AF12 Chapter 4 Solutions

Chapter 4 Trigonometry
Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills
Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 1 Page 200
a)
4 3
cos θ = , tan θ =
5 5 4
3
θ
4
b)
Using the CAST rule; sine and tangent are negative:

12 12
sin θ = ! , tan θ = 5!
13 5
θ
12
13
c)
Using the CAST rule; cosine and tangent are negative:

25
7 7 24
sin x = , cos x = !
x 25 25
24
d)
Using the CAST rule; cosine and sine are negative:

15 8
15 cos x = ! , tan x =
17 15
x
8
17
MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 400

a) positive (sine in A quadrant); 0.2588
b) positive (cosine in A quadrant); 0.5592
c) positive (tangent in A quadrant); 3.7321
d) positive (sine in S quadrant); 0.9848
e) negative (cosine in S quadrant); –0.9205
f) positive (tangent in T quadrant); 2.7475
g) negative (sine in C quadrant); –0.8480
h) positive (cosine in C quadrant); 0.9781
a) 41° b) 65° c) 83° d) 117°
1 5 2
a) b) 3 c) d)
2 3 3
a)
5 3
sec x = , cot x =
5 3 4
4
x
3
b)
13 12
csc θ = ! , cot θ = !
5 5
12
θ
5
13

c)
25 25
csc x = , sec x = !
7 24
25
7
x
24
d)
17 8
sec θ = ! , cot θ =
8 15
8
θ
15
17
1 1
a) = 1.7434 b) = –1.2361
sin 35° cos 216°
1 1
c) = 2.1445 d) = 1.1792
tan 25° sin122°
1 1
e) = –1.2690 f) = 1.0724
cos142° tan 223°
1 1
g) = –1.5890 h) = 1.0038
sin 321° cos 355°
" 1 % " 7%
a) sin !1 $ = 53° b) cos !1 $ ' = 54°
# 1.25 '& # 12 &
" 1 % " 1 %
c) tan !1 $ = 18° d) cos !1 $ = 139°
# 3.1416 '& # !1.32 '&

45°
2 60° 2
1 ds 1
30°
45°
3 1
θ sin θ cos θ tan θ

a) 1 3 1
30°
2 2 3
b) 1 1
45° 1
2 2
c) 3 1
60° 3
2 2
& 1 1 # 1 1
a) P$ , ! b) x = ,y=
% 2 2"
2 2
1
1
θ 2 c) csc 45° = 2 , sec 45° = 2 , cot 45° = 1
1
2
! 1 1 "
Q$# , % & 1 1 #
& 2 2' P$ , !
% 2 2"
1 1 1
1 1
2
2 2
1
1 1
2
2 1 1 2
! 1 1 " ! 1 1 "
R$# ,# % S$ ,#
& 2 2' %
& 2 2'
1 1
sin 135° = , cos 135° = – , tan 135° = –1, csc 135° = 2 , sec 135° = – 2 , cot 135° = –1
2 2
1 1
sin 225° = – , cos 225° = – , tan 225° = 1, csc 225° = – 2 , sec 225° = – 2 , cot 225° = 1
2 2
1 1
sin 315° = – , cos 315° = , tan 315° = –1, csc 315° = – 2 , sec 315° = 2 , cot 315° = –1
2 2

a) AB = (10 ! 6)2 + (8 ! 5)2 b) CD = (!5 ! 7)2 + (!3 ! 2)2

= 16 + 9 = 144 + 25
= 25 = 169
=5 = 13
c) EF = (!8 ! 7)2 + (4 ! 12)2 d) GH = (!3 ! 3)2 + (!6 ! 2)2

= 225 + 64 = 36 + 64
= 289 = 100
= 17 = 10
a) a2 + 2ab + b2
b) c2 – d2
c) 6x2 – 4xy + 3xy – 2y2 = 6x2 – xy – 2y2
d) sin2 x + 2 sin x cos y + cos2 y = 1 + 2 sin x cos y


Section 1 Radian Measure
Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 1 Page 208
! ! 2! 5!
a) b) c) d)
3 2 3 6
! ! ! !
a) b) c) d)
12 18 24 36
! 3! 5!
a) b) c) π d)
2 4 4
! ! ! !
a) b) c) d)
8 12 20 60
" 2" " " " 7"

a) 40 ! = b) 10 ! = c) 315 ! =
180 9 180 18 180 4
" 7" " 5" " 5"

d) 210 ! = e) 300 ! = f) 75 ! =
180 6 180 3 180 12
! ! !
a) 23 × =& 0.40 b) 51 × =& 0.89 c) 82 × =& 1.43
180 180 180
! ! !
d) 128 × =& 2.23 e) 240 × =& 4.19 f) 330 × =& 5.76
180 180 180
! 180° ! 180° 5! 180°

a) " = 36° b) " = 20° c) " = 75°
5 ! 9 ! 12 !
5! 180° 3! 180° 3! 180°

d) " = 50° e) " = 135° f) " = 270°
18 ! 4 ! 2 !

180° 180° 180°

a) 2.34 × =& 134.1° b) 3.14 × =& 179.9° c) 5.27 × =& 301.9°
! ! !
180° 180° 180°

d) 7.53 × =& 431.4° e) 0.68 × =& 39.0° f) 1.72 × =& 98.5°
! ! !
a
!=
r
a = !r
a = (4.75)(25)
a = 118.75 cm
a) 360° × 2 = 720°/s b) 2π × 2 = 4π rad/s
Let x represent the equal angles and y represent the other angle.
2x + y = π, the sum of the angles of a triangle.
Given, x = 2y:
( )
2 2y + y = !
5y = !
!
y=
5
2!
x=
5
! 2! 2!
The three angles are , , and .
5 5 5
Answers may vary depending on speed of animation. A sample solution is shown.
The time for five complete revolutions was 20 s.

5 ! 360 5 ! 2" !
a) = 90°/s b) = rad/s
20 20 2

1 "
a) ! =& 0.000 291
60 180
b) 0.000 291 × 6 400 000 =& 1862

A nautical mile is approximately 1862 m.
c) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

The earth approximates a sphere. Its radius varies from place to place. It varies from
6356.750 km (polar radius) to 6378.135 km (equatorial radius).
a a
a) ! = b) r =
r !
(1) (2)
= =
(1000) (0.25)
1 = 8 km
= rad
1000
3480
! =&
384 400 " 6400
=& 0.009 206 rad
180°
! =& 0.009 206 #
$
=& 0.5°
1.2 180°
!= ! = 0.5 "
2.4 #
= 0.5 rad =& 28.6°
12 000 ! 2"
= 400π rad/s
60
The angular velocity of the engine is 400π rad/s or approximately 1256.6 rad/s.

a) a = !r
#"&
= % ( (80)
$ 3'
80"
=
3
80!
The length of the on-ramp is m.
3
b) The approximate length of the on-ramp is 83.8 m.
a) It must follow the rotation of the earth.
b) 24 h, since it takes the earth 24 h (one day) to rotate.
c) Dividing 2π by 24 h, 60 min, and 60 s; the angular velocity is approximately

0.000 023π rad/s.
d) It is the same. For the satellite to stay above the same point, it must travel at the same angular
velocity.
90° x x 150
a) = b) =
360° 400 2! 400
1 x 300!
= x=
4 400 400
x = 100 3!
x=
100 grads 4
Solutions to Achievement Check questions are provided in the Teacher’s Resource.
Radius of orbit is about 35 900 + 6400 = 42 300 km or 42 300 000 m.

Divide the length of orbit in one day by 24 h, 60 min, and 60 s:
2! " 42 300 000
=& 3076 m/s
24 " 60 " 60
The orbital speed of a geostationary satellite is approximately 3076 m/s.

