List of the arthropod parasiteshost-Parasites of Veterinary Importance

Sr Scientific name of the

Common name if any Host Location if any Disease transmitted if any/remarks
No Insects/flies/Entomology
Biting lice
1 Menopon gallinae shaft louse of poultry P
2 Menacanthus stramineus Body louse of poultry P
3 Cuclogaster (Liperus) heterographus Head louse of Poultry P
4 Liperus caponis Wing louse of poultry P
5 Goniodes gigas Large louse of poultry P
6 Goniocotes gallinae Fluff louse of poultry P,
7 Damilinia (Bovicola ) bovis Biting louse of cattle C
8 Damilinia (Bovicola ) equi Biting louse of equines E
9 Damilinia (Bovicola ) ovis Biting louse of sheep S
10 Damilinia (Bovicola ) caprae Biting louse of caprines G
11 Trichodectes canis Biting louse of dogs D
Sucking lice
1 Haematopinus asini Sucking louse of equines E
2 Haematopinus suis Sucking louse of pigs Pg
3 Haematopinus eurysternus Short nosed cattle louse C
4 Haematopinus tuberculatus Sucking louse of buffaloes B
5 Linognathus ovillus Blue louse of sheep S
6 Linognathus vituli Long nosed cattle louse C
7 Linognathus pedalis Foot louse of sheep S
8 Linognathus stenopsis Goats G
Bugs
1 Cimex lectularius Bed bug Man
Siphonaptera (Fleas)

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1 Ctenocephalides canis Dog flea D
2 Ctenocephalides felis Cat flea Ct, D , Man,
Rat, Mouse
3 Xenopsella cheopis Oriental or black rat flea Rats ,Mice
4 Pulex irritans Human flea Human, D, Ct,
Rat
5 Echidnophaga gallinaecea Chicken flea P,D,Ct, Man
Flies
1 Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes All domestic Plasmodium Intermediate host for human
Anopheles maculipennis animals & ( Human maleria) Filaroid nematodes
human Wucheria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
2 Culex pipiens Mosquitoes Birds Transmission of
bird maleria
3 Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Dirofilaria immitis in dogs
4 Culicoides grahami Biting midges, Punkies, No- Causes due to Transmission of Dipetalonema
C.nubeculosus see-ums bite allergic Viral diseases perstans,Dipetalonema
C.varripennis dermatitis in Blue tongue in strptocerca, Mansonella ozzardi- all
C.peregrinus horses known sheep, filaroid nematodes in human
C.oxystoma as Quinsland African Horse Onchocerca gibsoni in cattle,
itch or Sickness , Bovine Onchocerca cervicalis in horses
summer Ephemeral fever
dermatitis
5 Simulium flies Black flies or buffalo gnats Transmits Transmitts filaroid nematode
Simlium indicum Leucocytozoon Onchocerca gutturosa in cattle and
and Onchocerca volvulus in man
Haemoproteus
protozoan
infection in birds.
6 Phlebotomus flies Sand flies or Owl midges Virus of Yellow Leishmania donovani-cutaneous
P.papatasii, P sergenti, P.major Fever leishmaniasis and Leishmani
donovani- Kala aazar in human
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7 Tabanus Horse flies, All animals Mechanical Chrysops: IH for filaroid nematode
Haematopota Breeze flies, transmitters of loa loa.
Pangonia Robust flies Anthrax, Tabanus & Haematopota are
Chrysops Anaplasmosis
mechanical transmitter of
and
Equine Infectious Trypanosoma evansi (Surra
anaemia disease) & T.equinum (mal-de-
caderas disease ) in equines &
biological transmitters of T.vivax &
T.brucei (nagana disease of
cattle,sheep,equines) and T
gambiense & T.rhodesiense (
Human sleeping sickness) &
T.theileri of cattle
8 Gasterophilus nasalis Equine bots or bot flies Equines Eggs are laid on Larvae causes gastric myiasis or
hairs of inter- damage to intestinal mucosa
madibular
region,

G.haemorrhoidalis Hairs around

mouth, cheeks,

Gasterophilus intestinalis scapular region,

fetlock joint of
forelegs
9 Musca domestica Common house fly All animals Bacterial: Viral: Poliomyelitis
Diarrhoea,
enteric fevers, Protozoa: Entamoeba
typhoid, Cholera, Helminths: Enterobius, Ascaris
Anthrax, TB, IH for helminths: Habronema and
Leprosy Raillitina

106
10 Musca autumnalis Face fly of cattle IH for eye worm Thelazia rhodesii,
transmits bovine keratitis ( pink
eye) and Surra disease (T.evansi) in
equines and dogs
11 Stomoxys calcitrans Stable fly Serves as IH for are mechanical transmitter of
spiruroid Trypanosoma evansi (Surra
nematode disease) & T.equinum (mal-de-
Habronema caderas disease ) in equines &
majus biological transmitters of T.vivax &
T.brucei (nagana disease of
cattle,sheep,equines) and T
gambiense & T.rhodesiense (
Human sleeping sickness) .
12 Haematobia exigua Buffalo fly of India Transmits Trypanosoma evansi
(Surra disease). Serves as IH for
spiruroid nematode Habronema
majus
13 Haematobia irritans Horn fly of cattle Transmits filaroid nematode
Stephanofilaria stilesi, causing skin
infection in cattle
14 Calliphora erythrocephala Blue bottle flies having Buzzes loudly Commonly called as blow-flies
metallic blue sheen when flies causing calliphorine myiasis or
“strike” in sheep
15 Phormia regina Black blow flies ----------do--------------------
16 Lucilia cuprina Green bottle or Copper ----------do--------------------
bottle flies
17 Chrysomyia bezziana Steel blue blow flies Old world screw ----------do--------------------
worm fly
18 Callitroga hominivorax American screw Causes myiasis in man and other
worm fly animals
19 Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis Flesh fly Larvae in decomposing flesh,
wounds, ulcers
20 Sarcophaga dux Larvae found in skin lesions on
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 camel cow and bullock in India
21 Oestrus ovis Sheep nasal fly S,G Nasal cavity Larvae causes nasal myiasis also
known as “False gid”
22 Hypoderma bovis Warble fly causes ox warbles Cattle & rarely Larvae under skin causes Licked
on the skin in man & beef or butchers jelly condition,
horses damage to hides
23 Hypoderma lineatum --------------do------------ ------do------- ----------------do--------------
24 Hippobosca maculate Forest flies/Louse flies Horses and Transmit non-pathogenic
Hippobosca rufipes cattle Trypanosoma theileri
25 Melophagus ovinus Sheep ked (Wingless) S Permanent ecto- Transmit Trypanosoma
parasite melophaginum
26 Pseudolynchia canarensis Pigeon and other birds Transmits Haemoproteus columbae

