Applied Hydrology Mid-Term Exam Solution 2019/202

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1. Stream flow at a section for 30 consecutive days is shown in Table 1

Table 1: Time series river discharge data

From historical records, stream flow is found to follow gamma distribution. The rating curve for
the section is given by: 𝑄 = 59.5(𝐻 − 5)2 where Q is stream flow in m3/ and H is river stage at
section in meters. Calculate the river stage at the section and check whether river stage follows
normal distribution at 5% level of significance or not. (3.5 marks)

Solution:

Calculation for river stage

H=(Q*1000/59.5)0.5+5

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Table 1.1: Stage determination

Flow rate(Q) Day Flow rate(Q) H(m)

Day (*1000m3/s) H(m) (*1000m3/s)
1 14.12 20.4 16 9.67 17.75
2 22.05 24.25 17 10.65 18.38
3 22.34 24.38 18 14.47 20.59
4 20.07 23.37 19 11.02 18.61
5 21.15 23.85 20 9.82 17.85
6 19.82 23.25 21 12.5 19.49
7 20.65 23.63 22 16.1 21.45
8 23.57 24.9 23 17.4 22.1
9 22.19 24.31 24 9.48 17.62
10 18.32 22.55 25 8.41 16.89
11 14.45 20.58 26 9.33 17.52
12 12.72 19.62 27 10.4 18.22
13 13.67 20.16 28 12.62 19.56
14 12.58 19.54 29 15.3 21.04
15 9.33 17.52 30 13.84 20.25

Table 1.2: Checking for normality of the stage by using skewness test

Normalized Normalized series

Day H(m)=X(t) series Y(t) Devation Yd(t) Yd(t)2 Yd(t)3
1 20.4 4.517178252 -0.019749114 0.0004 -8E-06
2 24.25 4.92449677 0.387569404 0.1502 0.05822
3 24.38 4.937291425 0.400364059 0.1603 0.06417
4 23.37 4.833841781 0.296914415 0.0882 0.02618
5 23.85 4.884025471 0.347098105 0.1205 0.04182
6 23.25 4.821958171 0.285030805 0.0812 0.02316
7 23.63 4.861019939 0.324092573 0.105 0.03404
8 24.9 4.990303271 0.453375905 0.2055 0.09319
9 24.31 4.930688083 0.393760717 0.155 0.06105
10 22.55 4.748373994 0.211446628 0.0447 0.00945
11 20.58 4.536945498 1.81318E-05 3E-10 6E-15
12 19.62 4.429590183 -0.107337183 0.0115 -0.0012
13 20.16 4.489703452 -0.047223913 0.0022 -0.0001
14 19.54 4.420473233 -0.116454133 0.0136 -0.0016
15 17.52 4.185958565 -0.350968801 0.1232 -0.0432

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16 17.75 4.212881766 -0.3240456 0.105 -0.034
17 18.38 4.287047248 -0.249880118 0.0624 -0.0156
18 20.59 4.538133472 0.001206106 1E-06 1.8E-09
19 18.61 4.313837174 -0.223090192 0.0498 -0.0111
20 17.85 4.224555358 -0.312372007 0.0976 -0.0305
21 19.49 4.415232258 -0.121695108 0.0148 -0.0018
22 21.45 4.631367662 0.094440296 0.0089 0.00084
23 22.1 4.701147596 0.16422023 0.027 0.00443
24 17.62 4.197917211 -0.339010155 0.1149 -0.039
25 16.89 4.109603496 -0.42732387 0.1826 -0.078
26 17.52 4.185958565 -0.350968801 0.1232 -0.0432
27 18.22 4.268584513 -0.268342853 0.072 -0.0193
28 19.56 4.423085149 -0.113842217 0.013 -0.0015
29 21.04 4.586466452 0.049539086 0.0025 0.00012
30 20.25 4.50015497 -0.036772396 0.0014 -5E-05
Sum 136.107821 2.1366 0.09642
Average 4.536927366
N 30

From the table 1.2 , the skewness coefficient(S)=0.169106999

Test for normal distributed data using skewness

Null Hypothesis: Data is normally distributed

Alternative Hypothesis: Data is not normally distributed

Level of Significance: α = 5%

Null Hypothesis is acceptable for (𝑆)< 𝑍( 𝛼/2)(6/N)0.5

𝑍 0.025=1.96

𝑍 0.025*(6/N)0.5=0.876539

Since −0.877< S < 0.877, so the null hypothesis of data being normally distributed cannot be
rejected.

