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Corrections Today 2nd Edition Siege
Test Bank
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CHAPTER 8: Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The female prison population is:
a. growing at a faster rate than the male prison population
b. growing at a slower rate than the male prison population
c. staying the same
d. non-existent
ANS: A REF: 188 OBJ: 1
2. Women prisoners:
a. make up 50 percent of the prison population
b. make up 30 percent of the prison population
c. make up 20 percent of the prison population
d. make up 7 percent of the prison population
ANS: D REF: 188 OBJ: 1
3. The female prison population is increasing because:

a. women are caught committing crimes more than in the past
b. women are committing more serious crimes
c. there are more women in the United States then men
d. all of these choices
ANS: B REF: 190 OBJ: 1
4. What percent of incarcerated women have received welfare sometime during their adult lives?
a. Approximately 50 percent c. Approximately 95 percent
b. Approximately 10 percent d. Approximately 1 percent
5. Which of the following is not a characteristic of women in prison?

a. Women in prison have a solid employment history.
b. Women in prison have a history of poor physical health
c. Women in prison lack education.
d. Women in prison have mental health problems.
172
Chapter 8: The Prison Experience: Females
6. Which researchers found that women in prison cope by establishing homosexual relationships?
a. Giallombardo c. Hefferman
b. Gresham and Sykes d. Ward and Kassebaum
7. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the prison love affairs that are established in
female prisons?
a. They are unstable.
b. They are long-term.
c. They are explosive.
d. There is a strict differentiation between the male and female role.
8. A grouping of unrelated individuals who have assumed the traditional family roles of mother,
father and grandparents is known as a:
a. false family c. fictive family
b. fake family d. play family
ANS: C REF: 192 OBJ: 2
9. A type of prison socialization in which women deal with incarceration by becoming part of
make-believe family is a:
a. pretend family c. family structure network
b. kinship network d. none of these choices
10. According to the text, in some prisons the dominant, or male, role in a homosexual relationship
in the prison society is known as:
a. femme c. dad
b. butch d. grandfather
11. According to the text, in some prisons the female role in a homosexual prison relationship is
referred to as:
a. femme c. mother
b. butch d. grandmother
173
Test Bank
12. Which of the following is not one of the main major reasons that women are confined to
administrative segregation?
a. assaults on staff c. fighting
b. drug-related offenses d. sexual relationships
13. What is the term used to describe any behavior that can bring trouble or conflict with staff and
other prisoners?
a. The flow c. The mix
b. The heat d. None of these
14. Which model of coping with prison life has women associating with other prisoners and enjoying
their associations while having few problems with correctional officers?
a. adopted style c. isolate style
b. convict style d. integrated style
15. Which style gives female inmates the feeling that they have no control over their prison
environment?
16. Which style are women prisoners least likely to approach their confinement with?
17. How many of the female prisoners in state prisons have children under the age of 18?
a. 1/3 c. 2/3
b. 1/2 d. 3/4
18. While their mothers are incarcerated which relative do the children most frequently stay with?
a. aunts and uncles c. fathers
b. maternal grandmothers d. paternal grandmothers
174
19. Pressing issues in women’s prisons include:

a. problems posed by motherhood
b. the quality of prison healthcare
c. the sexual victimization of women prisoners
d. all of these choices.
ANS: D REF: 196-8 OBJ: 4, 5
20. Compared to male prisoners, female prisoners have:

a. a lower rate of illness c. the same rate of illness
b. a higher rate of illness d. none of these choices
21. Concerns with healthcare in prisons include:

a. delays in treatment c. cost
b. lack of qualified personnel and d. all of these choices
resources
ANS: D REF: 198-199 OBJ: 5
22. What percentage of states offer female inmates mammograms and Pap smears?
a. 20% c. 75%
b. 50% d. 100%
23. Professionalism in a women’s prison is defined as:

a. a commitment to develop programming for inmates
b. a desire to treat inmates with dignity and respect
c. a commitment to engage staff in prison management and operations
24. Sentencing laws fail to consider that the reasons that compel many women to remain silent
include:
a. domestic violence c. immigration status
b. economic dependence d. all of these choices
25. Female offenders are more likely than males to be convicted of:
a. a non-violent crime c. rape
b. murder d. kidnapping

175
Test Bank
26. The use of sentencing guidelines has

a. not had an effect on female offenders c. not benefited female offenders
b. benefited female offenders d. none of these choices
27. Compared to men’s prisons, women’s prisons are typically:

a. less violent c. cleaner
b. bigger d. all of these choices
28. Before 1960, independent women’s prisons were relatively:

a. common c. expensive
b. rare d. none of these choices
29. Almost half of the women in prison today under mandatory sentencing laws have been convicted
of:
a. murder c. kidnapping
b. theft d. conspiracy
30. While males may benefit from sentencing reforms, females:

a. also benefit c. gain even more privileges than men
b. suffer d. none of these choices
31. Gender neutral sentences have:

a. placed more women behind bars
b. allowed women to get away with crimes that males are typically charged with
c. had no effect on women
32. As juveniles, many incarcerated women experienced:

