THE POWERS

OF APPLES

By
George F. Felfoldi
© 2023, George F. Felfoldi
THE POWERS
OF APPLES
 © 2023, George Felfoldi

Please feel free to distribute this e-Book,

As long as all the information is intact,
And is unchanged.

ALL OTHER COPYRIGHTS

BELONG TO THEIR RESPECTABLE
OWNERS.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page
Copyright Information
Table Of Content
Dedication
Special Thanks
About The Author
Other Books By The Author
An Apples
Etymology
Description
Wild Ancestors
Aroma That Are In Apples
Genome
Little Bit Of History
 In European Cultures
In Christian Arts
The Proverb
Different Cultivars
The Cultivation Of Apples
- Breeding Of Apples
- Apple Pollination
Maturation And Harvest
Storage Of Apples
Pest And Diseases That Attack Apples
Apple Production
Uses Of Apples
- Culinary
- Organic Production
- Phytochemicals
- Non-Browning Apples

– Other Products
 Allergy To Apples
Toxicity Of Apple Seeds
Apples In Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Apple Variety
- Handling & Caring
- Apples Health Benefits
Apples, With Skin (Edible Parts)
Apples In General
Helpful Benefits
Nutrition
Apples Are Inexpensive
Photo Gallery
 I would like to dedicate this e-Book
To my late mother, brother and father
And also to all my readers
And friends.

THIS BOOK IS TO YOU ALL.

I would like to thank all the people,
Companies, Organizations,
Family and friends that made
This e-Book possible.

The Toronto Public Library

Health Canada
Metro News Media
Toronto Star Newspaper
Dr. P.K. Fung, M.D.
Medical News Today
Toronto General Hospital
 Toronto Western Hospital
WebMD
Foodland Ontario
Apple Growers Association Of Ontario
Wikipedia Organization
Atli Arnarson, Bsc, PhD
Ontario Apple Growers
Niagra Falls Farmers Association
Getty Images
Dr. Herbert Kline, MD
Dr. Sydney Davis
Dr. Calapinto
Cleveland Clinic
Jean-Guy Lehoux
Dugald Russell
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

George F. Felfoldi

Dr. George Felfoldi is an Independent

Baptist Minister, An Author, Song writer
And Musician who is a native to
Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
George holds several doctors degrees in
Various fields and has written several books,
On different subjects such as:
Occult, Health, Religion, Herbals,
Ships, and also Poetry and Lyrics.
George is also married and
Has four grown children.
 OTHER BOOKS BY
THE AUTHOR
2006

Katoomba-Columbia
The Powers of Garlic
Speaking to God Through Prayers
Ginger the Herb and Root Guide
The Complete Book On Angels
Chamomile The Healing Herb
The Healing Powers of Aloe Vera
The Healing Powers of Cranberry
The Healing Powers Of Seaweed And Algae
The Spiritual Key To Healing
The Healing Powers of Pomegranate

2007

The Healing Powers Of Blueberries

AMD – Age-Related Macular Degeneration
A Modern Look At Solar Power
The Healing Powers of Oregano
The Healing Powers of Coconuts
The Book of Spells :White Magic Vs. Black Magic
The Healing Powers of Cherries
Experimenting With the G-Spot
Sex Magic
The Images of God
The Healing Powers of Thistles
The Felfoldi’s :Medical Herbal Encyclopedia
The Complete Book on Herbal Magick
The Herbs And the Animals of the Bible
The Road To Better Health
The Gnomes In Mythology
The Magic of Having Great Sex
The Healing Powers of Strawberries
The Backyard Terror :Squirrels
Changing The Way We Look At Wolves
Cooking With Eggs Cookbook
The Healing Powers Of Watermelons

2008

The Healing Powers of Mangos

The Complete Book On Angels (Second Edition)
The State of Man (In Relationship To The Bible)
The Healing Powers of Tomatoes
The Schooner, Bluenose II
The Healing Powers of Mushrooms
A Modern Look At Parapsychology

Angel Light Bible Studies (A complete 22 lesson course)

Peach Popourri (A book on Peaches)
Hypnosis For Self Betterment And Healing
The Down To Earth Cookbook
The Science of Faith and Other God’s Sciences
World Wide Ghosts & Hauntings
The Modern Look At Poetry

2009
The Science of Mind Transformation
A New Look at Scheurmann’s Disease
Loch Ness Mystery
In Search of Mysterious Primates
The Healing Powers of Pineapples
The Healing Powers of Limes
The Scottish-Hungarian Cookbook

Cooking With Friends Cookbook

Spirit Orbs Photography
The Secret of Healthy Living
The Healing Powers of Mr. Garlic
The Complete Book On Herbal Magick (2nd. Edition)
Spellcasting :White & Black Magic
The Healing Powers of Kiwi Fruit
A World Of Food Cookbook
A Psychic Connection To 2012
Paranormal Phenomenon :Levitation
Aliens Are Among Us

2010

The Devil And His Demons :Activities, Facts & Evidence

2012

Bed Bugs In The Woodwork

The Cockroach Invasion
The Basics of the Chinese Zodiac
Focusing the Mind, The Inner Universe
The Healing Properties of Honey

2014
The Toe Nail Fungus Book
The Healing Powers of Peppermint
The Healing Powers of Dandelion
The Healing Powers of Cloves

2015

The New Age Cookbook

From My Table Cookbook
Tranquility Of Mind :Modern Lyrics And Poetry
Cooking Is For Everyone
Good Food And Art Cookbook
The Book Of Ginger

2017

Kinberley's Famous Recipes

2018

Don't Stop Cooking

Angels Of The Light
The Angels Connection
Hamsters Simplifies
My Scottish Fold, Long Haired Cat
Good Foods Made Easy
The Healing Powers Of Black Pepper
The Healing Powers Of Coffee
The Healing Powers Of Turmeric
The Healing Powers Of Watermelons
Arthritis Simplifies
An Invisible Wall In Nature
Bedbugs Simplified

2019
Farmer's Wife Olde And New Tyme Recipes
Light Approach To Stress Management

2021

Everyday Cooking
Cooking Through A Pandemic
Pandemic 2 Cookbook
The Fascinating Facts Of Gnomes
Cherries, A Superfood
Healing Properties Of Bananas
Healing Properties Of Corn
Healing Properties Of Garlic
Healing Properties Of Paprika
Healing Properties Of Turnip
Pears, A Superfood
Plums, A Superfood
Healing Properties Of Cranberries, 53p.
Healing Properties Of Ginger
Healing Properties Of Pomegranate
Speaking To God Through Prayers
The Future Of Solar Energy

2022

Cleaning And Kitchen Tips

From Hungarian And Scottish Kitchens
Blue Mountain Cookbook
Vintage Recipes
Yes You Can Cook
Health Benefits Of Ginger
A Modern Look At Poetry
2023

Cooking Is For Young And Old

Eating Healthy With George
Cooking Healthy With George
According To The Bible
Great Foods Made Easy
Health Benefits And Uses Of Elderberry
Another Look At Seaweed And Algae
Healing Properties Of Cranberries, 133p.
Healing Benefits Of Pomegranets
Healing Benefits Of Blueberries
Healing Benefits Of Avocados
Creative Home Cooking Vol. 1
Nessie Of Loch Ness
The Powers Of Lemons
The Powers Of Apples
 AN APPLE

One Apple.