2. A catchment received a continuous rainfall for 3 hours. The rain is distributed in time with 17
mm during the first hour, 22 mm during the second hour, and 14 mm during the final hour. The
-index is 12 mm/hr and the measured hydrograph is given in Table 2.(3 marks)

a) Find the 1-hr UH. (Assume the baseflow to be constant)

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b) Determine the time of rise, the time of recession, time base, and the lag time.

Table 2: Measured hydrograph

Time(hr) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Discharge 0 1 5.5 12.4 15.4 13 9.6 6.2 3.05 0.9 0.1 0
(m3/s)
Solution:

Table 2.1:1-hr UH

Rainfall,R, Base ER=R- 1-hr UH

Time(hr) Discharge(m3/s) (mm) flow DRH(m3/s) ∆t(hr) ∅∆t (m3/s.mm)
0 0 1
1 1 17 1 0 1 5 0
2 5.5 22 1 4.5 1 10 0.2647059
3 12.4 14 1 11.4 1 2 0.6705882
4 15.4 1 14.4 1 0.8470588
5 13 1 12 1 0.7058824
6 9.6 1 8.6 1 0.5058824
7 6.2 1 5.2 1 0.3058824
8 3.05 1 2.05 1 0.1205882
9 0.9 1 1 0
10 0.1 1 1 0
11 0 1 1 0
Sum 17

 ∅_index=12mm/hr
 Effective rainfall(ER)=17mm

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Figure:1. Measured hydrograph

18

16
Hydrograph
14

12
Discharge(m3/s)

10

8 hydrograph
BF
6

0 Time(hr)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Figure:2.1-hr UH

1hr-UNIT HYDROGRAPH
tr =1hr
1.00
0.90 recession time
0.80 tp
Discharge (m3/s)

0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0 1 rise time
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tb
Time (hr)

b. From the figure above;

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Lag time=3.5hr; base time=9hr; recession time=7.5hr; rise time=4hr

3. In a certain catchment of area 40 km2, the following rainfall and direct runoff depth over the
catchment has been observed for 16 isolated rainfall events in Table 3.

Table 3: Rainfall and the corresponding runoff depth data

These measurements are made at a culvert present in the downstream of the catchment. Develop
a linear regression model taking runoff as dependent and rainfall as independent variable. Using
the developed relationship, answer the following:

a) A precipitation event generated direct runoff of 1.2 Mm3 from the basin. What is the
corresponding rainfall depth?

b) For a rainfall event of 3 hr with average intensity 12.mm/hr, what is the corresponding direct
runoff depth?

c) How much percentage of variance in runoff is being accounted for in the developed model?

(3.5 marks)

Solution:

Table:3.2. Developing linear regression model

Xdi Ydi
Rainfal Rainfall Runoff (Xi - (Yi-
l event (mm) = (mm) = Xmean Ymean
No. Xi Yi ) ) Xdi2 Ydi2 Xdi *Ydi xy x2