TICKS and MITES (ACAROLOGY)

Sr Name of the ticks/Mites
No
Soft ticks
1 Argas persicus
2 Otobius megnini
3 Ornithodoros moubata
Hard ticks
1 Ixodes ricinus
Common name if any Host
Soft tick of poultry
“Spinose ear tick” in the ear
pinna of Dogs, sheep, horses
,cattle
Eyeless tampan animals , birds
and Human
Caster bean tick or sheep tick
108
Diseases transmitted/Remarks/Special condition if any
Transmits Anaplasma marginale (USA) &Aegyptianella pullorum
(tropical areas), Vector for Borrelia anserina cause of Fowl
spirochaetosis
Vector for Borrelia duttoni ( African relapsing fever of man), Q fever.
Also transmits &Aegyptianella pullorum and Borrelia anserina cause of
Fowl spirochaetosis
Transmits Babesia divergens&Babesia bovis causing Redwater disease in
cattle; Anaplasma marginale ; Viruses of louping ill disease and
rickettsial ‘tick borne fever’ in sheep; Pyaemia caused by Staphylococcus
aureus (tick pyaemia)
2 Boophilus microplusrenamed
recently as Rhipicephalus
microplus
3 Boophilus annulatus
4 Boophilus decoloratus
5 Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum
6 Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
7 Rhipicephalus sanguineus
8 Rhipicephalus evertsi
9 Haemaphysalis leachi
10 Haemaphysalis bispinosa
11 Dermacentor andersoni
12 Amblyomma variegatum
MITES
1 Dermanyssus gallinae
2 Ornithonyssus bursa
3 Trombicula mites
4 Demodex canis
5 Demodex caprae, D bovis
Sarcopteformes mites
1 Sarcoptes scabiei var
S.ovis,S.bovis
2 Notoedres cati
3 Psoroptes ovis
4 Psoroptes equi
5 Psoroptes natalensis
Tropical cattle tick Babesia bigeminain cattle; Babesia argentina and other Babesia species.
North American tick Babesia bigeminain cattle cause of bovine pyroplasmosis or Texas fever
Tropical cattle tick Babesia bigeminaand Anaplasma marginale in cattle;Babesia ovis in
sheep; Babesia trautmani in pigs
Transmits Babesia caballi,B.equi; Theileria parva, T.annulata,T.dispar;
Brown ear tick on cattle, Vector for East coast fever(Theileria parva) in cattle. It also transmits
equines , sheep, goats Hapatozoon canis of dogs;Theileria mutans and Babesia bigemina in
cattle. Heavy infection leads to ‘tick toxicosis’
Brown dog tick Transmits Babesia canis and Eherlichia canis
‘Red legged tick’ domestic Transmits East coast fever (Theileria parva), red water fever (Babesia
animals bigemina)
Yellow dog tick
On cattle in India
Rocky Mountain wood tick Transmits Rocky mountain tick fever and Tularaemia disease in man;
Equine encephalitis; Anaplasma marginale and Babesia canis
Variegated tick OR tropical
bont tick
Red mite of poultry
Tropical fowl mite
Harvest mites or Chigger mites
Hair follicles or sebaceous Canine demodicosis or follicular mangeSarcoptes
glands
On domestic animals Demodicosis
All domestic animals Sarcoptic mange in domestic animals
Cats Notoedric mange in cats
Sheep and cattle Scabies or Psoroptic mange in sheep
Horses
On cattle and buffaloes
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6 Psoroptes cuniculi Ears of rabbit, goat, sheep,
horse, donkeys
7 Psoroptes bovis, P.caprae Cattle and sheep
C:Cattle,B:Buffaloes,S:sheep,G:goats, Ct-Cats, D-Dog, Pg-Pigs, P-poultry E-Equines, IH-Intermediate Host References 1: Helminthes ,Arthropodes and
Protozoa of domesticated animals by EJL Soulsby 7th Edn,1982; Bailliere Tindall London; 2) Textbook of Veterinary Parasitology by BB Bhatia,KML
Pathak & PD Juyal Third Revised Editzion reprinted in 2012 ,Kalyani publishers New Delhi

Control measures against Insects/Flies
Integrated pest management (IPM) shall be practiced
involving the different methods of control according
to season, population dynamics and local climatic
conditions..
1 Physical/cultural/managemental
control:Provision of Net shed as physical barrier,
drainage channel management(Nematocera flies
like Culicoides and mosquitoes) , closing Manure
heap/pit with polythene paper( Lyperosia ),
avoiding of grazing of animals during bright
sunshine hrs(Tabanus, Haematopota, Stomoxys,
Oestrus), sanitation (Musca), use of light traps,
pheromone traps
2 Biological control: Using bio-pesticides and
Biological control agents such as Herbals( Neem
oil, Karanj oil, NSKE), Biological (Bacillus
thruiengensis var isaelensis, Bacillus spharicus),
BCA (Guppy fishes, Spalangia wasps), Fungal
pesticides( Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria
bassiana)
3 Chemical control : Using fly repellents (DEET,
Neem oil), Chemical pesticides ( As listed in the
below table)
Control measures against Ticks
Integrated tick control measures (ITM)
depending upon the population of ticks,
species of the prevalent, population
dynamics….
1 Physical: Burning of tick in situ with the
help of flame
2 Pasture management : Involving burning
of pasture, ploughing and reseeding of
pasture
3 Biological : Using bio-pesticides and
Biological control agents such as Herbals(
Neem oil, Karanj oil, NSKE), Fungal
pesticides( Metarhizium anisopliae,
Beauveria bassiana) BCA: poultry birds
4 Chemical : as enlisted in table
Control measures against mite infestation
1 Physical: Isolation/segregation of affected
animal
2 Chemical pesticides shall be used in the
form of spray/Dip /ointment
3 In Dogs : For demodicosis avoid excessive
use of shampoos, provide good nutrition
Control measures against Fleas
1. Premises treatment: For elimination of
developmental stages by Spraying of
5% common salt solution in the
premises, Cleaning of cracks and
crevices and burning of collected debris
containing eggs in the flame, Shifting of
animals for temporary period to
distance place, spraying of chemical
pesticides in the shed( List of chemical
in the table)
2. Host treatment: Spraying of chemical
pesticides on body of host
3. In pets use of flea collars/flea belt
containing Dichlorovos
Control measures against Lice
1. Physical : Clipping of body hairs in
buffaloes/wool shearing in sheep
2. Chemical : Spraying of chemical
pesticides, for dogs insecticide
shampoos/medicated soap can also be
ued

