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Set Notation and Venn Diagrams Explained

Venn diagrams are used to visually represent relationships between sets. A set is a collection of elements, which can be listed or described. The number of elements in a finite set is represented by n(S). An empty set contains no elements and is represented by the symbol ∅. A universal set represents all elements being considered. Two sets are mutually exclusive if they have no elements in common. The complement of a set contains all elements in the universal set that are not in the given set. Venn diagrams use circles or rectangles to represent sets and shading to show intersections, unions, and complements of the sets.

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231 views2 pages

Set Notation and Venn Diagrams Explained

Venn diagrams are used to visually represent relationships between sets. A set is a collection of elements, which can be listed or described. The number of elements in a finite set is represented by n(S). An empty set contains no elements and is represented by the symbol ∅. A universal set represents all elements being considered. Two sets are mutually exclusive if they have no elements in common. The complement of a set contains all elements in the universal set that are not in the given set. Venn diagrams use circles or rectangles to represent sets and shading to show intersections, unions, and complements of the sets.

Uploaded by

mohamad.elali01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

SET NOTATION & VENN DIAGRAMS

Venn diagrams are a visual way to represent sets of data (in groups). A set is a collection
or group of objects, called elements or members. We name the sets with letters and
describe the elements within the set by:
 Listing all elements inside braces
e.g. S= { 1, 3 , 5 ,7 ,9 }
 Writing a description of the elements inside braces
e.g. T ={ odd integers ¿0¿10 }

If a set is finite, the symbol n(S) equals the number of elements of S.


e.g. if A={ 5 ,6 ,7 , 8 , 9 , 10 }, then n( A)=6.
If B= {letters∈the alphabet }, then n(B)=26.

A set is called an empty set if it has no members at all. The symbol for an empty set is ∅ .
e.g. if D= { odd integers between 1.5∧2 }, then D= ∅.

The universal set is the set of all objects we are considering in a particular situation. The
symbol for the universal set is U orε .

Two sets A and B are mutually exclusive if they have no elements in common, meaning
A ∩ B= ∅

Just like complementary events, the complement of set A , written as A or A ' , is the set of
all members in that universal set which are not in A .
e.g. if A={ 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 } and E={ integers¿ 1¿ 9 } then A={ 1 ,3 , 5 ,7 , 9 } .

p ( A )=1−P( A)

Consider the following Venn diagram:

The circle A represets set A , which contains the letters a , b , c and e .


So A={ a , b , c ,e } and n ( A ) =4 .
Similarly circle B represents set B. So B= { c , d , e , f , h } and n ( B )=5
The rectangle ε represents the universal set. ε ={ a , b , c , d , e , f , g ,h } and n ( ε )=8
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE SETS
Note that sets A and B have two elements in common: c
and e . The overlap represents the intersection of the two
sets.
A ∩ B is the intersection of sets A and B
A ∩ B= { c , e }

A ∪ B is the union of sets A and B.


A ∪ B is the union of sets A or B or both.
A ∪ B= {a ,b ,c , d , e , f , h }

The diagram shows A ' (also denoted A ¿ , which is the


complement of A . It contains all the elements of ε that
are not in A .
A={ d , f , g , h }

Venn diagrams are used to represent two or more attributes and shaded to show the
three key situations of and, or and not.

Discuss example 3, 4

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