a. physical abuse c. harsh discipline
b. sexual abuse d. all of these choices
176
33. Which psychological problem are more women prisoners diagnosed with?
a. psychotic illness
b. depression
c. personality disorder
d. most women in prison do not have psychological problems.
34. The incarceration of so many women with a history of drug abuse and prostitution puts them at a
high risk for:
a. HIV and AIDS c. life-sentences
b. re-offending d. none of these choices
35. Female prisoners are more likely than male prisoners to cope with their issues:
a. through groups c. through destructive acts
b. with therapy d. by working
SCENARIO BASED
Case 8-1
Melissa is a female serving a life sentence for murder in a state correctional facility. She has
been in prison for the past 10 years. She is now 36 years old. Melissa was pregnant when she
entered prison with her second child. She was also addicted to cocaine and often turned to
prostitution to support her habit. She ended up killing a customer who refused to pay her for her
prostitution services.
36. When she first entered prison Melissa became part of a make-believe family in order to deal with
incarceration. This is known as:
a. the mamas and the papas c. kinship networks
b. family ties d. pseudofamilies
37. Melissa is not a typical female inmate in that she is convicted of the violent crime of murder.
Most female inmates are in prison for:
a. burglary c. nonviolent drug offenses
b. robbery d. theft
177
Test Bank
38. Melissa’s drug addiction is not uncommon for female inmates. What percentage of female
inmates are involved with addictive drugs?
a. 1/3 c. 2/3
b. 1/2 d. 3/4
39. After about ten years into her sentence, Melissa became depressed. She started to separate
herself from other prisoners and began to feel like she had no control. She was coping to prison
by according to which model?
40. When Melissa entered prison she was about 6 months pregnant. She received minimal prenatal
care and was taken to the county hospital to deliver her baby. Once she delivered her baby she
returned to prison and a family member took custody of Melissa’s newborn and her older child.
Based on the research Melissa would be most satisfied with placing her children with
__________
a. the children’s father c. her mother
b. her sister d. her friend
Case 8-2
Warden Jones is the first female warden of the only correctional institution in the state. She was
promoted from assistant warden at a medium security male prison. During her first week of
work she realizes that running a female prison is completely different than running a male prison.
41. After meeting with most of the correctional officers and inmates Warden Jones realizes that most
of her inmates have several deficits. Which of the following a problem for many of her inmates?
a. They have a history of poor health. c. They have substance abuse problems.
b. They have been sexually abused d. All of these
42. Warden Jones is amazed to see how many inmates are involved in romantic relationships with
one another. She knows that it is impossible to prevent all sexual encounters. However, she is
particularly concerned with a few of the female inmates who play the dominant role in the
homosexual relationship. Some of them have become violent. The inmates who play this
dominant role are referred to as:
a. butch c. pimp
b. master d. wolf
178
43. After running the prison for one month, Warden Jones realizes that women do their time very
differently than men. Which of the following is not indicative of how women prisoners do their
time compared to men?
a. The culture of the female prison exploits the struggles of degradation and violence.
b. Men show more solidarity.
c. Women are often confined to administrative segregation for fighting.
d. Race is not critical to prison culture in a female prison.
44. Warden Jones has been observing how some women cope with prison. She is most concerned
with the inmate who adopts the ___________ style because they are highly likely to have
difficulty dealing with correctional officers.
45. Warden Jones was brought into the prison to help fix the problem of sexual assaults of inmates
by staff members. The previous warden and 20 officers were terminated because of a sex abuse
scandal that occurred at the institution. She is determined to eradicate the prison of sexual
assaults committed by her staff. She reaches out to the international nongovernmental
organization that is concerned with the rights of prisoners for help with the development of new
policies to ensure she puts an end to these sexual assaults. What is the name of this
organization?
a. American Civil Liberties Union c. National Organization of Women
b. Human Rights Watch d. U.S. Department of Justice
TRUE/FALSE
1. Female offenders are more likely than males to be convicted of a nonviolent crime and be
incarcerated for a low-level involvement in drug offenses.
ANS: T REF: 190 OBJ: 1
2. Incarcerated women typically come from stable family lives.
ANS: F REF: 191 OBJ: 1
3. Adult females are more likely than adult males to attempt suicide while incarcerated.
179
Test Bank
4. Over half of all incarcerated women are parents to children under the age of 18.
5. Perinatal mortality and morbidity are high for women prisoners.
6. According to the text, mandatory minimum sentences in most states provide the same
punishment for conspiracy to commit crimes as for the instigator of the crime itself.
7. Equality with a vengeance is a term known to describe an equality of punishment meted out to
women who violate the law.
8. Sentencing guidelines consider family factors such as employment record and family ties.
9. Blood related relatives are called fictive families in the prison environment.
10. .Race tends to be emphasized much more in female prison culture than male prison culture.
11. In contemporary prisons, female inmates are prone to mistrust their friendships with other
women prisoners and refrain from forming close relationships.
12. Every female prison provides a nursery where babies up to 18 months old can live with their
mothers in prison.
13. There is a lack of qualified personnel and resources to meet the physical and mental health needs
of female inmates.
180
14. Many pregnant inmates are shackled while delivering their child.
15. There is a growing movement to make the staff on women’s prisons more competent and
professional.
COMPLETION
1. Make- believe families are known as____________________.
ANS: fictive families
REF: 192 OBJ: 2
2. Female offenders are more likely than males to be convicted of a ____________________

crime.
ANS: non-violent
REF: 190 OBJ: 1
3. A term commonly used referring to the dominant, or male, role in a homosexual relationship in
the prison society is called ____________________.
ANS: butch
REF: 192 OBJ: 2
4. According to the text, the docile, or female, role in a homosexual relationship in the prison
society is called ____________________.
ANS: femme
REF: 192 OBJ: 2
5. ____________________ are a type of prison socialization in which women deal with

incarceration by becoming part of make-believe families.
ANS: Kinship networks
REF: 193 OBJ: 3
181
Test Bank
6. Special issues in the incarceration of women include motherhood and ____________________.
ANS: sexual victimization or healthcare
REF: 198-200 OBJ: 4, 5
7. Shackling or restraining women during ____________________ can put the baby at risk.
ANS: pregnancy
REF: 199 OBJ: 4
8. Many women have been victims of ____________________ during incarceration by correctional

officers.
ANS: sexual assault
REF: 199, 200 OBJ: 5
9. According to the text, children of incarcerated mothers most frequently stay with
___________________.
ANS: maternal grandmothers
REF: 196 OBJ: 4
10. California created the ______________________________ program which allows 100 women
with infants to live in a community based facility instead of a prison where they can take
parenting classes.
ANS: Mother-Infant-Care
REF: 197 OBJ: 4
11. Some prisons _______________ inmates for healthcare even though it is in violation of
international standards.
ANS: charge
REF: 199 OBJ: 5
12. The chief treatment officer in many correctional institutions is the

