Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TRUE/FALSE
1. Worldwide, one in ten women has been abused, beaten, or coerced into sex.
2. According to a recent United Nations (2002) report, over 60 million young girls, predominantly in
Asia, are listed as “missing” and are likely the victims of infanticide or neglect.
3. Conflict theorists believe that the traditional division of labour between men and women is rooted in
biological differences between the two sexes.
4. In general, women are socialized into instrumental roles and males are more often socialized into
expressive roles.
5. In the world’s least developed countries, only 70 percent as many women as men are literate.
7. In Canada, the proportion of women earners with a university degree now exceeds that of men.
11. The more important a political office, the less likely a woman will hold it.
13. According to Purcell and Stewart (1990), boys are much less free to explore gender differences than
females.
14. According to a study by Sapiro (1994), women are much more likely to use disclaimers and
self-qualifying tags in their conversations.
15. Gender tourism is a term that refers to individuals who choose alternative lifestyles.
16. Women’s higher rate of depression is likely rooted in traditional gender roles.
19. Men in traditional versus dual-income relationships are more likely to report being satisfied with
household task arrangements.
20. Men are more likely than women to be a victim of a violent crime.
21. Although men are more likely to be victims of violent crime, women are more likely to be victims of
sexual assault and of domestic violence that results in physical harm.
22. Most of the “second wave” feminists were white, middle-class women.
25. Males who are victims of sexual harassment are not covered by current Canadian legislation.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
2. Which of the following terms refers to the belief that there are innate psychological, behavioural,
and/or intellectual differences between women and men, and that these differences connote the
superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other?
a. feminism
b. sexism
c. sex segregation
d. gender stratification
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 218 MSC: Remember
4. What kind of discrimination would a disabled woman who was denied employment be experiencing?
a. reverse
b. expressive
c. double jeopardy
d. human capital
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 218 MSC: Higher Order
7. What did a 2005 United Nations report find concerning how societies treat women and men?
a. Most societies treat women as well as men.
b. About half of societies treat women as well as men.
c. Women are treated more poorly in developing nations.
d. No society treats women as well as men.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 219 MSC: Remember
9. According to the textbook, how might a woman be treated poorly in a country like Canada?
a. she might be subjected to FGM
b. she might be illiterate
c. she might not be allowed to vote
d. she might have lower earning power
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 220 MSC: Higher Order
10. According to one perspective, preindustrial society required a division of labour based on gender
because women, out of biological necessity, remained in the home bearing, nursing, and caring for
children. Which perspective sees things this way?
a. conflict
b. structural-functionalist
c. symbolic interactionist
d. labelling
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 220 MSC: Remember
11. According to the structural-functionalist perspective, what type of family power arrangement is more
commonly found in industrialized nations?
a. religion-based
b. maternal
c. paternal
d. egalitarian
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 221 MSC: Remember
12. Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that in order for gender inequalities to exist, women
must be made to look and feel intellectually inferior?
a. structural-functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interactionist
d. queer theory
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 221 MSC: Remember
13. Which perspective says that male dominance and female subordination are shaped by the relationship
men and women have to the production process?
a. symbolic interactionist
b. structural-functionalist
c. conflict
d. labelling
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 221 MSC: Remember
14. Staying home and caring for children is an example of which type of role?
a. expressive
b. instrumental
c. subjective
d. structural
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 222 MSC: Higher Order
15. Which perspective emphasizes that through the socialization process females and males are taught the
meanings associated with being feminine and masculine?
a. symbolic interactionist
b. structural-functionalist
c. conflict
d. feminist
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 222 MSC: Remember
16. Which type of sexism refers to the ways in which the organization of society, and specifically its
institutions, subordinates individuals and groups based on their sex classification?
a. reverse
b. cultural
c. manifest
d. structural
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 223 MSC: Remember
18. Queer theorists would argue that gender is which of the following?
a. a social construct
b. only applicable to heterosexuals
c. denied to gays and lesbians
d. developed through the socialization process
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 223 MSC: Higher Order
19. According to Olson, women tend to earn fewer doctoral degrees for which of the following reasons?
a. they are discouraged from doing so by their parents
b. they experience financial limitations
c. they elect to choose marriage and motherhood over career paths
d. they have access to fewer opportunities
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 226 MSC: Remember
20. According to 2006 Statistics Canada information, which of the following describes the female-to-male
earnings ratio?