The apple is a round, edible fruit that is produced by an apple

tree (Malus domestica). Many apple trees are cultivated
worldwide and the most widely grown species in the genus
Malus. The apple tree originated in Central Asia, where its
wild ancestor, the Malus sieversii, is still found. Apple have
been grown and cultivated for thousands of years in Asia and
Europe and the apples were introduced to North America by
the European colonists who planted then. Apples also have
religious and mythological significance in many cultures
around the world, including some of the cultures as the,
Norse, Greek, and European Christian tradition.

The apples that are grown from seeds tend to be very

different from those that are grown from their parents, and
the resultant fruit the frequently lacks desired characteristics.
Generally, apple cultivars are propagated by elonal grafting
onto rootstock. Apples that are grown without the rootstocks
tend to be larger and much slower to fruit after they are
planted in the ground. The rootstocks are used to control the
trees speed of growth and the size of the resulting tree, which
allows it for easier harvesting.

There are more than 7,500 different cultivars of apples around

the world. Different cultivars are bred for different tastes and
for different uses, including cooking, eating raw, and in
production of making apple cider. Trees and fruit are prone to
fungal, bacterial, and pest problems, that can be controlled by
a number of organic and non organic means.
In 2010, the fruit's genome was sequenced as part of a
research on disease control and selective breeding in apple
production.

In 2021 the world's production of apples was 93 million

tonnes, with China accounting for nearly half of the total.

ETYMOLOGY
The word “apple”, whose Old English ancester is “aeppel”, is
descended from the Proto-Germanic moun “aplaz”, which has
descended in turn from the Proto-Indo-European word,
“h2ebol”.

Las as the 17th. Century, the word also functioned as a generic

term for many and all fruits that include nuts, such as the 14 th.
Century Middle English expression, “appel of paradis”,
meaning a banana.
 DESCRIPTION

Skin is 0% overcolor.

The apple is a deciduous tree, that is generally standing at 2 to

4.5 meters or 6 to 15 feet tall in cultivation and up to about 9
meters or 90 feet if it is growing the the wild. Then the tree is
cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined
by the rootstock selection and trimming methods.
The leaves are alternately arranged dark green colored simple
ovals with serrated margins and slightly downy undersides.

Blossoms are produced in spring simultaneously with the

budding of the leaves and are produced on spurs and some
long shoots.

The 3 to 4 cm or 1 to 1 1/2 inch flowers are white in color with

a pink tinge that gradually fades, the five petaled, with an
inflorescence consisting of a cyme with 6 to 6 flowers. The
central flower of the inflorescence is called the, “Kingdom
Bloom”; it opens first and can develop a larger fruit.

The fruit is a pome that matures in late summer or autumn,

and cultivars exist in a wide range of sizes. Commercial
growers aim to produce an apple that id 7 to 8.5 cm or 2 2/3
to 3 1/4 inches in diameter, due to the market preference.
Some people that buy apples, especially in Japan prefer a
larger apple, while the apples that are less than 5.5 cm or 2
1/4 inch are generally used for making juice and have little
fresh market value.

The groundcolor of the ripe apples is yellow, yellow-green,

green or whitish yellow. The overcolor of ripe apples can be
orange-red, pink-red, red, purple-red or brown-red. The skin
can also be russetted. The overcolor amount can be 100%.

Overcolor 100%
The skin of the apple as shown in the picture above may also
be wholly or partly russeted, rough and brown. The skin is
covered in a protective layer of epicuticular wax. The exocarp
(or flesh) is generally pale yellowish-white, though pink,
green, or yellow exocarps also occure.

WILD ANCESTORS
The original wild ancestor of Malus domestica and Malus
sieversii, is found growing wild in the mountains of:

– Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan

– Kyrgyzstan

– Tajikistan

– Northwestern China

Cultication of the species, most likely beginning on the

forested flanks of the Tian Shan mountains, progressed over a
long period of time and permitted secondary introgession
of genes from other species into the open pollinated
seeds.ignificant exchange with Malus sylvestris, which is
known as the crabapple, resulted in populations of apples
being more related to crabapples than to the more
morphologically similar progenitor Malus sieversii.In strains
that is without the recent admixture contribution of the latter
predominates.

AROMA THAT ARE IN APPLES

Important volitile compounds that are in apples, such as:

– Acetaldehyde

– Ethylacetate

– 1-Butanal

– Etanol
– 2-Metybutanal

– 3-Metybutanal

– Etyl propionate

– Etyl-2-Metylpropionate

– Etulbutyrate

– Ethyl-2-Methylbutyrate

– Hexanal

– 1-Butanol

– 3-Methylbutylacetate

– 2-Methylbutylacetate

– 1-Propylbutyrate

– Ethylpentanoate

– Amylacetate

– 2-Methylbutanol

– trans-2-Hexenal

– Etylhexanoate
 – Hexanol

GENOME

Apples are diploid, though triploid cultivars are not

uncommon, they have 17 chromosomes and an estimated
genome size of approximately 650 Mb. Several whole genome
sequences have been completed and made available.

The first one was in 2010 that was based on the diploid
cultivar the, “Golden Delicious”. However, this first whole

genome sequence turned out to contain several different

errors in part owing to the high degree of heterozygosity in
diploid apples that, in combination with an ancient genome
duplication, yielding whole genome sequences of high quality.
 A Golden Delicious Apple.

The first whole genome assembly was estimated to contain

arounf 57,000 genes, though the more recent genome
sequences support estimates that are between 42,000 to
44,400 protein coding genes.

The availability of whole genome sequences has provided

evidence that the wild ancestor of the cultivated apple most
likely is the Malus sieversii.

Re-sequencing of multiple accessions has supported this,

while also suggesting that extensive introgression from Malus
sylvestris following domestication.
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION

The Flowers Of The Apple

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION

Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
 Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Malus
Species: M. Domestica

BINIMIAL NAME

Malus domestica
Borkh., 1803

SYNOMYNS
. Malus communis Desf.
. Malus pumila Mil.
. M. Frutescens Medik.
 . M. paradisiaca (L.) Medikus
. M. Sylvestris Mil.
. Pyrus malus L.
. Pyrus malus var. Paradisiaca L.
Pyrus dioica Moench

Apple morphology.
The blossoms, leaves, fruits of the apple tree
(Malus domestica).
LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY

Wild Malus sieversii apple

in Kazakhsta.
The A apple is recognized as a major progenitor species to be
cultivated apple, and is morphologically similar.

Due to the apples genetic variability in Central Asia, this

region of the country is generally considered the center origin
of the apple. The apple is thought to have been domesticated
between 4,000 to 10,000 years ago in the Tian Shan
mountains, and then to have travelled along the Silk Road
through the dry desert, (which was hard for some to travel
through) to the rest of Europe, with hybridization and
introgression of wild crabapples from Siberia (M. Baccata),
the Caucassus (M. Orientalis), and Europe the (M. Sylvestris).

Only the M. Sieversii tree growing on the western side of the

Tian Sham mountains contributed generally to the
domesticated apple that we have now, not the isolated
population on the eastern side of the mountain.

