CONTENTS

1. Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)

2. Culturally Responsive Pedagogy (CRP)

3. Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL)

DEVELOPMENTALLY
APPOPRIATE
PRACTICE
 DEVELOPMENTALLY
APPOPRIATE PRACTICE
Approach early childhood learners
Haspari, Ariati and Widiasari (2015) Learners
are the main role
Instructional media Pre-Operational Stage
 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
DEVELOPMENT
Ilfiandra (2011)
1. All domains of development are important
2. Follow well-documented sequences
3. Early experiences have profound effects; cumulative & delayed
4. Proceeds toward greater complexity
5. Children are active learners
6. Development and learning are the result of the interaction
7. Development can grow faster
8. Children learn in a variety of ways
9. Children develop best when they feel secure
 MISCONCEPTION OF
DAP
DAP is often rejected
1. There is only one right way to carry out DAP
2. Teachers teach minimally or not at all in DAP
classroom
3. Do not include academics
4. DAP can be achieved simply by acquiring
certain kinds of toys and materials
5. Uses no goals or objectives
6. The curriculum is child development
7. One of changing trends in education
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DAP
LEARNING PROCESS
Bredekamp dan Rosegrant (Ilfiandra, 2011)

1. Focus on facilitating children to

construct knowledge by themselves
2. Learning is a sustainable process
3. Learning activities take place through
projects, learning centres, and playing
4. Materials are concrete and relevant
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DAP
LEARNING PROCESS
5. Lesson plans are designed through observation
result and measurement
6. Supports students to find new challenges
7. Experience is opportunity to gain insight
8. Facilitates self-control and social
communication
9. Teacher facilitates verbal interaction
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DAP
LEARNING PROCESS
10. Teachers are fully involved in various inside
and outside activities.
11. People's ideas are needed for better
understanding of the learners
12. Tests and assessments to measure the
eligibility of learners to step forward
13. The system is flexible
THE IMPACTS OF DAP IN
LEARNING PROCESS
 POSITIVE NEGATIVE
DAP gives its own way to children Excessive expectation of
development parents will cause feeling of
failure to children
Self-Esteem grows through
meaningful learning Lack of essential experience
acquisition will violate the
children self-esteem
Environment and interactions
support the development of self- Easily depressed
control
 STRENGTHS AND
WEAKNESSES OF DAP
 STRENGHTS WEAKNESESS
Children is the primary role in the Learning process must be
learning process appropriate with child
development stage
Gives plenty opportunities for
children to explore Must be suitable to the
Learning media are adapted cognitive skill of students

Fun environment Limited to particular learning

Curiosity of the learners is material
developed through exploration,
experiment, and real experience
CULTURALLY
RESPONSIVE
PEDAGOGY
 DEFINITION
Culturally responsive pedagogy is the integration of
teaching process with the students' culture so that
the students can respect, appreciate, and can be
more responsive to the existing culture.
 BACKGROUND
Every student has different cultural
background.

Teacher uses these differences to

create harmony in learning interactions.
 PURPOSES
1. Students achieve academic success.
2. Students are able to develop and have cultural
competence.
3. Students build critical awareness (critical
consciousness) in their social life.
(Ladson-Billing, 1995)
 PRINCIPLES OF CRP
1. Culture is important
2. Knowledge is formed as part of social construction
3. Cultural inclusiveness
4. Academic achievement is not limited to the
intellectual dimension
5. Balance and cohesiveness between unity and
diversity
(Greer, et.al., 2009)
 CRP TEACHER
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Aware of socio-cultural
2. Having an affirmation of the diversity of students' backgrounds
3. Confidence in carrying out the duty
4. Understand how to construct and encourage students to develop
the knowledge
5. Knowing the students' lifestyles
6. Able to use the information about the students' lifestyles to
design meaningful learning
(Villegas and Lucas, 2002)
 HOW TO IMPLEMENT CRP
IN THE CLASSROOM
1. Know your students
2. Be aware of your personal biases
3. Transform the pedagogy and curriculum
4. Respect and reinforce students' culture
5. Involve family and community
 TEACHING
AT
THE RIGHT LEVEL
 DEFINITION
Pioneered by an Indian NGO, Pratham.
TaRL is an approach that focuses on teaching
students based on their level of competency
rather than their grades.

teachingattherightlevel.org
 BACKGROUND
It is believed that students in the same grade don't
have the same level of competency.

teachingattherightlevel.org
 PURPOSES
Teaching students based on the level of
competency.
Focusing on the students' basic skills.

teachingattherightlevel.org
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
TEACHERS
Able to understand the students' characteristics,
Able to design appropriate teaching modules /
lesson plans,
Participate actively in various TaRL training.

teachingattherightlevel.org
 HOW TO IMPLEMENT TARL
IN THE CLASSROOM
Create a safe learning environment
for the students,
Arrange the right curriculum and
make an evaluation of the child's
learning process and results.
Develop children's ability to take
responsibility and self-regulation.
teachingattherightlevel.org
 TARL IN KURIKULUM MERDEKA

Kurikulum Merdeka gives freedom to teachers in

teaching according to the abilities of their students.
THANK
YOU