SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION 2

Definition of Terms

Admission - Any statement of fact made by a party which is against his interest or unfavorable to the
conclusion for which he contends inconsistent with the facts alleged by him.
AFIS - Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) is a biometric identification (ID)
methodology that uses digital imaging technology to obtain, store, and analyze fingerprint data.
Amateur Intermittent Offender - These types of robbers view themselves as lifetime robbers and
commit infrequent robbery offenses, often recklessly.
Armed Robbery - This involves the use of weapons such as firearms, knives, or other dangerous
weapons.
Animus Lucrandi - means intent to gain, in Robbery.
Bienes Muebles - in Robbery, means personal property belonging to another.
Arrest - The legal taking of a person into custody in order that he may be bound to answer for the
commission of an offense.
Arrest Warrant - An order in writing issued in the name of the Philippines commanding or
directing a peace officer to arrest the person described therein and bring it before the court.

The warrant of arrest is to be served within a statutory period of 10 days.

The warrant of arrest validity continues unless:

1. Recalled by the issuing court
2. The respondent has been arrested
3. Respondent voluntarily submitted himself

Arson - An act of willfully and maliciously damaging or destroying a building or other property by
fire or explosion.
Autopsy - known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy, autopsiacadaverum, or obduction, is a
highly specialized surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse to
determine the cause and manner of death and to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present.
Accused - A person whose case was forwarded to the office of the prosecutor and filed in court.
Baseline - a method of locating objects, particularly useful in large, irregularly shaped outdoor areas.
Confession - An express acknowledgment by the accused in a criminal prosecution of the truth of his
guilt as to the offense charged, while admission refers to statements of fact not directly constituting
an acknowledgment of guilt.
Corpus Delicti - Latin for the “body of the crime”.
Crime - A generic term referring to many types of misconduct forbidden by law.
Crime Scene - A venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event has been committed.
Criminal - A person who is convicted by final judgment.
Criminalist - The officer responsible for recording a crime scene and recognizing and preserving
physical evidence.
Criminal Investigation - The collection of facts in order to accomplish the three-fold aims – to
identify the guilty party, to locate the guilty party, and to provide evidence of his (suspect) guilt.
Criminal Investigator - A well-trained, disciplined, and experienced professional in the field of
criminal investigation.
Criminal Law - One that defines crimes treats their nature and provides for their punishment.
Crime Scene - The geographical area where the crime was committed.
Crime Scene Sketch - A simple diagram that creates a mental picture
of the scene for those who are not present.
Rough Sketch - The first pencil-drawn outline of the scene and the location of objects and evidence
within this outline.
DNA Profiling - (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or genetic fingerprinting) is a technique
employed by forensic scientists to assist
in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles.
DNA Fingerprinting - is a test to identify and evaluate the genetic information, called DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid), of a person's cells.

Early Techniques of Crime Investigation

Archimedes (287–212 BC) invented a method for determining the volume of an object with an
irregular shape.
Book of Xi Yuan Lu - The first written account of using medicine and entomology to solve criminal
cases.
Carl Wilhelm Scheele - he devised in 1773 a method for detecting arsenic oxide, simple arsenic, in
corpses.
Henry Goddard - at Scotland Yard pioneered the use of bullet comparison in 1835.
Alphonse Bertillon - was the first to apply the anthropological technique of anthropometry to law
enforcement, thereby creating an identification system based on physical measurements.
Sir William Herschel - was one of the first to advocate the use of fingerprinting in the identification
of criminal suspects.
English Constable - early recorded professional criminal investigator.
Evidence - The means by which facts are proved.
Forcible Rape - Sexual intercourse carried out against a person’s will by the use of physical
violence.

Four Basic Techniques That Can Be Used To Measure A Crime Scene

1. Rectangular/Coordinate System
2. Baseline/Station Line
3. Triangulation/Trilateration
4. Azimuth/Polar Coordinates

Azimuth - uses polar coordinates. This method requires two people; one to hold each end of a tape
measure. This type of measuring convention is best suited for large open areas where there might not
be any fixed reference points. A known starting point must be established in your scene which might
require pounding in a stake. That point is located by using a handheld GPS (global positioning
system). A large protractor or some other type of board marked with a circle and degree increments
is used. The zero location on the board is oriented toward the magnetic north.
Triangulation - is a method that can be used when the scene is irregularly shaped. Two control
points are used for this method.
Highgrading – selling
Information - The general term refers to the knowledge acquired by criminal investigators from
various sources. Data gathered by an investigator from other persons including the victim himself
and other sources.
Instrumentation - The application of instruments and methods of physical science in the detection
and investigation of crime.
Interview - The simple friendly questioning of people who have the information officially needed by
investigators.
Interrogation - The vigorous or aggressive questioning of a person suspected of having committed
an offense or a person who is reluctant or willing to make full disclosure of information in his
possessions, which is pertinent to the investigation of a criminal case.
Investigation - The collection of basic facts establishing that a crime has been committed and that
some other person is responsible thereof.
Kastle–Meyer Test - is a presumptive blood test, first described in 1903, in which the chemical
indicator phenolphthalein is used to detect the possible presence of hemoglobin.
Miranda Doctrine - The principle on the rights of a suspect against forced self-incrimination during
police interrogation.
Modus Operandi - Methods of Operation, Modes of Operation, Manner of committing the crime.
Murder- Suicide - An act in which an individual kills one or more other persons immediately before
or at the same time as him or herself.
Phenomena - A circumstance, event, or occurrence as it actually exists or existed.
Photography - The most reliable means of preserving the crime scene or evidence.
Political terrorists - The use of force or the fear of force to achieve a political end.
Power-Reassurance Rapist - The rapist who psychologically doubts his masculinity and seeks to
dispel this doubt by exercising power and control over women.
Professional Robber - This is characterized as having a long-term commitment to crime as a source
of livelihood, planning and organizing crimes before committing them, and pursuing money to
support a particular lifestyle.
RA 7438 - An act defining certain rights of a person under custodial investigation.
RA 8353 - The Anti-Rape Law of 1997.
RA 9514 - The Fire Code of the Philippines.
Rectangular - a method of obtaining measurement to locate an object by making a measurement at
right angles from each of two walls. Works well for indoor measurements.
Special Crime Investigation - The investigation of cases that are unique and often require special
training to fully understand their broad significance.
Spectrometry - modern detection method of alcohol and drugs.
Suspect - A person arrested for a crime.
Terrorism - The unlawful use of threat of violence against a person or property to further political or
social objectives.

Three-Fold Aim of Criminal Investigation

1. Identify the Perpetrator
2. Locate the Perpetrator
3. Provide Evidence

Triangulation - method of locating an object where measurements are taken from two fixed points at
the scene to the object you desire to locate.