The Chinese soft apples, like the M. Asiatica and the M.

Prunifolia, have been cultivated as dessert apples for more
than 2,000 years in China. These plants are thought to be
hybrids between M. Baccata and M. Sieversii in Kazakhstan.

Among the traits that are selected by human growers are:

– Size

– Fruit acidity

– Color

– Firmness

– Soluble sugar

Unusually for domesticated fruits, the wild M. Sieversii origin

is only slightly smaller than the modern domesticated apple.

At the Sammardenchia-Cueis site near Udine in Northeastern

Italy, seeds from some form of apples have been found in
materials carbon dated to around 4,000 BCE. These seeds has
not been yet genetically analized successfully used to
determine weather such ancient apples were wild Malus
sylvestris, or Malus domesticus containing Malus sieversii
ancestry.

It is generally hard to know the difference in the archeological

record between foraged wild apples and that are grown on
plantations or in apple orchards.

However, there is indirect evidence of apple cultivation in the

3rd. Century BCE in the Middle East. There was a substantial
apple production in the European classic antiquity, and
grafting was certainly known then.

Grafting is an essential part of modern domesticated apple

production, to be able to propagate the best cultivars.

It is unclear when the process of grafting was first invented

back in earlier times, but it is widely used around the world in
modern times.
Grafting Picture 1

Grafting Picture 2
WINTER APPLES, that are picked in the late Autumn and are
stored just above freezing, have been an important food in
Asia and Europe for centuries. Of many of the Old World
plants that the Spanish as introduced in the 16 th. Century,
apple trees became particularly well adapted. Apples were
introduced to North America in the 17th. Century, and the first
apple orchard on the North American continent was planted
in Boston. The only apples that are native to North America
was the crabapple, which was once called the, “Common
Apple” by the people.

APPLE CULTIVARS, that was brought as a seed from Europe

were spread along Native American trade routes, as well as
being cultivated on many colonial farms.

In a 1845 United States apple nursery catalogue sold to the

public 350 of the best cultivars, showing the priliferation of
new North American cultivars by the early 19 th. Century. In the
20th. Century, irrigation projects in Eastern Washington began
to allow the development of the multi-billion dollar fruit
industry, of which the apple is the leading product.
Until the 20th. Century, lot of farmers store apples in
frostproof cellars during the winter for their own personal use
and also for sale. The improved new transportation of fresh
apples by train and road replaced the necessity for storage
because the apples can get to the market much faster than
before. Controlled atmosphere buildings are used to keep
apples fresh all year round. Controlled atmosphere facilities
use high humidity, low oxygen, and controlled carbon dioxide
levels to maintain the fruit freshness. This control method was
the first of its kind used in the United States in the 1960s.

Alice Apple.
 IN EUROPEAN CULTURES

IN GERMANIC PAGANISM:

In Norse mythology, the goddess Idunn is portrayed as

providing apples to the gods that gives them eternal
youthfullness.

Idunn.
 The Goddess Idunn

H. R. Ellis Davidson who is an English scholar linked apples to

religious practices in Germanic paganism, from which the
Norse paganism developed. She also points out that buckets
of apples were found in the Oseberg ship burial sight in
Norway, that fruit and nuts, (Idunn having been described as
being transformed into a nut in Skaldskaparmal), have been
found in the early graves of Germanic people in England and
in many other places in Europe, which may be a symbolic
meaning, and that nuts are still recognized symbols in
fertility in southwest England.

She has also notes a connection between apples and the

Vanir, a tribe of gods that are associated with fertility in
Norse mythology, citing an instance of eleven, “Golden
Apples” that was given to woo the beautiful Gerds by Skirnir,
who was acting as a messenger for the major Vanir god Freyr
in stanzas 19 and 20 of Skirnismal.

Davidson she also notes that a further connection fertility and

apples in Norse mythology in the chapter 2 of the Volsunga
Saga: when the major goddess Frigg sends King Rerir an apple
after he prays to Odin for a child. Frigg's messenger who is
disguised as a crow drops the apple in his lap as he sits atop a
mound.

Rerir's wife's consumption of the apple results in a six year

pregnancy and birth, (by Caesarean section) of his son who is
the hero Volsung.
The Goddess Frigg
Davidson also points out a strange phrase “Apples of Hel”
used in a 11th. Century poem. She states that the apple was
thought of byBrunarson as the food of the dead. Further, she
states that the potentially Germanic goddess Nehalennia

The goddess Nehalennia, (goddess of Travellers).

Is also depicted with apples and that parallels exist in early
Irish stories.

Nehalennia The Warrior Goddess

And Goddess For Travellers.
Davidson states that while cultivation of the apple in Northern
Europe extends back to at least the time of the Roman Empire
and came to Europe from the Near East, the native variety of
app tree growing in Northern Europe are small and bitter.
Davidson concludes that in the figure of Idunn, :we must have
a dim reflection of an old symbol: that of the guardian
goddess of the life giving fruit of the other world.”

IN GREEK MYTHOLOGY

The apple or apples appear in many religious traditions, it is

often as a mystical or forbidden fruit. The problem of
identifying apple or apples in religion, mythology and folklores
is that the word, “Apple” was used as a generic term for all
(foreign) fruit, other than berries, including nuts, as late as the
17th. Century.

In Greek mythology, the Greek hero Hercules, as part of his

Twelve Labours, was required to travel to the Garden of the
Hesperides and pick the “Golden Apple” of the Tree of Life
that was growing in the center.

Eris, the Greek goddess of discord, became disgruntled after

she was excluded from the wedding of Peleus and Thetis. In
retaliation, she tossed a Golden Apple, into the wedding
party. Three goddesses claimed the apple: Aphrodite, Athena
and Hera.

Paris of Troy was appointed to select the recipient. After being

bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with
the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Sparta. He
awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the
Trojan War.

APPLES was considered, in ancient Greece, sacred to

Aphrodite. To throw an apple at someone was symbolically
declare one's love; and similarly, to catch the apple was to
symbolically show one's acceptance of that love.
The goddess Aphrodite Picture 1
The goddess Aphrodite (goddess of Love)
Picture 2
 IN CHRISTIAN ARTS

Eve picking the apple off the Tree Of Life

and giving it to Adam.

Though the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden, that is in

the Book Of Genesis is not identified, popular Christian
tradition has held that it was an “Apple” that Eve coaxed
Adam to share with her.
The origin of the popular identification with a fruit unknown
in the Middle East in biblical times is found in wordplay with
the Latin words malum meaning an apple. The tree of the
forbidden fruit is called, “The Tree of Knowledge (of good and
evil), in Genesis 2:17, and the Latin for, “good and evil” is
bonum et malum.

Adam And Eve In The Garden, Eve Holding

An Apple In Her Hand.
Early Renaissane painters man also have been influenced by
the early story of the “Golden Apple”, in the Garden of
Hesperides.

As a result, in the story of Adam and Eve, the apple became a

symbol of Knowledge and Wisdom, immortality, temptation,
which is the fall of man into sin, and sin itself.

The “Larynx”, in the human throat has been called the,

“Adam's Apple”, because of the notion that it was caused by
the forbidden fruit remaining in the throat of Adam.

