Environmental Economics 8th Edition

Barry Field
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page i
Environmental Economics

An Introduction
page iii
Environmental Economics

An Introduction Eighth Edition

Barry C. Field
Department of Resource
Economics
University of Massachusetts
Amherst

Martha K. Field
Department of Business and
Information Technology
Greenfield Community College
 page iv

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS: AN INTRODUCTION, EIGHTH

EDITION

Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY

10121. Copyright ©2021 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names:

Field, Barry C., author. | Field, Martha K., author.
Title: Environmental economics : an introduction / Barry C. Field,
Department of Resource Economics, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, Martha K. Field, Department of Business and Information
Technology, Greenfield Community College.
Description: Eighth edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill, [2021] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019019555 | ISBN 9781260243062 (hardcover) |
ISBN 1260243060 (hardcover) Subjects: LCSH: Environmental
economics. | Economic development—Environmental aspects.
Classification: LCC HC79.E5 F47 2021 | DDC 333.7—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019019555

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Iguassú R., 289, 294, 306, 333, 343, 385, 393
Ilo, 154, 169, 175
Illampu Mt., 222, 225
Illimani Mt., 222
Imataca, 94
Imbabura, 116, 117, 133
Imperial, 246
Inambari R., 192, 199
Incas, 115, 149, 150
Inciarte, 82, 95
Indians, 11, 21, 24, 25, 27, 37, 56, 64, 75, 102, 118, 119, 125, 153,
173, 179, 203, 208, 246, 248, 281, 284, 306, 336, 354, 374
Indigo, 88, 142
Industries, 51, 106, 111, 146, 202, 238-240, 327-331
Ingeniero White, 303
Investments, 52, 98, 147, 203, 244, 279, 331, 353, 371, 433
Iodine, 271
Ipacaraí Lake, 340, 343
Ipané R., 339
Ipanema, 430
Iquique, 158, 247, 255, 261, 263, 266, 271
Iquitos, 126, 152, 154, 161, 170, 173, 179, 182, 183, 192, 382,
403
Irala, 334
Irigoyen, Dr. Hipolito, 282
Iron, 94, 144, 273, 352, 430
Islay, 168
Itabira do Matto Dentro, 430
Itaituba, 406
Itamarca Falls, 383
Itaperim, 397
Itapura, 409
Itaquy, 411
Itatiaiá Mt., 1, 381, 385
Itenéz R., 212, 227
Itonamas R., 383

Jaen, 139, 184, 188

Jambeli Channel, 135
Januaria, 406
Jaraguá, 399;
Grass, 425
Jatunhuasi, 198
Jauja R., 170, 179
Javanese, 111
Javary R., 384
Jazpampa, 266
Jejui R., 339
Jequitonha R., 386
Jesus Marie, 183
Jipijapa, 131, 146
João, Prince, 374
Joazeiro, 412
Juan Fernandez Isls., 249, 261, 278
Jujuy, 283, 292, 306, 312, 321, 322, 326
Juliaca, 180
Jundiahy, 408, 411
Junín, 150, 152, 170, 193, 197
Junín Lake, 170, 179, 193
Juquiá, 411
Juruá, 405;
R., 384, 406