_________________________.
ANS: correctional counselor
REF: 201 OBJ: 5

182
13. ______________________________ in a women’s prison includes a desire to treat inmates with

dignity and respect.
ANS: Professionalism
REF: 202 OBJ: 6
14. When women associate with other prisoners and have few problems with correctional officers
they are using the _______________ style of coping with prison life.
ANS: adopted
REF: 194 OBJ: 3
15. Owen’s term for women’s involvement in problematic prison behaviors and activities is
_______________________.
ANS: the mix
REF: 194 OBJ: 3
ESSAY
1. Describe why the female inmate population is increasing.
ANS: Women are committing more serious crimes compared to the past; sentencing changes
have helped put more women behind bars. Mandatory minimum sentences provide the same
punishment for conspiracy to commit crimes. Approximately half of the women in prison today
have been convicted of conspiracy under mandatory sentencing laws.
REF: 190 OBJ: 1
2. Discuss the characteristics of females in prison.
ANS: Female offenders typically have a troubled background and unstable family lives. Over
half of the women in prison have been on welfare sometime during their adult life. Many female
offenders have been victims of abuse and harsh discipline. Sexual abuse, domestic violence and
physical abuse is common among most female offenders. Female offenders have a high rate of
psychological, health and substance abuse issues.
REF: 191 OBJ: 1
183
Test Bank
3. Discuss the findings of the three classic studies of women in prison.
ANS: Fictive families and same-sex relationships are the two social structures in women’s
prisons. Fictive families are make-believe families that consist of mothers, fathers, grandparents,
aunts, uncles and cousins. The mothers typically provide emotional support for the younger
offenders. Same sex relationships are typically homosexual relationships where one female is
viewed upon as butch and the other female takes on the femme role. The butch role is expected
to be strong and in control and the femme takes on the docile role. Ward and Kassebaum found
that women in prison cope by establishing homosexual alliances. Giallamnardo found that some
women form fictive families in prison. Hefferman found that the fictive kinship was present.
REF: 192 OBJ: 2
4. Kruttschnitt and Gartner found that prisoners in the two prisons they studied had three major
ways of negotiating, or coping with, prison life. Compare and contrast the three perspectives.
ANS: The adopted style indicates that women associate with other prisoners and enjoy their
associations. A majority of these women get along with corrections officers. The convict styles
model involves spending time with only one or two others, yet they like to associate with other
inmates like the women in the adopted style. The convict style has difficulty getting along with
corrections officers. The isolate style is characterized by preferring to be alone when not locked
down. They are typically alienated from other prisoners and this makes them feel no control
over their environment.
REF: 194-195 OBJ: 3
5. Discuss Barbara Owen’s study on female inmates and her findings.
ANS: Barbara Owen studied women in the world’s largest female correctional facility. She
found many differences between females and males in prison. She found that male prisons were
more degrading and violent than female prisons. She also found that the phase of a woman’s
criminal record and the number of previous prison terms contribute to the prison experience.
The female prisoners agreed that males show more solidarity than women. Owen’s also found
that race is not as critical to the prison culture for women as for men. There were no formal
gangs in the female prisons.
REF: 193-194 OBJ: 3
184
6. Discuss the issues incarcerated mothers deal with in prison and the types of programs that are
offered to help in some institutions to deal with these issues.
ANS: The separation of women prisoners from their children can be very traumatic. Many
women’s prisons are located in rural areas away from their families, so they often lose contact
with their children. Mothers can feel depressed and guilty for breaking up the family. Some
prisons have allowed infants to live in prisons with their mothers up to 18 months in order to
keep a bond. One prison allows babies 6 months and younger to live with their mothers in prison
while their mother participates in parenting classes.
REF: 196-197 OBJ: 4
7. Describe the role of the correctional counselor and the importance of this role in women’s
prisons.
ANS: The correctional counselor has several functions in a women’s prison. They provide
casework to offenders and help them through the process of incarceration by assisting them with
concerns related to transition and family. They are viewed as advocates for the offenders to
make sure their basic needs are met. They provide data and reports to wardens, medical
personnel and the parole board by offering recommendations. Their role is important in
women’s facilities as an advocate and to assist women in making good choices for themselves
and their families. They ensure that the program objectives are developed and individualized to
meet the needs of each offender and hopefully assist them in learning new skills and tools to help
them be successful upon release.
REF: 200 OBJ: 5
8. What areas of prison healthcare need improvement?
ANS: Improvements still need to be made in reforming prison healthcare. Areas that remain an
area of concern include:
• Failure to refer seriously ill inmates for treatment
• Delays in treatment
• Lack of qualified personnel and resources and use of nonmedical staff
• Charges for medical attention
• Inadequate reproductive health care
• Shackling during pregnancy
• Lack of treatment for substance abuse
• Lack of adequate or appropriate mental health services
REF: 198-199 OBJ: 5
185
Test Bank
9. What is being done to curtail the sexual assault of female prisoners?
ANS: Organizations are bringing the issue of sexual assault to light. The International
Women’s Day organization documented more than 1,000 cases of sexual abuse of U.S. prisoners
by correctional staff. Human Rights Watch took the U.S. government to task for failing to
protect the women who are subjected to institutional rape, which is a violation of the United
Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. There has been a high amount
of litigation related to sexual abuse of female prisoners. Several inmates have awarded
significant amounts of money to victims of sexual abuse in prisons.
REF: 199-200 OBJ: 5
10. Describe what is currently being done to make staff in women’s prisons more competent and
professional.
ANS: A movement is in motion to create higher levels of professionalism in women’s prisons.

