Test Bank For Maternity and Womens Health Care 11th Edition by Lowdermilk

Test Bank for Maternity and Womens Health Care 11th Edition by Lowdermilk
Test Bank for Maternity and Womens Health Care

11th Edition by Lowdermilk
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Chapter 10: Problems of the Breast
Lowdermilk: Maternity & Women’s Health Care, 11th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A nurse is providing breast care education to a client after mammography. Which information
regarding fibrocystic changes in the breast is important for the nurse to share?
a. Fibrocystic breast disease is a disease of the milk ducts and glands in the breasts.
b. It is a premalignant disorder characterized by lumps found in the breast tissue.
c. Healthy women with fibrocystic breast disease find lumpiness with pain and
tenderness in varying degrees in the breast tissue during menstrual cycles.
d. Lumpiness is accompanied by tenderness after menses.
ANS: C
Fibrocystic changes are palpable thickenings in the breast usually associated with pain and
tenderness. The pain and tenderness fluctuate with the menstrual cycle. Fibrocystic changes
are not premalignant changes; this information is inaccurate. Tenderness most often occurs
before menses.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 212

TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
2. A nurse is providing education to a support group of women newly diagnosed with breast
cancer. It is important for the nurse to discuss which factor related to breast cancer with the
group?
a. Genetic mutations account for 50% of women who will develop breast cancer.
b. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women.
c. In the United States, 1 in 10 women will develop breast cancer in her lifetime.
d. The exact cause of breast cancer remains unknown.
ANS: D
The exact cause of breast cancer is unknown. Between 15% and 20% of these cancers are
related to genetic mutations. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in
woman ages 45 to 55 years. One in eight women in the United States will develop breast
cancer in her lifetime.

3. Which diagnostic test is used to confirm a suspected diagnosis of breast cancer?

a. Mammogram
b. Ultrasound
c. Needle-localization biopsy
d. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
ANS: C
When a suspicious mammogram is noted or a lump is detected, diagnosis is confirmed by
either a core-needle biopsy or a needle-localization biopsy. Mammography is a clinical
screening tool that may aid in the early detection of breast cancers. Transillumination,
thermography, and ultrasound breast imaging are being explored as methods for detecting
early breast carcinoma. An MRI is useful in women with masses that are difficult to find
(occult breast cancer).
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 218 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis
MSC: Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity
4. A healthy 60-year-old African-American woman regularly receives health care at her

neighborhood clinic. She is due for a mammogram. At her first visit, her health care provider
is concerned about the 3-week wait at the neighborhood clinic and made an appointment for
her to have a mammogram at a teaching hospital across town. She did not keep her
appointment and returned to the clinic today to have the nurse check her blood pressure. What
is the most appropriate statement for the nurse to make to this client?
a. “Do you have transportation to the teaching hospital so that you can get your
mammogram?”
b. “I’m concerned that you missed your appointment; let me make another one for
you.”
c. “It’s very dangerous to skip your mammograms; your breasts need to be checked.”
d. “Would you like me to make an appointment for you to have your mammogram
here?”
ANS: D
Offering to make an appointment for the client at the neighborhood location is nonjudgmental
and gives her options as to where she may have her mammogram. Furthermore, it is an
innocuous way to investigate the reasons the client missed her previous appointment.
Mortality rates from breast cancer remain high for African-American women. Rather than
reminding this woman that she has “missed her appointment,” discussing the evidence behind
the recommendations for a mammogram might be preferable for the nurse. The nurse can
offer to reschedule should the client agree to return for the test. Telling the client that it is
dangerous to skip mammograms can be perceived as judgmental and derogatory and may
alienate and embarrass the client.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 217 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning
5. A client’s oncologist has just finished explaining the diagnostic workup results to her, and she
still has questions. The woman states, “The physician says I have a slow-growing cancer.
Very few cells are dividing. How does she know this?” What is the name of the test that gave
the health care provider this information?
a. Tumor ploidy
b. S-phase index
c. Nuclear grade
d. Estrogen-receptor assay
ANS: B
The S-phase index measures the number of cells in the synthesis phase of cell development. If
the number of cells noted is high, then the cancer is growing at a fast rate. In this client’s case,
her S-phase index is assumed to be low. Tumor ploidy is the amount of deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) in a tumor cell, compared with that in a normal cell. Nuclear grade describes the
degree of abnormalities present in the cancer cell tubules, the nuclei morphologic features,
and mitotic rates. Estrogen and progesterone receptors are proteins found in the cell cytoplasm
and surface of some breast cancer cells.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 219

TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity
6. Breast pain occurs in many women during their perimenopausal years. Which information is a
priority for the nurse to share with the client?
a. Breast pain is an early indication of cancer.
b. Pain is almost always an indication of a solid mass.
c. Distinguishing between cyclical and noncyclical pain is important.
d. Breast pain is most often treated with narcotics.
ANS: C
Breast pain is unusual in breast cancer. Solid masses are generally benign and described as
smooth, round, mobile, and painless. Distinguishing between cyclical and noncyclical pain is
important to determine whether the cause is hormonal. Idiopathic pain is most often treated
with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications.