Kaieteur Falls, 101, 104

Kaolin, 108, 352
Kapok, 423

La Asunción, 55, 70
La Ceiba, 35, 81, 85, 98
La Columna Mt., 59
La Chacarilla, 235
La Dorada, 33, 34, 37, 38
La Goajira, 10, 18
La Guaira, 63, 67, 77, 80, 83
La Guayra Falls, 289, 306, 333, 343, 385, 393
Laguna, 406
Laguneta, 62
La Hacha, 81
La Limeña, 165
Lambayeque, 152, 164, 187, 189
La Merced, 178
La Pampa, 283, 288, 299, 303, 310, 319
La Paz, 181, 184, 206, 207, 209, 210, 213, 214, 217, 221, 222,
223, 224, 225, 226, 230, 231, 233, 234, 236, 237, 242, 243,
248, 311, 457
La Plata, 283, 285, 302, 309, 312, 318, 329
La Plata R., 210, 211, 212, 281, 289, 301, 302, 306, 354, 360,
364, 379, 385;
Isl., 144
La Quiaca, 184, 223, 235, 292, 309, 312
Lara, 55, 63, 66, 88, 93
La Rioja, 283, 295, 321, 322, 325
La Serena, 247, 248, 256, 265
Latacunga, 117, 125, 137, 139
Lavalleja General, 355
La Vela, 65, 79, 81
La Victoria, 67, 80
Lead, 144, 194, 195, 235, 274, 432
Lebrija R., 34, 35
León, 116, 117, 133
Leopoldina, 407, 411
Leticia, 154
Libertad, 152, 164, 188, 189
Lima, 8, 115, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 160, 162, 167, 176, 179,
183, 187, 190, 203, 206, 455, 457
Linares, 247, 258
Linseed, 320
Lipez, 234;
Serranía de, 211
Live stock, 44, 91, 108, 143, 193, 239, 240, 277, 315, 350, 368,
424
Loa R., 256, 268
Lobitos, 144, 201
Lobos Isls., 164, 201
Lobos, Punta de, 275
Loja, 116, 117, 123, 124, 132, 139, 144, 145, 184
Lomas, 168
Lopez, Carlos Antonio, 334;
Francisco, 334, 335
Loreto, 152, 173, 179
Lorica, 22
Los Andes, (Chile), 254, 268, 269;
(Arg.), 283, 291, 293
Los Angeles, 247
Los Patos Pass, 257
Los Rios, 116, 117, 132
Lota, 263, 264, 274, 275
Luque, 342;
Hernando de, 147
Lurín, 183
Llallagua, 233
Llamas, 143, 193, 225, 239
Llanos, 16, 27, 59, 60, 62, 70, 71, 91, 123, 211
Llanquihue, 247, 259, 277;
Lake, 252

Macami, 110
Macas, 139, 145
Maceió, 375, 399, 417
Macora, 146
Machacamarca, 224
Machachi V., 137
Machala, 117, 132, 139
Machalilla, 136
Madeira R., 160, 243, 383, 384, 403, 406, 412, 413
Madeira-Mamoré Ry., 183, 225, 227, 228, 243, 383, 412
Madera R., 212
Madidi R., 212, 227, 237, 241
Madre de Dios, 152, 173, 199;
R., 159, 172, 183, 192, 212, 219, 227, 238, 241, 383
Magallanes, 246, 247, 260, 275, 278
Magangué, 34
Magdalena, 9, 10, 21;
R., 16, 17, 18, 22, 32-35, 37, 38
Magellan Strait, 251
Mahogany, 90
Maipo R., 246
Maipures Rapids, 17, 75
Maize, see Corn
Majes R., 168, 180
Mal Abrigo, 366
Malabrigo, 165
Maldonado, (Peru), 152;
(Urug.), 356, 363, 367, 370
Malleco, 247, 259;
R., 264
Mamoré R., 160, 211, 212, 219, 227, 383, 412, 413
Manabí, 116, 117, 131, 142, 144, 146
Manaos, 26, 43, 179, 375, 378, 403, 406, 413
Mandioca, 142, 349, 400, 419
Manganese, 145, 325, 352, 370, 428
Manglar Alto, 136, 146
Mangrove, 90
Manizales, 10, 23, 35
Manta, 131, 136, 144;
Bay, 131
Mantaro R., 159, 170, 171
Mantiqueiro, Serra de, 385, 428
Manufactures, 51, 52, 98, 202, 203, 278, 327-329, 352, 371, 426,
427
Manzanares R., 79
Mapocho R., 254
Mar, Serra do, 1, 380, 381, 385, 388
Maracaibo, 41, 55, 57, 64, 78, 82, 83, 84, 91, 94, 98
Maracaibo Channel, 78, 96;
Lake, 16, 31, 36, 46, 48, 53, 59, 61, 62, 64, 78, 82, 84, 87, 94,
95, 96
Maracajú, Serra de, 385
Maracay, 55, 57, 67, 79, 80, 83, 87, 92, 98
Marajós Isl., 382, 406
Maranhão, 375, 377, 401, 406, 415, 418, 430
Marañón R., 119, 124, 125, 138, 159, 170, 182, 192
Mar del Plata, 302, 309, 326, 330
Margarita Isl., 69, 70, 79, 98
Mariquita, 35
Maroni R., 109, 113
Marowijne R., 111, 112, 113
Martinez, 317
Martinique Isl., 112
Matahuasi, 183
Matarani, 168
Matto Grosso, 289, 339, 348, 375, 383, 386, 403, 413, 415, 422,
424, 425, 426, 428, 429
Matucana, 178
Maturín, 55, 70
Mauá, 407, 411
Maués, 406
Maule, 247, 258;
R., 252
Medellín, 10, 12, 13, 19, 23, 35, 37, 38, 51
Medicinal Plants, 44
Meiggs, Henry, 165, 177, 179, 196
Mejillones, 256, 266, 267
Melo, 356, 363, 366
Mendoza, 269, 281, 283, 288, 296, 297, 303, 309, 310, 320, 322,
323, 325, 326, 329;
Pedro de, 281, 333
Mene Grande, 95, 96
Mercedario Mt., 251
Mercedes, 356, 361, 365, 366
Mérida, 55, 57, 72, 81, 84, 93, 98
Mesopotamia, 288, 290, 317
Mestizos, 209
Meta, 10, 26;
R., 17, 27, 61, 62, 65, 84
Minas, 356, 364, 370
Minas Geraes, 375, 381, 388, 404, 414, 418, 424, 425, 426, 428,
429, 430, 432
Mining-Minerals, 45-50, 52, 92-97, 107, 108, 111, 112, 144, 145;
194-202, 229-238, 270-275, 324-326, 352, 370, 427-433
Miranda, 54, 55, 66, 68, 79, 80
Mirím Lake, 354, 359, 363, 386, 387, 407
Misiones, 283, 287, 293, 311, 313, 321, 322, 324, 328, 331, 422;
Sierra de, 211
Mocoa, 10, 26, 38
Mojos Plains, 384
Molybdenum, 201
Mollendo, 161, 168, 175, 179, 192, 221, 222, 243, 261
Monagas, 54, 55, 70, 82
Monazite, 398
Monday R., 339
Montaña, 153, 154, 156, 159, 161, 172, 174, 178, 181, 188, 210
Montecristi, 131, 146
Monteria, 22, 38
Montevideo, 354, 355, 356, 357, 360, 364, 365, 366, 367, 370,
371, 392, 404, 410
Moquegua, 152, 169, 255
Moriche Palm, 91
Morococha, 177, 195, 196, 200, 224
Morona R., 124, 125
Moropán, 163
Morrisquillo Bay, 44
Motatán, 72, 81, 84, 85
Moyabamba, 152