Professionalism in a women’s prison includes:
• A commitment to develop programming for inmates that deal with their present and help
them plan for the future
• A desire to treat inmates with dignity and respect
• A wide commitment to engage staff in prison management and operations
• A refusal to accept abusive treatment from staff toward inmates
• A determination to provide a safe environment for inmates and staff
• A realization that staff training is a necessary aspect of a humane prison
• A desire to model positive behavior
• A willingness to purse accreditation of the facility
REF: 202 OBJ: 6
186
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[1039] Ames (to Dwight), I, 173-75.
[1040] Argus, August 13, 1795.
[1041] Centinel, July 15, 1795.
[1042] Pickering, III, 177.
[1043] King’s Works, II, 18-20.
[1044] Lodge, Cabot, 84.
[1045] Pellew, 282.
[1046] Federalist Party in Massachusetts, 154-55.
[1047] Ibid.
[1048] Gibbs, I, 229.
[1049] August 15, 1795.
[1051] Aurora, July 29, 1795.
[1052] Charleston City Gazette, August 1, 1795.
[1053] Thomas, Reminiscences, I, 35.
[1054] Independent Chronicle, August 17, 1795.
[1055] August 26, 1795.
[1056] Article IX.
[1057] Giles, 42.
[1058] McRee, Iredell, II, 450.
[1059] Ibid., II, 459.
[1060] Madison’s Writings, II, 43.
[1061] Giles, 38.
[1062] Henry, Henry, II, 568-71; letter to Mrs. Aylett.
[1063] Argus, July 30, 1795; Gazette of the United States, August 14, 1795.
[1064] Argus, July 24, 1795.
[1065] New Hampshire Gazette, July 21, 1795.
[1066] Spooner’s Vermont Journal, September 11, 1795.
[1067] Gibbs, I, 215.
[1068] Independent Chronicle, August 13 and 27, 1795.
[1069] Ibid., September 3, 1795.
[1070] Argus, July 15, 1795.
[1071] Aurora, July 13, 1795.
[1072] Argus, August 14, 1795.
[1073] Ibid., August 8, 1795.
[1074] Gibbs, I, 249.
[1075] Steiner, 194-95.
[1076] Weld, I, 102-03.
[1077] Liancourt, II, 79.
[1078] Argus, July 16, 1795.
[1079] September 3, 1795.
[1080] Gibbs, I, 219-20.
[1082] King’s Works, II, 20-21.
[1083] Brown, Ellsworth, 219-20.
[1084] Hiltzheimer, 215.
[1085] For Randolph incident, Pickering, III, 213-14 and 216-19; Lodge, Cabot,
91-94.
[1087] Ibid., 197.
[1088] King’s Works, II, 24.
[1089] August 14.
[1090] Brown, Ellsworth, 220-21.
[1092] Aurora, August 21, 1795.
[1093] Ibid., August 22, 1795.
[1094] Gibbs, I, 222.
[1095] King’s story.
[1096] Aurora, November 17, 1795.
[1097] Pickering, III, 231-39.
[1098] Ibid., III, 239.
[1099] Argus, August 15, 1795.
[1100] Ibid., August 27, 1795.
[1101] Hamilton’s Works, X, 113-14.
[1102] Jefferson’s Works, IX, 309-11.
[1103] McRee, Iredell, II, 459.
[1104] Jefferson’s Works (to Giles), IX, 314-18.
[1105] Adams, Gallatin, 152.
[1106] Gibbs (to Goodrich), I, 303.
[1107] The second phase of his remarkable career is treated in the author’s Party
Battles of the Jackson Period.
[1110] Ibid., 81.
[1111] Ibid., 103-04.
[1112] Ibid., 111.
[1113] Ibid., 113.
[1114] Adams, Gallatin, 88; Writings, I, 3-4.
[1115] Annals, April 27, 1796.
[1116] Jefferson’s Works, IX, 328-29; to Monroe.
[1117] Judge Jonathan Elmer, Cumberland, New Jersey, Gazette of the United
States, March 12, 1796.
[1118] Gazette of the United States, March 26, 1796.
[1119] Melville, Cobbett, I, 101-02.
[1120] Annals, March 11, 1796.
[1121] Familiar Letters, 108; Twining, Travels, 51-52.
[1122] Aurora, March 28, 1796.
[1123] Hamilton’s Works (to Wolcott), X, 145.
[1124] Ibid., 145-46.
[1125] Ibid., 151.
[1126] Ibid., 152.
[1127] Ibid., 152-54.
[1128] Annals, March 30, 1796.
[1129] Annals, April 6, 1796. The vote was 57 to 36.
[1131] Madison’s Writings, II, 89-91.
[1132] Hamilton’s Works, X, 157.
[1134] Ibid., 161.
[1135] Ibid., 161-62.
[1137] Ibid., 98.
[1138] Morison, Otis, I, 56-57.
[1139] April 21, 1796.
[1140] Gibbs, I, 327.
[1141] Ibid., 325-26.
[1142] Ibid. (Wolcott to his father), I, 331.
[1143] Thomas, Reminiscences, 53.
[1144] Kirkland, Life of Ames; Thomas, Reminiscences; Familiar Letters, 24-25.
[1145] Ames (to Dwight), I, 173-75.
[1146] Ames (to Dwight), I, 175-76.
[1147] Ibid., 177.
[1148] Ibid., 180-81.
[1149] Ibid., 183-84.
[1150] Ibid. (to Jeremiah Smith), 184-85.
[1151] Aurora, February 2, 1796.
[1152] Ibid., February 8, 1796.
[1153] Ames (to Dwight).
[1154] Ibid. (to Minor), I, 190-91.
[1155] Ames, I, 199-200, note.
[1156] Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), II, 100-01.
[1157] Ibid., 103-05.
[1159] Randall, II, 273.
[1161] Ibid., 339-43.
[1162] Ibid. (letter to Williams), 346-48.
[1163] Jefferson’s Works (Mazzei letter), IX, 335-37.
[1164] Beveridge, Marshall, II, 156.
[1166] Henry, Henry, II, 515.
[1167] Beveridge, II, 157.
[1168] King’s Works, II, 48; Beveridge, II, 158.
[1169] Hamilton’s Works, X, 163; King’s Works, II, 47.
[1170] King’s Works (to Hamilton), II, 46.
[1171] Gazette of the United States, November 3, 1796.
[1172] Aurora, September 1, 1796.
[1173] Gibbs, I, 332; (Wolcott to his father), I, 350-52.