1852
× 30 =& 15.4 divide by 3600 to get metres per second, multiply by 30 to get 30 s.
3600
Using the modern definition of a nautical mile, 1852 m, the knots are approximately 15.4 m apart.
The angular velocities are the same because we all pass through a 360° rotation in a day.
A " 1 "!%
a) = b) A= (12)2 $ '
!r 2
2! 2 # 5&
1 =& 45.24 cm 2
A = r 2"
2
" !% " !% " 7! % " 3! %

a) A $ 1, ' , B $ 2, ' , C $ 2, ' , D $ 2, '
# 3& # 4& # 4 & # 2&
b) i) To find r, use the Pythagorean Theorem:

r = 12 + 12
r= 2
The angle is shown on the diagram.
" !%
$# 2, 4 '&
ii) r = (!3)2 + (4)2

r = 25
r =5
4
Since tan θ = , θ is about 2.21 rad.
!3
(5, 2.21)
iii) r = 5
3"
(0, –5) is on the y-axis, so ! = .
2
" 3! %
$# 5, 2 '&

Section 2 Trigonometric Ratios and Special Angles
a) Set mode to degrees. Screen shot for i):
i) 0.4226 ii) 0.3090 iii) –2.1445 iv) 0.2588
b) Set mode to radians. Screen shot for i):
i) 0.4223 ii) 0.3087 iii) –2.1452 iv) 0.2586
c) The degree measures are approximately the same as the radian measures.
For example, 25° =& 0.436.
a) Set the mode to radians.

i) 0.9356 ii) –0.8187 iii) –0.0918 iv) 0.0076
b) Set the mode to degrees.

i) 0.9336 ii) –0.8192 iii) –0.0875 iv) 0.0000
c) The degree measures are approximately the same as the radian measures.
For example, 1.21 =& 69°.

Set mode to radians. Screen shot for a):
a) 0.7071 b) 0.9010 c) –0.5774 d) 0.4142
Set mode to degrees. Screen shot for a):
a) 3.8637 b) 1.6243 c) –0.6745 d) –2.6695
Set mode to radians. Screen shots for b) and c):
a) 1.2123 b) –3.7599 c) 14.5955 d) 1.0582

Set mode to radians. Screen shot for a):
a) –2.0000 b) 1.5270 c) –0.3249 d) –2.7475
a) 1
P
2225
2!
!
3
3
–1 0 1
–1 !
The terminal arm of an angle of intersects the unit circle at a point with coordinates
3
! 1 3$ 2!
# , & . Since the terminal arm of an angle of is in the second quadrant, the
" 2 2 % 3
" 1 3%
coordinates of the point of intersection are P $ ! , ' .
# 2 2 &
2! 3 2! 1 2!
sin = ,cos = " , tan =" 3
3 2 3 2 3

b)
1
P
5!
! 6
6 0
–1 1
–1
!
6
! 3 1$ 5!
# , & . Since the terminal arm of an angle of is in the second quadrant, the
" 2 2% 6
" 3 1%
coordinates of the point of intersection are P $ ! , '.
# 2 2&
5! 1 5! 3 5! 1
sin = ,cos =" , tan ="
6 2 6 2 6 3
c)
1
3!
2
–1
! 1
2
P –1
!
The terminal arm of an angle of intersects the unit circle at a point with coordinates (0, 1).
2
3!
Since the terminal arm of an angle of is in the third quadrant, the coordinates of the point
2
of intersection are P(0, –1).
3! 3! 3!
sin = –1, cos = 0, tan is undefined
2 2 2

d) 1
7!
4 !
–1 1
4
P
–1
!
4
! 1 1 $ 7!
#" , &% . Since the terminal arm of an angle of 4 is in the fourth quadrant, the
2 2
" 1 1 %
coordinates of the point of intersection are P $ ,! '.
# 2 2&
7! 1 7! 1 7!
sin =" ,cos = , tan = "1
4 2 4 2 4
a) 1
7!
6 1
!
–1
6
P
–1 !
6
! 3 1$ 7!
# , & . Since the terminal arm of an angle of is in the third quadrant, the coordinates
" 2 2% 6
" 3 1%
of the point of intersection are P $ ! ,! ' .
# 2 2&
7! 1 7! 3 7! 1 7! 7! 2 7!
sin = " ,cos =" , tan = ,csc = "2,sec =" ,cot = 3
6 2 6 2 6 3 6 6 3 6

b) 1
4!
3 1
–1
P
–1
!
3
! 1 3$ 4!
# , & . Since the terminal arm of an angle of is in the third quadrant, the coordinates
"2 2 % 3
" 1 3%
of the point of intersection are P $ ! ,! '.
# 2 2 &
4! 3 4! 1 4! 4! 2 4! 4! 1
sin =" , cos = " , tan = 3, csc =" , sec = "2, cot =
3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
c)
1
5!
4 1
–1
–1
!
4
! 1 1 $ 5!
#" , &% . Since the terminal arm of an angle of 4 is in the third quadrant, the
2 2
" 1 1 %
coordinates of the point of intersection are P $ ! ,! '.
# 2 2&
5! 1 5! 1 5! 5! 5! 5!
sin =" ,cos =" , tan = 1,csc = " 2,sec = " 2,cot =1
4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4

d)
1
π
P
–1 1
–1
The terminal arm of an angle of π intersects the unit circle at a point with coordinates (0, –1).
sin π = 0, cos π = –1, tan π = 0, csc π is undefined, sec π = –1, cot π is undefined
40 m y1
!
3 40 m y2
!
4 x1
x2
! x2 ! x1
a) cos = cos =
4 40 3 40
40
x2 = x1 = 20
2
40 2
x2 " x1 = " 20
2
= 20 ( 2 "1 m )
! y1 ! y2
b) sin = sin =
3 40 4 40
40 2
y1 = 20 3 y2 =
2
y1 " y2 = 20 ( 3" 2 m )
c) Approximately 8.3 m horizontally and 6.4 m vertically.

y2
60 m
40 m
y1
x1
x2
! x2 ! x1
a) cos = cos =
3 60 4 40
x2 = 30 x1 = 20 2
(
x2 " x1 = 30 " 20 2 m )
!
b) The kite moves farther from Lynda, since the horizontal distance of the kite at has
3
increased.
! y2 ! y1
c) sin = sin =
3 60 4 40
y2 = 30 3 y1 = 20 2
(
y2 " y1 = 30 3 " 20 2 m )
!
The altitude increases since the vertical distance of the kite at has increased.
3
d) Approximately 1.7 m horizontally and 23.7 m vertically.
3 1
!
2 3 = 1 ! 2 or 1
a) i) 2 ii) 1+ ! 3 = 1+ 1
1 2 3
2 =2
b) i) Both sides from part a) equal about 1.4142.
ii) Both sides from part a) equal 2.

1 # 1 &
! "%! (
a) i)
2 $
1
3'
=
1
2 3
" 2
" 1 %
ii) 1+ $ !
#
( )
' ( ! 3 = 1+ 1
3&
2 =2
1
=
6
b) i) Both sides from part a) equal about 0.167.
ii) Both sides from part a) equal 2.
" ! % AC " ! % AB
a) cos $ ' = b) cos $ ' =
# 4 & 60 # 6 & AC
1 3
AC = ( 60 AB = ( 30 2
2 2
AC = 30 2 m AB = 15 6 m
! 2! 5!
a) b) c) 9:00 d) 11:00 e)
2 3 4
a), b) 0.500π radians
c), d) The values are approximately the same.

