Foundations of Earth Science 7th Edition Lutgens Test Bank

Foundations of Earth Science 7th
Edition Lutgens Test Bank

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Foundations of Earth Science, 7e (Lutgens)
Chapter 10 The Restless Ocean
10.1 Multiple Choice
1) Which of the following is correct regarding a wave in the open ocean?

A) Water particles move vertically in circular orbital motion.
B) Water particles move in a straight line, in the same direction that the wave is moving.
C) Water particles move in a straight line, in the opposite direction that the wave is moving.
D) Water particles move in an almost circular horizontal path.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
2) When waves reach shallow water they tend to be ________, which makes them become
parallel to the shore.
A) reflected
B) refracted
C) translated
D) eroded
Answer: B
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
3) The height, length, and period of a wave depend upon ________.

A) the length of time the wind has blown
B) the wind speed
C) the fetch
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.4
4) Waves begin to "feel bottom" when the depth of water is ________.

A) equal to one-half the wavelength
B) equal to the wavelength
C) twice as great as the wavelength
D) equal to the fetch
Answer: A
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.4
1
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
5) Longshore currents and beach drift ________.
A) move in opposite directions
B) both have net movement that is parallel to the shore
C) are oriented at 90° to each other
D) are found only in deep water, and never close to the shore
Answer: B
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.5
6) You visit a coastal area for the first time. You note the presence of marine terraces, sea stacks,
and sea arches. Based on these features, the area is likely to be ________.
A) experiencing a spring tide
B) in need of beach nourishment
C) an emergent coast
D) a submergent coast
Answer: C
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 10.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
7) Which of the following shoreline features is a result of erosion?

A) spit
B) estuary
C) tombolo
D) sea arch
Answer: D
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.6
8) Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay are ________.

A) associated with a submergent coast
B) former river valleys that were flooded by a rise in sea level
C) excellent examples of large estuaries
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.8
2
9) One result of wave refraction is that wave energy is concentrated ________.
A) on headlands projecting into the water
B) on tombolos
C) in bays, coves, and other recessed areas between headlands
D) on spits
Answer: A
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.6
10) Waves approaching a beach at an oblique angle ________.

A) cause beach drift
B) cause hard stabilization
C) cause coasts to switch from submergence to emergence
D) make tides rise and fall
Answer: A
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.5
11) Which of the following shoreline features is a result of deposition?

A) barrier island
B) sea stack
C) wave-cut platform
D) marine terrace
Answer: A
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.6
12) Fetch is ________.

A) a method of shoreline erosion control
B) the distance between the trough of a wave and the still water level
C) the circular pattern made by water particles when a wave passes
D) the distance over which the wind blows over open water
Answer: D
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.4
3
13)
Examine the figure. Of the three forms of hard stabilization illustrated here, which one is the
groin?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) none of these is a groin
Answer: B
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 10.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
14) One disadvantage of beach nourishment as compared to hard stabilization is ________.

A) beach nourishment is permanent
B) hard stabilization may increase erosion
C) beach nourishment is expensive
D) hard stabilization makes the coast more scenic for recreation
Answer: C
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.7
4
15) Which of the following is an example of "hard stabilization" designed to prevent or retard
shoreline erosion?
A) seawall
B) groin
C) breakwater
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.7
16) ________ are huge circular-moving current systems that dominate the surface of the ocean
within an ocean basin.
A) Tombolos
B) Gyres
C) Coriolis
D) Upwellings
Answer: B
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.1
17) The center of each of Earth's five major gyres is found at about ________ latitude.
A) 0° (the equator)
B) 30°
C) 60°
D) 90°
Answer: B
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.1
18) In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes surface currents in the ocean to be
deflected slightly ________ compared to the winds that cause them.
A) to the left
B) to the right
C) to the north
D) to the south
Answer: B
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.1
5
19) The energy that drives surface ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream comes from
________.
A) the Coriolis effect
B) salinity variations
C) temperature differences
D) prevailing wind patterns
Answer: D
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.1
20) The daily tidal range is of the least magnitude during ________.
A) the daytime
B) spring tides
C) neap tides
D) slack water
Answer: C
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.9
21) Erosional retreat of a(n) ________ leads to enlargement and extension of a wave-cut
platform in the inland direction.
A) wave-cut cliff
B) marine terrace
C) sea arch
D) spit
Answer: A
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.6
22) Large estuaries are more common on a(n) ________ coastline.