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 List of Important insecticides/pesticides/acaricides used against insect/acarina pests of livestock

Sr Name of the Concentration for use Major parasites against it is to

No pesticide be used
1 Cypermethrin 10% liquid sol @ 1ml/liter of water as a spray on animal body, 20 ml/liter of water as a Louse infestation in domestic
spray on poultry houses. Shampoo of 1%, 5ml/liter as external application on pets, animals, pets, poultry
2 Deltamethrin 1.25%solution @2ml/lit of water as a spray on body Lice , Ticks
3 Fenvalerate Solution 20% @ 2ml/lit for lice; 4-6 ml/lit for ticks as body spray Lice ,Ticks
4 Flumethrin 1% solution @1ml/10kg BWT as pour-on evenly along midline of back from neck to tail ( Ticks
Only for cattle ,not for buffaloes)
5 Permethrin 1% solution @1ml/10kg BWT as pour-on evenly along midline of back from neck to tail ( Ticks
Only for cattle ,not for buffaloes); Soap of 1% for external application on pets.
6 Coumaphos WP(wettable powder) 50% @0.5gm/lit of water for lice and 1-2 gm/lit of water for Lice ,ticks
ticks. Medicated shampoo for pets
7 Diazinon 20%sloution @3ml/lit as a body spray Ticks
8 Dichlorvos 76% liquid used as body spray Ticks
9 Malathion 50%sloution @10ml/lit as a body spray Ticks
10 Amitraz 12.5%sloution @2-4ml/lit as a body spray; 5% solution@6ml/lit Ticks
11 Carbaryl 5% powder as dust or 10% liquid solution as spray or wash Ticks
12 Ivermectin Injection: 1% @ 0.2 mg/kg bwt S/C ; Oral: 0.08% sol@ 0.2mg/kg BWT; Bolus: 0.2mg/Kg Ticks
Eprinomectin BWT orallyPour-on: 0.5% solution @2.5ml/10kg BWT used evenly along midline of back
Milbemycin from neck to tail (Only for cattle, not for buffaloes)
oxime
13 Herbal : Neem To be mixed in water and used for spraying on-host ( animal body) and off-host ( at All fly species having aquatic
oil, Karnj oil, larval habitat or at breeding places. For uniform mixing of iol in water add emulsifying stage as larvae
Nilgiri oil etc agent. Similarly it can be sprayed in cattle shed for ovicidal effect on tick eggs
14 Fungal : Fungalmpowder containing spores minimum 108 per gram shall be mixed in 1 liter of Culicoides and mosquitoes
Metarhizium water + 5 ml milk or Jaggry, shall be sprayed on breeding sites of flies, ticks having aquatic stage as larvae +
anisopliae, Boophilus microplus ticks
Beauveria
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 bassiana
Bacterial: Bacillus
15 Spore form powder is available in the market . Shall be mixed in water with prescribed All fly species having aquatic
thuriengensis var
quantity of powder containg required number of spores and shall be sprayed on stage as larvae
israelensis; Bacillus
drainage channel to kill the larval stages of Nematocera flies having larval stage as
spharicus
aquatic.
16 Biological control Guppy fishes, Gambusia fishes- shall be released in drainage channel consumes larvae
agents (BCAs) of Culicoides, Mosquitoes; Spalngia wasps –controls pupal stages of Musca flies
Ecto-parasite General information about Insecticides to be used Remarks if any
1 Fly infestation Above listed insecticides to be used on body for spray/ Selected can be used for In general for Fly infestation
spraying on drainage channel for larval control. Ex for Culicoides and Mosquito larvae Larval control is advised
herbal, bacterial, fungal and selected chemical pesticides are advised along with Guppy
fishes as BCA
2 Musca flies Sanitation, Regular removal of manure and dumping in pits with covering to pit, Use of IPM practices shall be adapted
Insect Growth Regulator ( Cyromazine) as feed additive. Diflubenzuron as cattle feed in addition to all measures
additive described.
3 Gasterophilus Eggs: Body hairs ifested with eggs shall be sponged with 0.06% Coumaphos
flies ( Equine water,Grooming of the horses with warm water. Closantel orally or bolus @
bots) 10mg/KgBWT, Combination of Piperazine+Carbon disulphide or Trichlorophon or
Trichlorophon+ Thiabendazole combination through stomach tube after 18 hrs fasting.
4 Oestrus ovis ( Ivermectin or Rafoxanide ( orally or bolus @7.5 mg/kg bwt) or Closantel orally or bolus
Sheep nasal fly) @ 10mg/kg bwt, or Nitroxynil orally 15-20 mg /kg bwt.
Nasal bots
5 Hypoderma flies( Ivermectin or Trichlorophon and Coumaphos orally or Pour-on on animals back.
Warble flies) Larvae from back of the cattle can be removed manually by injecting 1ml 3% Hedrogen
peroxide solution using only syringe without needle.
6 Melophagus Wool shearing. Application of chemical pesticides used for lice and tick infestation.
ovinus
(sheep Ked)
7 Myiasis or Insecticide containing ointments to be applied topically. Combination of insecticide+
maggoted wound antibacterials shall be used while preparing ointment. Ex Coumaphos+ Propoxur+
Sulfanilamide along with parental therapy with antibiotics, with proper wound dressing
after removal of total maggots from wound. Control measures like Docking, Crutching,
Mules operation etc shall be followed.
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8 Lice infestation Cypermethrin spraying . Grooming, clipping of hairs in buffaloes, Wool shearing in
sheep.
Cypermethrin or Neem oil containing shampoo or soap for pets.
9 Flea infestation Chemical enlisted above can be used. In addition for pets neck bands or collars
containing propoxur flumethrin ; Imidacloprid spot on topical liquid @ 2.5 mg/kg BWT;
Sodium polyborate for indoor premises application
10 Tick infestation As enlisted in the above list (1-14) shall be used. In addition Integrated tick
management approach shall be employed for effective tick control.
11 Demodicosis Chemicals ( 1-13) are effective. Application of Benzyl benzoate 20-25% at localised Amitraz is not recommended in
infected area on the skin. cats.
12 Sarcoptic and Chemicals ( 1-13) are effective. However with concentration as Deltamethrin @ 4- Two-three applications weekly
Psoroptic mange 6ml/lit; Coumaphos 2-3gm/lit; Amitraz spray 3-4/lit of water are recommended. till recovery and disappearance
of mites from lesions. In
addition skin tonics
C:Cattle,B:Buffaloes,S:sheep,G:goats, Ct-Cats, D-Dog, Pg-Pigs, P-poultry E-Equines, References 1: Helminthes ,Arthropodes and Protozoa of
domesticated animals by EJL Soulsby 7th Edn,1982; Bailliere Tindall London; 2) Textbook of Veterinary Parasitology by BB Bhatia,KML Pathak & PD
Juyal Third Revised Edition reprinted in 2012 ,Kalyani publishers New Delhi

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Helminths, Arthropods & Protozoa of Domesticated Animals - E.J.L. Soulsby.