3 1 # 3& # 1& 3 3
a) i) ! " +%! ( "%! ( = ! +
2 2 $ 2 ' $ 2' 4 4
=0
1 # 1 & 1 # 1 & 1 1
ii) ! "%! ( ! " % ! (= +
2 $ 2' 2 $ 2' 2 2
=1
b) i)
ii)
3 3 # 1& 1 3 1 1 1 # 1 & 1 1 1
a) i) ! " " ! = + ii) ! +%" ( ! = "
2 2 %$ 2 (' 2 4 4 2 2 $ 2' 2 2 2
=1 =0
b) i)
ii)

1 1
! 3! ! 3!
a) i)
( ) =0
1+ !1
ii) 3 = 3
1! (1) ( !1)
( ) " 1 %
1+ ! 3 $
# 3 '&
1! 1
1
! 3!
= 3 is undefined
0
b) i)
! OB
cos =
6 10
!
OB = 10cos
6
! OC
cos =
4 !
10cos
6
! !
OC = 10cos cos
6 4

x 150
a) =
2! 400
3
x = " 2!
8
3!
x=
4
1 1
sin (150 grads) = , cos (150 grads) = – , tan (150 grads) = –1,
2 2
csc (150 grads) = 2 , sec (150 grads) = – 2 , cot (150 grads) = –1
b) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

! !
The special angles 30° and 60°, or and in radians, would be in fraction form.
6 3
a)
b), c)

d)
Domain: {x ∈ R, 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.31}
e)
0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.144
a) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

! 3
! cos 6 2
sin " = 1"
2 ! 3
tan
3
1
= 1"
2
1
=
2

Method 1:
!5
Since sin θ = , the angle can be drawn in a 5-12-13 right triangle.
13
Extend the adjacent side so it is as long as the hypotenuse and label all the vertices.
Since the sum of the angles in a triangle equals 180° or π, the other two angles in the isosceles
! "#
triangle each equal .
2 A 12 B 1
D
θ
5
! ! "# $ ! ' ! 26
Since ∠ACB = – θ, ∠BCD = – & " # ) or . 13
2 2 %2 ( 2
! C
–θ
! 1 26 2
From the diagram, sin = or .
2 26 26
Method 2:
" 5%
sin !1 $ ! ' =& !0.395 Using the CAST rule, ( is in quadrant 3 or 4.
# 13 &
0.395 (
sin =& 0.196 Using the CAST rule, is in the quadrant 2.
2 2
26
0.196 =&
26
!4
Since sin θ = , draw the right triangle with θ and look at the tangent ratio.
5
4
tan θ =
3 5
4
B θ
3

Section 3 Equivalent Trigonometric Expressions
! ! !
Since an angle of lies in the first quadrant, it can be expressed as the difference – .
3 2 6
Now apply the cofunction identity:
! #! !&
cos = cos % " (
3 $ 2 6'
!
= sin
6
1
=
2
! ! !
4 2 4
! #! !&
sin = sin % " (
4 $ 2 4'
!
= cos
4
1
=
2
2! ! !
Since an angle of lies in the second quadrant, it can be expressed as the sum + .
3 2 6
2! "! !%
cos = cos $ + '
3 # 2 6&
!
= –sin
6
1
=–
2

3! ! !
4 2 4
3! "! !%
sec = sec $ + '
4 # 2 4&
!
= –csc
4
=– 2
! ! 5!
7 2 14
! # ! 5! &
cos = cos % " (
7 $ 2 14 '
5!
= sin
14
5!
So, y = .
14
4! ! !
9 2 18
4! #! ! &
cot = cot % " (
9 $ 2 18 '
!
= tan
18
!
So, z = .
18

13! ! 2!
18 2 9
13! " ! 2! %
cos = cos $ +
18 # 2 9 '&
2!
= –sin
9
2!
So, y = .
9
13! ! 3!
14 2 7
13! " ! 3! %
cot = cot $ + '
14 #2 7 &
3!
= –tan
7
3!
So, z = .
7
5! ! 3!
a) Since an angle of lies in the first quadrant, it can be expressed as the difference – .
22 2 11
5! # ! 3! &
sin = sin % " (
22 $ 2 11 '
3!
= cos
11
=& 0.6549
17! ! 3!
b) Since an angle of lies in the second quadrant, it can be expressed as the sum + .
22 2 11
Now apply the cofunction identity.
17! " ! 3! %
sin = sin $ + '
22 # 2 11 &
3!
= cos
11
=& 0.6549

5! ! 2!
a) Since an angle of lies in the first quadrant, it can be expressed as the difference – .
18 2 9
5! # ! 2! &
cot = cot % "
18 $ 2 9 ('
2!
= tan
9
=& 0.8391
13! ! 2!
b) Since an angle of lies in the second quadrant, it can be expressed as the sum + .
18 2 9
13! " ! 2! %
cot = cot $ +
18 # 2 9 '&
2!
= –tan
9
=& –0.8391
#! &
Since the angle a lies in the first quadrant, use the cofunction identity sec 1.45 = csc % " 1.45( .
$2 '
Find the measure of angle a.
!
a = – 1.45
2
a =& 0.12
#! &
Since the angle b lies in the first quadrant, use the cofunction identity csc 0.64 = sec % " 0.64( .
$2 '
Find the measure of angle b.
!
b = " 0.64
2
b =& 0.93

Since the angle a lies in the second quadrant, use the cofunction identity.
"! %
sec 0.75 = –csc $ + 0.75' . Find the measure of angle a.
#2 &
!
a= + 0.75
2
a =& 2.32
Since the angle b lies in the second quadrant, use the cofunction identity.
"! %
csc 1.34 = –sec $ + 1.34' . Find the measure of angle b.
#2 &
!
b= + 1.34
2
b =& 2.91
sin(π – x) = sin x, cos(π – x) = –cos x, tan(π – x) = –tan x,

csc(π – x) = csc x, sec(π – x) = –sec x, cot(π – x) = –cot x
sin(π + x) = –sin x, cos(π + x) = –cos x, tan(π + x) = tan x,

csc(π + x) = –csc x, sec(π + x) = –sec x, cot(π + x) = cot x
# 3! & # 3! & # 3! &

sin % " x ( = –cos x, cos % " x ( = –sin x, tan % " x ( = cot x,
$ 2 ' $ 2 ' $ 2 '
# 3! & # 3! & # 3! &
csc % " x ( = –sec x, sec % " x ( = –csc x, cot % " x ( = tan x
$ 2 ' $ 2 ' $ 2 '
" 3! % " 3! % " 3! %

sin $ + x ' = –cos x, cos $ + x ' = sin x, tan $ + x ' = –cot x,
# 2 & # 2 & # 2 &
" 3! % " 3! % " 3! %
csc $ + x ' = –sec x, sec $ + x ' = csc x, cot $ + x ' = –tan x
# 2 & # 2 & # 2 &

sin(2π – x) = –sin x, cos(2π – x) = cos x, tan(2π – x) = –tan x,

csc(2π – x) = –csc x, sec(2π – x) = sec x, cot(2π – x) = –cot x
Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

A. sin(π – x) = sin x
B. cos(π + x) = –cos x
# 3! &
C. tan % " x ( = cot x
$ 2 '

" 3! %
D. csc $ + x ' = –sec x
# 2 &
E. sec(2π – x) = sec x

9! " ! 5! % 9! 5!
Since sin = sin $ + ' , by the cofunction identity, sin = cos .
13 # 2 26 & 13 26
9! # 3! 21! & 9! 21!
Also, since sin = sin % " ( , by the cofunction identity, sin = –cos .
13 $ 2 26 ' 13 26
v2 $! '
a) r= tan & " # )
g %2 (
v2
= cot #
g
v2
=
g tan #
502
b) r =
!
9.8 tan
4
2500
=
9.8
=& 255 m


#! &
csc x = sec % " x ( cofunction identity
$2 '
# !& )! # !&,
csc % 6b + ( = sec + " % 6b + ( .
$ 8' *2 $ 8'-
)# ! & !,
= sec +% " 6b( " .
*$ 2 ' 8-
" !% " !%
Since csc $ 6b + ' = sec $ 2b ( '
# 8& # 8&
!
2b = " 6b
2
!
8b =
2
!
b=
16
!
b) Check that x = is a point of intersection.
16


# "& # "&
cot % 4c ! ( = ! tan % 2c + (
$ 4' $ 4'
# "& )# "& ",
cot % 4c ! ( = cot +% 2c + ( + . cofunction identity
$ 4' *$ 4' 2-
) ",
(
= cot + 2c + " ! .
4-
)
*
!
So 4c = 2c + π, or c = .
2