A) emergent
B) submergent
C) stable
D) eroding
Answer: B
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.8
6
23) A ________ is an isolated remnant of bedrock standing above a wave-cut platform.
A) sea arch
B) sea stack
C) marine terrace
D) wave-cut cliff
Answer: B
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.6
24) Upwelling, the rising of water from deeper layers of the ocean, is a wind-induced movement
that brings ________ water to the surface.
A) cold, nutrient-rich
B) cold, nutrient-poor
C) warm, nutrient-rich
D) warm, nutrient-poor
Answer: A
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.2
7
25)
Examine the satellite view of chlorophyll concentrations in the southern Atlantic Ocean along
the southwest coast of Africa (the nations of Namibia and South Africa). Which of the following
statements offers the best explanation for the observed pattern(s)?
A) This is an area of downwelling, where water is sinking due to the higher density it gains when
sea ice forms and salinity increases.
B) This is an area of upwelling, where nutrient-rich water is rising due to winds blowing over the
ocean's surface.
C) This is an area of shallow water and waves breaking as they "feel bottom."
D) The coast is a "dead zone," an area of very low biological activity.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 10.2
8
10.2 True-False
1) To measure wave period, the best tool to use would be a ruler.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 10.4
2) Tidal flats are submerged during ebb tide.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.9
3) Waves begin to "feel bottom" at a depth that is about one-half their wavelength.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.4
4) A baymouth bar is an example of "hard stabilization," a feature constructed by people to

control wave erosion.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.6
5) Although the Sun influences the tides, its gravitational effect is considerably less than the
effect of the Moon.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.9
6) Deep ocean currents are driven by thermohaline circulation, rather than prevailing winds.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.2
7) Marine terraces in coastal California are evidence that this coastal area is emergent.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 10.8
9
8) Barrier islands are common on the Gulf Coast but rare or absent along the Pacific Coast of the
United States.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.6
9) The largest daily tidal range occurs in association with spring tides.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.9
10) Groins are constructed for the purpose of maintaining or widening beaches that are losing
sand.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.7
11) Spring tides occur in conjunction with the full Moon or the new Moon.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.9
12) As the tide rises, water flows in toward the shore as the ebb tide.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.9
13) Beach drift and longshore currents only develop when waves' direction of approach is
perpendicular to the shoreline.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.5
14) When viewed from above, the North Atlantic Gyre displays a clockwise sense of motion.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.1
10
15) Cold currents can trigger desertification because they stabilize air that might otherwise rise
and generate precipitation.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.1
10.3 Fill in the Blank
1) The ________ is the distance the wind has traveled across open water.
Answer: fetch
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.2
2) ________ are large circular-moving currents of water within an ocean basin.

Answer: Gyres
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.1
3) A shoreline is a(n) ________, a common boundary where different parts of a system interact.
Answer: interface
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.3
4) Turbulent water created by breaking waves is known as ________.

Answer: surf
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.4
5) Currents within the surf zone that flow parallel to the shore are known as ________ currents.
Answer: longshore
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.5
11
6)
Examine the map shown in the figure. If you were to go swimming in the ocean along this
shoreline, which way would the longshore current carry you? ________
Answer: east (or "right," depending on whether the instructor feels generous)
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 10.5
7) Breakwaters, sea walls, and groins are all examples of ________.