The apple is also used as a symbol of sexual seduction has

been used to imply human sexuality, possibly in an ironic vein.
 THE PROVERB

THE PROVERB, “An apple a day keeps the doctor away”,

addressing the supposed health benefits of the fruit, has been
traced back to the 19th. Century Wales, where the original
phrase was, “Eat an apple on going to bed, and you will keep
the doctor from earning his bread”.

In the 19th. Century and into the 20th. Century, the phrase have
evolved to, “An apple a day, no doctor to pay”, and “an apple
a day sends the doctor away”; the phrase in now commonly
used as it was first recorded in 1022.
 DIFFERENT CULTIVARS

Different kinds of apples.

There are more than 7,500 known cultivars, (cultivated

varieties) of apples. Cultivars vary in their yield and the
ultimate size of the tree, even when the tree is grown on the
same rootstock. Many different cultivars are available for
temperate and subtropical climates. In the United Kingdom,
the United Kingdom's National Fruit Collection, which is the
responsibility of the Department of Environment, Food, and
Rural Affairs, includes a collection of over 2,000 cultivars of
apples in Kent.

The University of Reading, that is responsible for developing

the UK national collection database, they also provide access
to research the national collection. The University also works
is part of the European Cooperative Programme for Plant
Genetic Resources of which there are 38 countries that are
participating in the Malus/Pyrus work group.

The UK's national fruit collection database contains large

information on the characteristics and origin of many apples,
including alternative for what is essentially the same,
“Generic”, apple cultivar. Most of these apples are bred for
eating fresh, (dessert apples), though some of these apples
are cultivated specially for cooking, or what is called a
“cooking apple”, or to produce apple cider. The cider apples
are typically too tart and astringent to ear fresh, but they give
the beverage a rich flavor that dessert apples can not give.

Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. The

other desirable qualities in the modern commercial apple
breeding are the different skin colors. The absence of
russeting, easy shipping, the length of storage ability, the high
yields of the apple, disease resistance, common apple shape,
and the developed flavor. The modern apples are generally
sweeter then the older cultivars, as popular tastes in the apple
have varied over time. Most North Americans and European
favor a sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have a strong
minority following. Extremely sweet apples that have barely
any acid flavor are very popular in Asia.

Older cultivars are very often are oddly shaped, russeted, and
they grow in a variety of textures and colors. Some of these
apples have a better taste than others and some find that
they have better flavor than modern cultivars, Some of these
apples may have other problems that make them
commercially unavailable, low yield, disease susceptibility,
poor tolerance for storage or transportation, or even just
being the wrong size of an apple. In many places a few
cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have
been preserved by home gardeners and farmers that sell the
products directly to the local markets

Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own

special tastes and appearance still exist; apple conservation
campaigns around the world has sprung up to preserve such
local cultivars from extinction.

However, in the United Kingdom, old cultivars such as the,

“Cox's Orange Pippin” and the, “Egremont Russet” are still
commercially important.
Even though by modern standards they are a low yielding and
susceptible to various diseases.
The Cox's Orange Pippin Apple.

Egremont Russet Apple.

 THE CULTIVATION
OF APPLES

Apple Blossoms In An Orchard.

BREEDING OF APPLES:

There are many apples that are grown readily from seeds.
More than with most perennial fruits, the apples must be
propagated asexually to obtain the sweetness and some other
disirable characteristics of the parent tree. This is because
seeding the apples are an example of extreme heterozygotes,
in that rather than inheriting genes from their parents to
create a new apple with parental characteristics, they are
instead significantly different from their parents, this is
pehaps to compete with the many pests and diseases.

The Triploid cultivars, however, have an additional

reproductive barrier in which the three sets of chromosomes
cannot be divided evenly during meiosis, yielding unequal
segregation of the chromosomes (or aneuploids). Even in the
case when a triploid plant can produce a seed, (apples are a
good example), it occurs infrequently, and seedlings rarely
survive.

We are told, because apples are not true breeders when

planted as seed, although cutting can take root and breed
true, and may live for a century, grafting is usually used in
most cases. The rootstock used for the bottom of the graft can
be selected to produce apple trees of a large variety of sizes,
as well as changing the winter hardiness, insect and disease
resistance, and soil preference of the resulting tree. However,
dwarf rootstocks can also be used to produce very small apple
tree, which is less than 3.0 meters or 10 feet high at maturity,
which bears fruit many years earlier in their life cycle then the
full size trees, and they are also easier to harvest.

A Dwarf Apple Tree standing 3.0 meters high.

DWARF ROOTSTOCKS for apple trees can be traced as far back
as 300 BCE, to the area of Persia (or modern day Iran), and
also to Asia Minor.

In ancient times Alexander the Great sent samples of dwarf

apple trees to Aristotle's Lyceum. Dwarf rootstocks became
very common in the 15th. Century and later whet through
several cycles of popularity and decline around the world. The
large majority of the rootstocks that was used to control the
size in of the apples were developed in England in the early
1900s.

The East Malling Research Station (EMRS), conducted

extensive research into the rootstocks, and their rootstocks
are given an “M” prefix to designate where they have come
from. The rootstocks that are marked with an “MM” prefix are
the Malling series cultivars that was later crossed with the
trees of “Northern Spy” in Merton, England.
The nost new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, that either
arise by change or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars
with other promising characteristics. The words:

– Seedling

– Pippin

– Kernel
in name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a
seedling. Apples can also form buds sports, (which are some
mutations on a single branch). Some buds sports turn out to
be improved strains of the parent cultivars. Some differ very
much from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars.

Since the 1930s, the Excelsior Experimental Station (EES) at

the University of Minnesota in the United States has
introduced a steady progression of important apples that are
widely grown today.

Both commercially and by the local farmers, these apples are

grown throughout Minnesota and Wisconsin. Its most
important contribution has included apples :
– Haralson Apple

these apples is the most widely cultivated apple in

Minnessota.

– Wealthy Apple

– Honeygold Apple
 – Honeycrisp Apple

Apples have been acclimatized in Ecuador at a very high

altitudes, where they can often, with the needed factors,
provide crops twice per year because of constant temperature
conditions year round.
 APPLE POLLINATION

Apple blossoms picture taken

from an old Ayrshire cultivar.

The apples are self incompatible; they must cross pollinate to

develop the fruit (apple). During the flowering each season,
many apple growers often utilize pollinators to carry on the
process. Honey bees are the most commonly used in
pollination. Orchard mason bees are also used as
supplemental pollinators in most commercial orchards.
The bumblebee queens are sometimes present in many
orchards, but that are not usually in sufficient number to be
significant pollinators.

Here below are four to seven pollination groups in apples,

depending on climate:

. GROUP A – Early flowering, i to 3 May in England

(“Gravenstein”, “Red Astrachan”)

. GROUP B – 4 to 7 May (“Idared”, “McIntosh”)

. GROUP C – Middle season flowering, 8 to 11 May (“Granny

Smith”, “Cox's Orange Pippin”)

. GROUP D – Mid/late season flowering, 12 to 15 May

(“Golden Delicious”, “Calville blanc d'hiver”)
. GROUP E – Late flowering, 16 to 16 May (“Braeburn”,
“Reinette d'Orleans”)

. GROUP F – 19 to 23 May (“Suntan”)

. GROUP H – 24 to 28 May (“Court-Pendu Gris which is also

called Court-Pendu plat”

One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from

same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but NOT WITH C or
D).

