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Space
7th X-ray Scattering School
Apurva Mehta
Scattering Physics
sample image
light
lens
Math
Q = 4p sin(q) /l
Sample Scattering
Angular Image
Space Space Space
Space
sample image
light
Scattering Pattern
lens
Sample Scattering
Angular
Space Space
Space
Scattering Physics
Elastic Scattering |Ki| = |Ks|
Ks DK = Q = momentum
transfer
2q
Ki
momentum Ki
Q = 4psin(q)/l
Lensless Imaging
Measured in
Q = 4p sin(q) /l
sample image
light
Scattering Pattern
lens
Sample Scattering
Space Space
Bragg’s Law
Bragg’s Law
Q has magnitude and direction Proposed in 1912-1913
Nobel Price in Physics - 1915
2dsin(q) = l
Q = 4psin(q)/l Q = 4psin(q)/l =2p/d
Q =2p/d
|Q| =2p/d
2014 - International year of Crystallography
Bragg’s Law Tells Us
sample image
light
Scattering Pattern
lens
Scattering
Sample
Space
Space
– Have Position
sample image
light
– Direction lens
– Intensity
– Width
sample image
light
lens
• 1: FT (FT (S) ) ~ S
QD Q1
Q0
Ewald’s
Sphere
19
Multi-circle diffractometer
•Need at least
•2 angles for the sample
•1 for the detector
Ewald’s
Sphere
2D detectors and Ewald Sphere
Elastic Reciprocal
Scattering Lattice
QD Q1
Q0
Ewald’s
Sphere
22
Scattering from Many Crystallites
:polycrystal or powder
Ewald’s
Sphere Reciprocal
Sphere
Q1
Powder Diffraction Pattern
Ewald Sphere Q
QD Nested
Reciprocal
Sphere
Q0
24
Powder Diffractometer
with an Area Detector
Detector
X-ray Beam
Sample
Diffraction from Polycrystals
311
220
200
111
Ewald’s sphere
Diffraction Pattern
Nested Reciprocal
Spheres
Condition for
Polycrystalline/powder Diffraction
• Just 1 angle (detector)
Strain Ellipsoid
Zurich 2008 29
Strain Ellipsoid
•small strain
•continuous strain
30
Coordinate transformation
Q Q
χ
c Q0
χ
s s
31
Measuring Full Strain Tensor
c c c
Zurich 2008 32
Elastic
e
Strain Tensors for Fe
zz
eyy
400 1
shear
300
Poisson’s Ratio
Stress (MPa)
200
0.3
100 ezz eyy
0 0
-.10 .05 0 .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 0 Stress (MPa) 400
% Strain
Resolution
Area Detector Point Detector
Questions?
• Think in Q space
– (yardstick of
reciprocal space)
– Q = 4p sin(q) /l
Effect of Beam Divergence
Effect of Energy Width