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Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

Section VII:
Parole and Prisoner Reentry
Multiple Choice (36)
1) Parole in the United States refers to the practice of: (a)
a. Releasing convicted criminals from prison prior to the completion of their full sentence
b. Releasing convicted criminals from prison after the completion of their full sentence
c. Allowing individuals to serve the totality of their sentence in the community
d. All of the above
2) Parole is different than probation insofar as it: (a)
a. Is an administrative function
b. Is a judicial function
c. Is dependent entirely on the good time an offender earns
d. Involves a formal legal trial to determine guilt or innocence
3) The philosophical foundation of parole has historical roots in the: (b)
a. Eastern State Penitentiary
b. Norfolk Island Penal Colony
c. Elmira Reformatory
d. Walnut Street Jail
4) Maconochie’s approach to prison administration relied on all of the following principles except:
(d)
a. Cruel and vindictive punishment debases the criminal and the larger society
b. The purpose of punishment should be reformation of the convict
c. Criminal sentences should not be viewed in terms of time served, but rather as tasks to
be performed
d. Definite prison terms allow convicts to know the length of their sentence and are thus
the only just way to tailor a punishment such that it maintains the primacy of human
dignity
5) When was the first parole system instituted in the United States? (c)
a. 1830s
b. 1850s
c. 1870s
d. 1890s
6) Which of the following is not one of the stages of the Irish System? (a)
a. All inmates start off in the general population and acclimate to the conditions of prison.
b. Convicts can earn marks through labor and good behavior.
c. Movement into an open prerelease prison
d. A ticket of leave
7) In what year was the United States Board of Parole created? (c)

1
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

a. 1870
b. 1900
c. 1930
d. 1960
8) A ticket of leave is: (d)
a. Granted for individuals who have received enough credits while in prison
b. A system that allows convicts to labor in the community while serving their sentence
c. A system that allows convicts to live in the community while serving their sentence
d. All of the above
9) The mark system was based on: (b)
a. A convict’s ability to convince a magistrate of his/her innocence.
b. The speedy and efficient performance of tasks
c. A set of punishments convicts received for violating institutional rules
d. All of the above
10) In 2008, there were 828,169 state and federal parolees in the United States, ________ of whom
were male. (b)
a. 95%
b. 88%
c. 73%
d. 56%
11) Since the 1980s, discretionary parole releases have ____________________, while mandatory
parole releases have ______________________. (c)
a. Increased; Declined
b. Remained steady; Declined
c. Declined; Increased
d. Increased; Remained steady
12) What is a good con? (a)
a. Incarcerated individuals who adhere to the convict code and are accepted by other
inmates
b. Convicts who serve their time and do not resist the authority of correctional officers
c. An administrative classification that designates convicts that are deserving of good time
credit
d. Convicts who have been incarcerated for the majority of their adult life
13) Which offenders did Langan and Levin (2002) find had the highest rate of recidivism? (c)
a. Murderers
b. Sex offenders
c. Property offenders
d. None of the above
14) 1 in _____ parolees will leave with no parole supervision. (b)
a. 10
b. 5
c. 3