# "& # "& # "& # "&
cot % 4c ! ( + tan % 2c + ( = cot % 2" ! ( + tan % " + (
$ 4' $ 4' $ 4' $ 4'
# 7" & # 5" &
= cot % ( + tan % (
$ 4 ' $ 4'
= !1+ 1
=0

" !%
a) Determine a value of m such that sin (6m + π) + sin $ 2m + ' = 0.
# 3&
b) sin (! + x ) = "sin x cofunction identity

sin ( 6m + ! ) = " sin ( 6m )
# !&
sin ( 6m + ! ) = " sin % 2m + (
$ 3'
!
6m = 2m +
3
!
4m =
3
!
m=
12

1
A= base ! height
2
h
sin B =
c
h = c sin B
1
A = ac sin B
2
1 ! sin C $ ! c a sin C $
A = a# a sin B #" Using the sine law sin C = sin A ,c = a sin A &%
2 " sin A &%
1 a 2 sin C sin B
A=
2 sin A
2
a sin Bsin C ! Using the cofunction identity and sum of angles in a triangle $
A= #" sin A = sin(' ( A) = sin(B + C) &%
2sin(B + C)
" !% # "&
a) i) $# 1, 3 '& ii) % 5,! (
$ 6'
! 3 3 3$
b) i) # , & ii) (–4, 0)
" 2 2%
! "
c) i) + 2! k, k "Z ii) ! + 2" k, k #Z
6 3

1
Since ∠PQR is subtended by central angle ∠POQ, ∠PQR = !.
2
PS
sin ! = (the radius of a unit circle is 1)
1
PS = sin !
OS
cos ! =
1
OS = cos !
QS = OS + QO
= cos ! + 1
1 PS
tan ! =
2 QS
sin !
=
cos ! + 1

Section 4 Compound Angle Formula
"! ! % " 3! ! % #! ! & # 3! ! &

a) sin $ + ' = sin $ + b) sin % " ( = sin % "
# 4 12 & # 12 12 '& $ 4 12 ' $ 12 12 ('
! !
= sin = sin
3 6
3 1
= =
2 2
"! ! % " 3! ! % #! ! & # 3! ! &

c) cos $ + ' = cos $ + d) cos % " ( = cos % "
# 4 12 & # 12 12 '& $ 4 12 ' $ 12 12 ('
! !
= cos = cos
3 6
1 3
= =
2 2
" 3! ! % " 9! ! % # 7! ! & # 21! ! &

a) sin $ + ' = sin $ + b) sin % " ( = sin % "
# 5 15 & # 15 15 '& $ 5 15 ' $ 15 15 ('
2! 4!
= sin = sin
3 3
3 3
= ="
2 2
" 2! 5! % " 4! 5! % # 10! 5! & # 20! 5! &

c) cos $ + ' = cos $ + d) cos % " ( = cos % "
# 9 18 & # 18 18 '& $ 9 18 ' $ 18 18 ('
! 5!
= cos = cos
2 6
=0 3
="
2

"! !% ! ! ! !
a) sin $ + ' = sin cos + cos sin
# 3 4& 3 4 3 4
3 1 1 1
= ( + (
2 2 2 2
3 +1
=
2 2
"! !% ! ! ! !
b) cos $ + ' = cos cos ( sin sin
# 3 4& 3 4 3 4
1 1 3 1
= ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1( 3
=
2 2
# 2! ! & 2! ! 2! !
c) cos % " ( = cos cos + sin sin
$ 3 4' 3 4 3 4
1 1 3 1
=" ) + )
2 2 2 2
"1+ 3
=
2 2
# 2! ! & 2! ! 2! !
d) sin % " ( = sin cos " cos sin
$ 3 4' 3 4 3 4
3 1 1 1
= ) + )
2 2 2 2
3 +1
=
2 2

7! " 4! 3! % 5! # 8! 3! &
a) sin = sin $ + b) sin = sin % "
12 # 12 12 '& 12 $ 12 12 ('
"! !% # 2! ! &
= sin $ + ' = sin % "
# 3 4& $ 3 4 ('
! ! ! ! 2! ! 2! !
= sin cos + cos sin = sin cos " cos sin
3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1
= ( + ( = ) + )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 +1 3 +1
= =
2 2 2 2
11! " 8! 3! % 5! # 8! 3! &

a) cos = cos $ + b) cos = cos % "
12 # 12 12 '& 12 $ 12 12 ('
" 2! ! % # 2! ! &
= cos $ + = cos % "
# 3 4 '& $ 3 4 ('
2! ! 2! ! 2! ! 2! !
= cos cos ( sin sin = cos cos + sin sin
3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1
=( ) ( ) =" ) + )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(1( 3 "1+ 3
= =
2 2 2 2
13! " 9! 4! % 17! " 8! 9! %

a) sin = sin $ + b) cos = cos $ +
12 # 12 12 '& 12 # 12 12 '&
" 3! ! % " 2! 3! %
= sin $ + = cos $ + '
# 4 3 '& # 3 4&
3! ! 3! ! 2! 3! 2! 3!
= sin cos + cos sin = cos cos ( sin sin
4 3 4 3 3 4 3 4
1 1 " 1 % 3 1 " 1 % 3 1
= ( +$) ' ( = ( )$( ' ( )
2 2 # 2& 2 2 # 2& 2 2
1) 3 1( 3
= =
2 2 2 2

19! " 9! 10! % 23! " 8! 15! %

a) sin = sin $ + b) cos = cos $ +
12 # 12 12 '& 12 # 12 12 '&
" 3! 5! % " 2! 5! %
= sin $ + ' = cos $ + '
# 4 6& # 3 4&
3! 5! 3! 5! 2! 5! 2! 5!
= sin cos + cos sin = cos cos ( sin sin
4 6 4 6 3 4 3 4
1 " 3% " 1 % 1 1 " 1 % 3 " 1 %
= ($) ' +$) = ( )$( ( )$(
'( 2 # '
2& 2 # 2&
'
2 # 2 & # 2& 2
) 3 )1 1+ 3
= =
2 2 2 2
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to get the remaining side.

13
5 3 12
12
x y
4 5
a =5 !3
2 2 2
b = 132 ! 52
2
= 25 ! 9 = 169 ! 25
= 16 = 144
a=4 b = 12
4 12
a) cos x = b) sin y =
5 13

a) sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y b) sin(x ! y) = sin x cos y ! cos x sin y
3 5 4 12 3 5 4 12
= ! + ! = " ! "
5 13 5 13 5 13 5 13
15 48 15 48
= + = !
65 65 65 65
63 33
= =!
65 65
c) cos(x + y) = cos x cos y ! sin x sin y d) cos(x ! y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
4 5 3 12 4 5 3 12
= " ! " = " + "
5 13 5 13 5 13 5 13
20 36 20 36
= ! = +
65 65 65 65
16 56
=! =
65 65
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the other side as in question 8.

Using the CAST rule we know that cos x will be negative and sin y will be positive.
a 2 = 132 ! 52 b2 = 52 ! 32
= 169 ! 25 = 25 ! 9
= 144 = 16
a = 12 b=4
12 4
a) cos x = ! b) sin y =
13 5

a) sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y b) sin(x ! y) = sin x cos y ! cos x sin y
5 3 # 12 & 4 5 3 # 12 & 4
= ! + " ! = " ! ! "
13 5 %$ 13 (' 5 13 5 %$ 13 (' 5
15 48 15 48
= " = +
65 65 65 65
33 63
=" =
65 65
c) cos(x + y) = cos x cos y ! sin x sin y d) cos(x ! y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
12 3 5 4 12 3 5 4
=! " ! " =! " + "
13 5 13 5 13 5 13 5
36 20 36 20
=! ! =! +
65 65 65 65
56 16
=! =!
65 65
sin 2θ = sin(θ + θ)
= sin θ cos θ + cos θ sin θ
= 2sin θ cos θ
cos 2x = cos(x + x)
= cos x cos x – sin x sin x
= cos2 x – sin2 x
a) From question 13, cos 2x = cos2 x – sin2 x.