7. After a mastectomy, which activity should the client be instructed to avoid?

a. Emptying surgical drains twice a day and as needed
b. Lifting more than 4.5 kg (10 lb) or reaching above her head until given permission
by her surgeon
c. Wearing clothing with snug sleeves to support the tissue of the arm on the
operative side
d. Immediately reporting inflammation that develops at the incision site or in the
affected arm
ANS: C
The woman should not be advised to wear snug clothing. She should be advised to avoid tight
clothing, tight jewelry, and other apparel that might cause decreased circulation in the affected
arm. As part of the teaching plan, the woman should be instructed to empty the surgical drains
twice a day, to avoid lifting more than 4.5 kg (10 lb) or reaching above her head until given
permission by her surgeon, and to report immediately any inflammation that develops at the
incision site or in the affected arm.
8. A health care provider performs a clinical breast examination on a woman diagnosed with
fibroadenoma. How would the nurse explain the defining characteristics of a fibroadenoma?
a. Inflammation of the milk ducts and glands behind the nipples
b. Thick, sticky discharge from the nipple of the affected breast
c. Lumpiness in both breasts that develops 1 week before menstruation
d. Single lump in one breast that can be expected to shrink as the woman ages
ANS: D
Fibroadenomas are characterized by discrete, usually solitary lumps smaller than 3 cm in
diameter. Fibroadenomas increase in size during pregnancy and shrink as the woman ages.
Inflammation of the milk ducts and glands behind the nipples is associated with mammary
duct ectasia, not fibroadenoma. Thick, sticky discharge from the nipple of the affected breast
is associated with galactorrhea, not fibroadenoma. Lumpiness in both breasts that develops 1
week before menstruation is associated with fibrocystic changes of the breast, not
fibroadenoma.

9. What important, immediate postoperative care practice should the nurse remember when
caring for a woman who has had a mastectomy?
a. The blood pressure (BP) cuff should not be applied to the affected arm.
b. Venipuncture for blood work should be performed on the affected arm.
c. The affected arm should be used for intravenous (IV) therapy.
d. The affected arm should be held down close to the woman’s side.
ANS: A
The affected arm should not be used for BP readings, IV therapy, or venipuncture. The
affected arm should be elevated with pillows above the level of the right atrium.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: pp. 228, 229

TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity
10. A woman has a breast mass that is not well delineated and is nonpalpable, immobile, and
nontender. Which condition is this client experiencing?
a. Fibroadenoma
b. Lipoma
c. Intraductal papilloma
d. Mammary duct ectasia
ANS: C
Intraductal papilloma is the only benign breast mass that is nonpalpable. Fibroadenoma is well
delineated, palpable, and movable. Lipoma is palpable and movable. Mammary duct ectasia is
not well delineated and is immobile, but it is palpable and painful.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 213 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis
11. A client is concerned because she has been experiencing some milky, sticky breast discharge.
Which nonmalignant condition is exhibited with this finding?
a. Relative inflammatory lesion
b. Galactorrhea
c. Mammary duct ectasia
d. Breast infection
ANS: B
Galactorrhea bilaterally exhibits a spontaneous, milky, and sticky discharge and is a normal
finding during pregnancy; however, it may also occur as the result of elevated prolactin levels.
Prolactin can become elevated as a result of a thyroid disorder, pituitary tumor, stress, coitus,
trauma, or chest wall surgery.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 213 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning
12. A client has been prescribed adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. What common side effect might she
experience?
a. Weight gain, hot flashes, and blood clots
b. Vomiting, weight loss, and hair loss
c. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
d. Hot flashes, weight gain, and headaches
ANS: A
Common side effects of tamoxifen therapy include hot flashes, weight gain, and blood clots.
Weight loss, hair loss, diarrhea, and headaches are not common side effects of tamoxifen.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 215 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis
13. Fibrocystic changes in the breast most often appear in women in their 20s and 30s. Although
the cause is unknown, an imbalance of estrogen and progesterone may be the cause. The nurse
who cares for this client should be aware that treatment modalities are conservative. Which
proven modality may offer relief for this condition?
a. Diuretic administration
b. Daily inclusion of caffeine in the diet
c. Increased vitamin C supplementation
d. Application of cold packs to the breast as necessary
ANS: A
Diuretic administration plus a decrease in sodium and fluid intake are recommended.
Although not supported by research, some advocate eliminating dimethylxanthines (caffeine)
from the diet. Smoking should also be avoided, and alcohol consumption should be reduced.
Vitamin E supplements are recommended; however, the client should avoid megadoses
because vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin. Pain relief measures include applying heat to the
breast, wearing a supportive bra, and taking nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
14. What is the correct name describing a benign breast condition that includes dilation and
inflammation of the collecting ducts?
a. Mammary duct ectasia
b. Intraductal papilloma
c. Chronic cystic disease
d. Fibroadenoma
ANS: A
Generally occurring in women approaching menopause, mammary duct ectasia results in a
firm irregular mass in the breast, enlarged axillary nodes, and nipple discharge. Intraductal
papillomas develop in the epithelium of the ducts of the breasts; as the mass grows, it causes
trauma or erosion within the ducts. Chronic cystic disease causes pain and tenderness. The
cysts that form are multiple, smooth, and well delineated. Fibroadenoma is evidenced by
fibrous and glandular tissues. They are felt as firm, rubbery, and freely mobile nodules.