2
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

d. 2
15) Glaze and Palla (2005) indicate a success rate of 60% for probationers in 2004, the same figure
for successful completion of parole was only ______. (d)
a. 10%
b. 27%
c. 33%
d. 46%
16) The down side of unconditional release in parole is: (d)
a. Inmates have less incentive to enter rehabilitation programs
b. Inmates have less incentive to abide by prison rules
c. Inmates are released without supervision or reporting requirements
d. All of the above
17) Which of the following statements best captures the ideology behind the Control and Restore
phase believed to be necessary for successful prisoner reentry? (b)
a. Pre-release programming, such as that provided by the Control and Restore phase,
immediately precedes release from prison and focuses on preparing offenders through
institution-based programming
b. Community-based transition programs allow offenders to enact the skills they learned
while participating in institution-based programs in a real-world environment
c. No services are provided during this phase, as offenders need to learn how to cope with
the realities of life on the outside without the structure that they have come to expect
d. Although there is no monitoring of offenders, controlling and restoring offenders
requires them to follow self-imposed guidelines
18) Which of the following statements best captures the ideology behind the Sustain and Support
phase believed to be necessary for successful prisoner reentry? (c)
a. Sustaining and supporting returning ex-offenders requires continued monitoring by the
criminal justice system
b. Ex-offenders are responsible for the sustainability of a crime-free lifestyle, even when
this implies that they have to seek out their own aftercare
c. Long-term community-based support is necessary to connect ex-offenders who are no
longer under supervision to the services they need
d. Short-term community-based interventions are the most viable for ex-offenders
because many of them have already received a significant amount of programming
while incarcerated
19) According to Stohr, which of the phases of prisoner reentry may be the most difficult for
inmates? (c)
a. Phase I: Protect and Prepare
b. Phase II: Control and Restore
c. Phase III: Sustain and Support
d. Both b and c
20) Among prisoners, which racial/ethnic group is least likely to have completed high school or a
GED? (b)

3
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

a. White inmates
b. Hispanic inmates
c. Black inmates
d. Asian inmates
21) Economists find that incarceration has the most substantial impact on the ________________ of
formerly incarcerated persons. (c)
a. Wages
b. Wage growth
c. Employment opportunities
d. None of the above
22) The finding that the parole success rate for Utah is 19% whereas the rate for Massachusetts is
83% suggests that: (d)
a. Massachusetts has been far more successful at fostering successful parolees
b. Parolees in Utah are more resistant to rehabilitation programming than their
counterparts in other states
c. The two states have dramatically different reentry programs that can account for the
different parole success rates
d. The two states have drastically different standards that define parole success
23) Halfway houses are: (d)
a. Transitional places of residence for correctional clients
b. An intermediate sanction for individuals who require more supervision than traditional
probation
c. Used for the treatment of individuals who have multiple problems and risk factors
d. All of the above
e. Both a and b
24) House arrest is typically used as: (c)
a. The primary sanction for both violent and nonviolent offenders
b. An alternative to drug treatment
c. The initial phase of intensive probation or parole
d. Pretrial detention for the majority of offenders awaiting trial
25) According to Petersilia (2004), with the best methods currently available with adequate
budgeting we could reduce recidivism by ________.
a. 10%
b. 50%
c. 30%
d. 45%
26) Fixed determinate sentences allow for inmates to be released after the completion of their
sentence without supervision or reporting requirements. This is known as: (a)
a. Unconditional release
b. Discretionary parole
c. Mandatory parole
d. Parole board

4
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

27) A panel of people presumably qualified to make judgments about the suitability of a prisoner to
be released from prison after having served some specified time of his or her sentence is known
as (a)n: (d)
a. Unconditional release
b. Discretionary parole
c. Mandatory parole
d. Parole board
28) Parole granted to an offender after a board chooses to do so is known as: (b)
a. Unconditional release
b. Discretionary parole
c. Mandatory parole
d. Parole board
29) The process of reintegrating offenders back into their communities regardless of whether or not
they were integrated into it in a prosocial way before they entered prison is known as: (d)
a. Parole
b. Probation
c. Programming
d. Reentry
30) Automatic parole for almost all inmates in states that have a determinate system of sentencing
is known as: (c)
a. Unconditional release
b. Discretionary parole
c. Mandatory parole
d. Parole board
31) Estimates suggest that ______ of parolees are rearrested for a new offense within 2 years of
their release. (d)
a. 30%
b. 40%
c. 50%
d. 60%
32) Research suggests that ______ of individuals released from prison fail in entering the job market
within the first year. (d)
a. 30%
b. 40%
c. 50%
d. 60%
33) What was the dominate model used across the United States for most of the 20th century? (a)
a. Indeterminate
b. Determinate
c. “Get tough on crime”
d. Restitutive
34) How many states still have full discretionary parole inmates? (b)

5
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

a. 5
b. 15
c. 23
d. 27
35) What percentage of the 713,000 prisoners released in 2006 did not receive any post-release
supervision? (c)
a. 80%
b. 40%
c. 20%
d. All received supervision
36) In Garland et al.’s (2010) study, which obstacle showed an increase after 3 months? (d)
a. Employment
b. Money
c. Medical
d. None of the above