Rearranging the Pythagorean identity: cos2 x = 1 – sin2 x
Substitute into the above equation.
cos 2x = (1! sin 2 x) ! sin 2 x
= 1! 2sin 2 x
b) From question 13, cos 2x = cos2 x – sin2 x.

Rearranging the Pythagorean identity: cos2 x = 1 – sin2 x
Substitute into the above equation.
cos 2x = cos 2 x ! (1! cos 2 x)
= 2cos 2 ! 1

Using the Pythagorean Theorem:

a 2 = 252 ! 7 2
= 625 ! 49
= 576
a = 24
24
Since θ is in the second quadrant, cosine is negative: cos ! = "
25
a) cos 2! = 1" 2sin 2 ! b) sin 2! = 2sin ! cos !
# 7&
2
" 7 % " 24 %
= 1" 2 % ( = 2$ ' $ ( '
$ 25 ' # 25 & # 25 &
98 336
= 1" =(
625 625
527
=
625
c)
The approximate measure for θ is 2.86 radians.
d) 2θ is about 2(2.8578) = 5.7156

527
For part a), cos 5.7156 =& 0.8432 and = 0.8432.
625
336
For part b), sin 5.7156 =& –0.5376 and – = 0.5376.
625

For question 12:
For question 13:
For question 14:

a)
b)

h1
a) sin x =
12
h1 = 12sin x
b)
6
a
-1 h2
2x
6
b
x
b a
sin x = sin 2x =
6 6
b = 6sin x a = 6sin 2x
h2 = 6sin x + 6sin 2x
h2 = 6sin x + 6(2sin x cos x)
h2 = 6sin x(1+ 2cos x)
a) Since sin 180° = 0, P = 0 when x = 180° – 113.5° or 66.5°.

The angle of latitude at which the power drops to 0 is approximately 66.5°.
The Sun is not seen at all at this latitude.
b) The sine function has its maximum (1) at 90°. So P has its maximum when 90° = x – 113.5°,
or when x = –23.5°.
The negative sign represents a latitude in the southern hemisphere.
The Sun appears directly overhead at noon.

sin(x + y)
a) tan(x + y) =
cos(x + y)
sin x cos y + cos x sin y
=
cos x cos y ! sin x sin y
sin x cos y + cos x sin y

b) tan(x + y) =
cos x cos y ! sin x sin y
sin x cos y cos x sin y
+
cos x cos y cos x cos y
=
cos x cos y sin x sin y
!
cos x cos y cos x cos y
tan x + tan y
=
1! tan x tan y
tan x + tan y
c) L.S. = tan(x + y) R.S. =
1! tan x tan y
" 2! ! %
= tan $ + 2" "
# 3 6 '& tan + tan
= 3 6
" 5! % 2" "
= tan $ ' 1! tan tan
# 6& 3 6
1 1
=( ! 3+
3 = 3
( )
1! ! 3 %
# 1 &
$ 3 ('
!3 + 1
= 3
2
!2
=
2 3
1
=!
3
2! !
Since L.S. = R.S., the formula is valid for x = and y = .
3 6

tan x + tan(! y)
a) tan(x + (! y)) =
1! tan x tan(! y)
tan x ! tan y Since tan (– θ) = –tan θ.
=
1+ tan x tan y
! !
#! !& tan " tan
b) L.S. = tan % " ( R.S. = 3 6
$ 3 6' ! !
1+ tan tan
#!& 3 6
= tan % ( 1
$ 6' 3"
1 = 3
( )
= # 1 &
3 1+ 3 %
$ 3 ('
2
= 3
2
1
=
3
! !
Since the L.S. = R.S., the formula is valid for x = and y = .
3 6
a) tan 2x = tan(x + x)
tan x + tan x
=
1! tan x tan x
2 tan x
=
1! tan 2 x
b)

c)
Both sides of the formula equal approximately 1.7036.
! x + y$ ! x ' y$
a) L.S. = sin x + sin y R.S. = 2sin # & cos #
" 2 % " 2 &%
2! !
= sin + sin ! 2( ( $ ! 2( ( $
3 3
# 3 + 3& # 3 ' 3&
3 3 = 2sin # & cos # &
= + # 2 & # 2 &
2 2 " % " %
= 3 !($ !($
= 2sin # & cos # &
" 2% " 6%
! 3$
= 2(1) # &
" 2 %
= 3
2! !
Since the L.S. = R.S., the formula is valid for x = and y = .
3 3
b) sin x + (! sin y) = sin x + sin(! y)

" x + (! y) % " x ! (! y) %
= 2sin $ ' cos $ '&
# 2 & # 2
" x ! y% " x + y%
= 2sin $ ' cos $
# 2 & # 2 '&
a) From question 14 part a): b) From question 14 part b):

! x$ ! x$ ! x$ ! x$
cos 2 # & = 1' 2sin 2 # & cos 2 # & = 2cos 2 # & ' 1
" 2% " 2% " 2% " 2%
! x$ ! x$
2sin 2 # & = 1' cos x 2cos 2 # & = cos x + 1
" 2% " 2%
! x $ 1' cos x ! x $ cos x + 1
sin 2 # & = cos 2 # & =
" 2% 2 " 2% 2
! x$ 1' cos x ! x$ cos x + 1
sin # & = ± cos # & = ±
" 2% 2 " 2% 2

The point of intersection is (1, 3) from the graph.

From the graph, the point where the altitude meets the base is (1, 0), so the height is 3.
For the x-intercepts:
let y = 0
0 = 4x ! 1 0 = !2x + 5
1 5
x= x=
4 2
(1, 3)
y
x
!1 $ !5 $
#" , 0&% (1, 0) #" , 0&%
4 2
)
3 3
tan x = 4 tan y = 2
3 3
1 1
tan x = tan y =
4 2
x =& 0.2450 y =& 0.4636
x + y =& 0.71
! =& 0.71 opposite angle theorem
Using the fact that the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180° and tan 180° = 0:
tan A + tan(B + C)
tan( A + B + C) =
1! tan A tan(B + C)
tan A + tan(B + C)
0=
1! tan A tan(B + C)
0 = tan A + tan(B + C)
tan B + tan C
0 = tan A +
1! tan B tan C
tan A(1! tan B tan C) + tan B + tan C
0=
1! tan B tan C
0 = tan A ! tan A tan B tan C + tan B + tan C
0 = tan A + tan B + tan C ! tan A tan B tan C
tan A tan B tan C = tan A + tan B + tan C

a)
θ 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.35
!3
!– 0.010 00 0.049 98 0.099 83 0.149 44 0.247 40 0.342 85
6
sin θ 0.010 00 0.049 98 0.099 83 0.149 44 0.247 40 0.342 90
b)
θ 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.35
!2
1– 0.999 95 0.998 75 0.995 00 0.988 75 0.968 75 0.938 75
2
cos θ 0.999 95 0.998 75 0.995 00 0.988 77 0.968 91 0.939 37
!3
a) sin θ =& ! "
6
"2
b) cos θ =& 1!
2
!3
c) tan θ =& θ +
3

Section 5 Prove Trigonometric Identities
L.S. = cos 2x R.S. = 2cos 2 x ! 1

= cos(x + x) = 2cos 2 x ! (sin 2 x + cos 2 x)
= cos x cos x ! sin x sin x = cos 2 x ! sin 2 x
= cos 2 x ! sin 2 x
Since L.S. = R.S., cos 2x = 2 cos2 x – 1 is an identity.
L.S. = cos 2x R.S. = 1! 2sin 2 x

= cos(x + x) = (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) ! 2sin 2 x
= cos x cos x ! sin x sin x = cos 2 x ! sin 2 x
= cos 2 x ! sin 2 x
Since L.S. = R.S., cos 2x = 1 – 2 sin2 x is an identity.
L.S. = sin(x + ! ) R.S. = –sin x