[1174] Ibid. (Wolcott to his wife), I, 209.
[1175] Hamilton’s Works (to Washington), X, 198-200; 200-01.
[1176] Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), II, 103-05.
[1177] Steiner, McHenry, 203.
[1179] Ibid., December 27, 1796.
[1180] Gibbs, II, 386-88.
[1181] Ibid., I, 408-09.
[1182] Ibid., I, 400-03.
[1183] Gibbs, I, 411-13.
[1184] Ames (to Dwight), I, 208.
[1188] Ibid., 355-57.
[1189] Ibid., 355-57.
[1190] Ibid., 367-69.
[1191] Aurora, March 6, 1797.
[1192] Gibbs, II, 213.
[1193] Twining, 38.
[1194] Maclay, 30.
[1195] Twining, 37.
[1196] Twining, 37.
[1197] Familiar Letters, 116.
[1198] Maclay, 44.
[1199] Diary, II, 25.
[1200] Twining, 37.
[1201] Maclay, 14.
[1202] Ibid., 30.
[1203] Ibid., 206.
[1204] Ibid., 145, 206.
[1205] Diary, II, 57.
[1206] Ibid., 25.
[1207] Gibbs, I, 455-57; Wolcott, Sr.
[1208] Hamilton’s Works, VII, 734.
[1209] Morse, 242.
[1210] Maclay, 86.
[1211] Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), VI, 63-67.
[1213] Liancourt, II, 124.
[1214] Madison’s Writings (to Jefferson), II, 111.
[1215] Gibbs, I, 468.
[1216] Ibid., II, 215.
[1217] Ibid. (McHenry to Wolcott), 395.
[1218] Steiner, 477.
[1219] Diary, III, 392.
[1220] Ibid., III, 393.
[1221] Adams, Works (to James Lovell), VIII, 493-94.
[1222] Autobiography, II, 438.
[1223] Adams, Works, IV, 420.
[1224] Ibid., VI, 462.
[1225] Morse, 247.
[1226] Maclay, May 28, 1789.
[1227] Written by Samuel Adams.
[1229] Ibid., 508.
[1230] Adams, Adams, I, 404.
[1231] Adams, Works, VI, 484.
[1233] Ibid., 214.
[1234] Ibid., 215.
[1235] Ibid., 232, 311.
[1236] Jefferson’s tribute.
[1237] Morse, 59.
[1238] Ibid., 60.
[1239] Ibid., 61.
[1240] Hamilton’s Works (to John Steele), V, 25.
[1241] Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), VI, 63-71.
[1242] Hamilton’s Works, VII, 314.
[1243] Gibbs, I, 475-77.
[1244] Steiner, 569.
[1245] Autobiography, II, 230-32.
[1246] Adams, Adams, I, 446.
[1247] Diary, II, 62.
[1248] Vol. II, 145.
[1249] Morse, 79.
[1250] Diary, II, 179.
[1251] Ibid., 381.
[1252] Lodge, Studies in History, 201.
[1253] Pickering, IV, 386, 391.
[1254] Pickering, II, 156.
[1255] Ibid., III, 170.
[1256] Ibid., III, 171.
[1257] Louis Philippe; Pickering, III, 284-85.
[1258] Pickering, I, 215.
[1259] Ibid., 351.
[1260] Studies in History, 219.
[1261] Pickering, I, 5.
[1262] Ibid., I, 23-30.
[1263] Pickering, II, 381-90.
[1264] Ibid., I, 14.
[1265] Ibid., II, 66.
[1266] Lodge, Studies in History, 221.
[1267] Pickering, II, 71.
[1268] Ibid., II, 74.
[1269] Ibid., 78.
[1270] Ibid., 80.
[1271] Ibid., 81-85.
[1272] Pickering, I, 483-84.
[1273] Ibid., 487.
[1274] Ibid., II, 442 and 445.
[1275] Ibid., 451.
[1276] Ibid., 452.
[1277] Ibid., 488.
[1278] Gibbs, I, 18.
[1279] Ibid., 21.
[1280] Ibid., 20; Wadsworth to Wolcott.
[1281] Noah Webster’s impression, Gibbs, II, 11.
[1282] Gibbs, I, 65.
[1283] Gibbs I, 449.
[1284] Steiner, 2.
[1285] Steiner, 97.
[1286] Ibid., 100.
[1287] Ibid., 99.
[1288] Ibid., 107.
[1289] Ibid., 124.
[1290] Ibid., 129, 132.
[1291] Ibid., 140-41.
[1292] Ibid., 156.
[1293] Ibid., 51.
[1294] Steiner, 123.
[1295] Ibid., 145.
[1297] Steiner, 30.
[1298] Life of Hamilton, by his son, II, 241.
[1299] Steiner, 159; letter to Hamilton.
[1300] Roosevelt, Morris, 127.
[1301] Morris, Diary, I, 14.
[1302] Diary, I, 35.
[1303] Ibid., 133.
[1304] Ibid., 181.
[1305] La Belle Pamela, 217, note.
[1306] Diary, I, 75.
[1307] Ibid., 572.
[1308] Ibid., 556.
[1309] Roosevelt, Morris, 221-23.
[1310] Ames (to Gore), I, 134.
[1311] Familiar Letters, 356-57.
[1312] Madison’s Writings, II, 91-92.
[1313] Gibbs, I, 359.
[1314] Ibid.
[1315] Ibid., 366-68.
[1317] Ibid., 241.
[1318] Ibid., 243-46.
[1319] Ibid., 246-47.
[1320] Gibbs, I, 484-85.
[1321] Ibid., 486-87.
[1322] Ibid., 489-90; Hamilton’s Works, X, 251-52.
[1324] Gibbs, I, 537.
[1326] Ibid., 130-31.
[1327] Ibid., 137.
[1329] Steiner, 208-09.
[1330] Ibid., 213.
[1331] Adams, Works, VIII, 532-34; 535-36.
[1332] Gibbs, I, 463.
[1333] Lodge, Cabot, from Adams’s letters in the Boston Patriot.
[1334] Gibbs, I, 483.
[1335] Thomas, Reminiscences. The Aurora, March 21, 1797, printed his
application for membership.
[1336] The Aurora, June 17, 1797, asked whether he was ‘spy or parasite’ while
dining with the French Consul.
[1337] Familiar Letters, 107.
[1338] Annals, May 22, 1797.
[1339] Ibid.
[1340] Ibid., May 23, 1797.
[1341] Annals, May 24, 1797.
[1342] Ibid., May 25, 1797.
[1343] Steiner, 301; Murray to McHenry boasting that Harper’s pamphlet had gone
through several editions in England.
[1344] June 1, 1797.
[1345] Aurora, May 31, 1797.
[1346] Gazette of the United States, May 30, 1797.
[1347] Adams, Gallatin (to Nicholson), 183-84.
[1348] Annals, May 30, 1797.
[1349] Porcupine’s Gazette, June 3, 1797.
[1350] Annals, June 3, 1797.
[1354] Ibid., May 30, 1797.
[1356] Porcupine’s Gazette, July 17, 1797.
[1357] Porcupine’s Gazette, December 14, 1797, January 13, 1798. It was this
Luther Martin who assailed Jefferson so bitterly in connection with his defense of