Cultivars are sometimes classified by the day of peak bloom in

the average 30 day blooming period, with pollenizers selected
from cultivars within a six day overlap period.
MATURATION AND
HARVEST

Apples That are on trees are

ready to be harvest.
Nany cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the
apple tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Some
cultivars if they are left unproned, grow to be very large,
letting them bear more fruit, but making harvesting for
farmers and apple producers more difficult. Depending on the
tree density, number of trees that are planted per unit surface
area, mature trees typically bear 40 to 200 kg (90 to 440 lbs)
of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero
in a poor year. Apples are harvested using three point ladders
that are designed to fit amongst the branches of the trees.
Trees that are grafted on dwarfing rootstocks bear about 10 to
80 kg (20 to 180 lbs) of apples per year.

Many of the local farmers that have apple orchards open

them to the public so that consumers can pick their own
apples.

Many apple crops ripen at different times of the year

according to the cultivars. Cultivars that yield their crop in the
summer include the following that is listed here are:
 – Gala

– Golden Supreme

– McIntosh

– Transparent

– Primate

– Sweet Bough

– Duchess

In the fall producers include:

– Fugi

– Jonagold

– Golden Delicious

– Red Delicious

– Chenango

– Gravenstein

– Wealthy
 – McIntosh

– Snow

– Blenheim

In the winter producers include:

– Winesap

– King

– Wagener

– Swayzie

– Greening

– Tolman Sweet
Apples
 STORAGE OF APPLES

Basket with apples.

Commercially, apples can be stored for a few months in

controlled atmosphere chambers to delay ethylene induced
ripening. The apples are commonly stored in chambers with
higher concentrations of carbon dioxide and high air filtration.
This prevents ethylene concentration from rising to higher
amounts and preventing ripening from occurring too quickly.

FOR HOME STORAGE, most cultivars of apples can be held for

approximately two weeks when kept at the coolest part of the
refrigerator, for example below 5 degrees C. Some apples can
be stored up to a year without significant degradation. Some
varieties of apples, examples like Fugi and Granny Smith, have
more than three times the storage life then other apples.

Granny Smith Apples.

 PESTS AND DISEASES
THAT ATTACK APPLES

Aphids Leaf Damage Om Apple Trees.

The apple trees are susceptible to a number of fungal and

bacterial diseases and also damage that is caused by insects or
other pests. Many commercial orchards pursue a program of
chemical sprays to maintain a high fruit quality of the apples
that they produce, tree health, and high yields. These prohibit
the use of synthetic pesticides, even though some older
pesticides are allowed to be used. Organic methods include,
for example, introducing its natural predator to reduce the
population of a particular pest or insect.

There is a large number of different range of pests and

diseases that can affect the plant and its growth. The three of
the more common diseases or pests are:

– Mildew

– Aphids

– Apple scab

MILDEW:

Mildew is characterized by a light grey powdery patches that

appear on the leaves, shoots and on the flowers, normally in
the spring. The plants flowers turn a creamy yellow color and
they do not develop correctly. This can be treated similarly to
Botrytis, Eliminating the conditions that caused the disease
and burn the infected plants are most commonly
recommended.

APHIDS:

Aphids are a small insect. There are five species of aphids that
commonly attach the apple trees:

– Apple grain aphid

– Rosy apple aphid

– Apple aphid

– Spirea aphid

– Woolly apple aphid

The aphid species can be identified by their color and the time
of year, and by the difference in the cornicles, which is a small
paired projections from their rear. Aphids feed on foliage

Damaged apple leaves.

Using needle like mouth parts to suck out the plant juice that
is in the leaves. When present in high numbers, certain
species reduce the tree growth and vigor.

APPLE SCAB:
Apple scab causes leaves to develop olive brown spots with a
velvety texture that later turn brown and they become cork
like in texture. This disease can also affect the fruit (apple),
which also develops similar brown spots with a velvety or cork
like texture. Apple scab is spread through fungus that is
growing in old apple leaves on the ground and spreads during
warm spring weather to infect the new year's growth.

Apple tree leaf damage.

Among the most serious disease problems is a bacterial
disease that is called “Fireblight”, and three fungal diseases:

– Gymnosporangium rust

– Black spot

– Bitter rot

Other pests that affect the apple trees include these two:

– Codling moth

– Apple maggots

The young apple trees are also prone to mammal pests like
mice and deer, that feed on the soft bark of the trees,
especially during the winter time. The larvae of the apple
clearwing moth, (red belted clearwing) burrow through the
soft bark and into the phloem of the apple trees, potentially
causing significant damage to the tree.
 APPLE PRODUCTION

The world production of apples in 2021 was 93 million tonnes,

with China producing 49% of the total (table). Secondary
producers are the United States and Turkey.

APPLE PRODUCTION IN 2021

COUNTRY – MILLION OF TONNES

– CHINA – 46.0

– UNITED STATES – 4.5

– TURKEY – 4.5

– POLAND – 4.1

– INDIA – 2.3

WORLD – 93.1
Source: FAOSTAT of the
United Nations

Apples Picture #1
 USES OF APPLES

The Apple.

All parts of the fruit, including the skin, except for the seeds
and casing, are suitable for humans to consume. The core,
from the stem to bottom, that is containing the seeds, is
usually not eaten and is later discarded.

Apples can be consumed in various different ways such as:

 – Juice

– Raw in salads

– Baled in pies

– Cooked in sauces

– Spreads like Apple Butter

– Baked in pastries

– or in other baked dishes

The apples are sometimes also used as an ingredient in savory

foods, such as sausage and stuffing.

There are several different techniques that are used to

preserve apples and other apple products. Apples can be
canned, dried or frozen. Canned or frozen apples are
eventually used in baking such as pies or other cooked dishes.
Apple cider or juice is also bottled. Apple juice is often
concentrated and frozen.
CULINARY:

Apples are often eaten raw by many people. Cultivars that is

bred for raw consumption are termed as dessert or table
apples.

Apples also play a roll into many traditional or festival

occasions. In the United Kingdom, a Toffee Apple is a

Toffee Apples In The UK.

 Toffee Apples To Share With Friends.

Traditional confection that is made by coating the apple in a

hot toffee and allowing it to cool down and placed on waxed
paper. Once the apple has cooled down it can be wrapped in
plastic wraps and can be shared with friends, or maybe ready
to sell.
A similar treat in the United States are called, “Candy Apples”,
these apples are coated in a hard shell of crystallized sugar
syrup, and caramel apples are coated with cooled caramel,
and are usually consumed during the autumn season or at
Halloween.

Candy Apples Picture #1

 Candied Apples In The U.S.A.

Apples and honey are a ritual for pairing eaten during the
Jewish New Year of Rosh Hashanah to sympolize a sweet and
prosperous new year.
The apples are a very important ingredients in many bake
goods and desserts, such as apple pies, apple crumble, apple
crisp and apple cake. When cooked, some apple cultivars
easily form a puree which is known as “Apple Sauce”. The
apples are also made into apple butter and also into apple
jelly. They are often baked or stewed and are also cooked in
some type of meat dishes depends on the country. Dried
apples can be eaten or reconstituded otherwise soaked in
water, alcohol or some other kind of liquid.