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562.09 1796.91
1 42.39 13.26 -0.5506 -1.3675 0.3032 1.8701 0.7530 1 2
-
11.317 128.085 107.070 110.81
2 33.48 3.31 -9.4606 5 89.5034 8 6 9 1120.91
723.15 2272.42
3 47.67 15.17 4.7294 0.5425 22.3670 0.2943 2.5657 4 9
2524.05
4 50.24 15.5 7.2994 0.8725 53.2809 0.7613 6.3687 778.72 8
615.44 1873.15
5 43.28 14.22 0.3394 -0.4075 0.1152 0.1661 -0.1383 2 8
1115.1
6 52.6 21.2 9.6594 6.5725 93.3035 43.1978 63.4862 2 2766.76
-
11.880 141.149 239.16 964.723
7 31.06 7.7 6 -6.9275 3 47.9903 82.3030 2 6
882.35
8 50.02 17.64 7.0794 3.0125 50.1176 9.0752 21.3266 3 2502
2216.52
9 47.08 22.91 4.1394 8.2825 17.1344 68.5998 34.2844 1078.6 6
889.34 2216.52
10 47.08 18.89 4.1394 4.2625 17.1344 18.1689 17.6441 1 6
1671.99
11 40.89 12.82 -2.0506 -1.8075 4.2051 3.2671 3.7065 524.21 2
1392.03
12 37.31 11.58 -5.6306 -3.0475 31.7039 9.2873 17.1593 432.05 6
563.56 1380.12
13 37.15 15.17 -5.7906 0.5425 33.5313 0.2943 -3.1414 6 3
419.95 1630.54
14 40.38 10.4 -2.5606 -4.2275 6.5568 17.8718 10.8250 2 4
817.92 2060.25
15 45.39 18.02 2.4494 3.3925 5.9994 11.5091 8.3095 8 2
666.73 1683.46
16 41.03 16.25 -1.9106 1.6225 3.6505 2.6325 -3.1000 8 1
570.055 363.071 369.423 10419. 30072.4
sum 687.05 234.04 9 3 0 2 1
42.9406 14.627
mean 3 5
N 16

The given data can be analyzed for fitting a linear regression as given in Table 3. From table 3:

𝑁 = 16; ∑ti=136; ∑xi=687.05; x mean=42.94063; ymean=14.63; t mean=8.5

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x𝑑𝑖= x𝑖 − x mean ; 𝑥𝑑𝑖 = y𝑖 − y mean; 𝑆xx= ∑ Xdi2 =570.0559; 𝑆yy=∑ Ydi2=363.071; 𝑆𝑥y =∑ Xdi *Ydi
=369.4230

Simple linear regression equation for trend is given by:

y = 𝑎 + 𝑏x

b= 𝑆𝑥y/ 𝑆𝑥𝑥=369.4230/570.0559=0.64805

𝑎 =y mean-bxmean=14.6275-0.64805*42.94063=-13.200

Hence , the developed linear regression model is:

y = -13.2+ 0.64805x

The sum of squared errors is given by:

𝑆2𝑒 = ( yy- (𝑆𝑥y)2/ 𝑆xx)/N-2=8.833414882

Table 3.3: Corresponding rainfall depth and direct runoff depth

volume( Mm3) area( Km2) depth Rainfall(m) R(mm)

a 1.2 40 3 23.823529 23823.53
intensity(mm/hr) duration(hr) depth runoff(mm)
b 12 3 36 10.129649
c.Variance=(10.126949/16)*100%=63.3%

4. The data given in Table 4 are measured at a stream. Compute the direct runoff and baseflow
distribution and the volume of runoff.

a) Using the constant-discharge method

b) Using the constant slope method assuming direct runoff begins at 0404 and ends at 1604.
(3 marks)

Table 4: Stream Hydrograph

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Solution:

a) Using the constant-discharge method

discharge baseflow(m3/ direct

Time (m3/s) s) runoff(m3/s) duration (hr) volume(Mm3)
204 142 200 0
304 196 200 0 100 0
404 200 200 0 100 0
504 598 200 398 100 143.28
604 1308 200 1108 100 398.88
704 1018 200 818 100 294.48
804 1546 200 1346 100 484.56
904 3987 200 3787 100 1363.32
1004 1300 200 1100 100 396
1104 1200 200 1000 100 360
1204 2940 200 2740 100 986.4
1304 1148 200 948 100 341.28
1404 1380 200 1180 100 424.8

1504 815 200 815 100 293.4

1604 755 200 755 100 271.8
5758.2

Figure:3.Stream flow hydrograph

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stream flow hydrograph

4500
4000
3500
3000
Discharge(m/s)

2500
Stream flow hydrograph
2000
BF
1500
1000
500
0
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
20 30 4 0 50 6 0 70 80 9 0 10 0 11 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 14 0 1 5 0 16 0