2. Veterinary Parasitology - G.M. Urquhart et. al.
3. A Text Book of Veterinary Parasitology - B.B. Bhatia, K.M.L. Pathak. & D.P.Banerjee
4. Manual of Veterinary Entomology & Acarology – S.K. Gupta & Rajindra Kumar
5. Veterinary Ectoparasites:Biology, Pathology & Control-Richard Wall & David Shearer

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List of the host-Parasites ( PROTOZOAN PARASITES) of Veterinary Importance

Sr Name of the Protozoan Definitive Location in Definitive Direct life cycle/ Transmitted Name of the Remarks if any
No Parasite host host by vector disease caused
Pesudopodia
1 Entamoeba hystolytica Man Large Intestine Direct (Cyst passed on Amobiasis Flask Shaped Ulcers
,Mnkeys, Dog ground are Quadrinucleate ) in the intestine
,Cat , Pig
2 Entamoeba coli Man Large Intestine Direct (Cyst passed on Amobiasis Considered as Non
,Monkeys, ground are Eight nucleate) Pathogenic
Dog ,Cat , Pig
Flagellate
1 Leishmania tropica Man , Dog Skin Macrophages Sand fly (Phlebotomus Cutaneous Delhi boil, Oriental
papatasi) leishmaniosis Sore
2 Leishmania donovani Man , Dog Macrophages and Sand fly (Phlebotomus Visceral Kala Azar, Dum dum
other cells RE system argentipes) leishmaniosis Fever ( Lesions on
of spleen,liver,bone skin are PKADL-post
marrow ,lymph kala azar dermal
nodes and all vital leshmanoids)
organs
3 Leishmania braziliensis Man , Dog Skin Macrophages Sand fly (Phlebotomus flies Muco-Cutaneous Espundia
leishmaniosis
Kinetoplastida
Trypanosoma ( Salivaria)
1 Trypanosoma( Duttonella) Cattle Sheep Blood plasma Glossina flies Peracute and Acute
vivax Goat /tissues disease in cattle
2 Trypanosoma( Duttonella) Cattle Sheep Blood plasma Glossina flies Non Pathogenic
uniforme Goat /tissues
3 Trypanosoma(Nannomona Cattle Sheep Blood plasma Glossina flies NAGANA disease in
s) congolense horse pigs /tissues cattle of peracute,
acute and chronic
form , ZULU word
meaning to below
114
 or in depressed
spirit
4 Trypanosoma(Nannomona Cattle Sheep Blood plasma Glossina flies Not severly
s) dimorphon horse pigs /tissues pathogenic
5 Trypanosoma(Nannomona pigs Cattle Blood plasma Glossina flies Disease is of
s) simiae horse /tissues peracute, acute and
chronic nature in
pigs
6 Trypanosoma(Pycnomona pigs Blood plasma Glossina flies Disease is of acute
s) suis /tissues and fetal nature in
pigs
7 Trypanosoma(Trypanozoo All domestic Blood plasma Glossina flies Acute/Chronic
n) brucei animals /tissues Inflammation of
Skin, heart, CNS,
Eyes in equines
8 Trypanosoma(Trypanozoo Man Blood plasma Glossina flies Rhodesian sleeping
n) rhodesiense /tissues sickness in man
9 Trypanosoma(Trypanozoo Man Blood plasma Glossina flies Gambian sleeping
n) gambiense /tissues sickness in man
10 Trypanosoma(Trypanozoo Cattle, Blood plasma Mechanical transmission by Trypanosomosis Surra, Tibersa
n) evansi Camel, /tissues Tabanus, Haematopota,
Equines , Stomoxys flies and ticks
Dogs
11 Trypanosoma(Trypanozoo Equines Blood plasma Mechanical transmission by Trypanosomosis Mal de caderas
n) equinum /tissues biting flies
12 Trypanosoma(Trypanozoo Equines Genital tract Venereal disease, sexual Trypanosomosis Dourine
n) equiperdum transmission
Trypanosoma (
Srecoraria)
1 Trupanosoma Cattle Blood plasma Tabanid flies Non Pathogenic
(megatrypanum) theileri /tissues
2 Trupanosoma Sheep Blood plasma Sheep Ked Melophagus Non Pathogenic
(megatrypanum) /tissues ovinus
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 melophaginum
3 Trupanosoma Rats Blood plasma Fleas Non Pathogenic
(herpetosoma) lewisi /tissues
4 Trupanosoma Mice Blood plasma Fleas Non Pathogenic
(herpetosoma) duttoni /tissues
5 Trupanosoma Rabbits Blood plasma Fleas Non Pathogenic
(herpetosoma) nabiasi /tissues
6 Trupanosoma Man,Dog,Cat Cells of heart muscles Bugs Causes CHAGAS
(schizotrypanum) cruzi ( Intracellular) disease. Chagoma a
plaque like lesions
produced on skin of
chlidren due to
toxin secreted .
7 Trupanosoma Dog Blood plasma/tissues Bugs ------
(schizotrypanum) rangeli
8 Trupanosoma Avians Blood plasma/tissues Hippoboscid flies ------
(schizotrypanum) avium
Trichomonadida
1 Tritrichomonas foetus Cattle Genital tract Sexual transmission Early Embryonic
Abortions (EEA)
2 Trichomonas gallinae Pigeon Oral cavity, Through contaminated Avian Disease occur only
squabs, Pharynx,Crop, food/water crop milk of trichomonosis of in young 3-12 weeks
Chicken, Oesophagus parent pigeons upper digestive of age
Turkeys tract
3 Tetratrichomonas Turkeys, Lower digestive tract Through contaminated Avian Ulcers on liver are
gallinarum domestic /liver/caeca food/water trichomonosis of raised, yellowish
fowl lower digestive color with greenish
tract material at centre
and are more
irregular in outline
4 Histomonas meleagridis Turkeys Lower digestive tract Through contaminated Histomonosis or Ulcers on liver are
/liver/caeca food/water, Through eggs of Enterohepatitis, deeper, yellowish -
nematode Heterakis or Black head greenish filled with
116
 gallinarum disease( Sulphur reddish material and
yellow colored are more circular in
droppings) outline
Diplomonadida
1 Giardia lamblia Human Duodenum(SI) Through contaminated Giardiosis Flatulence,
food/water, Stetorrhoea
2 Giardia canis Dogs Duodenum(SI) Through contaminated Giardiosis
food/water,
3 Giardia bovis Bovines
Apicomplexa ( Sporozoea)
Non Tissue Cyst forming
Coccidia (Eimeria group)
Coccidiosis in Poultry
1 Eimeria tenella Poultry Caeca Sporulated oocysts through Caecal Coccidiosis Causes 100%
