Test Bank For Psychology Concepts and Applications 4th Edition Jeffrey S Nevid

Test Bank for Psychology: Concepts and Applications, 4th Edition: Jeffrey S.
Nevid
Test Bank for Psychology: Concepts and

Applications, 4th Edition: Jeffrey S. Nevid
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CHAPTER 6
Memory
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ________ is the system by which we retain information and bring it to mind.

a. Sensation
b. Cognition
c. Learning
d. Memory
e. Perception
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Remembering
OBJ: 1-Identify and describe the basic processes and stages of memory.
TOP: MOD: 6.1 KEY: Define/Describe MSC: factual
2. Many psychologists think of human memory as a type of information processing system that has
________ basic processes that are called ________.
a. two; declarative memory and procedural memory
b. two; implicit memory and explicit memory
c. three; consolidation, elaboration, and rehearsal
d. three; sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
e. three; encoding, storage, and retrieval
TOP: MOD: 6.1 KEY: Identify | Define/Describe MSC: factual
NOT: WWW
3. What is the order of processing in memory?

a. Storage, retrieval, encoding
b. Storage, encoding, retrieval
c. Encoding, storage, retrieval
d. Encoding, retrieval, storage
e. Retrieval, storage, encoding
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Remembering
4. Memory encoding that is based on meaning is called:

a. association encoding.
b. semantic encoding.
c. acoustic encoding.
d. visual encoding.
e. verbal encoding.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Remembering
TOP: MOD: 6.1 KEY: Identify MSC: factual
5. Encoding that involves converting auditory signals into strings of recognizable sounds is called:
a. vocal encoding.
b. internal encoding.
c. acoustic encoding.
d. sub-auditory encoding.
e. semantic encoding.
6. After receiving a cute boy’s cell phone number, Tammie mentally repeats the number over and over in
her head. This process converts auditory signals into strings of recognizable sounds, and it is called
__________ encoding.
a. vocal
b. internal
c. acoustic
d. sub-auditory
e. semantic
TOP: MOD: 6.1 KEY: Apply | Define/Describe MSC: applied
7. In memory encoding, mental picture is to ________ as meaning is to ________.

a. acoustic; semantic
b. semantic; visual
c. visual; acoustic
d. visual; semantic
e. semantic; acoustic
TOP: MOD: 6.1 KEY: Define/Describe MSC: conceptual
8. The best memory usually results from which type of encoding?

a. Verbal
b. Semantic
c. Acoustic
d. Visual
e. Echoic
TOP: MOD: 6.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: conceptual
9. A retrieval cue is:

a. an experimental task in which subjects are presented with a stimulus that primes them to
respond in a particular way.
b. a process for enhancing retention of information by breaking the information into smaller,
more easily recalled chunks.
c. a lingering mental representation of a sound.
d. a lingering mental representation of a visual image.
e. a stimulus associated with original learning that helps jog one’s memory.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Remembering
NOT: WWW
10. Retrieval of memories is most successful when cues present at recall are similar to those present
during the initial conversion of information into memory. This is referred to as which principle?
a. Encoding specificity
b. Serial position
c. Primacy
d. Chunking
e. Recency
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Remembering
11. The encoding specificity principle suggests that things:

a. that are learned first are remembered better than things that are learned later.
b. that are learned later are remembered better than things that are learned first.
c. are remembered better when they are learned first and last.
d. are remembered better if cues during recall are similar to those present during learning.
e. are remembered better when large amounts of information are broken down into more
manageable bits.
12. Godden and Baddeley conducted research showing that swimmers who learned material on the beach
were better able to recall the material when tested on the beach than when immersed in water. This
effect is best described by:
a. the semantic encoding principle.
b. role-specific rehearsal.
c. context-dependent memory.
d. state-dependent memory.
e. chunking.
13. People have superior recall for material if they are in the same physiological or psychological
condition as when they learned it. This is known as:
a. state-dependent memory.
b. context-dependent memory.
c. short-term memory.
d. internal memory.
e. iconic memory.
14. When did Kenny experience the state-dependent memory effect?

a. When he studied for a history test while listening to music and could not remember all the
facts of the Civil War until he listened to the same CD
b. When he saw a horror movie and couldn't get one of the violent scenes out of his mind
c. When he was sad and left his cell phone on top of the TV set and didn't remember to look
for it there until the next time that he was sad
d. When he couldn't remember the name of the professor he had the year before in
psychology, although he was sure the name began with a "C" and had three syllables
e. When he was introduced to his girlfriend's uncle in the restaurant and couldn't remember
his name until they met again in the same restaurant
TOP: MOD: 6.1 KEY: Apply | Evaluate/Explain MSC: applied
15. A memory storage system that contains memory of impressions for a very brief time (a few seconds or
less) is called:
a. short-term memory
b. limited memory.
c. sensory memory.
d. temporary memory.
e. echoic memory.
TOP: MOD: 6.1 KEY: Identify MSC: factual NOT: WWW
16. The storage device of sensory memory is called the:

a. phonological loop.
b. consolidation register.
c. temporary storage center.
d. sensory register.
e. semantic network.
17. In sensory memory, auditory stimuli are to ________ memory as visual stimuli are to ________
memory.
a. eidetic; iconic
b. iconic; echoic
c. echoic; iconic
d. acoustic; semantic
e. semantic; acoustic
18. Iconic memory is a type of:

a. short-term memory.
b. visual sensory memory.
c. auditory sensory memory.
d. visual limited memory.
e. working memory.
19. Echoic memory differs from iconic memory in that:
a. it is more fleeting.
b. it is a type of photographic memory.
c. it lasts a few seconds longer.
d. only iconic memory is stored in the sensory register.
e. only iconic memories can be transferred to short-term memory.
20. Regarding eidetic imagery, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Eidetic images refer to vivid, detailed visual images.
b. Eidetic imagery usually disappears by age ten.
c. Eidetic imagery is more common in adults than in children.
d. About five percent of children have eidetic imagery.
e. Eidetic imagery is more commonly known as photographic memory.
TOP: MOD: 6.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: factual
21. A form of visual memory in which a visual image is recalled in such vivid detail that it is as if the
person recalling it is still looking at the original image is termed:
a. eidetic imagery.
b. long-term potentiation.
c. echoic memory.
d. photorealistic memory.
e. retrospective memory.
22. Regarding short-term memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Short-term memory is also called working memory.
b. People vary in their short-term memory capacities, but people can increase their capacity
by using chunking or other techniques.
c. Short-term memory allows a person to process and retain newly acquired information for
about thirty seconds.
d. Use of maintenance rehearsal can extend short-term memory.
e. Short-term memory relies more on visual coding than acoustic coding.
23. Short-term memory relies primarily on:

a. kinesthetic coding.
b. acoustic coding.
c. semantic coding.
d. eidetic coding.
e. visual coding.
24. The memory system that allows one to hold and mull over information in one's mind for brief periods
of time is called:
a. working memory.
b. the sensory register.
c. long-term memory.
d. echoic memory.
e. eidetic memory.
25. The "Magic 7" refers to the:

a. duration of sensory memory.
b. capacity of short-term memory.
c. capacity of sensory memory.
d. duration of short-term memory.
e. encoding modalities of long-term memory.
26. The process of breaking a large amount of information down into smaller pieces to make it easier to
recall is termed:
a. maintenance rehearsal.
b. elaborative rehearsal.
c. a full-report technique.
d. a partial-report technique.
e. chunking.
27. Maintenance rehearsal is:

a. synonymous with chunking.
b. consciously repeating information over and over again.
c. connecting to-be-remembered information with already-stored information.
d. synonymous with whole rehearsal.
e. picturing an object, pattern, or image in your mind.
28. When school kids say the Pledge of Allegiance, they break its one long sentence into twelve unvarying
parts to make it easier to remember ("I pledge allegiance//to the flag//of the United States//of
America//and to the republic//..."). This demonstrates which of the following?
a. Chunking
b. Maintenance rehearsal
c. Consolidation
d. The encoding specificity principle
e. Massed practice effects
29. The four-component model of working memory consists of the phonological loop, the visuospatial
sketchpad, the episodic buffer, and the:
a. audio receiver.
b. office assistant.
c. central executive.
d. movement coordinator.
e. memory overseer.
30. Michele's car hit a truck that stopped short in front of her on the expressway. When the truck suddenly
started and began to speed away, Michele concentrated on retaining a visual image of the truck so that
she would be able to describe it to the police. Which part of the four-component model of working
memory was actively processing her information?
a. The episodic buffer
b. The central executive
c. The audio receiver
d. The visuospatial sketchpad
e. The phonological loop
31. In the four-component model of working memory, visual is to ________ as verbal is to ________.
a. episodic buffer; visuospatial sketchpad
b. phonological loop; central executive
c. visuospatial sketchpad; phonological loop
d. episodic buffer; central executive
e. central executive; episodic buffer
32. In the four-component model of working memory, which component is best described as "the master
control unit"?
a. The central executive
b. The memory coordinator
c. The phonological loop
d. The system manager
e. The episodic buffer
33. The four-component model of working memory suggests that which of the following pairs of tasks
would interfere LEAST with one another?
a. Reading a paragraph while trying to remember a string of numbers
b. Scanning a visual display to locate a square surrounded by circles while thinking about the
route you drive home each night
c. Humming a tune to yourself while changing lanes on the highway
d. Reading a paragraph while trying to remember a string of letters
e. Listening to the radio while discussing the day's stock market results
34. The process of converting unstable, short-term memory into lasting, stable memories is called:
a. transduction.
b. maintenance rehearsal.
c. elaborative rehearsal.
d. consolidation.
e. chunking.
OBJ: 2-Identify and describe types of long-term memory. TOP: MOD: 6.1
KEY: Define/Describe MSC: factual NOT: WWW
35. Sleep is important for which memory process?

a. Perception of sensory information in the sensory register
b. Formation of flashbulb memories
c. Maintenance rehearsal
d. Consolidation of short-term memories into long-term memories
e. Holding material in the eidetic engine
KEY: Define/Describe MSC: factual
36. Compared to short-term memory, long-term memory relies:

a. more on semantic coding and less on acoustic coding.
b. more on visual coding and less on acoustic coding.
c. about the same on acoustic coding.
d. about the same on semantic coding.
e. equally on acoustic, visual, and semantic coding.
37. Joanie repeats the key terms in her psychology text over and over again to herself in preparing for her
exam. Her roommate, Tika, suggests that she should also focus on the meaning of the concepts by
connecting them to examples. As a key to boosting memory, Joanie is using __________, whereas
Tika is recommending __________.
a. elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal
b. acoustic rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal
c. maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal
d. acoustic rehearsal; semantic rehearsal.
e. semantic rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal coding.
OBJ: 4-Explain the difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
38. Sean stopped outside his professor’s office to check on the answers to a quiz. When he began to write
the answers down, his pen ran out of ink. He repeated the last four answers to himself while he rushed
to his dorm room to write them down. This is best explained by the concept of:
a. maintenance rehearsal.
b. elaborative rehearsal.
c. whole rehearsal.
d. partial rehearsal.
e. chunking.
39. Maintenance rehearsal involves practice based on ________, whereas elaborative rehearsal involves
practice based on ________.
a. repetition; rehearsing meaningful associations
b. strengthening neural connections; strengthening neural nets
c. repeating information as a whole; breaking the information into smaller pieces
d. chunking; partial rehearsal
e. partial rehearsal; chunking
NOT: WWW
40. In contrast to maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal involves:

a. repetition of information to strengthen new learning.
b. strengthening neural connections.
c. breaking down complex material into smaller pieces.
d. chunking information.
e. focusing on the meaning of the material.
41. When Jacques wants to learn a new concept, he first practices repeating the definition of the concept
several times, but he keeps struggling trying to remember what he learned. To further strengthen his
memory, he begins linking the concepts to examples of how they were applied in particular situations.
This is an example of:
a. elaborative rehearsal.
b. maintenance rehearsal.
c. executive rehearsal.
d. consolidation.
e. encoding specificity.
42. When Agnes hears the word banana, she automatically thinks of concepts such as yellow, monkeys,
and fruit. This may be a demonstration of:
a. consolidation.
b. elaborative processing.
c. the semantic network model.
d. maintenance rehearsal.
e. chunking.
OBJ: 3-Explain the roles of the semantic network model and levels-of-processing theory in memory.
NOT: WWW
43. Which of the following statements BEST applies to the semantic network model?
a. Long-term memory is organized in terms of an elaborate arrangement of associated
concepts.
b. Working memory consists of a four-component system.
c. Short-term memory can only hold about seven pieces of information.
d. The level at which information is processed determines how well or how long information
is stored in memory.
e. Personal memory is a representation or reconstruction of the past.
OBJ: 3-Explain the roles of the semantic network model and levels-of processing theory in memory.
44. The World Wide Web’s structure, which is organized in terms of a network of associated concepts, is
based on which of the following?
a. Retrieval theory
b. Constructionist theory
c. Levels-of-processing theory
d. Semantic network model
e. Three-stage model of memory
45. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Tim Berners-Lee?