15. Which client is most at risk for fibroadenoma of the breast?

a. 38-year-old woman
b. 50-year-old woman
c. 16-year-old girl
d. 27-year-old woman
ANS: C
Although it may occur at any age, fibroadenoma is most common in the teenage years. Ductal
ectasia and intraductal papilloma become more common as a woman approaches menopause.
Fibrocystic breast changes are more common during the reproductive years.

16. Which client should the nurse refer for further testing?
a. Left breast slightly smaller than right breast
b. Eversion (elevation) of both nipples
c. Faintly visible bilateral symmetry of venous network
d. Small dimple located in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast
ANS: D
A small dimple is an abnormal finding and should be further evaluated. Nipple retraction and
a dimpling or pitting of the skin is suggestive of a locally advanced, aggressive form of breast
cancer. In many women, one breast is smaller than the other, and eversion of both nipples is a
normal finding. Faintly visible venous network is also a normal finding.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 216 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis
MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
17. The most conservative approach for early breast cancer treatment involves lumpectomy
followed by which procedure?
a. Radiation
b. Adjuvant systemic therapy
c. Hormonal therapy
d. Chemotherapy
ANS: A
Radiation therapy, in the form of either brachytherapy or accelerated breast radiation, is the
standard therapy after lumpectomy for the treatment of early-stage breast cancer.
Chemotherapy administered soon after surgical removal of the tumor is referred to as adjuvant
chemotherapy. Not all women are candidates for hormonal therapy. After the entire tumor or
portion is removed by excision, a receptor assay must be performed. Chemotherapy with
multiple-drug combinations is used in the treatment of recurrent and advanced breast cancer
with positive results.
18. Macromastia, or breast hyperplasia, is a condition in which women have very large and
pendulous breasts. Breast hyperplasia can be corrected with a reduction mammoplasty. Which
statement regarding this procedure is the most accurate?
a. Breast reduction surgery is covered by insurance.
b. Breastfeeding might be difficult.
c. No sequelae after the procedure is known.
d. Pain in the back and shoulders may not be relieved.
ANS: B
If breast reduction surgery is performed, then establishing breastfeeding at a later date may be
difficult. Macromastia may not be covered by all insurance companies. A consequence of
surgery may be decreased sensation and pain, secondary to scar tissue. Reduction
mammoplasty will relieve chronic neck and back pain.

TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
19. Having a genetic mutation may create an 85% chance of developing breast cancer in a
woman’s lifetime. Which condition does not increase a client’s risk for breast cancer?
a. BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation
b. Li-Fraumeni syndrome
c. Paget disease
d. Cowden syndrome
ANS: C
Paget disease originates in the nipple and causes nipple carcinoma and exhibits bleeding,
oozing, and crusting of the nipple. BRCA1 or BRCA2, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and Cowden
syndrome are all genetic mutations that have different family pedigrees and increase the risk
of breast cancer.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 215

20. A client is scheduled for surgery after a recent breast cancer diagnosis. The nurse is discussing
the procedure with the client. To allay her fears, which explanation best describes a
skin-sparing mastectomy?
a. Removal of the breast, nipple, and areola, leaving only the skin
b. Removal of the breast, nipple, areola, and axillary node dissection
c. Incision on the outside of the breast, leaving the nipple intact
d. Removal of both breasts in their entirety
ANS: A
A skin-sparing mastectomy is a special procedure that keeps the outer breast of the skin intact.
The breast, nipple, and areola are removed. A tissue expander may be placed for later
reconstruction. A modified radical mastectomy also removes the axillary lymph nodes. The
nipple-sparing mastectomy is reserved for a small number of women during which the areola
is removed leaving the nipple intact. Women who test positive for the BRCA1 or BRCA2
gene mutation may have both breasts removed to reduce the risk of cancer and is most
commonly known as a prophylactic or preventative mastectomy.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 219

MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Researchers have found a number of common risk factors that increase a woman’s chance of
developing a breast malignancy. It is essential for the nurse who provides care to women of
any age to be aware of which risk factors? (Select all that apply.)
a. Family history
b. Late menarche
c. Early menopause
d. Race
e. Nulliparity or first pregnancy after age 40 years
ANS: A, D, E
Family history, race, and nulliparity or the first pregnancy after age 40 years are known risk
factors for the development of breast cancer. Others risk factors include age, personal history
of cancer, high socioeconomic status, sedentary lifestyle, hormone replacement therapy,
recent use of oral contraceptives, never having breastfed a child, and drinking more than one
alcoholic beverage per day. Early menarche and late menopause are not risk factors for breast
malignancy.

2. Cellulitis with or without abscess formation is a fairly common condition. The nurse is
providing education for a client whose presentation to the emergency department includes an
infection of the breast. Which information should the nurse share with this client? (Select all
that apply.)
a. Nipple piercing may be the cause of a recent infection.
b. Treatment for cellulitis will include antibiotics.
c. Streptococcus aureus is the most common pathogen.
d. Obesity, smoking, and diabetes are risk factors.
e. Breast is pale in color and cool to the touch.
ANS: A, B, D
The at-risk population for breast infection shares characteristics such as large breasts, obesity,
previous surgeries, sebaceous cysts, smoking, diabetes, and recent nipple piercing. The most
common pathogen is Staphylococcus aureus. Presentation of cellulitis of the breast includes
pain, reddening, and warmth to the touch; treatment includes antibiotics and/or aspiration.
3. Guidelines for breast cancer screening continue to evolve as new evidence is generated.
Which examination or procedure and frequency would be recommended for a 31-year-old
asymptomatic client? (Select all that apply.)
a. Annual mammography
b. Clinical breast examination every 3 years
c. Annual MRI
d. Breast self-examination
e. Mammography every 3 years
ANS: B, D
A 31-year-old client with no risk factors and who is asymptomatic should perform breast
self-examination on a regular basis and have a clinical breast examination every 3 years.
Women who are 40 years of age and older require both mammography and clinical breast
examination annually. High-risk women 30 years and older should have an annual MRI and
mammogram.

TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
4. Chemotherapy with multiple drug agents is used in the treatment of recurrent and advanced
breast cancer with positive results. Which side effects would the nurse anticipate for the client
once treatment has begun? (Select all that apply.)
a. Hair loss
b. Severe constipation
c. Anemia
d. Leukopenia
e. Thrombocytopenia
ANS: A, C, D, E
Because chemotherapeutic agents rapidly kill reproducing cells, treatment also affects normal
cells that frequently reproduce. The side effects that the nurse would anticipate and on which
the nurse will provide education include partial or full hair loss, gastrointestinal effects (e.g.,
nausea, vomiting, anorexia, mucositis), leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and
anemia.

MATCHING
Breast cancer is most frequently staged according to the tumor size (T), involvement of
regional nodes (N), and distance and spread of the disease (M). Match the stage of breast
cancer with the appropriate clinical manifestation.
a. Tumor 2 to 5 cm with positive node
b. Carcinoma in situ
c. Any distant metastasis
d. Tumor less than 2 cm with negative nodes
e. Tumor of any size with extension to chest wall
Test Bank for Maternity and Womens Health Care 11th Edition by Lowdermilk
1. Stage 0
2. Stage I
3. Stage IIb
4. Stage IIIb
5. Stage IV
1. ANS: B DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 226

NOT: This classification is referred to as the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) system (National Cancer
Institute, 2013). It sorts by the size of the tumor (T), regional lymph node involvement (N), and
whether metastasis has occurred (M). The pathologic size correlates with overall prognosis and
recurrence risk.
2. ANS: D DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 226
NOT: This classification is referred to as the TNM system (National Cancer Institute, 2013). It sorts
by the size of the tumor (T), regional lymph node involvement (N), and whether metastasis has
occurred (M). The pathologic size correlates with overall prognosis and recurrence risk.
3. ANS: A DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 226
4. ANS: E DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 226
5. ANS: C DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 226
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DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 212

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 215

3. Which diagnostic test is used to confirm a suspected diagnosis of breast cancer?

4. A healthy 60-year-old African-American woman regularly receives health care at her

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 219

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 212

7. After a mastectomy, which activity should the client be instructed to avoid?

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 213

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: pp. 228, 229

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 213

15. Which client is most at risk for fibroadenoma of the breast?

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 213

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 211

DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 215

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 219

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 215

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 217

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 225

1. ANS: B DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 226

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