Time

Therefore volume of runoff=5778.2Mm3

b) Using the constant slope method assuming direct runoff begins at 0404 and ends at 1604

discharge baseflow(m3/ direct

Time (m3/s) s) runoff(m3/s) duration (hr) volume(Mm3)
204 142 142 0 100 0
304 196 196 0 100 0
404 200 200 0 100 0
504 598 246.25 351.75 100 126.63
604 1308 292.5 1015.5 100 365.58
704 1018 338.75 679.25 100 244.53
804 1546 385 1161 100 417.96
904 3987 431.25 3555.75 100 1280.07
1004 1300 477.5 822.5 100 296.1
1104 1200 523.75 676.25 100 243.45
1204 2940 570 2370 100 853.2
1304 1148 616.25 531.75 100 191.43
1404 1380 662.5 717.5 100 258.3
1504 815 708.75 106.25 100 38.25
1604 755 755 0 100 0
4315.5

Slope=0.4625

Figure:4. Stream flow hydrograph with sloped base flow

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Stream flow hydrograph

4500

4000

3500

3000
Dicharge(m3/s)

2500
BF
2000 Stream flow hydrograph

1500

1000

500

0
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 0 50 60 7 0 80 90 10 0 11 0 1 2 0 13 0 14 0 1 5 0 16 0

Time

5. A 200-acre watershed is 40 percent agricultural and 60 percent urban land. The agricultural
area is 40 percent cultivated land with conservation treatment, 35 percent meadow in good
condition, 25 percent forest land with good cover. The urban area is residential: 60 percent is
1/3-acre-lots, 25 percent is ¼-acre lots and 15 percent is streets and roads with curbs and storm
sewers. The entire watershed is in hydrologic soil group B. Compute the runoff from watershed
for 5 inch of rainfall. Assume AMC II conditions.(3 marks)

Solution:

Unit(in Curve Number(CN)

Given data acre)
Total watershed area(A) 200
40% of A covered by agricultural land 80
cultivated land with conservation treatment(40% of 80) 32 71
meadow in good condition(35% of 80) 28 58
forest land with good cover(25% of 80) 20 55
60% of A covered by urban land 120
60% is 1/3-acre-lots 72 72
25% is ¼-acre lots 30 75
15 % is streets and road 18 98

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Hydrologic soil group
Rainfall(P):5 inch
AMC=II,henceCN=CN(II)

Weighed curve number(CNw)=(32*71)+(28*58)+(20*55)+(72*72)+(30*75)+(18*95)/200=70.97

Storage(S) =1000/CN-10=1000/70.97-10=4.09

Runoff (Q) =(P-0.2S)2/(P+0.8S)=(5-0.2*04.09)2/(5+0.8*4.09)=2.114 inch

Volume=200*6.273*109*2.114=2.65*1012 inch3

6. Given the following 2-hr unit hydrograph in Table 5, use S-hydrograph procedures to
construct a 3-hr unit hydrograph.(3 marks)

Table 5: 2-hr unit hydrograph data

Time(hr) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 100 250 200 100 50 0

Solution:

Determination of a 3-hr unit hydrograph from a 2-hr unit hydrograph by using S-curve method

Table 5.2:

S-curve S-curve S-curve 3-hr UH

Time(hr) Q(cfs) addition(cfs) ordinate(cfs) lagged Difference ordinate(cfs)
by 3- (col.4-
(col.2+col.3) hr(cfs) col.5) col.6*(3/2)
Colum
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0 0 0 0
1 100 100 100 66.66666667
2 250 0 250 250 166.6666667
3 200 100 300 0 300 200
4 100 250 350 100 250 166.6666667
5 50 300 350 250 100 66.66666667
6 0 350 350 300 50 33.33333333

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Figure:5.S-hydrograph

S-hydrograph
400

350

300

250
Discharge(cfs)

3-hr UH
200 2-hr UH
S-curve
150

100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time(hr)