a. He introduced his invention, the World Wide Web, in the mid-1980s.
b. He originally thought about naming the World Wide Web, "The Semantic Network."
c. He got the idea for the World Wide Web from his father's mathematics books.
d. He modeled the World Wide Web on the semantic networks of the human brain.
e. He is a psychologist and inventor of the World Wide Web.
46. Karem tells his study partner that thinking about a particular concept creates a ripple effect in
long-term memory. He is explaining long-term memory on the basis of the __________ by referring
to the concept of __________.
a. semantic network model; consolidation
b. semantic network model; spreading activation
c. levels-of-processing theory; consolidation
d. levels-of-processing theory; spreading activation
e. three-state model of memory; spreading activation
TOP: MOD: 6.1 KEY: Define/Describe | Evaluate/Explain
MSC: conceptual
47. The levels-of-processing theory explains the:

a. interaction among the components of working memory.
b. organization of the semantic network model.
c. superiority of elaborative rehearsal over maintenance rehearsal.
d. direction of spreading activation.
e. process of consolidating memories during sleep.
48. According to the levels-of-processing theory, who is most likely to retain the information he/she is
trying to commit to memory?
a. Jorge, who is repeating the phone number of someone he just met at a party
b. Alice, who is chunking sections of Pi to remember the number out to 15 decimal places.
c. Jamal, who is studying the definitions of his spelling words.
d. Sophia, who is explaining chunking to her roommate using a phone number as an
example.
e. Chris, who is done studying for the night and has decided to “sleep on it”
NOT: WWW
49. Which of the following is TRUE, according to the levels-of-processing theory?

a. Maintenance rehearsal is one way to deeply encode information.
b. Information is better retained when it is processed more deeply on the basis of its
meaning.
c. You are most likely to retain knowledge of a concept by repeating the factual definition to
yourself.
d. You are more likely to retain knowledge of a concept with repeated exposure to that
concept.
e. Information that is heard is coded more deeply than information that is seen.
50. Procedural memory is to ________ as declarative memory is to ________.

a. knowing how; knowing that
b. knowing that; knowing how
c. knowing when; knowing who
d. knowing that; knowing who
e. knowing how; knowing who
KEY: Define/Describe MSC: conceptual
51. Regarding declarative memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Declarative memory is a type of long-term memory.
b. Declarative memory is memory of facts and personal information.
c. Declarative memories are recalled without conscious effort.
d. Declarative memory is described as explicit.
e. The two types of declarative memory are semantic and episodic.
52. Declarative memory is also known as:

a. procedural memory.
b. demonstrative memory.
c. semantic memory.
d. explicit memory.
e. implicit memory.
KEY: Identify MSC: factual
53. Which of the following best describes retrospective memory?

a. Memory of past experiences or events and previously acquired information
b. Memory of how to do things that require motor or performance skills
c. Photographic memory
d. Memory of things one plans to do in the future
e. Memory accessed without conscious effort
54. Another name for episodic memory is:

a. semantic memory.
b. prospective memory.
c. retrospective memory.
d. procedural memory.
e. autobiographical memory.
KEY: Identify | Define/Describe MSC: factual
55. Dr. Ohno conducts research on retrospective memory. Which type of memory best describes what
Ohno’s research participants will be recalling?
a. Past experiences or events and previously acquired information
b. Repressed experiences
c. Past personal experiences only
d. Things they plan to do in the future
e. Sensory memories of current experiences
KEY: Apply | Define/Describe MSC: applied
56. Your general world information (e.g., state capitals, U.S. presidents, etc.) is stored in:
a. episodic memory.
b. semantic memory.
c. prospective memory.
d. retrospective memory.
e. short-term memory.
KEY: Identify | Define/Describe MSC: factual NOT: WWW
57. Regarding episodic memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Episodic memory is like a diary, holding memories of things that have happened to the
individual.
b. Episodic memories are better remembered when regularly retrieved and rehearsed.
c. Episodic memory is a type of declarative memory.
d. Episodic memory is also known as autobiographical memory.
e. Episodic memory is found in humans as well as other species.
58. Keiko knows that Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah and that George Washington was the first
president of the United States. This information is stored in:
a. procedural memory.
b. declarative memory.
c. historical memory.
d. representative memory.
e. prospective memory.
59. Cynthia's retrospective memory was displayed when she recalled:

a. how to ice skate effortlessly, after a period of three years.
b. every word on the page of a book after looking at it briefly.
c. that Bismarck was the capital of North Dakota.
d. how to assemble the juicer, even though she had lost the instruction manual.
e. that she was going to start a new dance class a week from next Tuesday.
60. Morty says, "It's time to take my medication." Which type of memory has Morty relied on in this
example?
a. Retrospective memory
b. Prospective memory
c. Autobiographical memory
d. Episodic memory
e. Semantic memory
61. Regarding procedural memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Procedural memory is used when we need to consciously recall a set of procedures to be
followed in completing a task.
b. Procedural memories are hard to verbalize.
c. Procedural memory is engaged without conscious effort.
d. Procedural memory involves motor or performance skills.
e. Athletes’ use of the term “muscle memory” captures the nature of procedural memory.
KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Define/Describe MSC: conceptual
62. June recalled a procedural memory when she remembered:

a. that she saw the tiger in the zoo last month.
b. who gave her favorite birthday present, the doll with the braids.
c. how to play "Chopsticks" on the piano.
d. why she was not supposed to play with her mother's makeup.
e. where she left her mittens.
TOP: MOD: 6.1 KEY: Apply | Evaluate/Explain MSC: conceptual
63. Implicit memory is a form of:

a. procedural memory .
b. declarative memory
c. prospective memory.
d. episodic memory.
e. retrospective memory.
64. Regarding implicit and explicit memory, which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. Implicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall, while explicit memory does not.
b. Explicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall, while implicit memory does not.
c. Both implicit and explicit memory require a conscious effort to recall.
d. Neither implicit nor explicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall.
e. Implicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall, while explicit memory does not, but
only for procedural memories.
65. The view that memory is based on recreating the past rather than passively storing the past is called:
a. semantic network theory.
b. encoding specificity theory.
c. context-dependent memory.
d. constructionist theory.
e. levels-of-processing theory.
66. Cliff has vivid memories of burning his hand on a birthday candle at his seventh birthday party.
However, his mother corrects him, saying, “You never burned your hand. But I would tell you at
every birthday to be careful of the candles.” Which theoretical model best accounts for Cliff’s
misremembering?
a. Levels of processing theory
b. Decay theory
c. Interference theory
d. Repressed memory theory
e. Constructionist theory
OBJ: 5-Apply the constructionist theory to explain memory distortions.
TOP: MOD: 6.1 KEY: Apply MSC: applied
67. An organized knowledge structure reflecting one’s past experience and future expectations is called a:
a. stereotype.
b. phonological loop.
c. memory schema.
d. semantic network.
e. reconstructed memory.
68. According to constructionist theory, Gwendolyn’s negative stereotype of how Asians behave is an
example of a:
a. prospective memory.
b. retrospective memory.
c. memory schema.
d. memory engram.
e. misinformation effect.
69. According to constructionist theory, memories of life experiences may be described by all but which
of the following?
a. Distorted simplifications of actual events and experiences
b. Fabrications
c. Missing important details
d. Like impressionist paintings
e. Mental snapshots of experiences
70. In a study on stereotyping reported in the text, African American children were told stories in which
light- and dark-complexioned African American characters were associated with either positive or
negative attributes. How did the children demonstrate that they were better able to recall information
consistent with their schemas?
a. The children remembered more stories in which the light-complexioned characters had
positive attributes and the dark-complexioned characters had negative attributes.
b. The children remembered more stories in which the light-complexioned characters had
negative attributes and the dark-complexioned characters had positive attributes.
c. The children preferred stories in which the light-complexioned characters had positive
attributes and the dark-complexioned characters had negative attributes.
d. The children preferred stories in which the light-complexioned characters had negative
attributes and the dark-complexioned characters had positive attributes.
e. The children were able to remember all stories equally well, regardless of the attributes
assigned to the characters.
NOT: WWW
71. According to constructionist theory:

a. memories are never accurate reflections of events.
b. memories are more like realistic paintings than impressionist paintings.
c. memories are carbon copies of reality.
d. memory is better when and event or information is consistent with one's set of beliefs.
e. memories are accurate, but, like cameras, they have a point of view.
72. Flashbulb memories are __________ other long-term memories.

a. less vivid and less accurate than
b. more vivid and more accurate than
c. more vivid and about as accurate as
d. less vivid and about as accurate as
e. more vivid and less accurate than
73. Regarding eyewitness testimony, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Eyewitness testimony is often flawed and full of errors.
b. Eyewitnesses are more likely to make mistakes when identifying members of a race other
than their own.
c. The more confidently an eyewitness expresses his/her testimony, the much higher the
accuracy of the person’s testimony is likely to be.
d. People who take longer to answer questions in giving testimony are less likely to be
accurate than those who respond quickly.
e. Highly attractive or highly unattractive faces are more likely to be accurately identified
than faces of average attractiveness.
OBJ: 6-Evaluate the reliability of eyewitness testimony. TOP: MOD: 6.1
KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: factual
74. ________ occurs when eyewitnesses are given incorrect data during the retention interval of memory.
a. The serial position effect
b. Proactive interference
c. The primacy effect
d. Retroactive interference
e. The misinformation effect
KEY: Identify | Evaluate/Explain MSC: factual
75. All EXCEPT which of the following factors influence the reliability of eyewitness testimony?
a. Ease of recall
b. Degree of confidence
c. Degree of emotion the event aroused
d. General knowledge about a subject
e. Types of questions asked
76. Elizabeth Loftus had subjects view a film of a car accident involving a stop sign. One group was
misinformed and told that the sign was a yield sign. Later, when both groups were asked to describe
what they saw, the misinformed group:
a. was less reliable and more likely to say they saw a yield sign.
b. was more reliable, recalling many more correct details about the accident.
c. was less confident in their ability to recall what they saw.
d. were more confident in their memory of what they saw.
e. was less reliable, recalling many additional false "facts" about the accident.
77. Five friends witnessed a store robbery. Who is likely to be the most accurate eyewitness?
a. Pia, who is the only one of the five of a different race than the perpetrator
b. Ben, who answers the police's questions after taking a long time to think about each one
c. Celia, who used to work in a store similar to the clothing store that was robbed
d. Anthony, who is the only one of the five being asked suggestive questions by the rookie
policeman
e. Valerie, who is the only one of the five who considered the perpetrator to be just
average-looking
KEY: Apply | Evaluate/Explain MSC: apply NOT: WWW
78. In investigative questioning, how do leading questions and open-ended questions compare?
a. Open-ended questions lead to more accuracy but fewer details than leading questions.
b. Open-ended questions lead to more accuracy and more details than leading questions.
c. Leading questions lead to more accuracy but fewer details than open-ended questions.
d. Leading questions lead to more accuracy and more details than open-ended questions.
e. Both types of questions lead equally to many details, but little accuracy.
79. Which of the following calls into question the credibility of recovered memories of childhood abuse?
a. Research showing that false memories can be created under experimental conditions.
b. Research showing that people who claim to be abuse victims tend to be dishonest.
c. Research showing that hypnosis always heightens suggestibility to false memories.
d. Research showing that the misinformation effect played a key role in several cases of false
allegations.
e. Lack of documentation that the memories were of a horrific nature.
OBJ: 7-Explain why the concept of recovered memory is controversial.
80. What can we conclude about the validity of long-repressed memories of childhood abuse?
a. They are usually false memories.
b. It's not possible to tell which ones are true and which ones are false.
c. The ones that are uncovered under hypnosis are likely to be true.
d. They are mostly false because childhood sexual abuse is not that common.
e. They are probably true because those who are abused in childhood are apt to totally
repress what happened to them.
NOT: WWW
81. Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse are controversial because of all EXCEPT which of the
following reasons?
a. Techniques used to recover these memories may actually foster false memories.
b. Memories of childhood sexual abuse are never forgotten.
c. We lack means of differentiating true memories from false ones.
d. Even people who are sure of their memories may be subject to memory distortions.
e. False memories can be implanted in people’s minds.
82. Among theories of forgetting, decay theory is also known as:

a. retrieval theory.
b. savings theory.
c. trace theory.
d. fading theory.
e. constructionist theory.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Forgetting
OBJ: 8-Identify and describe the major theories and factors in forgetting.
83. The idea that memory gradually disintegrates over time is the basis of:
a. decay theory.
b. interference theory.
c. retrieval theory.
d. encoding specificity.
e. disintegration theory.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Forgetting
84. One of Ebbinghaus’s innovations was using ________ as study material for testing memory.
a. common words
b. numbers
c. foreign words
d. nonsense syllables
e. symbols
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Forgetting
85. The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve suggests that forgetting:

a. occurs slowly at first and then speeds up.
b. occurs uniformly over time.
c. occurs quickly at first and then slows down.
d. does not occur until at least 24 hours have passed.
e. is complete within the first few hours.
86. In his studies of memory, Ebbinghaus found that ________ of the information was lost by the end of
the first day after studying and that ________ of the information was lost after a month had passed.
a. 22 percent; 66 percent
b. 33 percent; 66 percent
c. 33 percent; 80 percent
d. 66 percent; 80 percent
e. 66 percent; 99 percent
87. Herman counts the number of times it takes to rehearse a list of nonsense syllables in order to
memorize it. Next, he counts the number of times it takes to relearn the list after a month has passed.
Herman then calculates the difference between these numbers of times and determines the percentage
gain he made between the two efforts at memorization. Herman uses this figure as a measure of
memory retention. This process describes which of the following techniques?
a. Savings method
b. Method of loci
c. Peg word system
d. Massed practice
e. Encoding specificity
88. Jeffrey crams for all of his exams. In scientific terms, Jeffrey's approach to memorization is called:
a. spaced practice.
b. distributed practice.
c. massed practice.
d. delayed practice.
e. overlearning.
TOP: MOD: 6.2 KEY: Apply | Identify MSC: applied
NOT: WWW
89. Experts suggest that college students should distribute their study sessions throughout the semester
rather than preparing for exams by cramming. This means that college students should use which
approach to memorization?
a. Spaced practice
b. Massed practice
c. Distributed learning
d. Delayed practice
e. Overlearning
TOP: MOD: 6.2 KEY: Apply | Identify MSC: applied
90. When it comes to retention, in general:

a. spaced practice is superior to massed practice.
b. massed practice is superior to spaced practice.
c. spaced practice is superior to massed practice for short intervals only.
d. spaced practice is superior to massed practice for long intervals only.
e. massed practice is superior to spaced practice for short intervals only.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Forgetting TOP: MOD: 6.2
KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: conceptual
91. Interference theory explains forgetting in terms of:

a. inadequate retrieval cues.
b. lack of practice.
c. similarity of events.
d. encoding failure.
e. mental fatigue.
92. Proactive interference occurs when:

a. older memories interfere with newer memories.
b. newer memories interfere with older memories.
c. more frequently experienced events interfere with less frequently experienced events.
d. less frequently experienced events interfere with more frequently experienced events.
e. items in the middle of a list interfere with memorizing the first and last items.
93. While Althea was filling out a job application, memory of her current address prevented her from
accurately remembering her previous address. This is an example of:
a. retrograde amnesia.
b. anterograde amnesia.
c. retroactive interference.
d. proactive interference.
e. the serial position effect.
94. Wendy's forgetting was due to proactive interference when she:

a. remembered what her scores were on the SATs that she took the year before, but not what
her scores were on the PSATs that she took two years earlier.
b. recalled the names of the winners on her favorite reality show for the past two seasons but
not the earlier ones.
c. couldn’t remember a new friend's cell phone number because she kept confusing it with an
old friend's cell phone number.
d. failed to remember her appointment with the dentist because unconsciously she wanted to
miss it.
e. remembered the first and last items on her “to do” list, but not the one in the middle.
95. To avoid interference effects on memory, your text recommends all EXCEPT which of the following?
a. Study material directly before going to sleep.
b. Practice or rehearse fresh memories aloud.
c. Practice new memories beyond the point necessary to reproduce them without error.
d. Don’t schedule your classes one right after another.
e. Study material that is similar in content in back-to-back fashion.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Forgetting TOP: MOD: 6.2
KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: conceptual
96. Neville is memorizing parts of the brain for his psychology exam. Neville rehearses the information
over and over, well beyond the point where he can recognize and list all of the parts of the brain.
Which memory technique is Neville utilizing?
a. Eidetic imagery
b. Mnemonics
c. Distributed practice
d. Spaced practice
e. Overlearning
KEY: Apply | Identify MSC: applied
97. The serial position effect occurs when people:

a. remember the first things in a list the best.
b. remember the last things in a list the best.
c. remember the first and last things in a list the best.
d. have difficulty remembering the first and last things in a list.
e. remember things they learn first better than things they learn last.
98. "I can count to ten," says four-year-old Tiffany. "It goes like this: one, two, three, seven, six, nine,
ten." Tiffany's counting exemplifies the:
a. primacy effect.
b. recency effect.
c. serial position effect.
d. spaced practice effect.
e. alphabet effect.
NOT: WWW
99. In memory processes, the primacy effect refers to:

a. inferior memory for items at the beginning of a list.
b. inferior memory for items that were overlearned.
c. superior memory for items at the end of a list.
d. superior memory for items at the beginning of a list.
e. superior memory for items at both the beginning and the end of a list.
100. In memory, as time passes between learning and recall:

a. both the primacy effect and the recency effect weaken.
b. neither the primacy effect nor the recency effect weakens.
c. the primacy effect weakens, but not the recency effect.
d. the recency effect weakens, but not the primacy effect.
e. the recency effect becomes stronger and the primacy effect weakens.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Forgetting TOP: MOD: 6.2
101. When Louise told her friend about a book she had just read, she was able to provide a lot of details
about the last several pages. This demonstrates the:
a. spaced practice effect.
b. distributed practice effect.
c. primacy effect.
d. recency effect.
e. massed versus spaced practice effect.
102. Which theory of forgetting suggests that forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored memories?
a. Interference theory
b. Constructionist theory
c. Three-stage theory
d. Decay theory
e. Retrieval theory
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Forgetting
103. A group of students make a presentation on theories of forgetting. Which student was assigned
retrieval theory?
a. Apollo says, “Forgetting results from a failure to access stored memories, either from
encoding failure or from a lack of access cues.”
b. Bryan says, “Forgetting happens as a result of a psychological defense mechanism trying
to keep threatening material from entering consciousness.
c. Courtney says, “Forgetting happens as a result of amnesia caused by traumatic brain
injuries.”
d. Darla says, “Forgetting is a result of memory traces gradually fading out over time.”
e. Elena says, “Forgetting happens when memory is disrupted because of proactive or
retroactive interference.”
TOP: MOD: 6.2 KEY: Apply | Define/Describe MSC: apply
NOT: WWW
104. Encoding failure occurs when:

a. information to be retrieved never got into the brain.
b. old information interferes with newer information.
c. new information interferes with older encoded information.
d. retrieval encoding cues are missing.
e. information to be retrieved is just out of reach.
105. Many people cannot say whether the doorknob is on the left or right side of their front door. This is
most likely due to:
a. proactive interference.
b. retroactive interference.
c. retrograde amnesia.
d. encoding failure.
e. the serial position effect.
106. While taking her psychology exam, Edith is certain that she knows who developed the forgetting
curve. She remembers studying it, and she can get a vague picture of where the material is in her
textbook. Edith's certainty that she knows something, combined with her inability to recall it, is called:
a. dissociative amnesia.
b. proactive interference.
d. the serial position effect.
e. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
107. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon?
a. The phenomenon is relatively rare, occurring about twice a year to the average college
student.
b. Most TOTs involve common nouns, such as people's names.
c. Only a small percentage of TOTs are successfully resolved.
d. TOTs tend to decrease in later life.
e. TOT memories that are not retrieved within 10 minutes are not likely to be retrieved at all.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Forgetting TOP: MOD: 6.2
108. Motivated forgetting is another name for:

a. repression.
b. regression.
d. anterograde amnesia.
e. childhood amnesia.
109. According to Freud, we repress certain things because:

a. information deteriorates and fades away over time.
b. the forgotten material is too anxiety-provoking.
c. that which was forgotten bore too much similarity to events that were remembered.
d. we never encoded them into our memory in the first place.
e. they are too inconsequential and ordinary to remember.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Forgetting
NOT: WWW
110. Which student is taking a test that is a recognition task?

