Fundamentals of Photonics

Ch 1: Ray Optics

Spring 2017

Instructor: Prof. Sang-Shin Lee

Photonics Research Lab. (photonics.re.kr)

Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University

 Outline

Applications
Postulates of ray optics
Simple optical components
Mirrors
Planar boundaries
Spherical boundaries and lenses
Light guides
Graded-index optics
The ray equation
Graded-index optical components
The Eikonal equation
Matrix optics
The ray-transfer matrix
Matrices of simple optical components
Matrices of cascaded optical components
Periodic optical systems
 Application fields empowered by ray optics

Digital cameras Display devices for consumer electronics

TVs Laser assisted weapons Active optical video cables

Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum
 Optical frequencies and wavelengths

co 3 108 m/s
v For =1 m, v 0.3 1015 Hz
m
 Classification of optics

Quantum optics
Size of objects

Electromagnetic (EM) optics

Classical optics based on rigorous EM theory

Wave optics
Scalar approximation of EM optics

Ray (geometrical) optics

Limit of wave optics for << size of objects
 Ray (Geometrical) optics

Optical rays
Pointing in the direction of the flow of optical energy
Density of rays proportional to the density of energy

Lack of explanation of diffraction

S=EH

Rays
H
 Postulates of ray optics

Light travels in the form of rays Fermats principle

Refractive index n Light rays travel along the path of least
Ratio of the speed of light in free space co time
to that in a medium c
nr ds 0
B

Optical path length (OPL) A

d nd
Elapsed time t
c co
In an inhomogeneous medium,
B
OPL n r ds
A

B
ds
A
 Light propagation in a homogeneous medium

n is the same everywhere

Heros principle: principle of the path of minimum distance
Light rays travel in straight lines
 Reflection from a mirror

Law of reflection:
Reflected ray lies in the plane of incidence
q q qreflection = qincidence

*Plane of incidence: the plane formed by the incident ray

and the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence
 Reflection & refraction at
a boundary between two media
Law of refraction:
Refracted ray lies in the plane of incidence
Snells law: relation between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction

n1 sin q1 n2 sin q 2
 Optical components

1. Mirrors

2. Planar boundaries

3. Spherical boundaries and lens

4. Light guides
 1. Mirrors

Planar mirrors Paraboloidal mirrors (focusing)

(Focus)

(Image)
Elliptical mirrors (imaging)
 1. Mirrors (contd)

Paraboloid
Spherical mirrors

Caustic curve

Paraxial rays focused at R

2
 Paraxial rays reflected from a spherical mirror

Paraxial rays
Rays that make small angles with the mirror axis (sinq q ~0)
Paraxial optics (Gaussian or first-order optics)

Sign convention:
q1 0

q 2 , R 0
z , z 0
1 2
q 0 q1 q y
q q 2q 2

2q q 0 q
1 2 0
R
q1 y / z1 ; q 2 y / z2
1 1 2

z1 z2 R
z2 R / 2, when z1
Imaging equation for a spherical mirror

1 1 1
Imaging equation:
z1 z2 f

R
Focal length f
2

Parabolic mirror
 2. Planar boundaries

External refraction (n1 < n2): q1 > q2

Internal refraction (n1 > n2): q1 < q2

n1 sin q1 n2 sin q 2
Total internal reflection (TIR)

No transmission (q2 = 90o)

n2
Critical angle q c sin
1

n1

TIR in an optical fiber

q c 45o
for n1 2 & n2 1
 Ray deflection by a prism

n 1.5

q d q sin 1 n 2 sin 2 q sin sin q cos

q d n 1 , when q 1 and 1
 Beam splitters and combiners

Partially reflective mirror Thin glass plate Beam combiner

 3. Spherical boundaries and lenses

(a) qi )
qr)

q1

(z1) (R) (z2)

Sign convention:
(b) z1 > 0, z2 > 0
br) q1 > 0, q2 < 0
y1 > 0, y2 < 0
R > 0 (convex)
b i)
 Refraction at a convex spherical boundary
From Fig. (a), From Fig. (b),
n1qi n2q r n1bi n2 b r
n1 q1 n2 q 2 , where q 2 0 y1 y
bi ; br 2
q2
n1 n n
q1 2 1 z1 z2
n2 n2
y y y
; q1 ; q 2 Magnification
R z1 z2
n n n y
q 2 1 q1 2 1 y2 n1 z2
n2 n2 R
y1 n2 z1
n2 n1 n n2
1
R y / q1 y / q 2
z1 y / q1 ; z2 y / q 2
Conjugate planes:
n1 n2 n2 n1
z z1 & z z2
z1 z2 R
 (Focal length of a biconvex spherical lens)