Answer: hard stabilization
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.8
12
8)
Does this photograph show a tombolo, a barrier island, a sea arch, or a marine terrace? ________
Answer: barrier island
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 10.6
9) As a deep-water wave enters shallow water, the part of the wave in the most shallow water
slows down. The deeper-water portion of the wave crest keeps moving at a relatively rapid
speed. This wave refraction causes the entire wave crest to progressively rotate toward being
________ with the shoreline.
Answer: parallel
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.5
13
10) If uplift of the land occurs, a wave-cut platform may become a new ________.
Answer: marine terrace
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.6
11) ________ is the rising of cold water from deeper layers to replace warmer surface water.
Answer: Upwelling
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.2
12) Because deep ocean circulation is driven largely by variations in water temperature and
salinity, it is also called ________ circulation.
Answer: thermohaline
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.2
13) ________ are low-lying zones that are alternately covered by water during flood tide and
exposed following ebb tide.
Answer: Tidal flats
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.9
14) A(n) ________ is a place where fresh and salt water mix, such as a drowned river valley
along a submergent coast.
Answer: estuary
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.8
15) If a spit grows as it is deposited, and extends completely across the former mouth of an
estuary, separating it from the open sea, it has become a(n) ________.
Answer: baymouth bar
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.6
14
10.4 Matching
Match the items in the first column with the correct descriptions in the second column.
A) building structures along the coastline to prevent movement of sand

B) a deposit of sediment resulting from a flood current passing through an inlet
C) like the Atlantic coast of the United States, an area of sea level rise relative to the land
D) the amount of time it takes for two wave crests to pass the same point
E) like the Pacific coast of the United States, an area of land uplift relative to sea level
F) the sawing and grinding action of water armed with rock fragments
G) pumping sand onto the beach from some other area, temporarily replenishing the sediment
supply
H) the distance from one wave crest to the next
1) abrasion
Diff: 1
LO/Section: 10.5, 10.7
2) wave period
Diff: 1
3) wavelength
Diff: 1
4) hard stabilization
Diff: 1
5) beach nourishment
Diff: 1
6) submergent
Diff: 1
15
7) emergent
Diff: 1
8) tidal delta
Diff: 1
Answers: 1) F 2) D 3) H 4) A 5) G 6) C 7) E 8) B
10.5 Labeling
1) Examine the figure. Identify and label each of the lettered locations with the name of the
shoreline feature shown there.
Answer:
A: spit
B: tombolo
C: baymouth bar
D: sea stack
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 10.6
16
10.6 Essay
Answer the questions in complete sentences. Be complete but concise.
1) Describe some of the options available to people when it comes to coping with erosion along
shorelines.
Answer: Hard stabilization is a term that pertains to any structures built along the coastline to
prevent movement of sand, such as groins, breakwaters, or seawalls. A disadvantage is that often
the installation of hard stabilization actually leads to increased erosion. Beach nourishment is an
expensive alternative to hard stabilization: sand is pumped onto the beach from some other area,
temporarily replenishing the sediment supply. An alternative to hard stabilization and beach
nourishment is relocating buildings away from high-risk areas and leaving the beach to be
shaped by natural processes.
Diff: 3
LO/Section: 10.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis
17
2)
Examine the figure and use the information provided there to explain the different temperature
trends seen in Arica and Rio de Janeiro.
Answer: Rio de Janeiro and Arica both lie close to the same 20° south latitude, but Rio is
slightly further south than Arica. Based on this alone, you might expect that Rio would be the
colder of the two locations. However, the temperature data shows the opposite: Arica is colder
by about 5° Celsius in January, and by about 6° or 7° C (11° F) in July. The currents can help
explain this. While the Peru current brings cold water north from the southern Pacific to Arica,
the Brazil current brings warm water south from the equator to Rio.
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 10.1
18
3)
Examine the figure.