Apples are milled or pressed to produce what is called, “Apple

Juice”, that can be drunk unfiltered, which is called, “Apple
Cider”, in North America, or can be filtered. However, filtered
juice is often concentrated and frozen, then reconstituded
later and consumed.

Apple juice can be fermented to make cider, (called hard cider

in North America), ciderkin and vinegar. Through distillation,
various alcoholic beverages can be produced, such as
Applejack, Calvados, and Apfelwein.
ORGANIC PRODUCTION

The organic apples are commonly produced in the United

States. Due to the infestations by key insects, such as aphides
and diseases, organic production of apples are difficult in
Europe.

The use of modern day pesticides containing chemicals such

as:

– Sulphur

– Copper

– Microorganisms

– Viruses

– Clay powder

– Plant extracts (Pyrethrum, Neem)

These above chemicals have been approved by the EU Organic
Standing Committee to improve the organic yield and the
quality of the apples. A light coating of kaolin, that forms a
physical barrier to some pests, and which also may help to
prevent apple sun scalding.

PHYTOCHEMICALS

The apples skins and seeds contain various phytochemicals,

particularaly polyphenols which are under preliminary
research for their potential health benefits.

NON-BROWNING APPLES

The enzyme known as polyphenol oxidase causes browning in

the apple if it is sliced or bruised, by catalyzing the oxidation
of phenolic compounds to o-quinones, a browning factor.
Browning reduces apple taste, color, and the food value. The
Arctic apples, which are a non browning group of apples that
was introduced to the United States markets in 2019, have
been genetically changed to silence the expression of
polyphenol oxidase, hereby delaying the browning effect and
improving the apple eating quality.

Arctic Apple.
The United States Food and Drug Administeration in 2015, and
also the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), in 2017,
both agencies have determined that the Arctic apples are as
safe and nutritious and a conventional apple.

Arctic Apples.
OTHER PRODUCTS

Apple seed oil is obtained by pressing apple seeds for the

manufacturing of different cosmetics.

Apple Seed Oil Picture #1

Apple seed oil that is in the supermarkets
is mass produced in the United States.
 ALLERGY TO APPLES

One common form of apple allergy, is often found in northern

Europe, it is call the, “Birch-Apple Syndrome” which is found
in people that are also allergic to, “Birch Pollen”. These
allergic reactions are triggered by a protein that is found in
apples that is similar to birch pollen, and people that are
affected by this protein can also develope allergies to other
fruits like, nuts, and vegetables.

Reaction, that entail “Oral Allergy Syndrome” or (OAS), which

generally involve itching and inflammation of the mouth and
throat, but in rare cases can also include life threatening
“Anaphylaxis.” This reaction only occurs when raw fruit is
consumed, the allergen is neutralized in the cooking process.

The variety of apples, maturity and storage conditions can

change the amount of allergen that is present in individual
fruits. Long storage time can increase the amount of proteins
that can cause birch apple syndrome in people.
In other area around the world, such as the Mediterranean,
some people have adverse reactions to the apples because of
their similarity to peaches. This form of apple allergy also
includes OAS, but often has more severe symptoms such as:

. Vomiting

. Abdominal pain

. Urticaria

And can be life threatening if not treated. People with this

form of allergy can also develop reactions to other fruits and
nuts. Cooking does not break down the protein causing this
kind of reaction, so affected people cannot eat raw or cooked
apples. Freshly harvested apples that are over riped tend to
have the highest levels of the protein that causes this type of
reaction.
 TOXICITY OF APPLES

Toxicity of apples.

Apple seeds contain small amounts of amygdalin, a sugar and

cyanide compound that is known as “Cyanogenic Glycoside”.
Ingesting small amount of apple seeds causes NO ILL EFFECTS,
but consumption of extremely large doses can cause adverse
reaction. It may take several hours before the poison to take
effect, as cyanogenic glycosides must be hydrolyzed before
the cyanide ion is released.

The United States National Library of Medicine's Hazardous

Substances Data Bank records no cases of amygdalin
poisoning from consuming apple seeds.

“Apple seeds”, taken from the apple.

 APPLES IN ONTARIO,
CANADA

Red Delicious

In Ontario there about 17 different variety of apples that is

grown according to the, Ontario Apple Growers Association.
ONTAIO APPLE VARIETIES

Here is a list of Ontario apples ant the time that it grows here
in Ontario.

. AMBROSIA – October to March

. CORTLAND – October to April

. CRISPIN – October to April

. EMPIRE – October to July

. FUJI – Mid-Late October to early February

. GALA – Early September to February

. GOLDEN DELICIOUS – October to May

. HONEYCRISP – Late September to May

. IDARED – October to July

. JONAGOLD – Late September to February

. McINTOSH – Mid. September to May

. MODERN SPY – October to May

. RED DELICIOUS – October to July

. RED PRINCE – February to June

. RUSSET – Late October to January

. SPARTON – October to April

Russet Apple.

HANDLING & CARING

. Apples should be handled with extra care the same way

that you care for eggs because they can bruise very easily.

. When you are shopping at the market look for firm apples
that are well shaped and have a smooth looking skin that is
free from wrinkles and bruises. Brownish freckles areas on the
apple do not effect flavour.

. To keep the crunch in apples, store them in perforated

plastic bags in your refrigerator crisper. Cold humid storage
endures that the apples maintain their crispness, juicy texture
and full flavour.

. Remove any of the fruit that are overripe or have a soft spot
because they naturally give off ethylene gas that will cause
the nearby apples to ripen too quickly and spoil. Trim and use
these apples first for making apple pies or applesauce.

The ethylene gas emitted by the apples can also speed up the
ripening process in most produce so store apples separately
from other fruits and vegetables.
. To prevent browning when preparing the apples, sprinkle cut
surface with lemon juice.

APPLES HEALTH BENEFITS

There seem to be some truth about the saying that, “An apple
a day keeps your doctor away”!

The are quite a few good reasons why apples are a healthy
eating choice. Apples are very high in pectin, which is a
soluble fiber, and they are packed with flavonoids such as
quercetin.

Flavonoids are compounds that help to give the colorful

pigment to fruits and vegetables and research studies have
suggested that they may assist with reducing the risks of
cancers, stoke, heart disease, asthma, and Type-2 diabetes.

Apples are one of the most purchased item the supermarket,

because apples are wise, healthy food source. The research on
the benefits of eating apples is on going at many leading
universities around the world.

The latest health related apple research that was done

indicated that apples can reduce the risks of the following:

. Neuro-degenerative diseases such as “Alzheimer's Disease”

. Heart disease

. Stroke

. High cholesterol levels

. Colon cancer

. Breast cancer
. Prostate cancer

. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

The Canadian Food and Health Guide to Healthy Eating and

Physical Activity also recommended eating a variety of
healthy foods each day with half of your plate being fruit and
other vegetables. One serving of fruit equals one medium size
apple. It is very easy to maintain a healthy life style when you
include an apple a day.

Healthy eating tips:

. Eating an apple 15 minutes before your biggest meal. The

apple is filled with fiber and water, that will make you feel
satiated sooner. As a result you will end up consuming fewer
calories.

