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Multiple Choice
1. Statistical hypotheses should be ______ and ______.
a. mutually exclusive, exhaustive
b. exhaustive, logical
c. specific, mutually exclusive
d. logical, specific
Ans: A
Answer Location: Statistical Hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. The ______ hypothesis states that the mean of the populations that are being compared are
equal and the _______ hypothesis states that they are not.
a. alternative, null
b. null, alternative
c. type I, type II
d. type II, type I
Ans: B
Answer Location: Creating Our Test Statistic
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. What is the name of the measure of the implausibility of the null hypothesis?
a. power function
b. p-value
c. null hypothesis
d. significance distribution
Ans: B
Instructor Resource
Frieman, Principles & Methods of Statistical Analysis
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Answer Location: Drawing Conclusions About Our Null Hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Conceptual
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. The probability of obtaining a particular experimental result or one more extreme assuming
that H0 is true is called what?
a. alternative hypothesis
b. null hypothesis
c. p-value
d. z-score
Ans: C
Answer Location: Drawing Conclusions About Our Null Hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. The value of z that divides those results which lead to rejection of Ho from non-rejection is
called the critical ______ and the set of all values of z which lead to rejection of H0 is called the
critical ______.
a. value, region
b. region, value
Instructor Resource
Frieman, Principles & Methods of Statistical Analysis
SAGE Publishing, 2018
c. score, area
d. rejection, tail
Ans: A
Answer Location: How Small Does the p-Value Have to Be for Us to Conclude That H0 Is
False?
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. When H0 is false, our test statistic does not come from the distribution based on H0 being true;
it comes from another ______ distribution that has a mean ≠ 0. This other distribution is called
the ______ distribution.
a. noncentral, normal
b. normal, noncentral
c. normal, skewed
d. skewed, noncentral
Ans: B
Answer Location: But Suppose H0 Is False?
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. When you decide to reject H0 when it is actually true you have committed what type of error?
a. beta
b. power
c. type I
d. type II
Ans: C
Answer Location: Errors in Hypothesis Testing
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. ______ error is when H0 is false, and our data do not lead us to reject it.
Instructor Resource
Frieman, Principles & Methods of Statistical Analysis
SAGE Publishing, 2018
a. Alpha
b. Power
c. Type I
d. Type II
Ans: D
Answer Location: Errors in Hypothesis Testing
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. The power of a statistical test is dependent on all of the following except:
a. the actual difference between the sample means.
b. the population variances.
c. the sample sizes.
d. the critical value for the test.
Ans: A
Answer Location: Power and Power Functions
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. As sample size ______, more of the distribution of the test statistic falls in the critical region
of the distribution, thus ______ the power.
a. decreases, decreasing
b. decreases, increasing
c. increases, increasing
d. increases, increasing
Ans: D
Answer Location: The Sample Sizes
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. If you decrease the probability of making a type I error by changing α = 0.05 to α = 0.01,
what happens to your power?
a. Power of the statistical test will decrease.
b. Power of the statistical test will increase.
c. Power of the statistical test will remain the same.
d. Power of the statistical test will be inversely impacted.
Ans: A
Answer Location: The Value of α Selected for Our Test.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Easy
Instructor Resource
Frieman, Principles & Methods of Statistical Analysis
SAGE Publishing, 2018
15. A ______ describes the relationship between the power of a test and various possible values
of the alternative hypothesis for a given sample size.
a. power estimate
b. power function
c. estimator function
d. linear function
Ans: B
Answer Location: Power Functions
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
True/False
1. We use the symbol β to represent the probability of getting a result that is not in the critical
region when the null hypothesis is false.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Errors in Hypothesis Testing
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. Experimental hypotheses are statements about the relationship between the independent and
dependent variables
Ans: T
Answer Location: Experimental and Statistical Hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
Instructor Resource
Frieman, Principles & Methods of Statistical Analysis
SAGE Publishing, 2018
10. Power functions can help us decide how large a sample size to use to find a treatment effect
of a certain size at a given level of .
Ans: T
Answer Location: The Use of Power Functions
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. We can calculate the probability that a type I error was made after the null hypothesis was
rejected.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Can We Calculate the Probability That We Did Make a Type I or α Error
When We Rejected the Null Hypothesis?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. It is appropriate to keep collecting data until we have enough data to reject the null
hypothesis.