Aaron Burr in the trial for treason.
[1358] Ibid., January 29, 1798.
[1359] Gazette of the United States, March 6, 1798.
[1360] Ibid., April 18, 1798.
[1362] Ibid., October 23, 1797.
[1364] Domestic Life, 245.
[1365] Ibid., 249.
[1366] Porcupine’s Gazette, December 4, 1797.
[1367] Ibid., June 14, 1797.
[1368] Ibid., July 11, 1797.
[1369] Porcupine’s Gazette, November 8, 1797.
[1370] Ibid., November 10, 1797.
[1371] Ibid., August 8, 1797.
[1372] Ibid., July 5, 1797.
[1373] Ibid., August 8, 1797.
[1374] Gazette of the United States, April 5, 1797.
[1375] Aurora, July 19, 1797.
[1376] Aurora, October 10, 1797.
[1377] Pinckney, Life of Pinckney, 179.
[1378] Porcupine’s Gazette, March 10, 1798, has a letter quoting some of the filthy
lines.
[1379] Adams, Gallatin, 185-86.
[1380] Ibid., 184-85.
[1381] Melville, I, 108.
[1382] Porcupine’s Gazette, August 4, 1797.
[1383] Aurora, April 14, July 11 and 13, 1797.
[1385] Ibid., May 1, 1797.
[1387] Adams, Gallatin (to his wife), 186-87.
[1388] Adams, Gallatin, 187; description of banquet, Aurora, July 17, 1797.
[1390] Jefferson’s Works (to Mercer), IX, 421; (to Madison), IX, 405-07.
[1391] Gibbs, II, 12.
[1394] Jefferson’s Works, X, 19-22.
[1395] Adams, Gallatin (to Mrs. Gallatin), 191.
[1396] Porcupine’s Gazette, February 16, 1798.
[1397] Ibid., February 9, 1798.
[1398] Ibid., February 15, 1798.
[1399] Ibid., February 14, 1798.
[1400] Henry Adams says: ‘Lyon, though a very rough specimen of democracy,
was by no means a contemptible man, and, politics aside, showed energy and
character in his subsequent career.’ (Adams, Gallatin, 192.)
[1401] Steiner, 291, 295.
[1402] Adams, Works, I, 515-17.
[1403] Coit, Annals, February 28, 1798.
[1404] Annals, March 2, 1798.
[1405] Ibid., March 13, 1798.
[1407] April 14, 1798.
[1409] Annals, March 27, 1798.
[1411] Independent Chronicle, March 26, 1798.
[1412] New York Time Piece, April 13, 1798.
[1414] Ibid., X, 24-26.
[1416] Ibid. (to Jefferson), II, 138.
[1417] Centinel, May 30, 1798.
[1418] Independent Chronicle, November 22, 1798.
[1419] Porcupine’s Gazette, May 7, 1798.
[1420] Ibid., May 7, 1798.
[1422] Bache in a statement ascribed the incident to the intoxicated condition of
the youths. Time Piece, May 14, 1798.
[1424] Independent Chronicle, May 10, 1798.
[1425] Gazette of the United States, May 10; Porcupine’s Gazette, May 10, 1798.
[1426] Aurora, April 27, 1798.
[1428] New York Commercial Advertiser, October 19, 1798.
[1429] Ames, I, 232-35.
[1430] Gibbs (to Wolcott), II, 49.
[1431] Ibid., II, 117-20.
[1434] Beveridge, II, 346-47.
[1437] New York Commercial Advertiser, October 31, November 5, 1798.
[1438] ‘Titus Manlius,’ Hamilton’s Works, V, 259-301.
[1440] Porcupine’s Gazette, May 23, 1798.
[1441] Ibid., May 24, 1798.
[1442] Ibid., May 26, 1798.
[1444] Ibid., June 8, 1798.
[1445] Ibid., June 12, 1798.
[1446] Lodge, Cabot (to Wolcott), 153-54.
[1447] Independent Chronicle, April 9, 1798.
[1448] Gibbs, II, 46.
[1450] Ibid., December 6, 1798.
[1451] Centinel, September 29, 1798.
[1452] Centinel, December 15, 1798.
[1453] Porcupine’s Gazette, April 11, 1798.
[1454] Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), X, 33-36.
[1455] Ibid., X, 47-49.
[1456] Ibid. (to Samuel Smith), X, 55.
[1458] Gazette of the United States, August 9, 1798.
[1460] Time Piece, May 25, 1798.
[1461] Ibid., May 28, 1798.
[1462] Ibid., June 11, 1798.
[1464] Time Piece, May 18, 1798.
[1465] May 24, 1798.
[1466] October 15, 1798.
[1467] Jefferson’s Works (to Lewis), X, 36-37.
[1468] Ibid.
[1469] Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), X, 22-24; (to John Taylor), X, 63-67.
[1470] Ibid. (to S. Smith), X, 53-59.
[1471] King’s Works (Troup to King), II, 431-32.
[1472] August 20, 1798.
[1473] New York Commercial Advertiser, November 20, 1798.
[1474] Centinel, July 18, 1798.
[1475] Ibid., July 14, 1798.
[1477] Ibid., 15-16.
[1478] Ibid., 53-54.
[1479] Porcupine’s Gazette, July 21, 1798, makes a sneering comment.
[1481] Time Piece, July 30, 1798.
[1482] Time Piece, June 13, July 2, 11, 13, 1798; Aurora, November 7, 1798.
[1483] Porcupine’s Gazette, December 22, 1798.
[1484] Ibid., May 8, 1798.
[1486] Randall, Jefferson, 400, note.
[1487] Volume II, 75, 77.
[1488] Time Piece, June 1, 1798.
[1489] Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), X, 33-36; 40-43.
[1491] Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), X, 40.
[1494] Porcupine’s Gazette, April 30, 1798.
[1495] Ibid., May 1, 1798.
[1497] A reference to Hopkinson’s song.
[1498] Annals, June 21, 1798.
[1499] Annals, July 10, 1798.
[1500] July 28, 1798.
[1501] July 19, 1798.
[1504] Davis, 46-48.
[1506] Gazette of the United States, September 1, 1798.
[1507] Gibbs, II, 55.
[1508] Gazette of the United States, September 6, 1798.
[1509] Ames (to Dwight), I, 240.
[1510] September 17, 1798.
[1511] Henry, Henry, II, 612.
[1512] Ames (to Gore), I, 246.
[1513] Commercial Advertiser, October 17, 1798.