x, y 0
x 2

y2 1

1

2 R
1 R2

n 1 1 1
2 x, y 1 x, y k0 0 x, y k0 n x, y k0 n 0 k0
2
x 2

y2
R1 R2

E2 x, y
exp jk0 n 0 exp jk0

x2 y2 where 1 1
n 1
1
E1 x, y 2f f R1 R2

(x,y) (x,y)
x2 y2
x2 y2
0 2f
n

R=f

1 2
E1 A1e j1 x , y E2 A2e j2 x , y
 Ray bending and image formation by a thin lens

q1 y1
f y2

Focal plane
y
y q1 f q 2 f q 2 q1 y1 y2
f
1 1 1 z1 z2

y / q1 y / q 2 f z2
y2 y1
z1 y / q1 ; z2 y / q 2 z1
1 1 1

z1 z2 f
 Properties of a thin lens

1
1 1 1
Focal length: f where R1 0, R2 0
n 1 R1 R2
1 1 1
Imaging equation:
z1 z2 f
y2 z
Magnification: 2 1, for z1 2 f & z2 2 f
y1 z1

*Aberration: Nonparaxial rays do not meet at the paraxial focus

Caustic curve
 4. Light guides

By lenses

By mirrors

By TIR
(optical fiber)
 Optical fiber

n1 n2 q q 90o

Critical angle for the input facet,

qin,c 90o sin 1 n2 / n1 cos 1 n2 / n1
For q qin,c , the rays are confined in the fiber
Numerical Aperture (NA) of an optical fiber

Input critical angle qin,c qC

For the angle of acceptance q a resulting in no loss,

n22
sin q a n sin qin,c n 1 cos q in,c n 1 2 n12 n22
2 2
1
2 2
1
2 2
1
n1
NA sin q a n12 n22

eg) For n1 1.475 & n2 1.460, NA 0.21 q a sin 1 NA 12o

 Ray equation in graded index (GRIN) media

nr ds 0
B
Starting from Fermats principle:
A

d dx n d dy n d dz n
n , n , n ,
ds ds x ds ds y ds ds z

d dr s
Ray equation: n n , where r s x s , y s , z s
ds ds
d dx n d dy n
Paraxial ray equation: n , n when ds dz
dz dz x dz dz y

dz
ds
 Refraction in a graded-index slab

n = n(y)

Paraxial ray equation Derivation from Snells law

d dy dn n y cos q y n y y cos q y y
n
dz dz dy dn dq
n y y cos q y y sin q y
d 2 y 1 dn dy dy
2
dz n dy dn dq dq dy dq d dy
n tan q nq n n
dy dy dy dz dy dz dz
d 2 y 1 dn
2
dz n dy
 Slab with a parabolic index profile (SELFOCTM)

1

1/ 2
n 2 y n02 1 2 y 2 n y n0 1 2 y 2 n0 1 2 y 2 for 2 y 2 1
2
d 2 y 1 dn n0 2 y
2
2
y
dz n dy n
Ray trajectory:
q0

y z y0 cos
z

sin z

q z dy y sin z q cos z
dz
0 0

z=0 Pitch = 2p/

y y 2 q / 2
max 0 0

q max ymax
 GRIN slab as a lens

y0
y y0 cos d
At z d , q1
q 2 n0 y0 sin d q2
y 1
AF
q 2 n0 tan d H A F
y0 1
f FH
q 2 n0 sin d
d
2sin 2
1 1 1 1 cos d 1 2 1 d
AH f AF tan
n0 sin d n0 tan d n0 sin d sin d n0 d d n0 2
2 sin cos
2 2
1 d
AH tan
n0 2
Trajectory in a graded-index fiber (1)

n 2 n02 1 2 x 2 y 2 where 2 x 2 y 2 1
1
n n0 1 2 x 2 y 2
2

d dx n d dy n
n & n
dz dz x dz dz y
d 2x d 2
y
2
2
x; 2
2
y
dz dz
q x0
x z sin z x z 0 x0 0

y z q y 0 sin z y cos z

0
 Trajectory in a graded-index fiber (2)
Pitch:

For q x 0 0 :
staying in the y-z plane

For q y 0 0; q x 0 y0

x z y0 sin z
x 2
y 2
y 2

y z y0 cos z
0

(following a helical trajectory)