a. Elaine, who takes an exam in her Spanish class in which she is presented with a word in
English and then must write the Spanish equivalent
b. Erin, who takes an oral exam in her astronomy class in which she must list the planets in
order
c. Melissa, who takes a multiple-choice exam in her geography class and needs to pick the
capital city out of four
d. Sharon, who takes an essay exam in her history class in which she must discuss four
factors influencing the outcome of the Vietnam War
e. Quincy, whose biology teacher shows the class a video of a dissected rat and asks them to
name the parts of the body that she is pointing out
OBJ: 9-Identify and describe methods of measuring memory. TOP: MOD: 6.2
111. In general, which type of memory task produces better retrieval?

a. Serial recall
b. Paired-associates recall
c. Free recall
d. Recall
e. Recognition
112. In a free recall task, an individual is asked to:

a. recall as much information as possible about a particular topic in any order.
b. recall a series of items or numbers in a particular order.
c. recall pairs of items that had been previously memorized.
d. select the correct answer from a range of alternatives.
e. reproduce information that has been previously committed to memory.
113. Jessica is participating in an experiment on memory. She has been asked to memorize a long list of
word pairs. Once she has mastered the list, she will be asked a series of questions about which words
were paired with each other. This is an example of a ________ test of memory.
a. free recall
b. serial recall task
c. paired-associates recall
d. recognition task
e. time savings task
114. Most people consider recognition tasks to be easier than recall tasks, possibly because:
a. recall tests require us to retrieve more information than do recognition tasks.
b. recognition tasks provide more retrieval cues than do recall tasks.
c. serial recall tasks provide hints that can be used in recognition tasks.
d. recognition tasks help us focus on appropriate areas of memory storage.
e. answers for one question may be found in the choices of another question.
115. Why do students generally perform better on multiple-choice tests than on essay tests?
a. Multiple-choice tests provide more retrieval cues.
b. Multiple-choice tests encourage better memory consolidation.
c. Multiple-choice tests have higher long-term potentiation.
d. Multiple-choice tests have less retroactive interference.
e. Multiple-choice tests have less proactive interference.
NOT: WWW
116. Retrograde amnesia is:
a. the loss of memory of past events
b. amnesia that results from psychological causes.
c. an inability to form new memories.
d. amnesia for events that happened as a young chilld, generally before years old.
e. a loss of ability to perform mechanical tasks.
OBJ: 10-Describe the two major types of amnesia. TOP: MOD: 6.2
117. Retrograde amnesia is to anterograde amnesia as ________ is to ________.

a. ordinary memory; traumatic memory
b. childhood; old age
c. old age; childhood
d. loss of old memories; inability to form new memories
e. inability to form new memories; loss of old memories
KEY: Define/Describe MSC: conceptual NOT: WWW
118. In anterograde amnesia:

a. there is an inability to form new long-term memories.
b. there is an inability to retrieve old long-term memories.
c. new information interferes with old.
d. old information interferes with new.
e. there is an inability to remember old or new information.
119. Pedro has suffered a head injury that causes him to have no memory of the events preceding the injury.
He is suffering from:
c. childhood amnesia.
d. retroactive interference.
e. dissociative amnesia.
120. Ella has suffered a head injury. She is no longer able to form new long-term memories. She is
suffering from:
c. proactive interference.
d. dissociative amnesia.
e. childhood amnesia.
121. During the war in Iraq, Max saw his best friend killed during an enemy attack. Max felt that he was
partially responsible for his friend’s death, and he has a great deal of guilt. Subsequently, Max has
perfect recall of his war experience, except for his friend’s death. Max’s psychologically caused
amnesia is referred to as:
a. dissociative amnesia.
b. retrograde amnesia.
c. reactive amnesia.
d. anterograde amnesia.
e. repressive amnesia.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Forgetting TOP: MOD: 6.2
122. When asked about her earliest memory, Norma Jean says, "I can't remember anything before
kindergarten. I remember being in the Christmas play at school." Norma Jean's inability to recall
earlier events in her life is best described as which kind of amnesia?
a. Infantile
b. Retrograde
c. Anterograde
d. Dissociative
e. Childhood
123. The overall outcome of Lashley’s search for the engram was the:
a. discovery of different engrams for different sorts of memories.
b. realization that memories are not stored in any specific brain structure.
c. discovery of a single engram for various sorts of memories.
d. localization of engrams in the hippocampus.
e. confirmation that memories are housed in the cerebral cortex.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Biology of Memory
124. ________ are memory circuits in the brain that consist of complicated networks of nerve cells.
a. Engrams
b. Retrieval cues
c. Memory schemas
d. Semantic networks
e. Neuronal networks
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: The Biology of Memory
OBJ: 11-Identify key brain structures involved in memory and explain the roles of neuronal networks
and long-term potentiating. TOP: MOD: 6.3 KEY: Identify
MSC: factual NOT: WWW
125. Regarding ideas about where memories are stored, the current belief is that:
a. engrams do exist in the way Lashley believed.
b. long-term memories are stored in the amygdala.
c. engrams exist but currently available technology does not permit identifying them.
d. memories are stored in neuronal networks rather than individual cells.
e. the engram is housed in the brainstem.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Biology of Memory
and long-term potentiating. TOP: MOD: 6.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
MSC: factual
126. The conversion of short-term memory into long-term declarative memory most likely involves the:
a. hypothalamus.
b. hippocampus.
c. thalamus.
d. medulla.
e. amygdala.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Biology of Memory
MSC: factual
127. Regarding the role of the hippocampus in memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. The hippocampus serves as a temporary storage bin for holding new memories before they
are transferred to other parts of the brain for long-term storage.
b. The hippocampus plays a role in converting newly learned facts into long-term memory.
c. The hippocampus plays a role in converting daily experiences into long-term memory.
d. The hippocampus does not play a role in procedural memory.
e. The hippocampus is the final destination for new memories.
MSC: factual
128. Which brain structure plays an important role in encoding fear and anger?
a. Amygdala
b. Hippocampus
c. Hypothalamus
d. Cortex
e. Brainstem
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Biology of Memory
MSC: factual
129. Where memory is concerned, the hippocampus:

a. is involved with processing procedural memories, but not dispositional information.
b. is involved with processing emotional memories, but not memories of factual information.
c. is involved with processing memories of factual information, but not emotional memories.
d. is involved with processing long-term memories, but not memories of intermediate
duration.
e. is involved with processing semantic and episodic memories, but not procedural
memories.
MSC: factual
130. In his research on memory, Kandel demonstrated that:

a. memory power can be boosted through the use of mnemonics.
b. damage to the hippocampus can prevent the formation of new memories.
c. memories are stored in complex networks of interconnected brain cells called neuronal
networks.
d. manipulation of particular genes can enhance learning and memory, producing "smart"
organisms.
e. memory formation involves biochemical changes occurring at the synaptic level.
MSC: factual
131. Kandel found that the amount of neurotransmitter released into synapses involved in the gill
withdrawal reflex ________ as the animal learned the conditioned response.
a. increased
b. decreased
c. increased at first, and then decreased
d. decreased at first, and then increased
e. stayed the same
MSC: factual
132. Cells that “fire together, wire together.” This saying best captures the concept of:
a. memory consolidation.
b. amnesia.
c. repression.
d. long-term potentiation.
e. overlearning.
MSC: conceptual NOT: WWW
133. The strengthening of synaptic connections by repeated electrical stimulation is known as:
a. long-term potentiation.
b. short-term potentiation.
c. spreading activation.
d. functional potentiation.
e. long-term consolidation.
134. Long-term potentiation involves __________.

