Experiment No.

3
Name: - Prathamesh kumbhar

No: 11040 PRN: 22010662

Division/Batch: - K/ K2

Subject:- Physics

Title: Hall Effect

Aim: To find the Hall coefficient, RH of a given semiconductor and hence estimate the
carrier density

Procedure:
1. Adjust position of Hall probe to be perpendicular to the pole pieces of the
electromagnets.
2. Switch on the electromagnet. Increase the current through the electromagnet
and measure the magnetic field B using the Gaussmeter. Adjust B to the desired
value (1000G).
3. Place the sample in pole pieces of the electromagnet such that it is
perpendicular to the magnetic
field. Keeping B constant, vary current I through the sample in suitable steps and note
corresponding values of voltage V.
4. Switch off the electromagnet. Keep the sample away from electromagnet.
Measure voltage V0 without field for the same current values as in step 3. Hall
voltage VH = V-V0.
5. Plot VH versus I and find the slope m.
6. Find Hall coefficient RH= md/ B
7. Also find charge carrier density 'n' using n=1/ RH e.

Observations: 1. Thickness of the probe (Given), d = 0.5 mm =0.0005 2. Constant magnetic field, B = 1000
Gauss = 0.1 Tesla

Observation Table:
Sr. I (mA) Voltage with B V Voltage without Hall Voltage
No. (mV) BV VH= V - V (mV)
(mV)

1 0 0 0 0

2 0.51 18 16 2

3 1.01 37 32 5

4 1.51 56 48 8

5 2.03 76 64 12

6 2.51 93 79 14

7 3.01 111 95 16

8 3.5 129 110 19

9 4.04 148 126 22

10 4.5 164 140 24

11 5.01 182 155 27

12 5.5 198 170 28

13 6.03 215 185 30

14 6.51 232 199 33

15 7 247 212 35

16 7.52 263 226 37

17 8.01 278 239 39

18 8.5 292 252 40

19 9.01 306 265 41

 20 9.5 319 277 42

21 10.01 333 288 45

Graph and Calculations:

1. Draw VH versus I and find the slope m.

2. Using the numerical method, outlined using an example below, to find the slope m.

Calculate (i) RH = md/B = 4.514045927x 0.0005 / 0.1 = 0.02257023

(ii) n = 1 /eRH = 1/ 1.602 x 10 -19

CALCULATIONS :

x =5.01047619 y

=24.71428571

∑(xi − x )yi =868.2428571 ∑(xi − x )2 = 192.3424952 m = ∑(xi − x ) yi /

∑(xi − x ) 2 = 868.2428571 / 192.3424952 =4.514045927 c = y − mx =

24.71428571- 4.514045927(5.01047619)= 2.09676607 m=4.514045927,

c=2.09676607.

Sr. No. I (mA) Hall Voltage VH= V - V (xi − x )yi (xi − x) 2

(mV)

1 0 0 0 25.10487166
 2 0.51 2 -9.000952381 20.25428594

3 1.01 5 -20.00238095 16.00380975

4 1.51 8 -28.00380952 12.25333356

5 2.03 12 -35.76571429 8.883238322

6 2.51 14 -35.00666667 6.252381179

7 3.01 16 -32.00761905 4.001904989

8 3.5 19 -28.69904762 2.281538322

9 4.04 22 -21.35047619 0.941824036

10 4.5 24 -12.25142857 0.260585941

11 5.01 27 -0.012857143 2.26757E-07

12 5.5 28 13.70666667 0.23963356

13 6.03 30 30.58571429 1.039428798

14 6.51 33 49.48428571 2.248571655

15 7 35 69.63333333 3.958204989

16 7.52 37 92.85238095 6.297709751

17 8.01 39 116.9814286 8.997143084

18 8.5 40 139.5809524 12.17677642

19 9.01 41 163.9804762 15.9961907

20 9.5 42 188.56 20.15582404

21 10.01 45 224.9785714 24.99523832

5.01047619 24.71428571 868.2428571 192.3424952

)
H
Results:

Hall Coefficient of the given material RH =0.02257023m3⁄C

Charge carrier density of the given material n =2.76567729x 1020carriers /m3

Conclusions: In conclusion, the Hall effect was verified. As long as the magnetic field and
thecurrent stayed below some threshold, there was a linear relationship between the
voltage measured, andthe current and B field applied.

Questions:
1. Explain the working principle of a Magnetic encoder which detects
rotational position information.