Nacion La, (Newspaper), 285

Nacunday, 347
Nahuel Huapi Lake, 288, 299, 313, 324
Naiguatá Falls, 98;
Mt., 60
Nanay R., 124, 126
Napo, 126;
R., 26, 115, 118, 124, 126, 138, 139
Naranjal, 139
Naricual, 82, 93
Nariño, 9, 10, 25, 50, 51
Natal, 375, 400, 412
Nazareth, 412
Nechi R., 34, 50
Negra Muerta, 312
Negritos, 202
Negro R., (Amazon), 17, 26, 43, 76, 384, 403, 406;
(Arg.), 288, 290, 309;
(Urug.), 358, 359, 361, 365;
(South Brazil), 393
Neiva, 10, 28, 35, 39
Nemocón, 37
Nepeña R., 167
Neuquen, 283, 299, 309, 322, 324, 325, 326
Neveri R., 68, 82
New Amsterdam, 103, 104
New Granada, 8, 115
Nico Peréz, 366
Nictheroy, 375, 396, 411
Nichare R., 74
Nirgua, 66, 93
Nitrates, 270
North Coast, 7-113
Nuble, 247, 258
Nueva Esparta, 55, 69
Nueva Germania, 347
Nuevo Gulf, 304
Nuts, 417

Obidos, 403, 406

Ocaña, 35
Ocumare de la Costa, 67, 79, 83
Ocumare del Tuy, 55, 68, 80, 89
O’Higgins, 247, 258, 272, 276
Ojeda, Alonzo de, 8, 53
Olinda, 426
Olmas, 367
Ollague, 223, 268, 275
Orán, 223, 306
Oranges, 349, 419
Orellana, 154;
Francisco de, 115, 126
Oriente, 116, 117, 123, 134, 140, 145
Orinoco R., 3, 16, 17, 18, 26, 48, 59, 60, 61, 73, 74, 75, 76, 84, 90,
92, 94, 99, 101
Oro, Rio de, 28, 48, 96
Orocué, 31
Oroya, 177, 178, 179, 183, 200
Ortíz, 83
Orton R., 227
Oruro, 207, 209, 210, 215, 223, 224, 232, 233, 234, 243
Osasco, 424
Osorno, 313
Otuzco, 188, 198
Ouro Preto, 405
Ovalle, 273
Oyack R., 112
Oyapock R., 112, 406
Oyón, 198