7. The six-hour unit hydrograph of watershed having a drainage area equal to 393 Km2 is given
in Table 6.

Table 6: Six-hour unit hydrograph of watershed

Time (hr) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42
Unit hydrograph 0 1.8 30.9 85.6 41.8 14.6 5.5 1.8
(m3/s.cm)
For a storm over the watershed having excess rainfall of 5 cm for the first six hours and 15 cm
for the second six hours, compute the stream flow hydrograph, assuming constant base flow of
100 m3/s.(3 marks)

Solution:

Stream flow hydrograph computation

Stream flow hydrograph = direct runoff hydrograph(DRH) + baseflow(BF)
Firstly the ordinate of direct-runoff is determined by using dicrete
convolution equation given below:

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Q=ordinate of the composite DRH(m3/s)

U=ordinate of the UH(m3/s.cm)
m=2=pluses of excess rainfall
n=pluses of DR in storm=1,2,…7
Table6.1: Stream flow hydrograph

6-hr UH excess ordinate

(m3/s.cm rainfall p2*u(t- of DRH baseflow Stream flow
Time(hr) ) (P)(cm) p1*u(t) 6) (m3/s) (m3/s) hydrograph
m3/s m3/s (m3/s)=col.6+col.7
Colum 1
n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 5 0 0 100 100
6 1.8 15 9 0 9 100 109
12 30.9 154.5 27 181.5 100 281.5
18 85.6 428 463.5 891.5 100 991.5
24 41.8 209 1284 1493 100 1593
30 14.6 73 627 700 100 800
36 5.5 27.5 219 246.5 100 346.5
42 1.8 9 82.5 91.5 100 191.5

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Figure:6.Stream flow hydrograph

Stream flow hydrograph

1800

1600

1400

1200
Disscharge(m/s)

1000
Stream flow hydrograph
800

600

400

200

0
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42

Time(hr)

8. For a drainage area of 180 Km2 having a lag time of 8 1/ 2ℎ𝑟, derive a unit hydrograph of
duration 2 hr. Use the SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph.(2 marks)

Solution:

Derivation of a 2-hr hydrograph by using SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph.

Lag tim e(tp) =8.5hr Duration(tr)=2hr

Drainage area (A) =180km2 peak discharge (Qp)=39.411m3/s

Time of rise (Tp) =9.5

The ordinate of SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph t/Tp and Q/Qp which is assumed is given in
table:8.1

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Tble 8.1:Derivation of UH by SCS method

Discharge,Q(m3/
t/Tp Q/Qp Time, t (hr) s) 2-hr UH
0.00 0.000 0 0.000 0.000
0.10 0.015 0.95 0.591 0.591
0.20 0.075 1.9 2.956 2.956
0.30 0.160 2.85 6.306 6.306
0.40 0.280 3.8 11.035 11.035
0.50 0.430 4.75 16.947 16.947
0.60 0.600 5.7 23.646 23.646
0.70 0.770 6.65 30.346 30.346
0.80 0.890 7.6 35.075 35.075
0.90 0.970 8.55 38.228 38.228
1.00 1.000 9.5 39.411 39.411
1.10 0.980 10.45 38.622 38.622
1.20 0.920 11.4 36.258 36.258
1.30 0.840 12.35 33.105 33.105
1.40 0.750 13.3 29.558 29.558
1.50 0.660 14.25 26.011 26.011
1.60 0.560 15.2 22.070 22.070
1.80 0.420 17.1 16.552 16.552
2.00 0.320 19 12.611 12.611
2.20 0.240 20.9 9.459 9.459
2.40 0.180 22.8 7.094 7.094
2.60 0.130 24.7 5.123 5.123
2.80 0.098 26.6 3.862 3.862
3.00 0.074 28.5 2.916 2.916
3.50 0.036 33.25 1.419 1.419
4.00 0.018 38 0.709 0.709
4.50 0.009 42.75 0.355 0.355

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Figure:7. SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph

SCS dimentionless UH
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Q/Qp

SCS dimentionless UH
0.4
0.2
0
00 20 40 .60 .80 .00 .20 .40 .60 .00 .40 .80 .50 .50
0 . 0 . 0. 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 4
t/Tp

Figure:8.2-hr unit hydrograph

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2-hr UH
45.000
40.000
35.000
30.000
Discharge,Q(M3/S)

