Test Bank for Sensation and Perception, 9th Edition : Goldstein

Test Bank for Sensation and Perception, 9th Edition :

Goldstein

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Test Bank—Chapter 6: Visual Attention

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ________ described attention as “the taking possession of the mind, in clear and vivid form,
of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought.”
a. Hemlholtz c. James
b. Posner d. Rensink
ANS: C REF: Visual Attention MSC: Factual

2. One aspect of the visual system that helps us select specific information from the environment
for processing is
a. the optic nerve.
b. the concentration of cones in the fovea.
c. the blind spot.
d. the prevalence of amacrine cells in the peripheral retina.
ANS: B REF: Visual Attention MSC: Conceptual

3. Vaco is playing basketball, and does a “no-look” pass to a teammate. This demonstrates the
idea that attention
a. is solely the result of eye movements. c. may not occur even if we are looking
straight at an object.
b. can occur without directly looking at d. is due to the functioning of the rods.
the object.
ANS: B REF: Scanning a Scene MSC: Applied

4. The eye movements that occur as the observer shifts his/her gaze from one part of the visual
scene to another are called
a. pursuit eye movements. c. saccades.
b. magnified eye movements. d. aperatures.
ANS: C REF: Scanning a Scene MSC: Factual

5. When a person scans a visual scene, he/she usually makes about ____ fixation(s) per second.
a. one c. nine
b. three d. twelve
ANS: B REF: Scanning a Scene MSC: Factual

6. Kelly is participating in an attention study. She is asked to fixate on a cross in the middle of
the screen and watch for a word to appear in place of the cross. When the word appears she is
using ______ attention to perceive it.
a. indirect c. covert
b. overt d. focused
ANS: B REF: Scanning a Scene MSC: Applied

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 7. People tend to fixate first on high contrast or unique (relative to the surrounding area) points
in a visual scene. This is a result of __________ and is a ___________ process.
a. stimulus salience; top-down c. the spotlight effect; top-down
b. stimulus salience; bottom-up d. the spotlight effect; bi-directional
ANS: B REF: Stimulus Salience MSC: Conceptual

8. Parkhurst et al. (2002) showed that observers make initial fixations in a visual scene based on
a. stimulus saliency. c. stimulus schema.
b. meaningfulness. d. scotopic representations.
ANS: A REF: Stimulus Salience MSC: Factual

9. _________ can be generated based on saliency principles and used to predict early fixations in
a scene.
a. Contrast maps c. Interest point files
b. Salience decoders d. Saliency maps
ANS: D REF: Stimulus Salience MSC: Conceptual

10. Larissa looks at a still picture of a football game. She uses her knowledge of football to look
at the quarterback first, then the running backs, then the wide receivers, then the linebackers.
This is an example of using ________ to guide attention.
a. saliency maps c. knowledge
b. retinotopic maps d. the cue approach
ANS: C REF: Selection Based on Cognitive Factors
MSC: Applied

11. Nicki walks into her friend’s bathroom and sees a blender next to the sink. She spends more
time looking at that blender than she would have spent looking at a soap dispenser in the same
position. Her increased gaze is a reflection of a ________ in action.
a. saliency map c. task demand
b. scene schema d. mismatch effect
ANS: B REF: Selection Based on Cognitive Factors
MSC: Applied

12. “Learning from past experience” as a factor involved in attention was demonstrated by
Shinoda et al. (2001), who showed that drivers are more likely to detect stop signs when they
were positioned
a. at the middle of a block.
b. 75 feet from the intersection.
c. at the intersection.
d. all of these locations were equally detected.
ANS: C REF: Selection Based on Cognitive Factors
MSC: Conceptual

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13. Land and Hayhoe (2001) found that _________ are most important in determining fixations
when a person makes a peanut butter sandwich.
a. the stimulus colors c. the stimulus orientations
b. the stimulus contrast levels d. the task demands
ANS: D REF: Task Demands MSC: Factual

14. Posner’s precueing studies demonstrated that attention

a. increases the color perception of objects.
b. can spread through objects.
c. eliminates change blindness.
d. increases the efficiency of information processing.
ANS: D REF: Speeding Responding to Locations MSC: Conceptual

15. Egly et al. (1994) showed that precueing increases the efficiency of information processing
a. only when the cue is in the same position as the target.
b. when the cue appears in the same rectangle as the target stimulus.
c. when a cue is in a different rectangle than the target stimulus.
d. only when the cue is the same color as the target stimulus.
ANS: B REF: Speeding Responding to Objects MSC: Factual

16. The finding that attention can spread within an object, thereby, enhancing detection at other
places within the object is referred to as
a. spreading activation. c. same-object advantage.
b. location invariance. d. spatial drift.
ANS: C REF: Speeding Responding to Objects MSC: Conceptual

17. The spreading enhancement effect of attention can help us perceive

a. occluded objects. c. grating stimuli.
b. the oblique effect. d. illusory conjunctions.
ANS: A REF: Speeding Responding to Objects MSC: Conceptual