a. the creation of new neural circuits in the thalamus
b. the encoding of a fear response in the amygdala
c. a long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic connections
d. the creation of neuronal networks in the cerebellum
e. a relatively temporary memory created in the hippocampus
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Biology of Memory
135. Many researchers believe that memory conversion of short-term memory into long-term memory
requires:
a. the creation of new neurons.
b. the creation of new synapses.
c. the development of new neurotransmitters.
d. long-term potentiation.
e. weakening neuronal networks.
MSC: factual
136. The major role of genes in memory may be their ability to control:
a. the development of new neurons.
b. which neurons die.
c. the production of proteins.
d. which experiences are encoded.
e. synaptic connections.
OBJ: 12-Describe the genetic bases of memory. TOP: MOD: 6.3
137. Advances in genetic engineering show that it is possible to:

a. enhance learning and memory ability in nonhuman organisms.
b. erase specific memories from the brain.
c. graft parts of the brain from one organism into another to share memories.
d. breed animals that perform as well as humans on memory tests.
e. increase memory functioning in humans.
KEY: Define/Describe MSC: conceptual NOT: WWW
138. By manipulating a particular gene in fruit flies, scientists have been able to:
a. implant memories from other flies.
b. erase specific memories from the brain.
c. breed a super fly that never forgets.
d. enhance learning and memory ability.
e. prevent flies from acquiring any new memories.
139. Which of the following statements best describes the benefits of research on the genetic bases of
memory?
a. Presently available drugs show benefits in boosting human memory.
b. Understanding the genetic basis of memory has led to development of drugs to boost
memory in both Alzheimer’s patients and normal individuals.
c. Scientists can prevent Alzheimer’s disease in some cases through genetic manipulation of
particular genes.
d. Scientists have identified specific proteins regulated by so-called memory genes that can
be synthesized to improve human memory.
e. No drugs or supplements are yet available that have been shown to enhance memory in
normal individuals.
140. A device for improving memory is a(n):