Pacaraima Mts., 101

Pacasmayo, 164, 169, 175, 188, 189
Pacific Ry., 37
Pachacamac R., 183
Pachacayo, 197, 198
Pacheco, 238
Pachitea R., 169, 170
Paita, 131, 156, 163, 175, 182, 201, 202
Paja Toquilla, 146
Palcazú, 170
Palma Sola, 81
Palmira, 25, 36, 37, 38
Paloma, 367
Pampa Aullagas Lake, 212
Pampa Central, See La Pampa
Pampatar, 70, 79
Pamplona, 38
Panamá, 7, 8, 15, 18, 107, 133
Panamá Hats, 25, 26, 51, 131, 146, 163, 201
Pan American Ry., 38, 137, 175, 179, 184, 223
Pando, 361
Pangoa R., 183
Pantana, 42
Paper, 91, 98, 107, 146, 328
Pará, 174, 179, 182, 375, 383, 401, 402, 406, 408, 412, 417, 420,
425, 432;
R., 382, 402
Paracas Penin., 198
Paraguarí, 335, 337, 342, 352
Paraguay, 205, 220, 332-353, 368, 369, 422
Paraguay R., 205, 212, 220, 226, 304, 313, 333, 338, 339, 343,
383, 386, 409, 410
Parahyba, 375, 400, 412, 417, 429, 432
Parahyba do Norte R., 400
Parahyba do Sul R., 386, 396, 411
Paramaribo, 109, 110, 111
Paramos, 19, 28, 72, 122, 129
Paraná, (Arg.), 283, 289, 298, 305;
(Brazil), 375, 385, 388, 393, 394, 419, 422, 424, 425, 429, 430,
431
Paraná R., 288, 289, 304, 305, 306, 311, 333, 339, 340, 343, 347,
374, 381, 385, 388, 393, 407, 410
Paranaguá, 394, 410, 422, 425
Paranahyba R., 385
Paranapanema R., 385, 393
Paria Gulf, 60, 69, 70, 76, 78, 97;
Penin., 69, 97
Parime Mts., 60
Parnahyba R., 386, 401
Pastaza R., 124, 125
Pasto, 10, 12, 25, 38, 51, 133
Patagonas, 275
Patagonia, 287, 288, 299, 309, 310, 313, 317, 324
Patapó, 164
Patía R., 16, 17, 25, 36
Patiño Simón, J., 224, 233
Pato R., 50
Patos, Lagôa dos, 386, 387, 392, 407
Paucartambo, 199; R., 159;
V., 188
Paulo Affonso Falls, 386
Pauta R., 124
Paysandú, 356, 357, 362, 365, 367, 370
Pearls, 94, 144
Pedernales, 76;
Isl., 97
Pedro, Dom II., 374
Pelotas, 392, 425, 431
Perené R., 159, 170, 178, 183;
V., 178
Pericos, 84
Perija, 84, 96;
Sierra de, 18, 59, 61
Peripe R., 127
Pernambuco, 367, 374, 375, 387, 399, 406, 412, 414, 416, 418,
422, 426, 428, 431, 432
Peru, 4, 5, 118, 121, 122, 123, 125, 148-204, 275, 278, 281, 382,
383, 384, 406, 457
Petare, 80
Petroleum, 46, 95, 144, 201, 237, 275, 325, 371, 432
Petropolis, 396, 407, 411
Philip II., 374
Piar District, 73
Piauhy, 375, 388, 401, 428
Pichilemu, 264
Pichincha, 115, 116, 117, 133, 139, 144, 145;
 Volc., 123
Pichis R., 170
Pilar, 335, 336, 342
Pilcomayo R., 212, 217, 226, 288, 289, 339
Pimentel, 164
Pintados, 266
Pirámides, 304
Pirapora, 406
Piria, Señor, 364
Piriápolis, 363, 367
Piracicaba, 425, 432
Pisagua, 255, 266, 270, 271
Pisco, 154, 168, 175, 199, 200
Piura, 152, 163, 182, 187, 201
Pizarro, 163
Pizarro, Francisco, 115, 149, 164, 169, 172, 245, 281
Pizarro, Gonzales, 115, 126
Plaisance, 104
Plantains, 41, 106, 142
Platinum, 7, 48, 144, 145, 432
Pomasqui, 145
Pongo de Manseriche, 124, 138, 182
Ponta Grossa, 394, 410
Poopo, Lake, 212, 226
Popayán, 10, 12, 25, 36, 38, 39
Porce R., 50
Port of Spain, 69, 78
Porto Alegre, 375, 392, 410
Porto Esperança, 409
Porto Velho, 413
Portoviejo, 117, 131;
R., 131
Portuguesa, 55, 60, 71, 77, 88
Posadas, 283, 294, 306, 311, 337, 342, 343
Potaro R., 104
Potash, 271
Potosi, 207, 209, 216, 224, 225, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237
Prat, 267
Prensa, La, (newspaper), 285
Providencia, 10
Pucalpa, 182
Pucasuro R., 125
Puente del Este, 367
Puerto Aiguirre, 306
Puerto Asís, 38
Puerto Belgrano, 312
Puerto Beltrán, 33, 34, 37
Puerto Bermudez, 179
Puerto Berrío, 35
Puerto Bolívar, 138
Puerto Brais, 224
Puerto Cabello, 66, 67, 77, 80, 81, 83, 92, 98
Puerto Colombia, 12, 30, 32
Puerto del Sauce, 367
Puerto Deseado, 313, 330
Puerto Galileo, 345
Puerto Gallegos, 283, 304, 313, 314
Puerto Galván, 303
Puerto Jessup, 179
Puerto Limón, 182
Puerto Madryn, 304, 311
Puerto Max, 343
Puerto Mendez, 343
Puerto Militar, 326
Puerto Molendez, 182
Puerto Montt, 247, 252, 259, 264, 266, 269, 278
Puerto Pando, 227
Puerto Pinasco, 345, 350
Puerto Suarez, 207, 210, 218, 220, 225, 238, 243
Puerto Tablas, 73
Puerto Villamizar, 36
Puerto Wertheman, 183
Puerto Wilches, 34, 37
Pulacayo, 232
Puna, 212
Puná Isl., 122, 127, 131, 135, 139
Puno, 152, 172, 180, 181, 188, 193, 199, 221
Punta Arenas, 193, 247, 249, 253, 261, 263, 278, 304, 313
Punta de Lobos, 275
Purús, 405; R., 172, 227, 384
Putumayo, 10, 26;
R., 17, 26, 38, 126
Pyreneos Mt., 381, 385