18. The important finding of Carrasco et al.’s (2004) research was that
a. two physically identical gratings will always be perceived the same.
b. the attended-to grating is perceived to have a higher contrast than another, identical
grating.
c. the attended-to grating is perceived to have a lower contrast than another, identical
grating.
d. the attended-to grating is perceived to have a higher contrast when compared to a
non-identical grating.
ANS: B REF: Attention can Influence Appearance
MSC: Conceptual

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19. When presented with superimposed images of a house and a face, Mack is asked to focus on
the house. This attentional “focus” results in
a. increased activity in the FFA.
b. increased activity in the MT.
c. increased activity in the PPA.
d. similar activation changes in the FFA and PPA.
ANS: C REF: Attention Increases Response of Brain Areas
MSC: Applied

20. In an fMRI study by Datta and DeYoe (2009), participants covertly shifted their attention
within a display. This shifting of attention resulted in the activation of
a. the same brain regions because the participant’s eyes were not moving.
b. the same brain regions because the participant was engaging attention.
c. different brain regions because the participant was attending to different locations.
d. different brain regions because the participant’s eyes were moving.
ANS: C REF: Attention Increases Response at Specific Locations
MSC: Applied

21. Based on fMRI data from covert shifts of attention, Datta and DeYoe (2009) developed
______. These tools predicted convert attention to a location with ____% accuracy.
a. attention maps; 100 c. voxel maps; 95
b. saliency maps; 80 d. heat maps; 90
ANS: A REF: Attention Increases Response at Specific Locations
MSC: Factual

22. A monkey attends to a stimulus left of fixation then to a stimulus right of fixation. If one were
recording MT neuronal activity, it would reveal that
a. the neuron preferentially responding to the left stimulus is inactive when attending
to the right stimulus.
b. the neuron preferentially responding to the left stimulus is unaffected by attention
to the right stimulus.
c. the receptive field associated with the neuron responding to the left stimulus
shrinks when attention shifts to the right stimulus.
d. the receptive field associated with the neuron responding to the left stimulus shifts
right when attention shifts to the right stimulus.
ANS: D REF: Attention Shifts Neuron’s Receptive Field
MSC: Conceptual

23. _____________ is when a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though the
person is looking directly at the stimulus.
a. Prosopagnosia c. The Lazarus effect
b. Inattentional blindness d. Balint’s Syndrome
ANS: B REF: What Happens when We don’t Attend?
MSC: Factual

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24. Simons and Chabris showed a video of students passing a basketball and asked participants to
count how many passes made. In the video, a person in a gorilla suit walked through the
basketball players for 5 seconds. Approximately how many of the participants reported seeing
the “gorilla”?
a. 100 c. 46
b. 77 d. 23
ANS: C REF: Inattentional Blindness MSC: Factual

25. The incidence of change blindness __________ when a cue is added to the scene that
indicates which part of the scene has changed.
a. increases
b. decreases
c. remains unchanged
d. can increase or decrease, depending on cue duration
ANS: B REF: Change Detection MSC: Factual

26. Levin and Simons showed a video of two women having a conversation. As the view switches
between the women, other things in the scene change. Which change was noticed by the
majority of the participants?
a. A scarf being present in one frame, but gone when the camera returns to her.
b. One woman whose hand position has changed from her chin to the table.
c. The plates on the table changing from red to white in different frames.
d. None of the changes were noticed by the majority of the participants
ANS: D REF: Change Detection MSC: Factual

27. When Levin and Simons alerted participants that changes in “body position or clothing”
would occur in a video of a conversation between two women, approximately ___ % of the
participants noticed the changes.
a. 90 c. 50
b. 75 d. 20
ANS: D REF: Change Detection MSC: Factual

28. When Levin and Simons did not tell participants that changes in “body position or clothing”
would occur in a video of a conversation between two women, approximately ___ % of the
participants noticed any change.
a. 85 c. 30
b. 55 d. 10
ANS: D REF: Change Detection MSC: Factual

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29. In the “I’m a Believer” scene at the end of the movie “Shrek,” the three blind mice are turned
into the horses in one frame, but the next time we see them, they are dancing on a piano as
mice. This is an example of __________, which can be a “real-life” example of _________ if
you do not notice the switch.
a. a contingency break; inattentional c. an attentional lapse; illusory
blindness contingency
b. a continuity error; change blindness d. a unity break; illusory sequencing
ANS: A REF: Change Detection MSC: Applied

30. In the ________ procedure participants attend to a central task, but also have to complete a
peripheral task.
a. figure-ground c. dual-task
b. task demand d. discrimination
ANS: C REF: Is Attention Necessary for Perceiving Scenes?
MSC: Factual