contaminated food/water mortality in the
birds of age group
22 days
2 Eimeria brunetti Poultry Rectum Sporulated oocysts through Rectal Coccidiosis One week birds
contaminated food/water
3 Eimeria acervulina Poultry Various parts of Sporulated oocysts through Intestinal
Intestine contaminated food/water coccidiosis
4 Eimeria hagani Poultry Various parts of Sporulated oocysts through Intestinal
Intestine contaminated food/water coccidiosis
5 Eimeria mitis Poultry Various parts of Sporulated oocysts through Intestinal
Intestine contaminated food/water coccidiosis
6 Eimeria mivati Poultry Various parts of Sporulated oocysts through Intestinal
Intestine contaminated food/water coccidiosis
7 Eimeria maxima Poultry Various parts of Sporulated oocysts through Intestinal
Intestine contaminated food/water coccidiosis
8 Eimeria necatrix Poultry Various parts of Sporulated oocysts through Intestinal
Intestine contaminated food/water coccidiosis
9 Eimeria praecox Poultry Various parts of Sporulated oocysts through Intestinal
Intestine contaminated food/water coccidiosis
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10 Wenyonella gallinae Poultry Various parts of Sporulated oocysts through Intestinal
Intestine contaminated food/water coccidiosis
Coccidiosis in Cattle &
buffaloes
1 Eimeria auburnensis Cattle and Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through
buffaloes contaminated food/water,
licking soil
2 Eimeria bombayansis Cattle and Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through
buffaloes contaminated food/water,
licking soi Sporulated oocysts
through contaminated
food/water, licking soil l
3 Eimeria bovis Cattle and Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through Most commonly
buffaloes contaminated food/water, occuring/ most
licking soil pathogenic
4 Eimeria cylindrica Cattle and Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through
buffaloes contaminated food/water,
licking soil
5 Eimeria ellipsoidalis Cattle and Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through
buffaloes contaminated food/water,
licking soil
6 Eimeria mundaragi Cattle and Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through
buffaloes contaminated food/water,
licking soil
7 Eimeria zuernii Cattle and Small and large Sporulated oocysts through Most common &
buffaloes intestine contaminated food/water, most pthogenic
licking soil
8 Eimeria bareillyi Cattle and Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through Most pathogenic in
buffaloes contaminated food/water, buffalo calf
licking soil
9 Cryptosporidium bovis Cattle and Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through
buffaloes contaminated food/water,
licking soil
118
Coccidiosis in sheep &
goats
Eimeria arloingi Sheep and Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through Most commonly
Goats contaminated food/water, occuring in goats
licking soil
Eimeria faurei Sheep and Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through Most commonly
Goats contaminated food/water, occuring
licking soi Sporulated oocysts
through contaminated
food/water, licking soil l
Eimeria Sheep and Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through Most pathogenic in
ninakohlyakimovae Goats contaminated food/water, sheep
licking soil
Eimeria ahsata Sheep and Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through Most pathogenic
Goats contaminated food/water,
licking soil
Eimeria ovina Sheep and Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through Most common in
Goats contaminated food/water, sheep and goat
licking soil
Eimeria parva Sheep and Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through
Goats contaminated food/water,
licking soil
Coccidiosis in Equines
Eimeria leuckarti Equines Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through
contaminated food/water,
licking soil
Eimeria solipedum Equines Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through
contaminated food/water,
licking soil
Coccidiosis in Pigs
Eimeria suis Pigs Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through
contaminated food/water,
licking soil
119
 Eimeria porci Pigs Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through
contaminated food/water,
licking soil
Eimeria deblicki Pigs Small intestine Sporulated oocysts through
contaminated food/water,
licking soil
Tissue Cyst forming
Coccidia
(Isospora group)
Coccidiosis in canines
1 Isospora canis Canines Intestine Mouse , Chicken, Rat Life Facultatively
cycle can be direct or Indirect heteroxenous
2 Isospora bahiensis canines Intestine Mouse , Chicken, Rat Life Facultatively
cycle can be direct or Indirect heteroxenous
3 Hammondia heyderni Canines Intestine Ox as IH , through
Carnivorism
4 Sarcocystis cruzi Canines Intestine Ox as IH , through
Carnivorism
5 Sarcocystis ovicanis Canines Intestine Ovines as IH, through
Carnivorism
6 Sarcocystis meischeriana Canines Intestine Pigs as IH, through
Carnivorism
Coccidiosis in felines
1 Isospora felis Felines Intestine Mouse , Chicken, Rat Life Facultatively
cycle can be direct or Indirect heteroxenous
2 Isospora revolta Felines Intestine Mouse , Chicken, Rat Life Facultatively
cycle can be direct or Indirect heteroxenous
3 Hammondia hammondi Felines Intestine IH not known, through
carnivorism
4 Besnoitia besnoiti Felines Intestine Mouse as IH, through
carnivorism
5 Sarcocystis hirsuta Felines Intestine Ox as IH, through carnivorism
6 Sarcocystis tenella Felines Intestine Ovines as IH, through
120