Quarahim, 367, 411

Quebracho, 323, 345
Quelez, 428
Queruvilca, 164, 198
Quesada, Gonzalo Jimenez de, 8
Quespesisa Cerro, 199
Quevado R., 127
Quibdó, 10, 24, 35, 43, 48
Quichuas, 172, 179, 181, 208
Quicksilver, 133, 144, 200
Quilca, 168
Quiloaza R., 305
Quimsa Cruz Range, 234
Quinine, 142, 242
Quinua, 191, 241
Quiquió, 352
Quishuarcancha, 179, 196
Quispicanchis, 199
Quito, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 127, 130, 136, 137, 139

Rancagua, 247, 272

Rauco Lake, 252
Rawson, 283, 304
Recife, 375, 377, 399, 406, 417
Reconquista, 314
Recuay, 166, 183, 184
Reloncavi Gulf, 266
Remate dos Males, 406
Resistencia, 283, 293, 312, 321
Reventazón, 163
Riachuelo, 330;
R., 301
Riberalta, 207, 210, 219, 225, 227, 413
Rice, 42, 105, 110, 189, 241, 322, 350, 419
Rimac R., 149, 162;
V., 177
Riobamba, 117, 125, 136, 137, 145
Rio Branco, 405
Rio Chico, 68, 80
Rio de Janeiro, 254, 367, 374, 375, 377, 381, 388, 390, 395, 396,
406, 407, 408, 411, 414, 416, 418, 427, 432, 454, 456
Rio Grande, 392;
R., 385
Rio Grande do Norte, 375, 381, 400, 412, 416, 423, 429, 432
Rio Grande do Sul, 375, 380, 385, 386, 387, 388, 391, 410, 411,
416, 418, 422, 425, 426, 427, 429, 430, 431, 432
Riohacha, 21, 30, 31, 46
Rio Limón, 82
Rio Mulato, 224