= sin x cos ! + cos x sin !
= sin x("1) + cos x(0)
= " sin x
Since L.S. = R.S., sin (x + π) = –sin x is an identity.
# 3! &
L.S. = sin % " x( R.S. = –cos x
$ 2 '
3! 3!
= sin cos x " cos sin x
2 2
= ("1)cos x " (0)sin x
= " cos x
# 3! &
Since L.S. = R.S., sin % " x ( = " cos x is an identity.
$ 2 '

L.S. = cos(! " x) R.S. = –cos x

= cos ! cos x + sin ! sin x
= ("1)cos x + (0)sin x
= " cos x
Since L.S. = R.S., cos (π – x) = –cos x is an identity.
" 3! %
L.S. = cos $ + x' R.S. = sin x
# 2 &
3! 3!
= cos cos x ( sin sin x
2 2
= (0)cos x ( ((1)sin x
= sin x
" 3! %
Since L.S. = R.S., cos $ + x ' = sin x is an identity.
# 2 &
L.S. = cos x R.S. = sin x cot x

! cos x $
= sin x # quotient identity
" sin x &%
= cos x
Since L.S. = R.S., cos x = sin x cot x is an identity.
L.S. = 1 + sin x R.S. = sin x(1+ csc x)

! 1 $
= sin x # 1+ reciprocal identity
" sin x &%
= sin x + 1
Since L.S. = R.S., 1 + sin x = sin x (1 + csc x) is an identity.

a) L.S. = 1! 2cos 2 x
= sin 2 x + cos 2 x ! 2cos 2 x Pythagorean identity
= sin 2 x ! cos 2 x
R.S. = sin x cos x(tan x ! cot x)
" sin x cos x %
= sin x cos x $ ! quotient identity and reciprocal identity
# cos x sin x '&
= sin 2 x ! cos 2 x
Since L.S. = R.S., 1! 2cos 2 x = sin x cos x(tan x ! cot x) is an identity.
b)
a) L.S. = csc 2 x R.S. = 1+ cot 2 x

1 cos 2 x
= reciprocal identity = 1+ reciprocal and quotient identity
sin 2 x sin 2 x
sin 2 x cos 2 x
= 2 +
sin x sin 2 x
sin 2 x + cos 2 x
=
sin 2 x
1
= 2 Pythagorean identity
sin x
Since L.S. = R.S., csc2 x = 1 + cot2 x is an identity.
b) L.S. = sec 2 x R.S. = 1+ tan 2 x

1 sin 2 x
= = 1+
cos 2 x cos 2 x
sin 2 x + cos 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x
= = +
cos 2 x cos 2 x cos 2 x
sin 2 x cos 2 x
= +
cos 2 x cos 2 x
Since L.S. = R.S., sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x is an identity.

1! sin 2 x sin 2x
L.S. = R.S. =
cos x 2sin x
cos 2 x sin x cos x + cos x sin x
= Pythagorean identity = Compound angle formula
cos x 2sin x
= cos x 2cos x sin x
=
2sin x
= cos x
1! sin 2 x sin 2x
Since L.S. = R.S., = is an identity.
cos x 2sin x
csc 2 x ! 1
L.S. = 2
R.S. = 1 – sin2 x
csc x
csc 2 x 1
= !
csc x csc 2 x
2
= 1! sin 2 x reciprocal identity

csc 2 x ! 1
Since L.S. = R.S., = 1! sin 2 x is an identity.
csc 2 x
R.S. = tan x + cot x

csc x
L.S. = sin x cos x
cos x = + quotient identity
1 1 cos x sin x
= reciprocal identity sin x sin x cos x cos x
sin x cos x = ! + !
cos x sin x sin x cos x
sin 2 x + cos 2 x
=
sin x cos x
1
= Pythagorean identity
sin x cos x
csc x
Since L.S. = R.S., = tan x + cot x is an identity.
cos x

a) 5 s b) 20 s c) 75% time saved. d) 10 s

L.S. = 2sin x sin y R.S. = cos(x ! y) ! cos(x + y)

= cos x cos y + sin x sin y ! cos x cos y + sin x sin y
= 2sin x sin y
Since L.S. = R.S., 2sin x sin y = cos(x ! y) ! cos(x ! y) is an identity.
L.S. = sin 2x + sin 2 y

= 2sin x cos x + 2sin y cos y double angle formula
= 2(sin x cos x + sin y cos y)
R.S. = 2sin(x + y)cos(x ! y)
= 2 "#sin x cos y + cos x sin y $% "#cos x cos y + sin x sin y $% compound angle formula
= 2 "#sin x cos x cos 2 y + sin 2 x sin y cos y + cos 2 x sin y cos y + sin 2 y cos x sin x $%
= 2 "#sin x cos x(cos 2 y + sin 2 y) + sin y cos y(sin 2 x + cos 2 x) $%
= 2(sin x cos x + sin y cos y) Pythagorean identity
Since L.S. = R.S., sin 2x + sin 2 y = 2sin(x + y)cos(x ! y) is an identity.
a)
Yes, the graphs appear to be the same.

b) L.S. = cos 2x
= cos x cos x ! sin x sin x
= cos 2 x ! sin 2 x
1! tan 2 x
R.S. =
1+ tan 2 x
sin 2 x
1!
= cos 2 x quotient identity
sin 2 x
1+
cos 2 x
cos 2 x ! sin 2 x cos 2 x + sin 2 x
= ÷
cos 2 x cos 2 x
cos 2 x ! sin 2 x cos 2 x
= " Pythagorean identity
cos 2 x 1
= cos 2 x ! sin 2 x
1! tan 2 x
Since L.S. = R.S., cos 2x = is an identity.
1+ tan 2 x
a) Answers may vary. Graphs are different.
L.S. ≠ R.S.
Therefore, sin x = 1! cos 2 x is not an identity.
b) While the left results in both positive and negative values, the right side is restricted to
positive values only.

a)
Yes, the graphs are the same.
b) L.S. = sin 6 x + cos6 x Factor using sum of cubes

(x 6 + y 6 ) = (x 2 + y 2 )(x 4 ! x 2 y 2 + y 4 )
L.S. = (sin 2 x + cos 2 x)(sin 4 x ! sin 2 x cos 2 x + cos 4 x)
= 1 "#sin 2 x(1! cos 2 x) ! sin 2 x cos 2 x + cos 2 x(1! sin 2 x) $% Pythagorean identity
= sin 2 x ! sin 2 x cos 2 x ! sin 2 x cos 2 x + cos 2 x ! sin 2 x cos 2 x
= (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) ! 3sin 2 x cos 2 x Pythagorean identity
= 1! 3sin 2 x cos 2 x
R.S. = 1! 3sin 2 x cos 2 x
Since L.S. = R.S., sin 6 x + cos6 x = 1! 3sin 2 x cos 2 x is an identity.
L.S. = cos 4 x ! sin 4 x R.S. = cos 2x

Factor a difference of squares = cos 2 x ! sin 2 x Double angle formula
x 4 ! y 4 = (x 2 ! y 2 )(x 2 + y 2 )
L.S. = (cos 2 x ! sin 2 x)(cos 2 x + sin 2 x)
= cos 2 x ! sin 2 x Pythagorean identity
Since L.S. = R.S., cos x ! sin 4 x = cos 2x is an identity.
4
tan x + tan x
tan 2x =
1! tan x tan x
2 tan x
=
1! tan 2 x

a) Draw a triangle with sin C = x (hypotenuse of 1).
1
a
B A
x
Use the Pythagorean Theorem (x2 + a2 = 1) to express the missing side, a = 1! x 2 .

1! x 2
cos C =
1
cos(sin !1 x) = 1! x 2
b) Draw triangles with cos A = a and cos B = b (hypotenuse of 1).

A B
1 1
a b
C D E F
1! a 2 1! b2
L.S. = cos–1 a + cos–1 b

=A+B
cos(A + B) = cos A cos B ! sin A sin B
a b 1! a 2 1! b2
= " ! "
1 1 1 1
= ab ! 1! a 2 1! b2
(
A + B = cos !1 ab ! 1! a 2 1! b2 )
So the L.S. = R.S..

