theorists.
124. Intelligence consisting of seven different primary mental abilities was proposed by:
a. Charles Spearman.
b. Louis Thurstone.
c. Howard Gardner.
d. Alfred Binet.
e. Robert Sternberg.
TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Identify MSC: factual NOT: WWW
125. Regarding theories of intelligence, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Spearman believed that intelligence consisted of a general factor and other specific
abilities.
b. Thurstone felt that a general factor of intelligence is sufficient to assess intelligence.
c. Thurstone and his wife, Thelma, developed the Primary Mental Abilities Test.
d. Gardner rejects the view that there is a single entity called “intelligence.”
e. Most standard IQ tests were developed to measure “g.”
ANS: C REF: Intelligence TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
MSC: factual
126. Whose theory of intelligence has had a particularly strong influence on the field of education?
a. Thurstone’s
b. Gardner’s
c. Sternberg’s
d. Spearman’s
e. Terman’s
127. Gardner describes intelligence as being composed of:

a. a general factor alone.
b. a general factor and several specific abilities.
c. seven primary mental abilities.
d. eight distinct intelligences.
e. three aspects.
128. In Gardner’s model, an architect would likely have high levels of which type of intelligence?
a. Logical-mathematical
b. Spatial
c. Bodily-kinesthetic
d. Intrapersonal
e. Naturalist
NOT: WWW
129. In Sternberg’s model of intelligence, creative intelligence includes:

a. applying and using.
b. using and doing.
c. analyzing and evaluating.
d. evaluating and doing.
e. inventing and designing.
130. Anna has the ability to apply what she knows to her everyday life. Her friends say that Anna is “street
smart.” The triarchic theory of intelligence would label Anna as having ________ intelligence.
a. multiple
b. analytic
c. emotional
d. creative
e. practical
131. Which of Sternberg’s types of intelligence is typically measured in traditional tests of intelligence?
a. all of them—analytic, creative, and practical
b. analytic only
c. practical only
d. creative and analytic only
e. practical and creative only
132. Taking an overview of the theories of intelligence, all EXCEPT which of the following are fair
conclusions?
a. We should broaden our thoughts about what intelligence is and how it should be
measured.
b. Human intelligence consists of multiple aspects.
c. It is important to take cultural context into consideration when assessing human
intelligence.
d. Gardner and Sternberg’s theories can be characterized as “theory rich, but data poor.”
e. Since there is strong evidence for the existence of separate types of intelligence, we should
replace existing intelligence tests with tests that measure these types of intelligence.
133. One criticism of Gardner's model of intelligence is that:

a. human intelligence does not consist of multiple abilities.
b. it fails to account for the interrelationships among the different abilities that make up
intelligence.
c. it overemphasizes the importance of "g," a general factor of intelligence.
d. it conceptualizes forms of intelligence that do not exist in the real world.
e. it has little or no applicability in educational settings.
134. Which group is predicted to have the most highly correlated IQ scores?
a. Monozygotic twins reared together
b. Dizygotic twins reared together
c. Monozygotic twins reared apart
d. Dizygotic twins reared apart
e. Siblings
OBJ: 15-Evaluate the roles of heredity and environment in intelligence.
135. In studies of the correlation of IQ scores among twins, the correlation of scores of monozygotic twins
raised apart is:
a. higher than for monozygotic twins raised together.
b. lower than for dizygotic twins raised apart.
c. higher than for dizygotic twins raised together.
d. the same as for monozygotic twins raised together.
e. the same as for dyzygotic twins raised together.
136. Among a large group of adopted children, the IQ scores of the children are predicted to be:
a. more similar to those of their biological parents than their adoptive parents.
b. more similar to those of their adoptive parents than their biological parents.
c. as similar to those of their adoptive parents as to their biological parents.
d. unrelated to those of their adoptive parents.
e. unrelated to those of their biological parents.
137. The heritability of a trait refers to:

a. how many genes are involved in its heredity.
b. the extent to which variability among people on the trait is explained by genetic factors.
c. the percentage of genes involved in its heredity.
d. the percentage of people who show an inheritance for the trait.
e. the extent to which similarity among people on the traits is explained by environmental
factors.
ANS: B REF: Intelligence TOP: MOD: 7.3 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: conceptual
138. Regarding the effects of nature and nurture in intelligence, which of the following statements is
FALSE?
a. Heritability estimates of intelligence range from 50 to 75 percent.
b. Home environments emphasizing verbal interaction and reading can influence children’s
intellectual development.
c. Twin and adoptee studies provide strong evidence for the influence of genetics on
intelligence.
d. Genetic and environmental factors interact in complex ways in shaping intelligence.
e. Heredity influences intelligence in infancy and childhood, but not during adolescence and
adulthood.
NOT: WWW
139. Regarding general trends in IQ scores in the United States, which of the following is TRUE?
a. IQ scores have been rising steadily, at about 15 points per decade, for several generations.
b. IQ scores have been falling steadily, at about 3 points per decade, for several generations.
c. IQ scores have been rising steadily, at about 3 points per decade, for several generations.
d. IQ scores have remained about the same over the past several decades.
e. IQ scores have been falling steadily, at about 15 points per decade, for several generations.
MSC: factual
140. In research reported in the text, African American children adopted by upper middle-class White
American families:
a. scored the same on IQ tests as African American children raised by their biological
parents.
b. scored the same on IQ tests as African American children adopted by African American
families.
c. scored 15 points higher on IQ tests than would be expected of African American children
in general.
d. scored 15 points higher on IQ tests than White children adopted by African American
families.
e. failed to maintain childhood gains on IQ test scores during adulthood.
MSC: factual
141. Regarding the role of genetics and that of the environment in intelligence, it is generally agreed that:
a. the racial and ethnic gaps in intelligence are here to stay.
b. the environment has a greater influence on intelligence than do genes.
c. the environment cannot affect brain circuitry.
d. intelligence is a less malleable trait than most researchers initially thought.
e. changing the environment can make an enormous difference.
142. Stella uses a problem-solving technique in which she proposes as many solutions to a problem as
possible, no matter how far-fetched or weird the ideas seem. Which technique is Stella using?
a. Conceptual expansion
b. Mainstreaming
c. Convergent thinking
d. Functional fixedness
e. Brainstorming
ANS: E REF: Becoming a Creative Problem Solver
OBJ: 16-Apply skills of problem solving to become a creative problem solver.
TOP: MOD: 7.4 KEY: Apply MSC: applied
143. William has been trying to solve a particularly thorny problem with which he is faced. Every time he
tries to solve the problem, he starts thinking about it and framing it in the same way that failed to lead
to a solution before. William is having problems with which aspect of creative problem solving?
a. Avoiding mental sets
b. Generating alternatives
c. Adopting a questioning attitude
d. Testing possible solutions
e. Sleeping on it
ANS: A REF: Becoming a Creative Problem Solver
TOP: MOD: 7.4 KEY: Apply MSC: applied NOT: WWW
144. Paul is trying to research a problem online. He has found a wealth of relevant information. He is
examining the information he has collected with a critical attitude, trying to ensure that the information
he has collected is valid. Paul is engaged in which aspect of creative problem solving?
a. Avoiding mental sets
b. Gathering information
c. Adopting a questioning attitude
d. Testing possible solutions
e. Sleeping on it
ANS: B REF: Becoming a Creative Problem Solver
145. Marielle, a college freshman, was having difficulty coming up with a good topic for a psychology
paper. She asked five friends for help. Which one gave her the best advice?
a. Tara, who said, "Grab the first idea you that comes into your mind and run with it."
b. Patty, who said, "Don't confuse yourself with too much information. Just open the text to
any page and pick whatever topic your finger lands on."
c. Stanley, who said, "Make a list of three or four really great topics that you think the
professor will like, and then choose the one you think he'd like the best."
d. Felix, who said, "Sleep on it."
e. Grover, who said, "Don't allow your mind to rest until you have the answer."
ANS: D REF: Becoming a Creative Problem Solver
ESSAY
1. Discuss algorithms and heuristics as problem solving strategies.
ANS:
In some cases, a problem can be solved by applying a step-by-step set of rules. For example, to
calculate the average of a group of numbers, you add the numbers together and then divide by the
number of numbers. This is called an algorithm. Not all problems have algorithms, but when
available, they guarantee a correct solution. A heuristic is a mental shortcut, or rule of thumb, to solve
a problem. Heuristics do not always guarantee a solution, but they can be fairly quick to use. In the
backward-working heuristic, you start with a possible solution and work backward. In the means-end
heuristic, the current situation is compared with the goal, and procedures are developed to reduce the