True/False (26)
1) True or False? Individuals released via mandatory parole systems are more successful than those
released via discretionary parole. (F)
2) True or False? Incarceration affects minority males more than other groups. (T)
3) True or False? The Irish system begins with a period of solitary confinement. (T)
4) True or False? Some of the individuals living in halfway houses have never been to prison. (T)
5) True or False? The majority of correctional clients currently under house arrest are fitted with
electronic monitoring devices. (T)
6) True or False? The mark system as it was originally conceived boasted recidivism rates below
3%. (T)
7) True or False? Parole success in all states is defined as a completed crime-free/technical
violation-free period of parole. (F)
8) True or False? The success rates of parolees are significantly higher than the success rates of
probationers, who typically graduate to more serious forms of crime. (F)
9) True or False? Parole today is a humanistic method of dealing with “reformed” individuals. (F)
10) True or False? Halfway houses are more likely to be run by faith-based or nonprofit
organizations than formal correctional personnel. (T)
11) True or False? Typical correctional clients are qualified for no more than low-skill manufacturing
jobs. (T)
12) True or False? A Bureau of Justice Statistics report (Mumola, 2000) showed that 48% of
imprisoned parents were never married, and 28% of those who were ever married were
divorced or separated. (T)
13) True or False? The largest percentage by race on parole is Hispanic. (F)
14) True or False? House arrest is similar in function and ideology to halfway houses. (F)

6
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

15) True or False? Offenders released or placed on EM programs are generally positive about their
experience. (T)
16) True or False? Halfway houses may also serve as an intermediate sanction for offenders not sent
to prison, but needing greater supervision than straight probation or parole. (T)
17) True or False? Statistics do show that the shorter the time spent in prison, the lesser the chance
of success on parole. (F)
18) True or False? The term parole comes from a French word that means “to honor.” (T)
19) True or False? Electronic monitoring requires use of a satellite to monitor the movements of
offenders. (F)
20) True or False? The philosophical foundation of parole is attributed to Alexander Maconochie. (T)
21) True or False? In 2007 it was estimated that 1 million offenders were on parole supervision in
American Communities. (F)
22) True or False? Challenges to finding stable housing for inmates include little money, landlords
refusing to rent and legal restrictions. (T)
23) True or False? Half of released prisoners are returned to prison for technical violations rather
than new crimes. (F)
24) True or False? Prelease programs have been shown to reduce recidivism over 17%. (T)
25) True or False? Half of offenders in Garland et al.’s (2010) study had less than $30 when returned
to society. (T)
26) True or False? In recent years the government has turned a blind eye toward the problems
facing reentry. (F)

Short Answer (10)

1) What is parole? (p. 270)
2) Who is credited with the philosophy behind parole? (p. 270-271)
3) What is a ticket of leave? (p. 271)
4) What is prisoner reentry? (p. 276)
5) What is house arrest? (p. 280-281)
6) Explain the difference between mandatory and discretionary parole. (p. 272)
7) What is the function of a halfway house? (p. 279-280)
8) Why is it difficult for people to readjust the longer they are incarcerated? (p. 277)
9) What is electronic monitoring? (p. 281)
10) Name one criticism of electronic monitoring. (p. 281-282)

Essay (8)
1) What is the relationship between prisoner reentry and pre-release programming and
recidivism? (p. 274,-279)
2) Trace the evolution of parole in the United States. How has support for parole changed over
time? What impact has public sentiment had on the practice of parole? (p. 271-273)
3) According to Joan Petersilia’s “what works” research, describe some of the attributes in
successful reentry programs. (p.282-283)

7
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

4) Discuss and explain the benefits and drawbacks of community-based correctional programs
according to Marion (2002)? (p. 279-280)
5) Discuss and explain the three programmatic phases believed necessary for successful reentry?
(p. 278)
6) Discuss and explain the issues and problems with how parole success is determined? (p. 279)
7) Discuss and explain electronic monitoring. What factors have influenced its evolution? How has
it transformed over time? (p. 280-282)
8) Discuss the impact of imprisonment and reentry on communities. (p. 277-278)

