1 Notes in Introduction to Parasitology Francis Cedrick J.

Victorino, RMT, MSMT(c)

PARASITOLOGY • Examples:
• The study of parasites o Sarcoptes scabeii
o Pulex irritans
HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIP o Pediculus humanus capitis
• Symbiosis - the association of two different o Pediculus humanus corporis
organisms.
C. ERRATIC
1. Mutualism • parasites that invade a part of the body where
2. Commensalism it is ____________________.
3. Parasitism • Examples:
o Entamoeba histolytica
TYPES OF HOSTS o Ascaris lumbricoides
A. DEFINITIVE HOST
• AKA _____________________ D. PATHOGENIC
• harbors the ___________________ stage of • ____________ of producing disease
the parasite • Examples:
• Example: ___________________ o Plasmodium spp.,
o Entamoeba histolytica,
B. INTERMEDIATE HOST o Trichomonas vaginalis
• harbors the ______________________ stage
of the parasite E. NON-PATHOGENIC
• Example: ___________________ • ________________ of producing disease
• AKA _________________
C. RESERVOIR • Examples:
• harbors the parasite and serve as an important o __________________________
source of nutrients for parasite to continue its o __________________________
life cycle. o __________________________
• also serve as o __________________________
_________________________ for the
susceptible host F. FACULTATIVE
• Example: • parasites that are capable of
o Pigs ______________
o Dogs _______________________.
• Example:
D. PARATENIC HOST o __________________________
• host the parasite but o __________________________
____________________ o __________________________
• only serve as ________ or __________
host G. OBLIGATORY
• Example: • parasites that cannot live without a ______
• Freshwater prawns • Example: ____________________
• Freshwater fishes
• Big suitable fishes H. INTERMITTENT
• parasites that only visit the host during
__________________.
TYPES OF PARASITES • Example:
A. ENDOPARASITE o ___________________ (Anopheles
• parasites that live _______ the host spp, Aedes spp, Culex spp)
(_________) o ________________ (Phlebotomus
• Examples: spp.)
o _________________________ o _____________________ (Glossina
o _________________________ spp)

B. ECTOPARASITE I. INCIDENTAL
• parasites that live __________ the body of • parasites that infect __________________.
the host (_____________) • Example: _________________________

Original Intellectual Resource Material of Francis Cedrick J. Victorino, RMT, MSMT(c)

2 Notes in Introduction to Parasitology Francis Cedrick J. Victorino, RMT, MSMT(c)

J. ZOONOTIC R. COELOZOIC
• _____________ parasite that are also • parasites found in the ________________
capable of infecting human • Examples:
• Example: o ______________________
o Ancylostoma caninum o ______________________
o Ancylostoma braziliense
o Toxocara canis S. PSEUDOPARASITES
o Toxocara cati • non-living things mistaken as parasites in the
o Ascaris suum laboratory
• Examples:
K. ABERRANT o pollen grains - ___________________
• infects host where they ________________ o plant hairs - _____________________
______________
• aka _____________________________
• Example: ___________________. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
A. INGESTION
L. PERMANENT • Pork
• parasites that are found within the host from o _______________________
______________________________. o _______________________
• Example: • Beef
o ____________________________ o _______________________
• Crabs
M. __________________ o _______________________
• parasites wherein the larval stage develops o _______________________
inside the host but the adult is free-living • Fishes
• Example: Strongyloides stercoralis o _______________________
o Larva - _____________ o _______________________
o Adult - _____________ • Snail
o _______________________
N. __________________
• parasite wherein the larval stage develops in a B. ORAL CONTACT
host different from that of the adult • ______________________
• Example: Schistosoma japonicum • ______________________
o Larva - __________________
o Adult - __________________ C. TRANSPLACENTAL
• ______________________
O. CYTOZOIC • ______________________
• parasites that are found • ______________________
__________________
• Examples: D. SEXUAL
o _______________________ • ______________________
o _______________________ • Annilingus
o _______________________ o ______________________
o ______________________
P. HEMATOZOIC o ______________________
• parasites that are found inside ___________
________. E. SKIN PENETRATION
• Examples: • ______________________
o _______________________ • ______________________
o _______________________ • ______________________

Q. ENTEROZOIC F. BLOOD TRANSFUSION

• parasites that are found in the __________ • ______________________
• Examples: • ______________________
o Ascaris lumbricoides • ______________________
o Entamoeba histolytica • ______________________
o Giardia lamblia

Original Intellectual Resource Material of Francis Cedrick J. Victorino, RMT, MSMT(c)