. When making baked goods which calls for the use of oil,
substitute half of the oil with applesauce. There will be fewer
calories and there will be no difference in the taste.

Ambrosia apples to use in salads, pies, sauce,

baking and eating.
 ONTARIO APPLE GROWING
REGIONAL CHART (from OAG)
 APPLES, WITH SKIN
(EDIBLE PARTS)

Arctic Apple.

Nutrition value per 100 gram (3.5 oz.)

Energy – 218 kJ (52 kcal)

 Carbohydrates – 13.81 g
Sugars – 10.39
Dietary fiber -2.4 g
Fat – 0.17 g
Protein – 0.26 g

Vitamins --- Quantity --- %DV

Vitamin A equiv. - ug – 0%

– Beta-Carotene – 27 ug – 0%

– Lutein zeaxanthin – 29 ug
Thiamine (B1) – 0.017 mg – 1%
Riboflavin (B2) – 0.026 mg – 2%
Niacin (B3) – 0.091 mg – 1%
Pantothenic acid (B5) – 0.061 mg – 1%
Vitamin (B6) – 0.042 mg – 3%
Folate (B9) – 2 ug – 1%
Vitamin C – 4.6 mg – 6%
 Vitamin E – 0.18 mg – 1%
Vitamin K – 2.2 ug – 2%

Minerals --- Quantity --- %DV

Calcium – 6 mg – 1%
Iron – 0.12 mg – 1%
Magnesium – 5 mg – 1%
Manganese – 0.035 mg – 2%
Phosphorus – 11 mg – 2%
Potassium – 107 mg – 2%
Sodium – 1 mg – 0%
Zinc – 0.04 mg – 0%

Other Constituents --- Quantity

Water – 85.56 g
 APPLES IN GENERAL

Honeycrip apple.

In general an apple is a crunchy, bright colored fruit, that is

one of the most popular fruit in the United States and Canada.
Although eating apples is not a cure all for different diseases,
it is good for your health. European settlers have bought the
apples with them to the Americas. They prefered apples to
North America's native crabapple, which is a smaller apple ,
that has a bitter taste.

Today, there are many types of apples that are grown in the
United State as well as in Canada and in other countries
around the world, but a small percentage of the ones that you
can buy in your local supermarket are imported. Each kind of
apple has different shape, different color, and different
texture. These apples can be sweet or sour, and its flavor can
vary depending on what type of apple that you eat.

Apples contain loads of antioxidants, vitamins, mineral,

dietary fibers and a whole range of other nutrients that your
body needs. Due to their varied nutrient content, apples can
be a healthful component of a balanced dietary diet. The
apples can provide all these vitamins and minerals that can
benefit any aspects of a person's health.

Dr. Jullian Kubala, MS, RD, who is a nutritionist tells us that,

“Eating a diet rich in a variety of fruits and vegetables, which
also include the apple may reduce the risk of several
conditions, such as: obesity, cancer, diabetes, stroke, and
heart disease.”

An Apple Chart In The U.K.

 HELPFUL BENEFITS

Benefits Of Apples.

APPLES are rich in fibers, minerals, vitamins, all of which

benefit human health. They also provide many antioxidants.
These sunstances are helpful to neutralize free radicals.

FREE RADICALS are reactive molecules that can build up as a

result of natural processes and environmental pressures.
If too many of these free radicals accumulate in the body, they
can cause oxidative stress. That can lead to cell damage. Cell
damage can contribute to a wide range of conditions,
including diabetes and different cancers.

The apples are an important source of these antioxidants

considering their widespread consumption, particularly in
Northern Europe and the United States.

APPLES IMPROVES MENTAL HEALTH

Eating a diet rich in fruits, such as apples, can benefit a

person's mental health.

In a 2020 systematic review has found that consuming fruits

and vegetables can have a positive impact on a person's
mental health. The scientists recommend that a person should
eat at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day to get
all the benefits.
In 2019 a study was done that involved immigrants in Canada
which found that a higher intake of fruits and vegetables
lowered the participants' odds of experiencing anxiety and
mood disorders. The participants also reported an increase in
good health.

REDUCE THE RISK OF STROKE

The apples contain many different nutrients that can lower

the risk of getting a stroke. One study that was done in 2017,
found that, for example, the people who consume the most
fiber appears to have a lower risk of:

. Cardiovascular disease
. Coronary heart disease
. stroke

A medium size of an apple that is around 3 inches in diameter

and weighing 169 grams provide 4.06 grams of fiber. That is
around 11 to 14% of an adult's daily requirement, depending
on their age and sex.

LOWERS CHOLESTEROL

A study that was done in 2019 has found that by eating two
raw apples per day for 8 weeks. The study authors have
concluded that it is the fiber in the apples that helps reduce
cholesterol.

Lot of studies have examined that apples' effects on risk

factors for heart disease. One research that was done in 2020
on volunteers with high cholesterol found that apples can
reduce total cholesterol levels and also improve overall blood
flow.

APPLES BOOST HEART HEALTH

The apples contain, vitamin C, fibers, antioxidants and other

compounds. A medium size apple provides the following:
. 11 to 14% of a person's daily fiber needs

. 10% of the person's daily vitamin C needs

The fibers appear to help manage the blood pressure, that

may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Vitamin C which is an antioxidant that alongside of other

antioxidants, can play a major role in protecting some aspects
of heart health.

The vitamin C is also necessary for proper immune function,

which can help to defend the body from infections and other
diseases.

APPLES LOWER THE RISK OF DIABETES

These was one study that was done in 2021, that found that
people who include whole fruits, such as apples, in their daily
diet had a 36% lower risk of developing type-2 diabetes at 5
years than those people who did not eat any fruits.

The people that consumed the most fiber had a lower risk of

developing type-2 diabetes, according to the Centers of

Disease Control and Preventsion (CDC). People who already
have diabetes and eat a high fiber diet may also lave lower
blood sugar levels.

Some of the evidence has suggested that eating apples can

help you to lower your blood sugar levels and also helps to
protect you against diabetes

Some of the antioxidants that are in the apple may slow down
the digestion and absorption of sugar.

There was a study done which included 38,018 women, eating

1 or more apples per day was linked to a 28% lower risk of
developing type-2 diabetes.
The American Diabetes Association recommends that eating
fresh fruit, including apples to provide nutrition. However, a
100 gram portion of raw Granny Smith apple contains 13.2
grams of carbohydrates, of which 10.6 grams is sugar, it also
provides dietary fibers and other nutrients.

Granny Smith Apples.

APPLES LOWERS THE RISK OF CANCER

Consuming antioxidant rich foods like apples can help to

prevent the oxidative stress that causes cell damage, that can
lead to the development of certain kinds of cancers the apples
are a great source of antioxidants.

In a study that was done in 2016 meta-analysis concluded that

consuming apples can help to lower the risk of:

. Lung cancer
. Breast cancer
. Colorectal cancer
. Colon cancer

The fibers can also help to reduce the risk of colon cancer,
according to a 2018 meta-analysis.

