Surface Facilities Offshore

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PCB 1052
INTRODUCTION to OIL & GAS
SURFACE FACILITIES
PETRONAS Management Training Sdn Bhd © 2006.

All right reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted
transmitted in any form or means (electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
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The basic equipment common to many surface

processing facilities include:
Wellhead and manifold

Separators

Oil treaters

Water treaters
t reaters

Pumps 
Compressors

Gas dehydrator

Condensate stabilization

Acid gas treater


Well testing equipment


Lease automatic custody transfer (LACT)


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The fluids
produced from
wells are usually
directed through
flow lines and
manifolds
(gathering
system) to a
central location
for processing
and treatment.
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• The gathering system begins at the

wellhead
• The wellhead should include at least one

choke used to control the well production
• If the upstream pressure is too high it is

recommended to use a positive choke in
series with an adjustable choke. In case the
adjustable choke fails, the positive choke
keep
ke ep th
the
e pro
rod
duct
ctio
ion
n li
lim
mit
ite
ed
• An automatic shut-down valve can quickly

interrupt production in case of an event
• Block valves are also required to perform

reg
regula
larr mai
ain
nte
tena
nanc
nce
e on th
the
e ch
cho
oke
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When the production of two or more wells is commingled in a central

facility it is necessary to install a manifold to allow the production of the
wells into the common production line or the well test line
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Christmas Tree Components - 1
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SURFACE FACILITIES
PROCESS DESIGN
 Design of Equipment depends on Physical Properties,

Phase Behavior and Flow of Hydrocarbon Fluids.
 Physical Properties affecting equipment design

are: vapor pressure, density, molecular weight,
viscosity, surface tension, composition and
gas/liquid volumes.
 Phase Behavior is the change in relationship

between phases at various conditions.
 Fluid Flow properties affecting transmission

system design are: viscosity and type of flow.
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What is Scribd? SURFACE

Books FACILITIES
Audiobooks Magazines PROCESS
–
Podcasts DESIGN
Sheet Music Documents Snapshots
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Physical properties
 Density
 Viscosity
 Formation volume factor
 Compressibility
 Thermal expansion
 Surface tension
 Need to predict pressure-volume-temperature (PVT)
behavior of gas to estimate its properties
 Techniques used to predict PVT behavior are
 Equation of State (EOS)
 Corresponding States Principle
 Empirical Correlations
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SURFACE FACILITIES PROCESS DESIGN –
Fluid Flow
 Transport properties of oil and gas are significant in the design of

equipment and flowlines
 Viscosity - indicates fluids resistance to flow

 Reynold's number - used to identify flow regime

 =

 Laminar Flow exist at Re < 2000
 Turbulent Flow exist at Re > 4000
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SURFACE FACILITIES
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SURFACE FACILITIES OIL PROCESSING –
What isSEPARATION
BASIC Scribd? Books Audiobooks Magazines Podcasts Sheet Music Documents Snapshots
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SURFACE FACILITIES OIL PROCESSING –
What is Scribd?
SEPARATION Books
SYSTEMAudiobooks Magazines Podcasts Sheet Music Documents Snapshots
 Separation is required - gas and liquid require

different processing methods.
 Separators are classified by physical shape,
function or number of phases they separate.
Separator – separate a combined liquid-gas flow

Two-phase – gas and liquid separation


Three-phase – gas, liquid and water separation


Scrubber – handle stream with unusually high


gas-to-liquid ratios
 Produced Water Handling – separate free water
 Filter – remove solids from gas/liquid stream.
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SURFACE FACILITIES
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SURFACE FACILITIES – WATER TREATMENT
Two primary needs for water processing:
 Disposal
 Treatment of produced water separated from
oil and gas prior to disposal in an
environmentally acceptable manner .
 Injection
 Cleaning of source water from rivers or sea
before wellbore injection in EOR projects to
minimise zone plugging and maintain high
injection rates.
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SURFACE FACILITIES – WATER TREATMENT
 The contents of an oil reservoir may be considered

as consisting of three major components – gas,
crude oil and water. Of these three, gas and oil are
saleable products, whereas water unless used for
injection purposes, is a WASTE PRODUCT.
 The water, separated out from the oil and gas in
the platform separation trains, is known as
PRODUCED WATER.
 Before Produced Water can be either disposed off
into the sea or used for injection purposes it
requires treatment.
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Books FACILITIES
Audiobooks Magazines CRUDE
– Podcasts & GAS EVACUATION
METERING
 Fluid measurement commonly called metering

 Purpose of metering
• Contractual requirement
• Production planning
• Product quality control
• Process control
• Safety
 Accuracy
• Well testing – deviations of 5% may be acceptable
• Custody transfer – deviations of 0.5% may be the
maximum allowed.
• Dependent on two factors – repeatability and
accurate determination of correction factors
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Books FACILITIES
PIPELINE PIGGING
 Reason for pigging
• To clean and increase line efficiency
• To locate obstructions and inspections of the line
• To separate products
• Corrosion control
• Air purge and water removal
• Meter proving
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Books FACILITIES
PIPELINE PIGGING
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QUESTIONS?

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Documents  Technology & Engineering  Petroleum Read free for 30

PETRONAS Management Training Sdn Bhd © 2006.

The basic equipment common to many surface

Acid gas treater

Well testing equipment

Lease automatic custody transfer (LACT)

• The gathering system begins at the

• The wellhead should include at least one

• If the upstream pressure is too high it is

• An automatic shut-down valve can quickly

• Block valves are also required to perform

When the production of two or more wells is commingled in a central

 Design of Equipment depends on Physical Properties,

 Physical Properties affecting equipment design

 Phase Behavior is the change in relationship

 Fluid Flow properties affecting transmission

What is Scribd? SURFACE

SURFACE FACILITIES PROCESS DESIGN –

 Transport properties of oil and gas are significant in the design of

 Viscosity - indicates fluids resistance to flow

 Separation is required - gas and liquid require

Two-phase – gas and liquid separation

Three-phase – gas, liquid and water separation

Scrubber – handle stream with unusually high

Two primary needs for water processing:

 The contents of an oil reservoir may be considered

What is Scribd? SURFACE

 Fluid measurement commonly called metering

What is Scribd? SURFACE

 Reason for pigging

• To clean and increase line efficiency

• To locate obstructions and inspections of the line

• Air purge and water removal

What is Scribd? SURFACE

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