3 Notes in Introduction to Parasitology Francis Cedrick J. Victorino, RMT, MSMT(c)

• Examples:
G. AUTOINFECTION o A–S-H
• Enterobius vermicularis o _____________________
• Strongyloides stercoralis, Hymenolepis nana, o _____________________
Taenia solium, Cryptosporidium parvum
B. SPACE-OCCUPYING LESION
• Some parasites may produce cysts that may
SOURCES OF INFECTION compress surrounding tissues/organ.
A. MAN - ___________________________ • Examples:
B. ANIMALS o Echinococcus granulosus
• _____________________________ o Taenia solium
• _____________________________
• _____________________________ C. INFLAMMATORY REACTION
C. RAW/UNCOOKED MEAT • Examples:
• Food transmitted parasites o Entamoeba histolytica
D. CONTAMINATED SOIL AND WATER o Wuchereria bancrofti
• Soil-transmitted parasites o Trematode eggs
o _________________________
o _________________________ D. ENZYME PRODUCTION & LYTIC NECROSIS
o _________________________ • Examples:
o _________________________ o Plasmodium spp., Leishmania spp.,
E. VECTOR Trypanosoma
• _______________ o Entamoeba histolytica
• Transmits infection from one organism to
another E. TOXINS - ____________________________
• Types of Vectors:
o Biologic vector – transmits the F. ALLERGIC REACTION
parasite only after it ________ • Examples:
______________________. • Schistosomes:
o Example: Mosquito (Anopheles spp) • Ruptures hydatid cyst:
• Occult filariasis:
o Mechanical vector
o Only transports the parasite G. NEOPLASIA
o Example: Cockroach, Fly • Examples:
• Schistosoma haematobium:
• Clonorchis spp, Opistorchis spp.:
PATHOGENESIS OF PARASITIC INFECTIONS
A. MECHANICAL DAMAGE H. SECONDARY BACTERIAL INFECTION
• EGGS • Examples:
• large parasitic egg may be deposited in organs o Schistosoma spp.
or tissues which may cause irritation o Strongyloides stercoralis
• Examples:
o Schistosoma japonicum LIFE CYCLE OF PARASITES
o Schistosoma haematobium IMPORTANT TERMS
o Paragonimus westermani • Infective stage
o Fasciola hepatica o the stage in the life cycle of parasite
that is _______________________
• LARVA ________________.
• migratory helminths may cause trauma • Diagnostic stage
• Examples: o the stage in the life cycle of parasite
o Ascaris lumbricoides that can be ___________________
o Strongyloides stercoralis, ________________.
o Hookworms o the stage wherein the parasite can be
_____________.
• ADULT
• may cause trauma of intestinal wall

Original Intellectual Resource Material of Francis Cedrick J. Victorino, RMT, MSMT(c)

4 Notes in Introduction to Parasitology Francis Cedrick J. Victorino, RMT, MSMT(c)

TWO TYPES
I. DIRECT LIFE CYCLE
• aka __________________________
• Involves only __________________

II. INDIRECT LIFE CYCLE

• aka __________________________
• Involves ______________________ to
complete its life cycle

Original Intellectual Resource Material of Francis Cedrick J. Victorino, RMT, MSMT(c)

5 Notes in Introduction to Parasitology Francis Cedrick J. Victorino, RMT, MSMT(c)

Kingdom Animalia

Subkingdom Metazoa

Phylum Nemahelminthes Phylum Platyhelminthes

Class Adenophorea Class Rhabditea Class Cestoidea Class Trematoda

Order Trichurida Subclass Secernentia Subclass Cestoda Subclass Digenea

Order Ascaridida,
Order Plagiochiformes
Order Oxyurida,
Order Pseudophyllidea, Order Echinostomatifermes
Order Strongylida,
Order Cyclophyllidea Order Opistorchiformes
Order Rhabditida, Order
Order Strigeiformes
Spirurida

Original Intellectual Resource Material of Francis Cedrick J. Victorino, RMT, MSMT(c)

6 Notes in Introduction to Parasitology Francis Cedrick J. Victorino, RMT, MSMT(c)

Kingdom Protista

Subkingdom Protozoa

Phylum Sarcomastigophora Phylum Ciliophora Phylum Apicomplexa Phylum Microscopa

Subphylum Sarcodina Subphylym Mastigophora Class Ciliatea Class Sporozea

Class Lobosea Class Zoomastigophora Order Trichostomatida Subclass Coccidia Subclass Piroplasmia

Order Trichomonadida
Order Diplomonadida
Order Amoebida Suborder Haemosporina
Order Retortomonadida Order Piroplasmidora
Order Schizopyrenida Suborder Eimeriina
Order Enteromonadida
Order Kinetoplastida

Original Intellectual Resource Material of Francis Cedrick J. Victorino, RMT, MSMT(c)