a. it is almost even
b. it favours women these days
c. it has been eliminated due to pay equity legislation in the various provinces
d. it varies according to age
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 227 MSC: Higher Order
21. Since 1980, what has happened to the number of women with university degrees?
a. it has declined substantially
b. it has almost doubled
c. it has increased tenfold
d. it has almost tripled
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 227 MSC: Remember
22. Which of the following describes the wage gap between men and women in Canada?
a. it is existent for non-medical occupations
b. it is found only in low-paying clerical occupations
c. it is found only in part-time jobs
d. it exists in all occupational categories
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 228 MSC: Remember
23. In Canada, which of the following occupations has four times as many women as men?
a. elementary school teaching positions
b. postsecondary school teaching positions
c. full professorships
d. retail trade managers
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 229 MSC: Higher Order
24. Which of the following hypotheses argues that women are paid less because the work they perform is
socially defined as less valuable than the work performed by men?
a. structural sexism
b. human capital
c. devaluation
d. double jeopardy
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 229 MSC: Remember
25. According to Guy and Newman, which type of labour that women typically engage in is devalued?
a. emotional
b. practical
c. ethical
d. manual
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 229-230 MSC: Remember
26. Which hypothesis sees differences between the earnings of women and men as the result of differences
between women’s and men’s levels of education, skills, training, and work experience?
a. structural sexism
b. human capital
c. devaluation
d. double jeopardy
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 230 MSC: Remember
29. Which of the following describes the meaning of the term “glass ceiling”?
a. the idea that anyone can achieve success if they work hard enough
b. a metaphor that means women are basically unable to advance into higher paying jobs
because of some unforeseen circumstance
c. a type of consumerism characterized by an insatiable yearning for more material goods
d. a buildup of air pollution that prevents adequate sunlight from reaching a particular region
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 231 MSC: Higher Order
30. In which province(s) were women over the age of 21 first granted the right to vote in provincial
elections?
a. Quebec and Prince Edward Island
b. British Columbia and Ontario
c. Nova Scotia and Newfoundland
d. Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 233 MSC: Higher Order
31. In which year were women granted the right to vote in federal elections in Canada?
a. 1908
b. 1918
c. 1928
d. 1938
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 233 MSC: Remember
33. Generally speaking, which of the following applies to Canadian women and political participation?
a. Men and women now have an equal number of participants.
b. The more important the office, the less likely women are to be elected.
c. Men hold approximately 95 percent of all political offices in Canada.
d. Women have made massive strides in the western provinces.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 233 MSC: Remember
34. Recently, legislation aimed at getting rid of some of the structural sexism in Canada has focused on
which of the following?
a. formal equality
b. substantive equality
c. cultural equality
d. residual equality
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 234 MSC: Higher Order
35. What kind of sexism refers to the ways in which the belief system of a society—its norms, values,
beliefs, and symbols—perpetuates the subordination of an individual or group because of the sex
classification of that individual or group?
a. expressive
b. cultural
c. institutional
d. structural
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 235 MSC: Remember
38. Which of the following statements reflects the “relative resources approach”?
a. Relatives (extended family members) are now helping with domestic responsibilities.
b. Household work has nothing to do with household income.
c. Two incomes are an economic necessity.
d. The spouse with the least power is relegated to the most unrewarding tasks.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 237 MSC: Remember
39. Which explanation for the continued traditional division of household labour argues that the division
of labour is a consequence of traditional socialization?
a. the time-availability approach
b. the relative resources approach
c. gender role ideology
d. the sex ratio
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 237 MSC: Remember
40. Which of the following do the “time-availability approach,” the “relative resources approach,” and
“gender role ideology” attempt to explain?
a. what men and women study at university/college
b. the division of household labour
c. the glass ceiling
d. women’s overrepresentation in “pink-collar” jobs
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 237 MSC: Remember
41. According to a study done by Witt (1996), how are females likely to be depicted in textbooks?
a. aggressive
b. in need of help
c. responsible
d. intelligent
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 238 MSC: Higher Order
42. What did Purcell and Stewart (1990) find that storybooks used in schools tended to depict?
a. males as adventurous, clever, brave, and income producing
b. females as aggressive and dominating
c. males as passive up to when they reach puberty
d. both sexes as highly open to adult influence
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 238- 239 MSC: Remember
43. According to the Sadker and Sadker study (1990), which of the following best describes
teacher/student interactions?