[1515] Lodge, Cabot, 179-81.
[1517] Ibid. (to Pickering), 179.
[1518] Ibid., 172.
[1521] In Porcupine’s Gazette, February 2, 1799, Strubling attempts to explain his
failure to fight when resistance was offered.
[1522] Aurora, May 20, 1799.
[1524] April 29, 1800.
[1525] Judge Alexander Addison, Gazette of the United States, February 15, 1799;
Judge Iredell, April 9, 1799.
[1527] New York Commercial Advertiser, December 29, 1798.
[1528] Gazette of the United States, January 2, 1799.
[1529] Commercial Advertiser, December 28, 1799.
[1530] McLaughlin, Lyon; Wharton, State Trials, 333-44.
[1531] Centinel, February 27, 1799.
[1532] Aurora, June 20, 1799.
[1533] This connection was real.
[1534] Ames, I, 247.
[1535] Independent Chronicle, June 17, 1799; Gazette of the United States, June
17, 1799; ‘Enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Laws,’ by Anderson, American
Historical Association Report, 1912.
[1536] Independent Chronicle, February 18, 1799.
[1537] Ibid., October 25, 1798.
[1538] Ibid., October 29, 1798.
[1539] Ibid., November 5, 1798.
[1541] Ibid., April 11, 1799.
[1542] March 28, 1799, from ‘A Friend.’
[1543] Ibid., March 7, 1799.
[1544] Independent Chronicle, March 28, 1799.
[1545] Ibid., April 25, 1799.
[1546] Ibid.
[1547] Hudson, Journalism, 211-13.
[1548] Wharton, State Trials, 345-91; Hudson, Journalism, 213-14.
[1549] Aurora, October 22, 1799.
[1550] It was true, of course.
[1551] Wharton, State Trials, 658-81.
[1552] Aurora, April 25, 1800.
[1553] Adams’s answer in the case of Lyon.
[1554] Aurora, May 17, 1800.
[1555] Scharf, I, 505.
[1556] Robbins was turned over to the British, who claimed him as a national, and
was executed for murder on the seas. Even Gallatin thought this an outrage until
Marshall made his memorable speech in Congress in defense of the President’s
action.
[1557] Wharton, State Trials.
[1558] Hammond, I, 123-24.
[1559] Ibid., 131-32; Alexander, 89.
[1560] Carey’s Diary; Aurora, January 17, 1800.
[1561] Commercial Advertiser, April 23, 1800.
[1562] Aurora, April 9, 1800.
[1564] Ibid., November 1, 1798.
[1565] Ibid., November 26, 1798.
[1566] ‘Enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Laws,’ by Anderson, American
Historical Association Report, 1912.
[1567] Steiner, 436.
[1568] Thomas, Reminiscences.
[1569] The Nation, July 18, 1912; Moreau’s Journal.
[1570] Gazette of the United States, July 10, 1799.
[1572] Independent Chronicle, September 27, 1798.
[1573] Ibid.
[1574] Ibid.
[1576] Ibid. (to Senator Mason), X, 61-62.
[1577] Warfield, The Kentucky Resolutions, 133-65.
[1578] Ibid., 55.
[1579] Ibid., 70.
[1580] Frank M. Anderson, ‘Contemporary Opinion of the Kentucky and Virginia
Resolutions,’ American Historical Review, October, 1899; January, 1900.
[1581] Professor Anderson calls attention to the fact that in Maryland the
endorsement of the Alien and Sedition Laws was made more prominent than the
condemnation of the proposed remedy.
[1583] Centinel, February 27, 1799.
[1584] Professor Anderson comments on this unfairness.
[1585] Anderson, op. cit.
[1586] Professor Anderson says: ‘The imprisonment of Adams indicates that the
Federalists were ready on the slightest provocation to treat opposition to the policy of
the Administration, whether federal or state, as crime. That case certainly does much
to explain why Jefferson and other Republican leaders could fear that Republican
institutions were about to be overthrown.’ American Historical Review, January,
1900, p. 229.
[1587] Anderson, op. cit.
[1588] Intimate Life, 323-24.
[1591] Ibid., 297-98.
[1592] Ibid., 310.
[1593] Ibid., 311.
[1594] Hamilton’s Works (to McHenry), X, 307.
[1595] Gibbs, II, 93-99.
[1596] Ibid.
[1597] Lodge, Cabot, 165-67.
[1598] Lodge, Cabot, 170-71.
[1600] Gibbs, II, 99.
[1601] Ibid., 100.
[1603] Steiner, 354. Here, however, he qualifies.
[1605] Parton, Burr, I, 235-36.
[1606] Gibbs (Pickering to Wolcott), II, 71.
[1607] Ibid. (from Goodrich), 105.
[1608] Steiner (McHenry to Tracy), 328.
[1609] Ibid. (from James Ash), 333.
[1610] Ibid., 368.
[1611] Adams, Works, X, 120-23.
[1612] July 12, 1798.
[1613] September 17, 1798.
[1614] July 30, 1798.
[1615] King’s Works (from Troup), III, 35.
[1617] Jefferson’s Works (to Pendleton), X, 104-10.
[1618] Gibbs (Higginson to Wolcott), II, 177.
[1619] Adams, Works, X, 126-31.
[1620] Ibid.
[1621] January 28, 1799.
[1622] McMaster (II, 435) makes the statement that ‘Republicans were fully
determined that the direct tax should not be gathered.’ There is abundant evidence,
including the letter from Jefferson, previously quoted, that the Republicans thought
an insurrection against the collection the worse possible thing for the party.
[1623] March 22, 1799. This refers to Hamilton’s efforts to involve Gallatin in the
Whiskey Rebellion.
[1624] Aurora, April 14 and April 27, 1799; McMaster, II, 438-39.
[1625] Ibid., May 16, 1799; Hudson, 214; McMaster, II, 439.