distance. Another heuristic is creating subgoals, in which a problem is broken down into smaller,
more manageable problems. Heuristics, however, can also get in the way of making decisions, as in
the case of the availability and representativeness heuristics.
REF: Thinking TOP: MOD: 7.1
2. Describe the stages of language development.
ANS:
From birth to about 6 months, an infant’s vocalizing is limited to crying and cooing. Then, between 6
and 12 months, the first language sounds, phonemes, appear as the infant starts to babble. At around 1
year of age, the baby starts to imitate sounds and gains the ability to understand some words. Also at
this time, the baby begins to vocalize single words. From 18 to 24 months, the child progresses from
one-word phrases to two-word phrases or sentences. At this stage, the child typically has a vocabulary
of about 50 words. Complex speech develops between 18 and 24 months, with sentences becoming
longer and more complex and incorporating plurals, past tense, and proper syntax.
REF: Language TOP: MOD: 7.2
3. Discuss each of the following issues involved in measuring intelligence: defining intelligence, validity,
cultural bias, and test usage/interpretation.
ANS:
The first issue in measuring intelligence is that there is no definitive definition of the concept. For
example, Spearman suggested that intelligence was composed of a general factor he called "g" as well
as other specific factors. Gardner believes that there are actually eight different types of intelligences.
Thus there are basic problems in measuring a concept that is not clearly defined. Related to the
problem with the definition of intelligence is the issue of validity of tests. A test is valid if it measures
what it is designed to measure. Because it is not clear exactly what intelligence is, it is difficult to
determine whether a test of it is valid. However, intelligence tests show good predictive validity in
predicting academic achievement and performance on general aptitude tests such as the SAT and
GRE. Another major concern in intelligence testing is the notion of culture bias. There are consistent
racial differences in IQ test scores (African Americans score about 15 points below Euro-Americans).
Many have suggested that this reflects a cultural bias in the way tests are designed, administered, and
scored. Attempts to develop culture-fair IQ tests have been somewhat successful, but such tests are not
as predictive of future academic success as standard tests. Finally, there are concerns about
what intelligence tests are used for and how they are interpreted. Although they do have some ability
to predict future academic performance, other factors are important. Also, individuals who score low
on IQ tests may be stigmatized. Expectations may be lowered for these individuals and they may never
achieve their full potential.
REF: Intelligence TOP: MOD: 7.3
4. Discuss the evidence for the role of nature and nurture in intelligence.
Test Bank for Psychology Concepts and Applications 4th Edition by Nevid
ANS:
The role of nature: The closer two people are genetically, the more similar their IQs tend to be. For
example, monozygotic (MZ) twins, who share 100 percent of their genes, have IQ scores that are more
correlated than those of dizygotic (DZ) twins, who only share 50 percent of their genes. Also, the IQs
of adopted children are more similar to the IQs of their biological parents than to the IQs of their
adoptive parents. Overall, it is estimated that 50-75 percent of the variation in intelligence
(heritability) is due to genetics. The role of nurture: When MZ twins are raised separately, the
correlation of their IQs is lower than that of MZ twins who are raised together. This points to an
environmental influence. More evidence for the role of the environment was recently provided by a
large-scale Norwegian study that found higher IQ scores for firstborn children. The researchers
suggest that this is due to the extra time and undivided attention that firstborns receive from their
parents. When it comes to racial differences in IQ, changing the environment appears to make a
substantial difference. When African American and interracial children are adopted by
upper-middle-class White parents, they tend to score 15 points higher than children in the African
American community, thereby totally erasing the racial IQ gap. Finally, IQs in general have been
rising about three points per decade, a phenomenon that psychologists explain in terms of improved
educational opportunities.
REF: Intelligence TOP: MOD: 7.3
5. Outline the keys to becoming a creative problem solver.
ANS:
Creative problem solving begins with adopting a questioning attitude. Next, it is important to gather
relevant information. Attempts should be made to avoid getting stuck in mental sets. This can be
avoided by asking oneself what is required for the specific type of problem. Next, a person can
generate alternatives. Brainstorming is one way to generate alternatives. In brainstorming, as many
alternatives to the problem as possible are generated following these rules: 1) write down as many
solutions as possible; 2) suspend judgment; and 3) seek unusual, remote, and weird ideas. Other
worthwhile approaches for generating alternatives are setting one's list of alternatives aside for a few
days, finding analogies, and thinking outside the box. The age-old wisdom of "sleeping on it" is
another helpful activity. Finally, a creative problem solver tests out the possible solutions.
REF: Becoming a Creative Problem Solver TOP: MOD: 7.4
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4. According to the text, thinking is defined as:

5. The definition of thinking in the text includes which of the following?

6. According to the text, thinking involves each of the following EXCEPT:

8. A mental image of an event is best described by which of the following?

10. Compared to men, women tend to:

12. Which type of imagery is easiest to form?

13. Which of the following is the best definition of concept?

16. Logical concepts are concepts:

17. Regarding concepts, which of the following statements is FALSE?

21. Which of the following best represents basic-level concepts?

23. Which of the following BEST describes the hierarchy of concepts?

25. In concept formation, a negative instance:

30. What is the major drawback of algorithms?

32. A heuristic is:

37. Which of the following best describes decision making?

44. Mental set is a:

45. Functional fixedness is:

46. Framing is:

48. Regarding creativity, which of the following statements is FALSE?

49. Divergent thinking is ________, whereas convergent thinking is ________.

51. Guilford was a pioneer in the development of tests that measured:

53. All EXCEPT which of the following underlie creative thinking?

58. Which of the following tests for divergent thinking?

60. In language, phonemes are to ______ as morphemes are to ______.

63. All but which of the following are examples of phonemes?

66. Regarding language, which of the following statements is FALSE?

67. What is the smallest unit of meaning in a language?

70. The rules governing the meaning of words are called:

77. What is the sequence for language development?

84. The linguistic relativity hypothesis states that:

87. Scientists believe that ape communication through gesturing represents:

93. Who first developed a formula to determine an individual’s intelligence quotient?

95. Who introduced the concept of deviation IQ?

100. In intelligence testing, norms are:

103. On tests that use a deviation IQ , the IQ score is based on:

107. In testing, ________ is to consistency of results as ________ is to accuracy of results.

111. Culture-fair IQ tests are not widely used because they:

112. Regarding mental retardation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

123. Spearman proposed that intelligence is composed of:

125. Regarding theories of intelligence, which of the following statements is FALSE?

127. Gardner describes intelligence as being composed of:

129. In Sternberg’s model of intelligence, creative intelligence includes:

133. One criticism of Gardner's model of intelligence is that:

137. The heritability of a trait refers to:

1. Discuss algorithms and heuristics as problem solving strategies.

REF: Thinking TOP: MOD: 7.1

2. Describe the stages of language development.

REF: Language TOP: MOD: 7.2

REF: Intelligence TOP: MOD: 7.3

REF: Intelligence TOP: MOD: 7.3

5. Outline the keys to becoming a creative problem solver.

REF: Becoming a Creative Problem Solver TOP: MOD: 7.4

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49. Divergent thinking is , whereas convergent thinking is .

60. In language, phonemes are to as morphemes are to .

107. In testing, is to consistency of results as is to accuracy of results.