a. teachers devote the same amount of time to both sexes
b. teachers pay more attention to male students
c. teachers pay more attention to female students
d. younger teachers pay more attention to their students
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 239 MSC: Remember
44. The textbook discusses an experiment conducted at the University of Waterloo that showed male and
female university students, all of whom were good at math, some advertisements that were either
gender-stereotyped or gender-neutral. According to this study, what happened when female students
who had seen the female-stereotyped advertisements subsequently took a math test?
a. They performed better than their male counterparts.
b. They performed better than the women who had seen the gender-neutral advertisement.
c. They did not perform as well as their male counterparts.
d. Their performance was not affected at all by the advertisements.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 239 MSC: Remember
45. In Signorielli’s (1998) analysis of gender images in six media (television, movies, magazines, music
videos, TV commercials, and print), which of the following did she find?
a. In general, media content stressed the importance of appearance and relationships for girls
and women.
b. Across the six media, men were more likely than women to be portrayed as thin or very
thin.
c. In general, media content stresses the importance of careers and work for girls/women.
d. Sexism was on the increase in ads featuring men.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 239 MSC: Remember
46. According to Sapiro (1994), what do male-female differences in communication style reflect?
a. inborn or biological differences between the sexes
b. gender preferences
c. the power structure and authority relations
d. legal/political issues
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 240 MSC: Remember
47. What is a father mopping floors and changing diapers an example of?
a. compliance
b. gender tourism
c. gender swapping
d. mitigating circumstances
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 240 MSC: Higher Order
48. Which of the following are women serving in the military and playing pro basketball, and men dieting
and undergoing cosmetic surgery, all examples of?
a. transsexualism
b. transvestism
c. homoeroticism
d. gender tourism
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 240 MSC: Remember
49. In Canada in 1997, when compared to children in two-parent families, which of the following applied
to children in female-headed, lone-parent families?
a. They were slightly less likely to be in a low-income situation.
b. They were twice as likely to be in a low-income situation.
c. They were almost five times as likely to be in a low-income situation.
d. They were about half as likely to be in a low-income situation.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 240 MSC: Remember
50. Which of the following best describes why men have higher rates of mortality than women?
a. they have more responsibilities than women
b. they worry more about financial matters
c. they tend not to use cardiovascular equipment at the gym
d. they engage in riskier behaviours
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 241 MSC: Higher Order
51. Which of the following would best illustrate how men suffer from gender role socialization?
a. men are now expected to have perfect bodies like women have been for years
b. men are now expected to be more emotional
c. men are expected to be very successful in their careers
d. men are expected to assume roles that were traditionally female in nature
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 241 MSC: Higher Order
52. According to a study done by Pollock (2000), which of the following is likely to be a victim of violent
crime?
a. disabled women
b. immigrants
c. women in general
d. men in general
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 241 MSC: Remember
54. Which of the following is an example of a major criticism directed at “second wave” feminism?
a. they were too radical for many women
b. they focused too much on custody rights
c. they ignored the typical housewife
d. they ignored minority groups
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 245 MSC: Higher Order
57. Which of the following exemplifies “quid pro quo” sexual harassment?
a. Michelle’s boss tells her he could arrange for her to get a raise if she would be willing to
do some “after hours” work in a nearby hotel room.
b. Michelle’s boss frequently asks her if she is wearing anything underneath her skirt.
c. Michelle’s boss asks her to work overtime.
d. Michelle’s boss makes her travel to different cities.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 246 MSC: Higher Order
SHORT ANSWER
ANS:
Student responses will vary
ANS:
Student responses will vary.
3. What are the three hypotheses frequently used by sociologists to explain why the income gender gap
continues to exist?
ANS:
Student responses will vary.
ANS:
Student responses will vary.
ANS:
Student responses will vary.
ESSAY
1. Occupational sex segregation has decreased in some occupations in recent years. However, there are
more women entering traditionally male occupations than there are men entering female-dominated
occupations. Why do you think this is so?
ANS:
Student responses will vary.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 230-233
2. How has your gender influenced your experience in school, your academic performance and interests,
your extracurricular activities, and your career aspirations? How do you think these aspects of your life
would have been different if you were born the other sex?
ANS:
Student responses will vary.
3. Three explanations for the continued traditional division of labour in families are: a) the
“time-availability approach,” b) the “relative resources approach,” and c) the “gender role ideology
approach.” Which explanation do you feel best explains why women continue to bear primary
responsibility for housework and childcare?
ANS:
Student responses will vary.
4. The media are thought to be major contributors to what is called “cultural sexism.” How are women
depicted in the media and how might these depictions influence the perceptions that women have of
themselves?
ANS:
Student responses will vary.
ANS:
Student responses will vary.