7 Toxoplasma gondii
Sarcocystosis in cattle
1 Sarcocystis bovifelis
2 Sarcocystis cruzi (
bovicanis)
3 Sarcocystis hominis (
bovihominis)
Sarcocystosis in sheep
1 Sarcocystis ovicanis
2 Sarcocystis tenella (
bovifelis)
Sarcocystosis in Goat
1 Sarcocystis capracanis
carnivorism
Cat Intestine All domesticated and wild
animals including cat as IH,
through carnivorism
Felines, Tahyzoites(endozoite Bovines , infection to IH
through s)& bradyzoite ( through food/warer
carnivorism cystozoite) formation containing sarcocysts
in different
musculature of IH
Canines, Tahyzoites(endozoite Bovines , infection to IH
through s)& bradyzoite ( through food/warer
carnivorism cystozoite) formation containing sarcocysts
in different
musculature of IH
Human, Tahyzoites(endozoite Bovines, infection to IH
through s)& bradyzoite ( through food/warer
carnivorism cystozoite) formation containing sarcocysts
in different
musculature of IH
Canines, Tahyzoites(endozoite Ovines, infection to IH
through s)& bradyzoite ( through food/warer
carnivorism cystozoite) formation containing sarcocysts
in different
musculature of IH
Felines, Tahyzoites(endozoite Ovines, infection to IH
through s)& bradyzoite ( through food/warer
carnivorism cystozoite) formation containing sarcocysts
in different
musculature of IH
Canines, Tahyzoites(endozoite Caprines, through
121
 through s)& bradyzoite ( carnivorism
carnivorism cystozoite) formation
in different
musculature of IH
2 Sarcocystis hircicanis Canines, Tahyzoites(endozoite Caprines, infection to IH
through s)& bradyzoite ( through food/warer
carnivorism cystozoite) formation containing sarcocysts
in different
musculature of IH
3 Sarcocystis moulei Tahyzoites(endozoite Caprines, infection to IH
s)& bradyzoite ( through food/warer
cystozoite) formation containing sarcocysts
in different
musculature of IH
Sarcocystosis in pigs
1 Sarcocystis meischeriana ( Canines, Tahyzoites(endozoite Pigs, infection to IH through
dog pig) through s)& bradyzoite ( food/warer containing
carnivorism cystozoite) formation sarcocysts
in different
musculature of IH
2 Sarcocystis porcifelis Felines, Tahyzoites(endozoite Pigs, infection to IH through
through s)& bradyzoite ( food/warer containing
carnivorism cystozoite) formation sarcocysts
in different
musculature of IH
3 Sarcocystis porcihominis Human, Tahyzoites(endozoite Pigs, infection to IH through
through s)& bradyzoite ( food/warer containing
carnivorism cystozoite) formation sarcocysts
in different
musculature of IH
Sarcocystosis in Human
1 Sarcocystis bovihomnis Human, Tahyzoites(endozoite bovines, infection to IH
through s)& bradyzoite ( through food/warer
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 carnivorism cystozoite) formation containing sarcocysts
in different
musculature of IH
2 Sarcocystis lindemanni Not known Human, infection to IH
through food/warer
containing sarcocysts
3 Sarcocystis porcihominis Human, Tahyzoites(endozoite Pigs, infection to IH through
through s)& bradyzoite ( food/warer containing
carnivorism cystozoite) formation sarcocysts
in different
musculature of IH
Haemosporina
1 Plasmodium gallinaeceum Poultry RBCs Culex and Aedes mosquitoes Avian Maleria
2 Plasmodium juxtanucleare Poultry RBCs Culex and Aedes mosquitoes Avian Maleria
3 Plasmodium falciparum Human Schizonts and Anopheles mosquitoes Human maleria
Gamets in RBCs
4 Plasmodium malariae Human Schizonts and Anopheles mosquitoes Human maleria
Gamets in RBCs
5 Plasmodium vivax Human Schizonts and Anopheles mosquitoes Human maleria
Gamets in RBCs
6 Haemoproteus columbae Pigeon Schizogony in Pesudolynchia canarensis ( Pigeon maleria
endothelial cells of Hippoboscid fly) & rarely
blood vessels of inner Culicoides midges
organs Gametocytes
in RBCs
7 Leucocytozoon caulleryi Domestic Gamets in the WBCs Simulium flies or Culicoides Bankok
chicken flies Haemorrhagic
disease
Piroplasmia
1 Theileria annulata Cattle Schizonts in Hyalomma anatolicum Tropical
Lymphocytes (LN) & theileriosis in
Pyroplasms in RBCs India ( CB and
indegenous cattle
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2 Theileria parva Cattle Schizonts in
Lymphocytes (LN) &
Pyroplasms in RBCs
3 Theileria orientalis Cattle Schizonts in
Lymphocytes (LN) &
Pyroplasms in RBCs
4 Theileria mutans Cattle Schizonts in
Lymphocytes (LN) &
Pyroplasms in RBCs
5 Theileria buffali Buffaloes Schizonts in
Lymphocytes (LN) &
Pyroplasms in RBCs
6 Theileria hirci Sheep & Schizonts in
goats Lymphocytes (LN) &
Pyroplasms in RBCs
7 Theileria ovis Sheep & Schizonts in
goats Lymphocytes (LN) &
Pyroplasms in RBCs
Babesiosis in cattle
1 Babesia bigemina Cattle Pyroplasms in RBCs
2 Babesia major Cattle Pyroplasms in RBCs
3 Babesia bovis Cattle Pyroplasms in RBCs
4 Babesia argentina Cattle Pyroplasms in RBCs
5 Babesia bebera Cattle Pyroplasms in RBCs
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Rhipicephalus appediculatus Ease coast Fever
in other countries
Hyalomma anatolicum Non pathogenic
Rhipicephalus,Haemophysalis Benign bovine
& Boophilus theileriosis
Rhipicephalus bursa &
Hyalomma anatolicum
Rhipicephalus bursa &
Haemophysalis
Boophilus( Rhipicephalus) Large form
microplus, Rhipicephalus
appendiculatus, Ixodes ricinus
Boophilus( Rhipicephalus) Large form
microplus, Rhipicephalus
appendiculatus, Ixodes ricinus
Boophilus( Rhipicephalus) Small form
microplus, Rhipicephalus
appendiculatus, Ixodes ricinus
Boophilus( Rhipicephalus) Small form
microplus, Rhipicephalus
appendiculatus, Ixodes ricinus
Boophilus( Rhipicephalus) Small form
microplus, Rhipicephalus
 appendiculatus, Ixodes ricinus
6 Babesi divergens Cattle Pyroplasms in RBCs Boophilus( Rhipicephalus) Small form
microplus, Rhipicephalus
appendiculatus, Ixodes ricinus
Babesiosis in sheep &
goats
1 Babesia motasi S&G Pyroplasms in RBCs Haemophysalis bispinosa Large form
2 Babesia ovis S&G Pyroplasms in RBCs Haemophysalis bispinosa Small form
3 Babesia foliata S&G Pyroplasms in RBCs Haemophysalis bispinosa Small form
4 Babesia taylori S&G Pyroplasms in RBCs Haemophysalis bispinosa Small form
Babesiosis in equines
1 Babesia caballi Equines Pyroplasms in RBCs Dermacenter marginatus Large form
Hyalomma anatolicum
2 Babesia equi Equines Pyroplasms in RBCs Dermacenter marginatus Small form
Hyalomma anatolicum
Babesiosis in dogs and
cats
1 Babesia canis Dogs and Pyroplasms in RBCs Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Large form
Cats Dermacenter marginatus,
Haemophysalis bispinosa
2 Babesia gibsoni Dogs and Pyroplasms in RBCs Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Small form
Cats Dermacenter marginatus,
Haemophysalis bispinosa
3 Babesia vogeli Dogs and Pyroplasms in RBCs Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Small form
Cats Dermacenter marginatus,
Haemophysalis bispinosa
4 Babesia felis Dogs and Pyroplasms in RBCs Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Small form
Cats Dermacenter marginatus,
Haemophysalis bispinosa
Cilicates
1 Balantidium coli Human,pigs Caecum,colon Through food and Water Ciliate dysentry
Ricettsial organisms
1 Anaplasma marginale C&B RBCs Ticks Boophilus, Hyalomma, Mechanical by flies
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 Ixodes, Rhipicephalus Tabanid, Stomoxys,
Mosquitoes
2 Anaplsma centrale C&B RBCs Ticks Boophilus, Hyalomma, Mechanical by flies
Ixodes, Rhipicephalus Tabanid, Stomoxys,
Mosquitoes
3 Anaplsma ovis Sheep & RBCs Ticks Boophilus, Hyalomma, Mechanical by flies
goats Ixodes, Rhipicephalus Tabanid, Stomoxys,
Mosquitoes
4 Eherlichia canis Canines Morula in WBCs Rhipicephalus sanguineus Canine
eherlichiosis
5 Eherlichia bovis Cattle sheep Morula in WBCs Hyalomma Disease is called
as Nopi or Nofel
6 Eherlichia phagocytophilia Cattle , Morula in WBCs
sheep,goat
7 Eherlichia equi Equines Morula in WBCs (N,E)
C:Cattle,B:Buffaloes,S:sheep,G:goats,S I :Small intestine, IH: Intermediate host References 1: Helminthes ,Arthropodes and Protozoa of
th
domesticated animals by EJL Soulsby 7 Edn,1982; Bailliere Tindall London; 2) Textbook of Veterinary Parasitology by BB Bhatia,KML Pathak & PD
Juyal Third Revised Editzion reprinted in 2012 ,Kalyani publishers New Delh