31. Which of the following is true regarding task-irrelevant stimuli?

a. They are least distracting when you are engaged in a difficult task.
b. They are least distracting when you are engaged in an easy task.
c. They are most likely to distract you when workload is high.
d. They are least likely to distract you when perceptual load is low.
ANS: A REF: Distracting Effect of Task-Irrelevant Stimuli
MSC: Conceptual

32. According to feature integration theory, the color, orientation, and other features of objects are
initially processed in the _________ stage of processing.
a. preattentive c. focused attention
b. postattentive d. tertiary
ANS: A REF: Feature Integration Theory MSC: Factual

33. Yasmen is walking in a mall and thinks she sees a man wearing a red dress. She takes a longer
look, and realizes she has seen a man in a suit walking next to a woman in a red dress. This is
a natural example of
a. disjunctive searches. c. scene statistics.
b. illusory conjunctions. d. illusory confusion.
ANS: B REF: Evidence Objects are Analyzed into Features
MSC: Applied

34. According to Treisman, the ______ stage is the “glue” that combines all the incoming
information about an object.
a. preattentive c. tertiary
b. focused attention d. compiling
ANS: B REF: Focused Attention Stage MSC: Conceptual

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35. Treisman and Schmidt prevented the focused attention stage from occurring by
a. presenting stimuli for 200 msec.
b. having observers focus attention on another task.
c. none of these; focused attention occurs automatically.
d. using rapid stimulus presentation and directing attention to another task.
ANS: D REF: Focused Attention Stage MSC: Factual

36. R.M., a patient with Balint’s syndrome, reported illusory conjunctions

a. only if the two stimuli were presented for less than 1 second.
b. only if the two stimuli were presented for less than 2 seconds.
c. if he was told to attend only to the first stimulus.
d. even if he was presented the two stimuli for 10 seconds.
ANS: D REF: Focused Attention Stage MSC: Factual

37. Shelby watches the movie “Slumdog Millionaire”. When Jamal is in the “hot seat” on the
game show “Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?,” Shelby looks at Jamal’s eyes. Shelby most
likely
a. has autism. c. has prosopagnosia.
b. does not have autism. d. does not have aphasia.
ANS: B REF: Attention in Autism MSC: Applied

38. Research comparing superior temporal sulcus (STS) activity between individuals with and
without symptoms of autism suggests that
a. both groups demonstrate similar c. those with autism are more likely to
behavior when viewing social anticipate an individual’s reactions
interactions. than those who do not have autism.
b. those without autism have more d. those without autism are more likely
saccades per second than those with than those with autism to read other
autism. people’s intentions.
ANS: D REF: Attention in Autism MSC: Conceptual

39. When an infant exhibits dishabituation, the researcher concludes that

a. the infant cannot tell the difference between the habituated stimulus and the new
stimulus.
b. the infant can tell the difference between the habituated stimulus and the new
stimulus.
c. the new stimulus causes emotional distress in the infant.
d. the habituated stimulus is more interesting than the new stimulus.
ANS: B REF: Method: Habituation MSC: Conceptual

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 40. The ability to perceive a rod as being continuous behind an occluding block
a. is innate.
b. is common in one-week-old infants.
c. can be accomplished by three-month-olds.
d. occurs only after sharp acuity is developed.
ANS: C REF: Development: Attention and Perceptual Completion
MSC: Factual

41. Johnson et al. (2004) presented moving occluded rods to 3-month-old infants,
and classifed the infants as “perceivers” or “nonperceivers” of a unified, occluded
rod. The main finding of the study was
a. perceivers and nonperceivers did not differ in eye movements.
b. perceivers and nonperceivers did not differ in VEP activity.
c. perceivers tended to make more horizontal eye movements.
d. perceivers tended to look at the stationary occluder.
ANS: C REF: Development: Attention and Perceptual Completion
MSC: Conceptual

ESSAY

1. Discuss the three factors involved in determining what we fixate on in a visual scene.

ANS: Answer not provided.

2. Describe Posner et al.’s (1978) precueing procedure, the classic results obtained using this
procedure, and the implications for attention theory.

ANS: Answer not provided.

3. (a) Define inattentional blindness.

(b) Describe the method and results of Simons and Chabris (1999) research on inattentional
blindness.

ANS: Answer not provided.

4. (a) Discuss the method and results of Rensink’s research on change blindness.
(b) What is the relationship between change blindness and continuity errors?
(c) Describe a specific example of a “continuity error”.

ANS: Answer not provided.

5. (a) Discuss how Treisman’s feature integration theory addresses the binding problem.
(b) What are illusory conjunctions, and why are they support for feature integration theory?

ANS: Answer not provided.

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6. Discuss the differences in attention between people who have autism and those who do not,
from behavioral and physiological perspectives.

ANS: Answer not provided.

7. (a) Describe the “occluded rod” paradigm.

(b) Describe what it revealed about the relationship between perceptual completion, motion
perception, attention, and scan paths in infants.

ANS: Answer not provided.

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Test Bank for Sensation and Perception, 9th Edition : Goldstein

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