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ANS: A REF: 188 OBJ: 1

ANS: D REF: 188 OBJ: 1

3. The female prison population is increasing because:

ANS: B REF: 190 OBJ: 1

ANS: A REF: 191 OBJ: 1

5. Which of the following is not a characteristic of women in prison?

ANS: A REF: 192 OBJ: 1

ANS: D REF: 192 OBJ: 2

ANS: B REF: 192 OBJ: 2

ANS: C REF: 192 OBJ: 2

ANS: B REF: 193 OBJ: 2

ANS: B REF: 192 OBJ: 2

ANS: A REF: 192 OBJ: 2

ANS: D REF: 193 OBJ: 3

ANS: C REF: 194 OBJ: 3

ANS: A REF: 194 OBJ: 3

ANS: C REF: 194 OBJ: 3

ANS: A REF: 194 OBJ: 3

ANS: C REF: 196 OBJ: 4

ANS: B REF: 196 OBJ: 4

19. Pressing issues in women’s prisons include:

ANS: D REF: 196-8 OBJ: 4, 5

20. Compared to male prisoners, female prisoners have:

ANS: B REF: 198 OBJ: 5

21. Concerns with healthcare in prisons include:

ANS: D REF: 198-199 OBJ: 5

ANS: B REF: 199 OBJ: 5

23. Professionalism in a women’s prison is defined as:

ANS: D REF: 202 OBJ: 6

ANS: D REF: 190 OBJ: 1

ANS: A REF: 190 OBJ: 1

26. The use of sentencing guidelines has

ANS: C REF: 190 OBJ: 1

27. Compared to men’s prisons, women’s prisons are typically:

ANS: A REF: 195 OBJ: 3

28. Before 1960, independent women’s prisons were relatively:

ANS: B REF: 188 OBJ: 1

ANS: D REF: 190 OBJ: 1

30. While males may benefit from sentencing reforms, females:

ANS: B REF: 190 OBJ: 1

31. Gender neutral sentences have:

ANS: A REF: 190 OBJ: 1

32. As juveniles, many incarcerated women experienced:

ANS: D REF: 191 OBJ: 1

ANS: C REF: 191 OBJ: 1

ANS: A REF: 191 OBJ: 1

ANS: C REF: 194 OBJ: 3

ANS: C REF: 193 OBJ: 3

ANS: C REF: 191 OBJ: 1

ANS: B REF: 191 OBJ: 1

ANS: C REF: 194 OBJ: 3

ANS: C REF: 196 OBJ: 4

ANS: D REF: 192 OBJ: 1

ANS: A REF: 192 OBJ: 2

ANS: A REF: 193 OBJ: 3

ANS: B REF: 194 OBJ: 3

ANS: B REF: 200 OBJ: 5

ANS: T REF: 190 OBJ: 1

2. Incarcerated women typically come from stable family lives.

ANS: F REF: 191 OBJ: 1

ANS: T REF: 194 OBJ: 3

ANS: T REF: 196 OBJ: 4