Ans - Magnetic rotary encoders

Magnetic rotary encoders rely on three main components: a disk, sensors, and a
conditioning circuit. The disk is magnetized, with a number of poles around its
circumference. Sensors detect the change in magnetic field as the disk rotates and
convert this information to a sine wave. The sensors can be Hall effect devices, which
sense a change in voltage, or magnetoresistive devices, which sense a change in
magnetic field. The conditioning circuit multiples, divides, or interpolates the signal to
produce the desired output. The resolution of a magnetic rotary encoder is determined
by the number of magnetic poles around the disk and by the number of sensors.The
primary difference between incremental and absolute encoders, regardless of sensing
technology, is that absolute versions assign a unique binary code, or word, to each
measuring position. This allows them to track the encoder’s exact position, even if
power is discontinued.
The simplest magnetic encoder consists of a permanent magnet and a magnetic
sensor. The permanent magnet is attached to the tip of a rotating body such as a
motor shaft, and the magnetic sensor is fixed in a state where it is mounted on a PCB
board at a position where it receives the magnetic field generated by the permanent
magnet. When the permanent magnet attached to the motor shaft rotates, the
direction of the magnetic field detected by the magnetic sensor changes, as a result
the encoder detects the rotational position and speed of the motor shaft.

2 What precautions must be taken to (i) minimize the errors in the data in this
experiment (Hint: check if all the assumptions in the derivation of the formula
are reproduced in the performance of the experiment) (ii) safeguard persons,
materials and instrument while performing the experiment (Hint: (a) large
magnetic field,

Ans -

∙ The magnet power supply can furnish large currents at dangerous voltage levels;
do not touch exposed magnet coil contacts.
∙ The oven gets hot.
∙ AC leads from Variac to oven can be dangerous; they should not be exposed.

∙ Turn on water before turning on magnet coil.

∙ Do not exceed magnet current of 10 A.
∙ Do not exceed Hall probe current of 0.4 A
∙ Do not exceed an oven temperature of 100°C (a few degrees more for a brief time
will do no harm). ∙ Do not leave the magnet current at a high setting for any length of
time beyond the minimum needed for data acquisition - it affects the monitor.
∙ Do not bring floppy disks, magnetic cards, magnetic tape, prepaid cards, tickets,
cathode ray tubes, etc., as they may damage the data in the magnetic recording
media.
∙ Do not bring near electronic devices as they may affect the instrument and control
panels, leading to accidents and malfunctions.
∙ Hall detection is also sensitive to stray magnetic fields.

(b) How fast the current through a solenoid can be increased or decreased ?

Ans : Never suddenly interrupt or apply power to a large magnet. Large inductive voltage
surges may damage the insulation. Start with controls set for zero current and gradually
increase current. When turning off, smoothly decrease current to zero and then turn off.
(c) Effect of magnetic field on electronics. What are the WHO guidelines for magnetic
field safety?

Ans:
Strong static magnetic fields will have little effect on most electronics

Some are listed below:

∙ Relays work by using a magnet to move a piece of ferrous material to close a switch.
Strong fields may open them, close them, or get them stuck in whatever position
they are in.
∙ Inductors and transformers have magnetically soft cores, which couple magnetic flux
much better than air. They are designed for a certain flux density based on the
properties of the coils in them, and beyond that they saturate, becoming less effective.
The field they create adds with the external field, so the external field can cause early
saturation. This reduces the inductance of inductors and ferrites, and reduces the
efficiency of transformers. It may also introduce harmonic content in transformers.
∙ Hall sensors obviously measure magnetic field, and will measure the
external field. ∙ LVDT position sensors probably won't be remotely
accurate in an external field.
∙ Motors almost always use magnetic fields internally and may or may not work.
∙ Magnetic recording media such as hard disks, tape, floppy disks... are very
suceptable, WHO GUIDELINES FOR MAGNETIC FIELD SAFETY

For occupational exposure, present limits are based on avoiding the sensations of
vertigo and nausea induced by movement in a static magnetic field. The
recommended limits are time-weighted average of 200 mT during the working day for
occupational exposure, with a ceiling value of 2 T. A continuous exposure limit of 40
mT is given for the general public. Static magnetic fields affect implanted metallic
devices such as pacemakers present inside the body, and this could have direct
adverse health consequences. It is suggested that wearers of cardiac pacemakers,
ferromagnetic implants and implanted electronic devices should avoid locations
where the field exceeds 0.5 mT. Also, care should be taken to prevent hazards from
metal objects being suddenly attracted to magnets in field exceeds 3 mT.
BY INTERNATIONALCOMMISION ON
NON IONIZING RADIATION
PROTECTION (ICNIRP)
 3) How can the type of majority charge carrier
be found out from the Hall effect experiment?

Ans : The Hall voltage is the voltage transverse to both magnetic field and current. It
appears when a magnetic field transverse to the direction of current flow is applied. The
sign of the Hall voltage determines whether the dominant carriers in the semiconductor
are electrons or holes; its magnitude is a measure of the carrier concentration. Since the
carrier density can be independently determined from Hall measurement, one can
extract the mobility of the charge carrier in a semiconductor from combined Hall and
resistivity measurement.