Identify the type and describe the tidal patterns observed over the course of a day in three U.S.
cities: San Francisco, California (SF), New Orleans, Louisiana (NO), and New York, New York
(NY).
Answer: New Orleans shows a diurnal pattern, with one high tide and one low tide per day. New
York has a semidiurnal pattern, with two high tides and two low tides per day. San Francisco has
a mixed tidal pattern, with two high tides per day, though they are of different magnitudes.
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 10.9
19
10.7 Critical Thinking
1)
Imagine you are sailing a yacht across the Caribbean. You have to sail through a shallow lagoon
in order to reach port at an island ahead of you. It is night time, and you look up to observe a
"quarter moon," such as the one pictured here.
You know that the lagoon is only safely navigable at high tide during the spring tide. Should you
keep going tonight, or should you wait for a better time? (If so, when?)
Answer: The quarter moon occurs when the Moon and the Sun act on Earth at right angles. We
view the Moon from the side as the Sun shines on it. The quarter moons are an indication that
while the gravity of the Moon is pulling the tides in one direction, the Sun is counteracting that
in part, by pulling in a direction 90° to that. Hence, this quarter moon is an indication of the neap
tides, a time of lesser tidal variation. It will be two weeks until the spring tide, so the lagoon
cannot be safely crossed for a fortnight. We should toss the anchor overboard and wait it out.
Diff: 3
LO/Section: 10.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation
20
2)
Examine the map shown here. You are considering buying property "C" on this stretch of
coastline. Before signing the contract on the property, you hear that the owners of property "B"
are considering building a groin like their neighbors recently did on property "A." Should you
reconsider your purchase? Explain.
Answer: Yes, you should reconsider. Based on the way sediment has accumulated to the "left"
of the groin on property "A," the longshore current is moving from left to right. Deprived of its
sedimentary load by the groin, the longshore current is now "starved" of sediment. It will then
erode material from the next location along the shore. The owners of "B" may build a groin of
their own to counteract the erosion triggered by their thoughtless neighbor, but that just passes
the issue on to the owners of "C." Unless you're prepared to do the same thing (and "pay the
damage forward" to your new neighbors at "D"), it's probably better to buy some other plot.
Diff: 3
LO/Section: 10.5
21
3) Fossil fuels are a cheap way to make electricity, but burning them generates greenhouse gases.
Nuclear power produces a lot of low-carbon energy, but nuclear accidents may release dangerous
radioactivity. Windmills generate electricity from the movement of air currents, but the wind
doesn't always blow. In light of all these "down sides" to energy production, consider how you
might harness longshore currents to produce electricity. Describe your plan in detail, and sketch
out how it would work. What might be some of the potential drawbacks to your plan?
Answer: Longshore currents move sediment parallel to shorelines. Some sort of water version of
a paddle wheel could capture some of the energy of incoming waves and ebbing water to turn a
turbine and make electricity. Individual paddle wheels would have to pivot at the base so they
could align themselves, like a weather vane or a stream gauge or a windsock, with the currents as
they change. Maybe it could look something like this:
Issues: corrosion of the equipment by salt water, battering of the equipment in storms, burial of
equipment by sediment.
Diff: 3
LO/Section: 10.6
22
4)
Climate change is particularly acute in the Arctic. Some scientists are concerned about the
melting of the Greenland ice sheet because the extra water will cause sea level to rise around the
globe. However, another concern is related to the thermohaline "conveyer belt" of ocean
circulation. How might the melting of the Greenland ice sheet cause changes to that pattern of
currents?
Answer: The addition of a bunch of new freshwater into the North Atlantic will lower the
density of the water. If the density is sufficiently diminished, it will overwhelm the sinking of
water there (due to its cold temperature and high salinity). Without that sinking water, there will
be less of a "pull" on the warm surface currents, and less heat will be transported from the
equator towards the North Atlantic. This could result in regional cooling of the ocean and
adjacent land in the North Atlantic (Iceland, Britain, Scandanavia, etc.).
Diff: 2
LO/Section: 10.2
23

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Foundations of Earth Science 7th

Edition Lutgens Test Bank

10.1 Multiple Choice

1) Which of the following is correct regarding a wave in the open ocean?

3) The height, length, and period of a wave depend upon ________.

4) Waves begin to "feel bottom" when the depth of water is ________.

7) Which of the following shoreline features is a result of erosion?

8) Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay are ________.

10) Waves approaching a beach at an oblique angle ________.

11) Which of the following shoreline features is a result of deposition?

12) Fetch is ________.

14) One disadvantage of beach nourishment as compared to hard stabilization is ________.

22) Large estuaries are more common on a(n) ________ coastline.

1) To measure wave period, the best tool to use would be a ruler.

2) Tidal flats are submerged during ebb tide.

4) A baymouth bar is an example of "hard stabilization," a feature constructed by people to

10.3 Fill in the Blank

2) ________ are large circular-moving currents of water within an ocean basin.

4) Turbulent water created by breaking waves is known as ________.

7) Breakwaters, sea walls, and groins are all examples of ________.

A) building structures along the coastline to prevent movement of sand

Answer the questions in complete sentences. Be complete but concise.

Examine the figure.

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