List of the important drugs against Protozoan Parasites.

Sr Name of Parasites Drugs Dose rate Remarks

No
1 Amobiasis ( 1) Metronidazole /Tinidazole @750 mg dose thrie for 5-10 days orally
Entamoeba
hystolytica
2 Leishmaniosis 1 Lithium Antimony thiomalate 1ml I/M injection on alternate days for 4-6 days
2 Pentavalent sodium stibogluconate Pentostam
3 Trivalent Sodium Antimonyl Triostan, Solustibosan or Stibophen
Gluconate
3 Trypanosomosis ( 1 Quinapyramine ( Antrycide)
Surra) a)Antrycide methyl Sulphate 3mg/Kgbwt as 10 % sloution S/C injection behind Curative
shouder in cattle and front of shoulder in horse.
126
 b) Antrycide Chloride
c) Antrycide Prosalt ( 3 parts of AMS+
2 Parts of AC w/w
2 Suramin ( Sulphonated
naphthylamine)
Tradenames : Antrypol,Naganol,Gilpol
3 Diminazene aceturate (7% aquous
solution)
( Trade name Berenil)
4 Isometamidium Chloride
4 Trichomonas foetus 1% Acriflavin ointment
Dimetridazole
5 Avian trichomonosis 1. 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole ( Enheptin
of upper digestive –T)
tract/ lower digestive 2. 2-acetylamino-5-nitrothiazole (
tract. Trichomonas Enheptin –A)
Prophylactic .Used in combination with above Preventive
drug
Mix 35 Gm of Prosalt in Water to make volume Curative+
150 ml. 1.3 ml /45 kgbwt with maximum 10 ml to Chemoprophylactic
cattle and horse and 28-30 ml to elephant and agent for surra. Also
camel. S/C injection behind shouder in cattle and effective against . T.
front of shoulder in horse congolense, T.vivax and
T.brucei
Horse : 4g/45kgbwt in 10% solution form single or May be toxic to horses
in 3 divided doses over a period of three weeks as hence used as slow I/V
I/V injection. injection.
Dogs 0.3-0.5gm/45kgbwt as in 10% solution as I/V It is also effective
injection. Repeat the dose after 3-4 weeks interval against T.evansi,
Camel: 1-2gm/100kgbwt I/V injection T.equinum,
Elephant : 20 gm dose T.equiperdum, T.brucei
Cattle : 0.5g/45kgbwt; repeat half dose after 2
wks
3.5 mg/kgbwt , S/C or deep I/M injection. Very active against
T.congolense and T
vivax& less effective
against
T.evansi&T.brucei
0.5-1 mg/kgbwt Deep I/M or Slow I/V injection
Applied to prepucial cavity of Bull Bull shall be castrated
and used for draught
purpose
50 mg /kgbwt for 5 days to bull
No treatment in aborted cows being self limiting
disease, three breeding cycle rest is given
@0.1% as curative and 0.05% as prophylactic in
water
@0.025% in feed
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 gallinae, 3. Furazolidone 0.04%in feed as curative and 0.015% in feed as
Tetratrichomonas preventive
gallinarum,
Histomonas
meleagridis
6 Giardiosis 1. Quanarcine @50-100 mg twicw daily for 2-3 days
2. Chloroquine/Doidoquin/ @250 mg twice daily for ten days
Metronidazole
7 Coccidiosis in catttle 1. Amprolium 10mg/kgbwt in feed or water for 5successive days
and buffaloes
2. Sulfamezathine @140mg/kgbwt in feed or water for 3 days
3. Monensin 1mg/kgbwt in feed for 5 weeks as preventive
4. Lasalocid 3 mg/kgbwt in feed
5. Sulfaquinoxaline 13 mg/kgbwt
6. Diiodohydroxyquinoline 5 gm tablet/200 kgbwt for 2-3 days
7. Nitrofurazone 15 mg/kgbwt daily for seven days in feed
8. Decoquinate 0.5 mg/kgbwt orally for four weeks
8 Coccidiosis in sheep 1. Sulfamezathine @140mg/kgbwt in feed or water for 3 days
and goats
2. Sulfadimidine @2.5ml of 24% injectable solution/5kgbwt
3. Monensin 2mg/kgbwt in feed for 20 days
4. Lasalocid 2 mg/kgbwt in feed
5. Sulfaquinoxaline 0.015% in water for 3-5 days
6. Nitrofurazone 15 mg/kgbwt daily for seven days in feed
7. Toltrazuril 20 mg/kgbwt orally for three weeks
9 Coccidiosis in Poultry Sulphonamides Folic acid antagonist &
a) Sulphaquinoxaline 0.5% in feed or 0.043%in drinking water mostly effective against
b) Sulphadimidine 0.4%in drinking water intestinal coccidia
Diaminopyrimidines Used in combination with sulpha drugs.
(Ormetoprim,Etopabate, Ethopabate is used in combination with
Pyrimethamine and Diaveridine Amprolium
Thiamine analogues Most effective drug used in combination with It prevents First
AMPROLIUM ethopabate, sulphquinoxaline or pyrimethamine generation schizonts
128
 As a feed premix@0.012%(single) and in and Gametogony
combination with other drugs @ 0.006% in feed process
Nitrofurans
a) Nitrofurazone Therapeutic @0.222%;Preventive@0.0055% feed
b) Furazolidone 0.011% in feed
Nicarbazin Feed premix@0.125% in feed
Nitrophenide 0.02% in the feed
Nitrobenzamide
a) Zoalene Prophylactic @0.01-0.015 % in feed
b) Nitromide @0.1% in the feed
Hydroxyquinolines Limited use in poultry
Buquinolate,Methyl benzoquate,
Decoquinate
Pyridinols Copidol is used in shuttle programmes
Lopidol Coyden @0.125% in feed as prophylactic
Ionophorous antibiotics
a) Monensin @0.01-0.121% in feed
b) Lasalocid @0.005-0.0075% in feed as feed additive