Readings (12)
1) What are some of the barriers to reentry noted by Makarios et al. (2010)? (p. 286-287)
2) What were Makarios et al.’s (2010) findings about education and employment in regards to
recidivism? (p. 290-294)
3) What were Markarios et al.’s (2010) two major conclusions regarding their analysis by gender?
(p. 295)
4) What did Petersilia (2003) have to say about parole rehabilitative programing? (p. 295)
5) What did Seiter and Kadela (2003) reference is changing in prisons? What is staying the same?
(p. 298)
6) Discuss the “Traditional approach” to reentry referenced by Seiter and Kedela (2003). (p. 299-
300)
7) What are some of the changes in reentry that started in the early 1980s? (p. 300-301)
8) Describe two of the six types of programs looked at in Seiter and Kedala’s (2003) study. (p. 306-
310)
9) Identify and explain three of the questions Garland et al. (2010) used in their prisoner reentry
study. (p. 316)
10) What were the psychosocial adjustment issues described in Garland et al.’s (2010) study? (p.
317-318)
11) List and describe 3 of the obstacles that released offenders face. (p. 317-320)
12) What are two of the five themes put forth by released offenders that could improve the reentry
process? (p. 320-322)

8
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Localization of functions of spinal cord, table showing,

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in base of brain,

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in cerebellum,

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969

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988

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1056

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1100

Lock-spasm of writers' cramp,

517

Locomotion, influence of special paralyses of, in infantile spinal

paralysis,

1150

Locomotor ataxia,

826

hysterical,

240

Lordosis in atrophic infantile paralysis,

1131
Lumbo-abdominal neuralgia,

1235

Lungs, disorders of, in chronic alcoholism,

608

in the opium habit,

658

Lupulin, use of, in the opium habit,

676

M.
Magnesium sulphate, use of, in chronic lead-poisoning,

691

Main en griffe in chronic spinal pachymeningitis,

749

Malaria as a cause of cerebral anæmia,

790

influence of, on the causation of chorea,

444

Malarial epilepsy,

472

neuralgias,

1212
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215

Malnutrition of brain in infants,

778

Malt liquors, characters of intoxication from,

591

Mammillary neuralgia,

1235

Mania,

161
 chronic,

163

following epilepsy,

482

in alcoholism,

631

Maniacal excitement in general paralysis of the insane,

192

form of acute alcoholism,

592

of general paralysis of the insane,

188
Marriage, influence on recovery from epilepsy,

498

question of, in the insane temperament,

115

141

Massage, use of, in hemiplegia,

978

in hysteria,

280

in infantile spinal paralysis,

1157

in lead palsy,
691

in melancholia,

160

in neuralgia,

1223

in neurasthenia,

360

361

in progressive unilateral facial atrophy,

702

in symmetrical gangrene,

1261

in vaso-motor neuroses,
1255

in writers' cramp,

536

Mastoid cells, inflammation of, as a cause of thrombosis of cerebral

veins and sinuses,

983

Masturbation, influence on causation of cerebral anæmia,

778

of epilepsy,

474

of insanity,

119

in the insane, treatment of,

137

of hysteria, treatment of,

276

Mechanical appliances, use of, in infantile spinal paralysis,

1159

in writers' cramp,

540

restraint in treatment of the insane,

135

136

Medulla oblongata, degeneration of, in labio-glosso-laryngeal

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1172
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79

Medullary centres of the vaso-motor system,

1250

Megalopsia in nervous diseases,

40

Melancholia,

155

agitata,

158

cerebral nutrition in,

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in alcoholism,

631

in children,

158

in general paralysis of the insane,

188

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746

Memory, loss of, significance of, in nervous diseases,

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422

Meningeal cerebral hemorrhage,

710

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714

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711

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713

Prognosis,

715

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710

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715

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754

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716

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399

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752

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723

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723

Diagnosis,

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