Ans: F
Instructor Resource
Frieman, Principles & Methods of Statistical Analysis
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Answer Location: A Word of Caution About Attempting to Estimate the Power of a Hypothesis
Test After the Data Have Been Collected
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. “Hypothesizing” after the results of a statistical test are known may lead to type I errors.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Is It Ever Appropriate to Use a One-Tailed Hypothesis Test?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Easy
Essay
1. Describe the logic underlying two-group experiments? Be sure to discuss populations,
samples, and means.
Ans: In a two-group experiment, we are concerned with two population means (E and C);
therefore, we must use two estimates, one from the control group ( X C) and one from the
experimental group ( X E). Since our statistical hypotheses are about the difference between these
populations means, the data of interest are the difference between the sample means X E X C .
Assuming that the sampling is random, we expect that our estimates X E and X C will be close to
the parameters E and C.
Answer Location: Estimating Parameters
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
Instructor Resource
Frieman, Principles & Methods of Statistical Analysis
SAGE Publishing, 2018
2. How small does the p-value have to be for us to conclude that H0 is false?
Ans: Unfortunately, there is no straightforward answer to that question. Should that probability
be 0.1 (1 chance in 10), or 0.05 (1 chance in 20), or 0.01 (1 chance in 100), or 0.001 (1 chance in
1000)? While the choice can depend in part on other considerations, Fisher proposed that we use
p < 0.05 as our definition of “a rare event when H0 is true.” This means that any time the
calculated value of p is less than or equal to 0.05, we reject H0 and accept the alternative
hypothesis H1. Fisher’s proposal has become the standard by which we decide whether to reject
H0. We do not reject H0 when p > 0.05.
Answer Location: How Small Does the p-Value Have to Be for Us to Conclude That H0 Is
False?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. When the calculated z does not fall in the critical region do we then fully accept the H0?
Ans: The answer is “no” since logically one cannot prove a hypothesis to be true by finding
evidence consistent with it.
Answer Location: Errors in Hypothesis Testing
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Easy
On the way between our camp and the Gumara River we passed
many villages. In one I saw a leper in an advanced stage of the
disease. Thereupon I made inquiry, and was told that leprosy is very
prevalent throughout Abyssinia. Almost all the maladies that work
havoc among the people could be gradually checked by adequate
medical control under European administration.
On Saturday, January 17, I said good-bye to my two companions,
who started for Debra Tabor at nine in the morning. It was the proper
course to see Ras Gouksha, and thank him personally for allowing
us to travel through his territory, and we desired to obtain from him a
letter of introduction and recommendation to Tecla Haimanot, the
King of Godjam, whose dominions lie on the other side of the lake.
This potentate is named after the most popular, venerated—and
apocryphal—saint in the well-filled Abyssinian calendar. I shall refer
to his miraculous exploits and experiences in another chapter. They
are unequalled by anything to be found in the Golden Legend, and
one can only regret that the late “Thomas Ingoldsby” had never
heard of him.
The emperor, when he is powerful enough to do so, exercises a
suzerainty over the King of Godjam, who served with the Abyssinian
forces at the battle of Adowa. But the difficulties of a suzerainty
unwillingly accepted, are as manifest in Eastern as they were in
Southern Africa, and the country has often been in revolt. For
instance, Consul Plowden wrote that in his day the ruler of Abyssinia,
who was then the Ras of Begemeder, though a titular emperor was
alive,[69] “had been engaged in the siege of a hill-fort in Godjam now
for four years; and another chief in rebellion, after gaining two
battles, had pillaged Gondar, and rendered all communication with
Godjam circuitous or dangerous.”[70] Menelek’s safe-conduct letter is
not valid in Tecla Haimanot’s dominions, and Dr. Stecker, who was
provided with this passport, was refused admission to the country.
The German explorer wished to cross the Blue Nile in the
neighbourhood of Woreb, but was unable to carry out his plan
because the escort officer who had been attached to his party
declined to proceed into Tecla Haimanot’s jurisdiction. The doctor
pointed out, with the logic of his race, that his permit was issued by
the Negus Negesti, and that a mandate from the king of kings was
binding on the ruler of Godjam. The escort officer disregarded logic
after the manner of his kind, and Dr. Stecker failed to cross the river.
He again tried to enter this territory from the north at Wendige, and
was again turned back. A third attempt, which promised well, was
frustrated by the double dealing of Litsch-Abai, Governor of
Wendige, and though the traveller finally received a special permit
from King John himself as Tecla Haimanot’s suzerain, he was unable
to make use of it, except for a few hasty excursions by water from
Korata, for he was summoned back to the Abyssinian court before
he could accomplish the journey in Godjam which he had planned.
[71]
A CASE OE LEPROSY.
See p. 103.