c) Salinomycin @0.01% in the feed
Guanidine (Robenidine) @ 0.0066% in the feed mixture
Halofuginone @ 3ppm in feed concentration
Trithiadol ( Mixture of @ 0.06-0.09 % in feed
methiotriazamine10%+Bithinol50%
+Calcium sulphate
Diclazuril(Benzene acetonitrils) @0.0001% in feed as preventive
Toltrazuril (Traizinines) @0.0025% in drinking water as curative
10 Toxoplasmosis Sulphadiazine+Pyrimethamine Diaminodiphenylsulphone(DDS),Hydroxynaptho- TOXOVAX vaccine is
combination well tolerated by patients quinone 566C80,Spiramycin,Roxithromycin and recently introduced in
Clindamycin are the Other drugs recently used UK
11 Sarcocystosis in Amprolium in calves,Salinomycin in proved as effective
domesticated sheep and Halofuginone in goats
animals
12 Avian Malaria Chloroquine@5mg/kgbwt, Paludrine@7.5mg/kg,Pyrimethamine@0.03mg/kg
129
 are also effective
13 Leucocytozoon Sulphamonomethoxine sodium @1gm/litre of water
14 Theileriosis 1. Oxytetracyclines @15mg/kgbwt I/M Arrest development of
Schizonts in
lymphocytes
2. Rolitetracyclines @4mg/kgbwt I/M Arrest development of
Schizonts in
lymphocytes
3. Long acting Oxytetracycline @20mg/kgbwt I/M after every four days Arrest development of
Schizonts in
lymphocytes
4. Menoctone @5-10 mg/kgbwt I/M
5. Parvaquone @20mg/kgbwt I/V as single dose or
@10mg/kgbwt I/V two injections at 48hrs
interval
6. Buparvaquone (BUTALEX) @ 2.5mg/kgbwt I/M. If necessary second dose
7. Halofuginone @1-2 mg/kgbwt orally once. Schizonticidal
15 Babesiosis in cattle & 1. Diminazene aceturate ( @3-5 mg/kgbwt S/C or I/M for 2 consecutive Babesicidal. Used in
buffaloes BERENIL) days horses,cattle,sheep,dogs
2. Imidocarb dipropionate @1.2 mg/kgbwt S/C.For prophylaxis 3 mg/kgbwt Curative/Prophylactic
3. Quinoronium sulphate ( @1 mg/kgbwt as 1% solution S/C Useful against large and
Acaprin, Babesan, small forms
Pirevan,Piroplasmin)
4. Diampron @10 mg/kgbwt deep I/M
5. Pentamidine Reported as chemo-immunising agent
6. Trypan blue Oldest remedy @ 50-100 ml of 1% soultion I/V Very rarely used
7. Acridine Derivatives ( @2.2 mg/kgbwt I/V Mostly effective against
Acriflavine,Flavin,Euflavin) Babesia equi
16. Anaplsmosis Tetracycline @6-10 mg/kgbwt I/M ( Imidocarb and Berenil can
also be used)
17 Eherlichiosis Oxytetracycline or Tetracycline @ 66 mg/kgbwt I/M divided into 2-3 doses daily
for 2 weeks
Doxycycline @10 mg/kgbwt
130
18 Balantidium coli Carbarsone,Diiodohydroxyquinine Can be used
Tetracyclines,Paramycin,metronidazole
C:Cattle,B:Buffaloes,S:sheep,G:goats,S I :Small intestine, IH: Intermediate host References 1: Helminthes ,Arthropodes and Protozoa of
domesticated animals by EJL Soulsby 7th Edn,1982; Bailliere Tindall London; 2) Textbook of Veterinary Parasitology by BB Bhatia,KML Pathak & PD
Juyal Third Revised Edition reprinted in 2012 ,Kalyani publishers New Delhi

Control measures against Insects/Flies
Vectors for Trypanosoma
Integrated pest management (IPM) shall be practiced involving the different
methods of control according to season, population dynamics and local climatic
conditions..
1. Physical/cultural/managemental control : drainage channel management ,
avoiding of grazing of animals during bright sunshine hrs(Tabanus,
Haematopota, Stomoxys, use of light traps, pheromone traps
2. Biological control: Using bio-pesticides and Biological control agents such as
Herbals( Neem oil, Karanj oil, NSKE), Biological (Bacillus thruiengensis var
isaelensis, Bacillus spharicus), BCA (Guppy fishes, Spalangia wasps), Fungal
pesticides( Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana)
3. Chemical control : Using fly repellents (DEET, Neem oil), Chemical pesticides (
As listed in the Entomology table)
Control measures against Ticks Vectors for
Babesiosis/Theileriosis/Anaplasmosis
Integrated tick control measures (ITM) depending upon the
population of ticks, species of the prevalent, population
dynamics….
1. Physical: Burning of tick in situ with the help of flame
2. Pasture management : Involving burning of pasture,
ploughing and reseeding of pasture
3. Biological : Using bio-pesticides and Biological control
agents such as Herbals( Neem oil, Karanj oil, NSKE), Fungal
pesticides( Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana)
BCA: poultry birds
4. Chemical : as enlisted in table of Entomology chart

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Helminths, Arthropods & Protozoa of Domesticated Animals - E.J.L. Soulsby.
2. Veterinary Parasitology - G.M. Urquhart et. al.
3. A Text Book of Veterinary Parasitology -B.B. Bhatia, K.M.L. Pathak & D.P.Banerjee
4. Text Book of Veterinary Protozoology - B.B. Bhatia
5. Protozoa and Protozoan diseases of Domestic Livestock - B.B. Bhatia &H.L. Shah

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