 Numerical aperture of a graded-index fiber

1
n n0 1 2 x 2 y 2
2

q y0
y z sin z

q y q y 0 cos z 0 z p / 2
q y0
y z z p / 2 sin p / 2 a q y 0 a

By applying Snell's law at the input facet, sin q a n0 sin q y 0 n0q y 0 n0 a

NA sin q a n0 a
 Eikonal equation

S r For a homogeneous medium with a constant n,

Eikonal (normal to rays)

Similar to E V

Eikonal equation: S 2 n 2
2 2 2
S S S
S S n 2
x y z


S rB S rA S ds nds Optical path length
B B

A A between A and B
 Ray-transfer matrix
Characterization of a ray by use of y and q

y2 A y1 Bq1

q 2 C y1 Dq1
y2 A B y1
q
q
2 C D 1

Ray-transfer matrix M
Ray-transfer matrices of simple optical components (1)

Free-space propagation

y2 y1 dq1 1 d
M
q
2 q1 0 1

Refraction at a planar boundary

y2 y1 1 0

n M
0 n1
q 2 1
q1
n2 n2
Ray-transfer matrices of simple optical components (2)

Refraction at a spherical boundary

y2 y1 1 0
n n
n n n M
2 1 n1
q 2 1
y 1
q
n2
2 1 1
n2 R n2 R n2

(*Refer to slide #22)

Transmission through a thin lens

y2 y1 1 0
1
y M
q 1
q1 1
2
f f

(*Refer to slide #24)
f 1 n 1 R11 R21
Ray-transfer matrices of simple optical components (3)

Reflection from a mirror

y2 y1 1 0
M
q
2 q1 0 1

*The z axis points in the direction of travel of rays

Reflection from a spherical mirror

y2 y1 1 0

2 M2
q 2 R y1 q1 1
R
(*Refer to slide #15)
Ray-transfer matrix for a GRIN medium

k2

k
r

z=0 z=L

k2 2
n r n0 1 r where r x 2 y 2
2k

k2 k k 2
cos L sin L
M=

k k2 k
k2 k2 k2
sin L cos L
k k k
Ray-transfer matrices of cascaded optical components

Note: the order of matrix multiplication should not be changed!

 Periodic optical systems-
difference equation for the ray position
m
ym A B y0
q C D q
m 0
A cascade of identical optical components:

ym 1 A ym Bq m

q m 1 C ym Dq m
ym 1 A ym
q
m
B

Recurrence relation q ym 2 A ym 1
ym 2 2bym 1 F ym
2

m 1
B
AD
where b and F 2 AD BC det M
2
 Ray position in a periodic system

ym2 2bym1 F 2 ym
ym y0hm (Trial solution)
h2 2bh F 2 0 h b j F 2 b2
b
Let cos1 b F cos h F cos j sin Fe
j

F
ym y0 F me
jm

ym ymax F m sin m 0 , where ymax y0 / sin0

ym ymax sin m 0

For F 1, ym 1 A ym
q m
B
 Conditions for a harmonic trajectory

For a harmonic trajectory ym,

cos 1 b real
A D
Condition of stability (boundedness): b 1
2

ym ymax sin m 0

q m q max sin m 1
 Conditions for a periodic trajectory

For a periodic trajectory,

ym s ym
s 2p q, where q is an integer
q
, a rational number
2p s

Period = smallest integer of s

Eg) For the second case on the next slide,

6p 3

11 2p 11
Period s 11 stages
 Trajectories in periodic optical systems

Unstable
(b > 1)

Stable & periodic

( =6p/11,
6p for 11 stages period=11 stages)

Stable, but aperiodic

( =1.5)
 Periodic sequence of lenses

(Free space + Lens)

1 d
1 0 1 d
M
1 d
1/ f 1 0 1 1
f f
Condition for a stable ray trajectory
d
b A D / 2 1 d / 2 f b 1 0 1 1
2f
0 d 4 f
ym ymax sin m 0 , where cos 1 1 d / 2 f
 Stable ray trajectories in a periodic lens system

1 d p 1

a For d 2 f , cos 1
2f 2 2p 4
Period = 4 stages

p 1
b For d f ,
3 2p 6
Period = 6 stages
 Periodic sequence of lens pairs

1 0 1 d 1 0 1 d
M
1/ f 2 1 0 1 1/ f1 1 0 1

Condition of stability
d d
0 1 1 1
2 f1 2 f 2
 Optical resonator as a periodic optical system

Unit system: [free space + spherical mirror + free space + spherical mirror]

1 0 1 0
M2 1 d 2 1 d
1 0 1 1 0 1
R1 R2