Many test tube and animal studies suggest that apple

phytonutrients can protect against cancer such as colon and
lung. Potential evidence exists from studies in people as well.
In one study that was done in 2005 the scientists has indicated
that those people who consumed 1 or more apples per day
were at a lower risk of cancer, including a 20% and 18% lower
risk of colorectal and breast cancer, respectively.

APPLES HELP TO MAINTAIN A MODERATE WEIGHT

The fibers that are found in apples can help a person to feel
full for a longer of time, making them less likely to overeat.
This can help people to manage their weight.

In a study that was done in 2020, researchers found that the

dietary fiber in fruits and vegetables support weight loss in
women. The consumption of fruits and vegetables can reduce
eating rate and provide fewer calories.

In a recent study that was done in 2022, has also found that
Fuji apples have the potential to support weight loss.
Two properties that are in apple, their high fiber and low
calorie content makes them a weight loss frendly food.
In one 12 week study, women who were introduced to eat 1.5
large apples (300 grams) per day have lost 2.9 pounds (1.3 kg)
over the course of the study. For this reason, this fruit might
be a beneficial dessert or addition to a meal to add sweetness.

The Apple (Food, Fruit).

APPLES LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE

When you have high blood pressure, the force of the blood
that is flowing through your blood vessels can damage them.
It is a leading contributor to heart attacks and strokes in
people today. Eating a healthy diet is one way to prevent and
manage high blood pressure.

In a small study that was done in Australia has found that

eating apples helped to lower blood pressure. But scientists
and researchers agree that antioxidants that are in apple peel
helps the blood flow smoothly. Plus fiber that are in apples
also play a major role.

APPLES EASES INFLAMMATION

Inflammation is one way that the body fights infections and

heal damaged tissue. But inflammation should only last a
short time. Continual, longstanding (chronic) inflamation
actually causes damage and can lead to disease.
The apples contain anti-inflammatory substances, mainly fiber
and quercetin, an antioxidant that reduces inflammation,
especially in your respiratory system. According to some
studies that was done suggested that eating apples lowered c-
reactive proteins that are in the blood, a sign that chronic
inflammation is improving.

Additionally, a study on 1,600 young adults suggests that

eating apples may protect against developing asthma. Many
other research also points to improved lung function an easy
breathing in people that eat apples every day.

APPLES BOOSTS YOUR MICROBIOME

Your body is a wonderland for many microorganisms that live

in your gut (stomach) and on your skin. Some of these are
helpful, while some of them are harmful. Apples help with
both kinds:

. QUERCETIN stops those harmful microbes from growing in

your gut.

. PECTIN acts as a prebiotic, (food for beneficial

microorganisms), promoting good gut health.

APPLES HELP YOU LIVE LONGER

If you eat an apple a day, you might just live a bit longer,
suggests one of the studies that was done. Researchers
discovered that participants who did this were 35% less likely
to die when they followed up 15 years later.

Adding apples to your diet can reduce your risk of heart

disease also stroke or cancer, which are some of the top
leading causes of death in the Unites States as well as here in
Canada.

In a study that was done on nearly 40,000 people, those

people that ate apples were 13% to 22% less likely to
develope heart disease than those people skip the fruit.

Having high cholesterol is a major risk factor for heart disease

because it clogs your arteries, which restricts the flow of
blood the goes to your heart.

But the antioxidants found in apples are winning to help lower

that number. The kind of fiber that stands out is pectin, which
binds to cholesterol in your digestive tract and it flushes them
out of your system.

There has been multiple studies that were done in people

with high cholesterol which showed that consuming a few
apples a day can reduce total cholesterol levels by 5% to 8%.
 NUTRITION

The table here shows the amount pf nutrients that are in a

medium raw apple. It also shows how much an adult needs of
each nutrients, according to the 2020 – 2025 Dietary
Guidelines for Americans. A person's needs vary according to
their age and sex.
Nutrients - Amount – Daily adult requirement (ages 19 to 30)

Energy (calories) – 104 – Male: 2,400, Female: 2,000

Protein (g) – 0.52 – 10 to 35

Total Dietary Fiber (g) – 4.8 – Male: 34, Female: 28

Calcium (mg) – 12 – 1,000

Iron (mg) – 0.24 – Male: 8, Female: 18

Magnesium (mg) – 10 – Male: 400, Female: 310

Potassium (mg) – 214 – Male: 3,400, Female: 2,600

Vitamin C (mg) – 9.2 – Male: 90, Female: 75

Folate (mcg) – 6 – 400

APPLE NUTRITION FACTS

Here are the nutrition facts for one raw, unpeeled, medium
size apple (182 grams):

. Calories: 94.6

. Water: 156 grams

. Protein: o.43 grams

. Carbohydrates: 25.1 grams

. Sugar: 18.9 grams

. Fiber 4.37 grams

. Fat: 0.3 grams

Apples are mainly composed of carbohydrates and water.

They are rich in simple sugars, such as fructose, sucrose, and
glucose.

Despite their high carb and sugar contents, their glycemic

index (GI) is low, ranging 29 – 44.

The GI is a measure of how food affects the rise in blood sugar

levels after eating. Low values are associated with various
health benefits.

Due to the apples high fiber and polyphenol counts, fruits

often have a low GI score.
ARE APPLES HEALTHY?

If we look at apples, they are about 60 calories each, giving

you a lot of nutritional bang for the calorie count. People get
the most health benefits of apples when they eat them whole,
raw and unpeeled. Juice, cider and applesauce are not as
healthy because cooking and processing apples remove
valuable nutrients that are in the apples.

However, the apple' nutrients vary a bit, depending on the

kind of apple that you eat. Red Delicious apples may be the
healthiest variety of apples. Its dark, red skin contains more
antioxidants, the substances that are in apples that protects
cells from being damaged. But all apples are loaded with
nutrients, including:

. ANTIOXIDANTS: The apple peel or skin are very rich in

antioxidants, most notably quercetin. This nutrient is found in
high pigmented or colourful foods, including citrus fruits,
berries, green tea, and red wine.
. FIBER: Apples are a great source of fiber, that aids digestion.

. WATER: The apples are about 85% water, making the apple a
hydrating snack.

A Red Delicious Apple.

 APPLES ARE
INEXPENSIVE

Different Types Of Apples.

Apples are healthy, inexpensive and they are easy to find.

Apples are found in nearly every supermarket, corner stores,
and at local farmer's markets. You can put them in
lunchboxes, for work or for the children to take to school to
eat, you can pack them for a picnic and you can add them to
charcuterie boards. Some of these apples may not be as fancy
looking or prized as berries, grapes or kiwis, but they are less
expensive and very easy to find.

And who knew that the, “Humble Apple”, has so many

amazing health benefits? Apples can extend your years and
can protect you against diseases that can take toll on your
daily life.

Eating them whole, (not the core and seeds), or have fun with
fresh, creative apple recipes. Try adding apples to oatmeal or
toss some into your salads to give it an extra nutritional boost.

APPLES have definitely earned a place in a healthy diet.

Apples is a fruit that can impact your health in many possitive
ways.
 PHOTO GALLERY

Here are some pictures of apples which I have used in this e-

Book. Some of these pictures are taken of the InterNet and
some are from different companies. Who's ever pictures and
photos are I greatly appreciated for them to let me use it. I
thank you everybody.
 THIS IS A
FREE e-BOOK

ENJOY!