Chapter 4 Review
Chapter 4 Review Question 1 Page 244
! ! ! !
a) 33 × =& 0.58 b) 138 × =& 2.41 c) 252 × =& 4.40 d) 347 × =& 6.06
180 180 180 180
180 180
a) 1.24 × =& 71.0° b) 2.82 × =& 161.6°
! !
180 180
c) 4.78 × =& 273.9° d) 6.91 × =& 395.9°
! !
" 5" " " " " " "

a) 75 ! = b) 20 ! = c) 12 ! = d) 9 ! =
180 12 180 9 180 15 180 20
2! 180 4! 180 7! 180 11! 180

a) " = 72° b) " = 80° c) " = 105° d) " = 110°
5 ! 9 ! 12 ! 18 !
12 ! 360° 12 ! 2" 2"

a) = 72°/s b) = rad/s
60 s 60 s 5
a), b)
Revolutions per 1
16 33 45 78
minute 3
Degrees per
96 200 270 468
second
Radians per 8! 10! 3! 13!
second 15 9 2 5

4! 4! 4!
sin =& 0.9096 cos =& 0.4154 tan =& 2.1897
11 11 11
4! 4! 4!
csc =& 1.0993 sec =& 2.4072 cot =& 0.4567
11 11 11
1
! 1 # &
tan ! % 1 ( ! 3 2 1
4 1 b) cos " %
a) = ( + sin = " +
! 1 1 1 6 % ! 4 2 3 2
cos " " sin (
3 ! 2 1 $ 3 '
sin
2 1
= 1+
1 2
=
1 2 +1
2 =
2
=2
Let a be the length of the common side.

! a
cos =
3 15
" 1%
a = 15 $ '
# 2&
15
a=
2
! b
cos =
6 15
2
15 !
b = cos
2 6
15 3
b= "
2 2
15 3
b=
4
15 3
The base of the lodge is m.
4

2! !
Since an angle of lies in the first quadrant, it can be expressed as a difference between
7 2
and an angle z. Find the measure of angle a.
2! !
= –z
7 2
! 2!
z= –
2 7
7! 4!
z= "
14 14
3!
z=
14
5! !
Since an angle of lies in the second quadrant, it can be expressed as a sum between and an
9 2
angle y. Find the measure of angle y.
5! !
= +y
9 2
5! !
y= –
9 2
10! 9!
y= "
18 18
!
y=
18

a) Apply the cofunction identity.

! # ! 4! &
cot = cot % "
18 $ 2 9 ('
4!
= tan
9
= 5.6713
b) Method 1:
Apply the cofunction identity.
13! 26!
tan = tan
9 18
# 3! ! &
= tan % "
$ 2 18 ('
!
= cot
18
= 5.6713
Method 2:
Apply the cofunction identity.
13! " 4! %
tan = tan $ ! +
9 # 9 '&
4!
= tan
9
= 5.6713
!
Since an angle of x lies in the second quadrant, it can be expressed as the sum of and an
2
3!
angle .
11
! 3!
x= +
2 11
11! 6!
= +
22 22
17!
=
22

" 5! ! % " 5! 3! % # 5! ! & # 5! 3! &

a) sin $ + ' = sin $ + b) sin % " ( = sin % "
# 12 4 & # 12 12 '& $ 12 4 ' $ 12 12 ('
2! !
= sin = sin
3 6
3 1
= =
2 2
" 5! ! % " 5! 3! % # 5! ! & # 5! 3! &

c) cos $ + ' = cos $ + d) cos % " ( = cos % "
# 12 4 & # 12 12 '& $ 12 4 ' $ 12 12 ('
2! !
= cos = cos
3 6
1 3
=( =
2 2
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to get the remaining side.

25 y
5 7
4 13
x
3 24
a 2 = 52 ! 42 b2 = 252 ! 7 2
= 25 ! 16 = 625 ! 49
=9 = 576
a=3 b = 24
3
a) cos x =
5
24
b) sin y =
25
c) sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

4 7 3 24
= ! + !
5 25 5 25
28 + 72
=
125
100
=
125
4
=
5

25 x
7
25
24
a) cos 2x = cos 2 x ! sin 2 x b) sin 2x = 2sin x cos x
2
" 24 % " 7 %
2
! 7 $ ! 24 $
=$ ' !$ ' = 2# & # &
# 25 & # 25 & " 25 % " 25 %
576 49 336
= ! =
625 625 625
527
=
625
13! " 9! 4! %
cos = cos $ +
12 # 12 12 '&
" 3! ! %
= cos $ +
# 4 3 '&
3! ! 3! !
= cos cos ( sin sin
4 3 4 3
" 1 % " 1% " 1 % " 3%
= $( '$ ' ($ '$ '
# 2 & # 2& # 2 & # 2 &
(1( 3
=
2 2
L.S. = sin(2! " x) R.S. = –sin x

= sin 2! cos x " sin x cos 2! Compound angle formula
= 0 # cos x " sin x(1)
= " sin x
Since L.S. = R.S., sin(2! " x) = " sin x is an identity.

2(cos x sin 2x ! sin x cos 2x)

a) L.S. = sec x R.S. =
sin 2x
2cos x sin 2x 2sin x cos 2x
= !
sin 2x sin 2x
2sin x(2cos 2 x ! 1)
= 2cos x ! double angle formula
2sin x cos x
2cos 2 x ! 1
= 2cos x !
cos x
1
= 2cos x ! 2cos x +
cos x
= 0 + sec x reciprocal identity
2(cos x sin 2x ! sin x cos 2x)
Since L.S. = R.S., sec x = is an identity.
sin 2x
b)
L.S. = 2sin x cos y R.S. = sin(x + y) + sin(x ! y) compound angle formula

= sin x cos y + sin y cos x + sin x cos y ! sin y cos x
= 2sin x cos y
Since L.S. = R.S., 2sin x cos y = sin(x + y) + sin(x ! y) is an identity.

a) No, the graphs are not the same for all values.
b) cos 3x = cos x cos 2x ! sin x sin 2x

= cos x(cos 2 x ! sin 2 x) ! sin x(2sin x cos x)
= cos3 x ! cos x sin 2 x ! 2sin 2 x cos x
= cos3 x ! 3cos x sin 2 x
Let x = 0: L.S. = cos 2(0) R.S. = 2sin(0)sec(0)

=1 =0
Since L.S. ≠ R.S., cos 2x = 2sin x sec x is not an identity.
! sin x cos x $
(sin 2x)(tan x + cot x) = (2sin x cos x) # + quotient and reciprocal identities
" cos x sin x &%
2sin 2 x cos x 2sin x cos 2 x
= +
cos x sin x
= 2sin x + 2cos x
2 2
= 2(sin 2 x + cos 2 x)
= 2(1) Pythagorean identity
=2
Chapter 4 Problem Wrap-Up
Solution to the Chapter Problem Wrap-Up is provided in the Teacher’s Resource.

Chapter 4 Practise Test
Chapter 4 Practise Test Question 1 Page 246
The correct solution is B.
" 7"
105 ! =
180 12
The correct solution is C.
13! 180
" = 97.5°
24 !
The correct solution is D.
Cofunction identity
" !%
cos $ x + ' = ( sin x
# 2&
" !%
sin x = ( cos $ x + '
# 2&

The correct solution is B.
" 2! % 2! 2!
cos $ ! + ' = cos ! cos ( sin ! sin
# 3& 3 3
" 1% " 3%
= ((1) $ ( ' ( (0) $ '
# 2& # 2 &
1
=
2
From the CAST rule;

secant is negative sec ! = " 2 45
2
1
45
1
The correct solution is A.
"! !% 11!
cos $ + ' = cos
# 5 6& 30
360° 2!
a) =& 13°/day =& 0.23 rad/day
27.3 27.3
b) a = ! r
# 2" &
=% ) 384 400
$ 27.3 ('
=& 88 470.93 km/day
The moon moves along an arc of its orbit approximately 88 471 km/day.
3 " 3%
!$! '
2 # 2 & 3
=
1! (!1)(1) 2

a) Let h be the shared side.