a. mnemonic.
b. engram.
c. consolidator.
d. retrograde recaller.
e. neuronal network.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Powering Up Your Memory
141. In her yoga teacher training, Reissa uses “Roy G. Biv” to memorize the colors associated with the
seven chakras. Which memory technique is Reissa utilizing?
a. First-letter system
b. Overlearning
c. Acrostic
d. Chunking
e. Acronym
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Powering Up Your Memory
OBJ: 13-Apply your knowledge of how memory works to powering up your memory.
142. To make your studying more productive, your text suggests all EXCEPT which of the following?
a. Eat a large meal before sitting down to study in order to avoid distractions from hunger.
b. Place yourself in an area conducive to studying and free of distractions.
c. Space your study sessions rather than cramming lots of studying into one period.
d. Form a mental image of yourself performing the intended action.
e. Adopt a healthy diet, regular sleep schedule, and regular exercise regimen.
143. To learn the EGBDF musical scale, Rybeccah uses the saying “Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge.”
Which mnemonic technique is Rybeccah using?
a. Acrostic
b. Acronym
c. Elaborative rehearsal
d. Overlearning
e. Chunking
TOP: MOD: 6.4 KEY: Apply MSC: applied NOT: WWW
144. Phillip’s doctor has recommended that Phillip take his medication early in the mornings. Phillip is
having trouble remembering to take his blood pressure medication in the mornings when he wakes up.
Sometimes he doesn’t remember to take his medication all day, and thus misses a dose. One approach
Phillip might take to improving his memory for this task is to:
a. develop a mental image that represents his taking the medication.
b. create an acronym to help him remember the medication.
c. pay more attention to his daily activities.
d. devise a rhyme that reminds him to take the medication in the morning.
e. link this task to an external time-based cue, such as having breakfast.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Powering Up Your Memory
145. Loraine is planning to spend most of her time studying for a physiology class this semester. As a
result, she knows that she will have little time to study for her psychology class. She is planning to
make up for her limited study time by cramming all night for her psychology exams. Loraine should
be told that:
a. spaced practice is more effective at boosting retention than massed practice.
b. she should choose an interesting playlist for her iPod while she studies psychology.
c. chunking may be an effective approach to learning large amounts of information.
d. she should rely heavily on visual cues and visual imagery to make learning occur faster.
e. she needs to embed the psychological information in easily remembered rhymes.
ESSAY
1. What are the factors involved in the reliability of eyewitness testimony?
ANS:
The factors involved in the reliability of eyewitness testimony include ease of recall, degree of
confidence, general knowledge about a subject, racial identification, types of questions, and facial
characteristics. Regarding ease of recall, people who take longer to answer questions in giving
testimony are less likely to be accurate in their recall than those who respond without hesitation.
Also, people who quickly identify perpetrators from a lineup tend to be more accurate than those who
take longer. The eyewitness’s degree of confidence also plays a role. Whereas courtroom expressions
of confidence in memory are not clearly associated with better accuracy, juries tend to be swayed by
people who are more confident in their accusations. General knowledge is a third factor.
Those who know more about a subject, such as the model and make of cars, are more likely to be
accurate when describing a vehicle than a person who knows little about cars. Racial identification is
a fourth factor that influences eyewitness testimony, as people tend to recognize faces of people of
their own race better than people of other races. The types of questions being asked of the witness
also play a role in the reliability of testimony. Open ended questions increase accuracy, e.g., “What did
you see?” as opposed to leading questions, “Did you see a man with brown hair?,” which tend to result
in misidentification of perpetrators. Finally, facial characteristics can influence the accuracy of
eyewitness testimony. Faces with more distinctive features, including those who are highly attractive
or highly unattractive, are more likely to be accurately identified than less distinctive faces.
PTS: 1 REF: Remembering TOP: MOD: 6.1
2. Summarize the three-stage model of memory.
ANS:
The three-stage model of memory consists of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term
memory. The initial stage in memory is called sensory memory. At this stage, information is very
briefly (probably for less than one second) stored in a specific sensory register. For vision, this storage
is called an icon, and in hearing, this storage is called an echo. Information may then pass on to
short-term memory. Here, information is maintained for about 30 seconds. The capacity of STM is
about seven chunks. Rehearsal serves to keep information in STM for longer periods of time. An
alternative term for STM is working memory, which better captures the active nature of this stage. The
final stage is called long-term memory. This is the relatively permanent and infinite warehouse of
memory, which consists of declarative (knowing that and knowing what) and procedural (knowing
how) memory.
PTS: 1 REF: Remembering TOP: MOD: 6.1
3. Describe three theories of forgetting.
ANS:
An early view of forgetting was decay theory. Based on work by Hermann Ebbinghaus, this theory
suggests that forgetting reflects the gradual deterioration of memory traces over time. Ebbinghaus's
research showed that forgetting is rapid at first but declines more gradually over time. Decay theory
effectively explains memory loss with the passage of time but fails to indicate how other factors
influence forgetting. Interference theory suggests that forgetting is the result of the interference of
memories with each other. For example, proactive interference occurs when previously learned
information interferes with more recently learned information. Retroactive interference occurs when
more recent information interferes with previously learned information.
Interference helps explain the serial position effect and primacy and recency effects. The serial
position effect occurs when the first and last information in a list is remembered better than
information in the middle of the list. Enhanced recall of the first information is called the primacy
effect, whereas enhanced recall of the last information is called the recency effect. Another
perspective is retrieval theory, which suggests that forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored
memories. This can occur through encoding failure or from lack of retrieval cues. This theory helps
explain the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, in which people are certain they know something but
cannot seem to bring it to mind.
PTS: 1 REF: Forgetting TOP: MOD: 6.2
4. Explain some of the biological components of memory.
ANS:
Test Bank for Psychology: Concepts and Applications, 4th Edition: Jeffrey S. Nevid
Several brain structures have been implicated in memory processes. The hippocampus may be
essential for consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory, acting as a temporary
storage bin for new semantic and episodic memories before they are filed away in the cerebral cortex
and other parts of the brain for long term storage.. The amygdala appears to be important in processing
memories with an emotional component. The thalamus also plays a role in memory, although its exact
role is unclear, when damaged amnesia can result. There are also synaptic changes associated with
memory. Conditioning of reflexes in a sea snail results in increased release of neurotransmitter in the
synapses controlling the reflex. Rehearsing information or strengthening new memories by elaborating
on the meaning may result in a long-term increase in the strength of those synapses known as
long-term potentiation. It is believed that this process may be essential for long term memory to occur.
Finally, there is evidence of a strong genetic influence on memory. Consolidation requires the
production of certain proteins, which is controlled by certain genes. Genetic engineering research has
produced fruit flies and mice that have enhanced memory processes.
PTS: 1 REF: The Biology of Memory TOP: MOD: 6.3
5. Summarize some of the more commonly used mnemonics.
ANS:
A mnemonic is a strategy for improving memory. An acronym is a word composed of the first letters
of a series of words. For example, the military sometimes uses the acronym SNAFU (situation normal,
all fouled-up). An acrostic is a verse or saying in which the letters of each word stand for something
else. For example, the eight planets in the solar system (and the order of their positions beginning with
least distant from the sun) can be remembered using "Mary's violet eyes make John stay up nights."
(Before August 24, 2006, when Pluto lost its status as a planet, "nights" was followed by
"permanently." If a planet's designation as such can change, perhaps John's sleeplessness will not be
permanent either.) Popular sayings and rhymes can also be used ("i" before "e" except after "c," or
when sounded as "a" as in neighbor or weigh). Visual cues and visual imagery can also be used (e.g.,
to remember Bill Smith's name, picture a blacksmith with a duck-shaped bill while saying his name).
Chunking is suggested for the memorization of numbers.
PTS: 1 REF: Powering Up Your Memory TOP: MOD: 6.4
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1. ________ is the system by which we retain information and bring it to mind.

3. What is the order of processing in memory?

4. Memory encoding that is based on meaning is called:

7. In memory encoding, mental picture is to ________ as meaning is to ________.

8. The best memory usually results from which type of encoding?

9. A retrieval cue is:

11. The encoding specificity principle suggests that things:

14. When did Kenny experience the state-dependent memory effect?

16. The storage device of sensory memory is called the:

18. Iconic memory is a type of:

20. Regarding eidetic imagery, which of the following statements is FALSE?

22. Regarding short-term memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

23. Short-term memory relies primarily on:

25. The "Magic 7" refers to the:

27. Maintenance rehearsal is:

35. Sleep is important for which memory process?

36. Compared to short-term memory, long-term memory relies:

40. In contrast to maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal involves:

45. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Tim Berners-Lee?

47. The levels-of-processing theory explains the:

49. Which of the following is TRUE, according to the levels-of-processing theory?

50. Procedural memory is to ________ as declarative memory is to ________.

51. Regarding declarative memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

52. Declarative memory is also known as:

53. Which of the following best describes retrospective memory?

54. Another name for episodic memory is:

57. Regarding episodic memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

59. Cynthia's retrospective memory was displayed when she recalled:

62. June recalled a procedural memory when she remembered:

63. Implicit memory is a form of:

71. According to constructionist theory:

72. Flashbulb memories are __________ other long-term memories.

73. Regarding eyewitness testimony, which of the following statements is FALSE?

82. Among theories of forgetting, decay theory is also known as:

85. The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve suggests that forgetting:

90. When it comes to retention, in general:

91. Interference theory explains forgetting in terms of:

92. Proactive interference occurs when:

94. Wendy's forgetting was due to proactive interference when she:

97. The serial position effect occurs when people:

99. In memory processes, the primacy effect refers to:

100. In memory, as time passes between learning and recall:

104. Encoding failure occurs when:

108. Motivated forgetting is another name for:

109. According to Freud, we repress certain things because:

110. Which student is taking a test that is a recognition task?

111. In general, which type of memory task produces better retrieval?

112. In a free recall task, an individual is asked to:

117. Retrograde amnesia is to anterograde amnesia as ________ is to ________.

118. In anterograde amnesia:

129. Where memory is concerned, the hippocampus:

130. In his research on memory, Kandel demonstrated that:

134. Long-term potentiation involves __________.

137. Advances in genetic engineering show that it is possible to:

140. A device for improving memory is a(n):

1. What are the factors involved in the reliability of eyewitness testimony?

2. Summarize the three-stage model of memory.

PTS: 1 REF: Remembering TOP: MOD: 6.1

3. Describe three theories of forgetting.

7. In memory encoding, mental picture is to as meaning is to .

50. Procedural memory is to as declarative memory is to .

117. Retrograde amnesia is to anterograde amnesia as is to .