25.000
20.000 2-hr UH
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
0 9 8 7 6 5 .4 .3 .2 19 .8 .6 5 5
1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11 13 15 22 26 .2 .7
33 42
Time(hr)

9. The annual evapotranspiration (in cm/year) for a basin in last 20 years are 60.04, 58.71, 60.02,
60.36, 62.65, 64.17, 62.82, 64.41, 64.6, 63.45, 65.35, 64.65, 67.37, 66.27, 68.39, 66.77, 68.24,
68.04, 66.53, and 68.02. Check the evapotranspiration data for its randomness using the linear
regression test method at 5% level of significance.(3 marks)

Solution:

Table 9: Checking for randomness by regression test method

Evapotranspiratio
Years(t) n tdi xdi t2di x2di xditdi
X(t)(in cm/year)
1 60.04 -9.5 -4.503 90.25 20.27701 42.7785
2 58.71 -8.5 -5.833 72.25 34.02389 49.5805
3 60.02 -7.5 -4.523 56.25 20.45753 33.9225
4 60.36 -6.5 -4.183 42.25 17.49749 27.1895
5 62.65 -5.5 -1.893 30.25 3.583449 10.4115
6 64.17 -4.5 -0.373 20.25 0.139129 1.6785
7 62.82 -3.5 -1.723 12.25 2.968729 6.0305
8 64.41 -2.5 -0.133 6.25 0.017689 0.3325
9 64.6 -1.5 0.057 2.25 0.003249 -0.0855
10 63.45 -0.5 -1.093 0.25 1.194649 0.5465
11 65.35 0.5 0.807 0.25 0.651249 0.4035
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12 64.65 1.5 0.107 2.25 0.011449 0.1605
13 67.37 2.5 2.827 6.25 7.991929 7.0675
14 66.27 3.5 1.727 12.25 2.982529 6.0445
15 68.39 4.5 3.847 20.25 14.79941 17.3115
16 66.77 5.5 2.227 30.25 4.959529 12.2485
17 68.24 6.5 3.697 42.25 13.66781 24.0305
18 68.04 7.5 3.497 56.25 12.22901 26.2275
19 66.53 8.5 1.987 72.25 3.948169 16.8895
20 68.02 9.5 3.477 90.25 12.08953 33.0315
Sum 210 1290.86 665 173.4934 315.8
Average 10.5 64.543

Solution:

The given data can be analyzed for fitting a linear regression as given in Table 9. From table 9:

𝑁 = 20; ∑ti=210; ∑xi=1290.86; x mean=64.543; t mean=10.5

𝑡𝑑𝑖= 𝑡𝑖 − t mean ; 𝑥𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − t mean; 𝑆𝑡𝑡= 665; 𝑆𝑥𝑥=173.4934; 𝑆𝑥𝑡 = 𝑆𝑡𝑥 =315.8

Simple linear regression equation for trend is given by:

𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑡

b= 𝑆𝑡𝑥/ 𝑆𝑥𝑥=315.8/173.4934=0.475

𝑎 =x mean-btmean=64.543-0.475*10.5=59.556

Hence , the developed linear regression model is:

𝑥 = 59.556+ 0.475𝑡

The sum of squared errors is given by:

𝑆2𝑒 = ( - (𝑆𝑡𝑥)2/ 𝑆𝑡𝑡)/N-2=1.307

For checking the significance of the trend in the stream flow time series, we need to prove that
the parameter β (population estimate of b) is statically different from 0 at 5% significance level.
Hence,

Null Hypothesis: β=0

Alternative Hypothesis: β≠0

Level of Significance: α=5%

By Lemita B. Page 19
 Applied Hydrology Mid-Term Exam Solution 2019/202
0
For N−2=18 degrees of freedom, t0.025(18) =2.10 (See Table 4.2 of slide). The test statistics is
given by: t=(b-β)/ (𝑆2𝑒*)0.5( 𝑆𝑡𝑡)0.5=10.714

As 10.714 > t0.025(18), so the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence, the trend is significant in the
stream flow time series at 5% significance level.

By Lemita B. Page 20