! 40 ! x
sin = cos =
3 h 4 h
40 80 !
h= x= cos
! 3 4
sin
3 80 1
= "
3 3 2
= 40 ÷
2 80
80 =
= 6
3
b) x =& 32.7 m
! !
a) Since an angle of is in the first quadrant, it can be expressed as a difference between
9 2
and an angle.
! 2!
sin = sin
9 18
# 9! 7! &
= sin % "
$ 18 18 ('
# ! 7! &
= sin % "
$ 2 18 ('
7!
= cos
18
=& 0.3420
8! !
b) Since an angle of lies in the second quadrant, it can be expressed as a sum between
9 2
and an angle.
8! 16!
sin = sin
9 18
" 9! 7! %
= sin $ +
# 18 18 '&
" ! 7! %
= sin $ +
# 2 18 '&
7!
= cos
18
=& 0.3420


17! " 9! 8! %
sin = sin $ +
12 # 12 12 '&
" 3! 2! %
= sin $ +
# 4 3 '&
3! 2! 2! 3!
= sin cos + sin cos
4 3 3 4
1 " 1% 3 " 1 %
= ($) ' + ($) '
2 # 2& 2 # 2&
)1) 3
=
2 2

" 15! 2! % " 5! ! %
sin $ + ' = sin $ +
# 12 12 & # 4 6 '&
5! ! ! 5!
= sin cos + sin cos
4 6 6 4
" 1 % " 3% 1 " 1 %
= $( '$ ' + $( '
# 2&# 2 & 2# 2&
( 3 (1
=
2 2
y
25 13
7 5
13 13
121
x 13
2
24 12
Using the CAST rule we know that cos x will be negative and sin y will be positive.
a 2 = 252 ! 7 2 b2 = 132 ! 52
= 625 ! 49 = 169 ! 25
= 576 = 144
a = 24 b = 12
24 12
a) cos x = ! b) sin y =
25 13

c) cos(x ! y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
24 5 7 12
=! " + "
25 13 25 13
!120 + 84
=
325
!36
=
325
2800
! 2" =& 293.2 rad/s
60
Yes, the engine’s maximum velocity (293.2 rad/s) is slower than the maximum velocity of the
propeller (300 rad/s).
!
In the diagram, the total distance north is 50 + 50 cos .
6
!
In the diagram, the total distance east is 50 sin . 50
6
Use the Pythagorean theorem: !
2 2 6
" !% " !%
a 2 = $ 50 + 50cos ' + $ 50sin ' a
# 6& # 6&
2
" 3% " 1%
2
= $ 50 + 50 ( ' + 50 ( ' 50
# 2 & $# 2&
2
" 3%
= 2500 $ 1+ ' + (25)
2
# 2 &
" 3%
= 2500 $ 1+ 3 + ' + 625
# 4&
7500
= 2500 + 2500 3 + + 625
4
= 5000 + 2500 3
a = 5000 + 2500 3

L.S. = (cos x ! sin x)2 R.S. = 1! sin 2x

= cos x ! 2sin x cos x + sin x
2 2
= 1! 2sin x cos x Double angle formula
= (cos 2 x + sin 2 x) ! 2sin x cos x
= 1! 2sin x cos x Pytagorean identity
Since L.S. = R.S., (cos x ! sin x)2 = 1! sin 2x is an identity.
L.S. = 2 cos x cos y R.S. = cos(x + y) + cos(x ! y)

= cos x cos y ! sin x sin y + (cos x cos y + sin x sin y)
= 2cos x cos y
Since L.S. = R.S., 2cos x cos y = cos(x + y) + cos(x ! y) is an identity.

!
Let x = 0, y = .
2
"!% " !% " !%
L.S. = cos 2(0) + sin 2 $ ' R.S. = 2sin $ 0 + ' cos $ 0 ( '
# 2& # 2& # 2&
= 1+ 0 = 2(1)(0)
=1 =0
Since L.S. ≠ R.S., cos 2x + sin 2 y = 2sin(x + y)cos(x ! y) is not an identity.
L.S. = (csc x ! cot x)2 1! cos x

R.S. =
" 1
2 1+ cos x
cos x %
=$ ! 1! cos x 1! cos x
# sin x sin x '& = "
2
1+ cos x 1! cos x
" 1! cos x % (1! cos x)2
=$ =
# sin x '& 1! cos 2 x
(1! cos x)2 (1! cos x)2
= =
sin 2 x sin 2 x
1! cos x
Since L.S. = R.S., (csc x ! cot x)2 = is an identity.
1+ cos x

! 2.4 ! 2.4
tan = tan =
3 CB 4 DB
2.4 2.4
CB = DB =
! !
tan tan
3 4
2.4 = 2.4
=
3
CD = DB ! CB
2.4
CD = 2.4 !
3
" 3 ! 1%
= 2.4 $ '
# 3 &
a)
3"
!4.712389 = !
2
3" " " 3"
The ticks on the horizontal axis are ! , !" , ! , 0, , " , .
2 2 2 2
!
The distance between each tick is .
2

b)
"! % " 5! %
$# 3 ,0.5'& $# 3 ,0.5'&
! 5!
cos = cos
3 3
# !&
= cos % 2! " (
$ 3'
cos x = cos(2! " x)
c)
"! 1 % # 5! 1 &
$# 4 , ' %$ 4 ," (
2& 2'
! 5!
cos = " sin
4 4
# 3! ! &
= " sin % "
$ 2 4 ('
# 3! &
cos x = " sin % " x(
$ 2 '
d) No. An identity must be proven algebraically.

AF12 Chapter 4 Solutions

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AF12 Chapter 4 Solutions

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Chapter 4 Trigonometry

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 1 Page 200

Using the CAST rule; sine and tangent are negative:

Using the CAST rule; cosine and tangent are negative:

Using the CAST rule; cosine and sine are negative:

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 400

a) positive (sine in A quadrant); 0.2588

b) positive (cosine in A quadrant); 0.5592

c) positive (tangent in A quadrant); 3.7321

d) positive (sine in S quadrant); 0.9848

e) negative (cosine in S quadrant); –0.9205

f) positive (tangent in T quadrant); 2.7475

g) negative (sine in C quadrant); –0.8480

h) positive (cosine in C quadrant); 0.9781

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 3 Page 200

a) 41° b) 65° c) 83° d) 117°

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 4 Page 200

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 5 Page 200

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 401

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 6 Page 200

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 7 Page 200

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 402

θ sin θ cos θ tan θ

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 9 Page 201

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 10 Page 201

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 403

a) AB = (10 ! 6)2 + (8 ! 5)2 b) CD = (!5 ! 7)2 + (!3 ! 2)2

c) EF = (!8 ! 7)2 + (4 ! 12)2 d) GH = (!3 ! 3)2 + (!6 ! 2)2

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 12 Page 201

c) 6x2 – 4xy + 3xy – 2y2 = 6x2 – xy – 2y2

d) sin2 x + 2 sin x cos y + cos2 y = 1 + 2 sin x cos y

Chapter 4 Prerequisite Skills Question 13 Page 201

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 404

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 405

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 1 Page 208

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 2 Page 208

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 3 Page 208

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 4 Page 208

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 5 Page 208

" 2" " " " 7"

" 7" " 5" " 5"

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 6 Page 208

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 7 Page 208

! 180° ! 180° 5! 180°

5! 180° 3! 180° 3! 180°

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 406

180° 180° 180°

180° 180° 180°

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 9 Page 208

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 10 Page 208

a) 360° × 2 = 720°/s b) 2π × 2 = 4π rad/s

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 11 Page 208

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 12 Page 208

Answers may vary depending on speed of animation. A sample solution is shown.

The time for five complete revolutions was 20 s.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 407

b) 0.000 291 × 6 400 000 =& 1862

c) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 14 Page 209

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 15 Page 209

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 16 Page 209

Chapter 4 Section 1 Question 17 Page 209

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 408