AE2111-II Aerospace Design and Systems Engineering Elements II

Formula Sheet – Aircraft

• Trapezoidal wing planform:

Sweep angle relations: Chord at a certain spanwise location y :

b2
x 2Cr  y 
tan Λ x / c = tan Λ LE − (1 − λ ) C y 
=Cr − Cr (1 − λ )  
c b  
 b /2  b/2

• Wing characteristics
Drag Divergence Mach:
t  CL des
ka
M DD = −  2c  str −
cos Λ LE cos Λ LE 10 ⋅ cos3 Λ LE

Wing lift curve slope:

dCL Clα AR
= C=
Lα β= 1− M 2
dα ARβ 2
tan Λ 0.5C
2+ 4+( ) 2 ⋅ (1 + )
η β2

Oswald factor for swept wings and curvature of the drag polar

e = 4.61 (1 − 0.045 AR 0.68 ) ( cos Λ LE )

0.15
− 3.1 1
K=
π eAR

Trimming conditions:
CLdes
α
= trim + α0 L
CLα

• Fluid characteristics
Prandtl-Glauert Factor: ClM =0
Cl =
1− M 2

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 AE2111-II Aerospace Design and Systems Engineering Elements II

Formula Sheet – Spacecraft

Coordinate transformation (generic) Rotation around u -axis with Euler angle ϕ (roll)
aB= ABR aR → aR= ARB aB= ( ABR ) aB
    T 
1 0 0 
 
Au =  0 cos ϕ sin ϕ 
 0 − sin ϕ cos ϕ 
 

Kinematic equations of motion Rotation around v -axis with Euler angle θ (pitch)
 0 ωw −ωv   cos θ 0 − sin θ 
d R   
 − ωw
AB = 0 ωu  ⋅ ABR Av =  0 1 0 
dt  sin θ
 ωv −ωu 0   0 cos θ 

Euler equations (body-fixed system) Rotation around w -axis with Euler angle ψ (yaw)
d      cosψ sinψ 0
dt
H +ω× H = ∑ M 
Aw =  − sinψ cosψ 0

 1 
 0 0

Euler equations (inertial system) Thrust to counter-act disturbance torques

d   T (1 + MF )
H = ∑M FT = D
dt L

Thrust for momentum dumping Thrust to provide a slew rate ω

h I ⋅ω
FT = FT =
t⋅L L ⋅t

Magnetic torquers, sizing equations Thrust to slew a momentum-wheel vehicle

  
M = D× B , D = N ⋅I ⋅ A h ⋅θ
FT =
t⋅L

Wheel torque to provide a slew angle θ Wheel torque to counter-act disturbance torques
4I ⋅ θ =T TD (1 + MF )
T= 2
t
Momentum storage in a wheel used to counter- Momentum storage in a momentum wheel
act periodical disturbance torques
2 P TD P
h= ⋅ TD ⋅ h
= ⋅
2 4 θa 4

Amplifier noise figure Conversion of a quantity X to Decibels

T0 + Tn  X 
=F = , T0 290 K X [ dB=
] 10 ⋅ log10  
T0
 X ref 

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 AE2111-II Aerospace Design and Systems Engineering Elements II

Cable noise temperature Link budget equation

 1− L  Eb P ⋅ Ll ⋅ Gt ⋅ La ⋅ Gr ⋅ Ls ⋅ L pr ⋅ Lr
Tcable =
T0 ⋅   , T0 =
290 K =
 L  N0 R ⋅ k ⋅ Ts
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power Antenna gain
EIRP = P ⋅ Ll ⋅ Gt π 2 ⋅ Dr 2
Gr = η
λ2
Space loss Antenna pointing loss
2 2
 λ   e 
Ls =   L pr [ dB] =−12 ⋅  t 
 4π S   α1/2 

Payload-required data rate Generated data rate line-imaging instrument

DC SW ⋅ V
R RG ⋅
= R=
G BP ⋅
TDL PS 2

Frequency shift due to Doppler effect Probability that a N-bit frame arrives with errors
vrel P2 =1 − P1 =1 − (1 − BER )
N
∆f= ⋅f
c
Peak gain, horn antennas (η = 52%) Half-power angle, horn antennas

πD  225
G peak [ dB] 20 log10 
=  − 2.8 α1/2 [ deg ] =
 λ  πD λ

Peak gain, helical antennas (η = 70%) Half-power angle, helical antennas

 π 2 D2 L  52
G peak [ dB] 10 log10 
=  + 10.3
α1/2 [ deg ] =
 λ
3
 π D2 L λ 3
2

Peak gain, parabolic antennas (η = 55%) Half-power angle, parabolic antennas

G peak [ dB] =20 log10 D [ m ] + 20 log10 f [ GHz ] + 17.8 21
α1/2 [ deg ] =
f [ GHz ] ⋅ D [ m ]

Values of some important constants

Gravitational acceleration at sea level: g0 = 9.81 m/s2
Earth radius: RE = 6371 km
Earth gravitational constant: µE = 398600 km3/ s2
Speed of light: c = 3∙108 m/s
Boltzmann constant: k = 1.38∙10-23 J/K
Gas constant of air = 287.05 J/(kg∙K)
Dynamic viscosity of air (at 0 m ISA): 1.78∙10-5 Pa∙s

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