CHAPTER 7

Control and Coordination

Ms. Disha Basera
PGT Biology
Contents:

• Tropic movements in plants;

• Introduction of plant hormones;
• Control and co-ordination in animals:
• Nervous system;
• Voluntary, involuntary and reflex action;
• Chemical co-ordination: animal hormones
Introduction:
• Not all movement cause growth
• Movement is a response for the change in
environment
• These responses are controlled
• Difference in response system used by plants
and animals
Control and
Coordination in
Plants

PLANT HORMONES AND TROPIC

MOVEMENT
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
• plants show two different types of movement –
one dependent on growth and the other
independent of growth
• no specialised tissue in plants for the conduction
of information
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Immediate Response to Stimulus EG: Touch me Not
• use electrical-chemical means to convey this information
from cell to cell
• some cells must change shape for movement to happen
• by changing the amount of water in them, resulting in
swelling or shrinking
• ANIMALS DO THIS BY HELP OF PROTEIN (MUSCLE CELLS)
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Immediate Response to Stimulus
EG: Touch me Not Plant (Mimosa pudica)- Movement of
water
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Immediate Response to Stimulus
EG: Touch me Not Plant (Mimosa pudica)-
Movement of water
Nastic movement is a plant component reaction that
is unaffected by the direction of the external stimuli
 PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Movement Due to Growth EG: Tendrils of pea plant
• tendrils are sensitive to touch
• Meet any support, this part slows its growth
• causes the tendril to circle around the object and thus
cling
• Respond to stimuli by growing in particular direction-
appear as plant moves
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Movement Due to Growth
EG: Tendrils of pea plant
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Movement Due to Growth- Tropic movement
• Environmental triggers such as light, or gravity will
change the directions that plant parts grow in.
• These directional, or tropic, movements can be
either towards the stimulus, or away from it
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Movement Due to Growth- Tropic movement
• roots of a plant always grow downwards while the
shoots usually grow upwards- GEOTROPISM
• HYDROTROPISM eg: the movement of plant roots towards water
• CHEMOTROPISM- eg: growth of pollen grain
towards egg
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Movement Due to Growth- Tropic movement
• GEOTROPISM
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Movement Due to Growth- Tropic movement
• CHEMOTROPISM
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Movement Due to Growth- Tropic movement
• HYDROTROPISM
 PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Movement Due to Growth- Tropic movement
• controlled movements can be either slow or fast
• Electrical impulses as medium to transfer stimuli
• Limitation to electrical stimuli:
• Reach to connected cells only
• Reset time for next stimuli transfer- cells cannot continually
create and transmit electrical impulses
So use chemical means
 PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Movement Due to Growth- Tropic movement
• instead of generating an electrical impulse, stimulated cells
release a chemical compound
• compound would diffuse all around the original cell
• other cells around have the means to detect this compound
using special molecules on their surfaces, then they would be
able to recognise information, and even transmit it
• Eg: plant hormone for growth, development and response to
environment
 STIMULUS
A stimulus is anything
that can trigger a
physical or behavioral
change. The plural of
stimulus is stimuli. Stimuli
can be external or
internal.
OR
Stimuli refer to any
changes in the
environment that
activate the sensory
organs of an organism
and elicit a response.
 STIMULUS
Stimuli refer to any changes in the
environment that activate the sensory
organs of an organism and elicit
a response.
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION: Hormones
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION: Hormones
 PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Movement Due to Growth- Tropic movement due to hormone
1. Auxin plant hormone
• synthesised at the shoot tip, helps the cells to grow longer
• When light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin
diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot.
• This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells to grow longer
on the side of the shoot which is away from light.
• Thus, the plant appears to bend towards light.
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Movement Due to Growth- Tropic movement due to hormone
1. Auxin plant hormone
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Movement Due to Growth- Tropic movement due to hormone
2. Gibberellin - Help in stem growth (like auxin)
3. Cytokinin- promote cell division; found more in fruits and
seeds
4. Abscisic Acid- inhibits growth (stop), wilt leaves
 Control and
Coordination in
Animals
Nervous system;
Voluntary, involuntary and reflex action;
animal hormones
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMALS
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMALS
ANIMAL HORMONES
• Chemicals or hormones are means of transportation
information
• Helps send information to all cells unlike electric
impulse
• Human have endocrine system that helps in
coordination with CNS
• Hormones control growth and development
• Endocrine system is regulated by feedback mechanism
ANIMAL HORMONES
1. Adrenal gland- ADRENALINE hormone
• secreted directly into the blood
• The target organs include the heart
• Response to this hormone (Function):
• beats faster
• diverts the blood to our skeletal muscles
• breathing rate also increases because of the contractions of the
diaphragm and the rib muscles.
• All these responses together enable the animal body to be ready
to deal with the situation
ANIMAL HORMONES
2. Thyroid gland – THYROXIN hormone
• Function- Regulates carbohydrates, protein and fat
metabolism
• Require iodine for hormone synthesis
• Defienchy of iodine in diet causes Goitre- Swollen neck
• Location of gland- In neck, near trachea
ANIMAL HORMONES
3. Brain (Pituitary Gland)- GROWTH hormone
• Function- regulates growth and development of body
• Deficiency causes dwarfism (,shirt height) so more will
cause????
ANIMAL HORMONES
4. Sex Hormones
• Causes changes in body that are called secondary
sexual characters
• During puberty (10-12 years old)
• Males- TESTOSTERONE
• Females- OESTROGEN
ANIMAL HORMONES
5. Pancreas- INSULIN
• FUNCTION: regulate blood sugar levels
• With improper amount of insulin, the sugar level in blood
rises that are harmful for the body
• Increased blood sugar levels are detected by pancreatic cells
that release insulin in response
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMALS
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMALS
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMALS
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMALS
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMALS
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMALS: Neuron Parts
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMALS: Neuron Type
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMALS: Types of
Nerves
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMALS: Types of Nerves
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMALS
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMALS
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMALS
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMALS: Introduction
• Provided by Nervous system and Muscular system
• Stimulus received by sensory cells- Receptor
• Detected by tips of Nervous cells
• Acquire information at dendritic end→ chemical
reaction→ creates electrical impulse→ travel to cell
body→ transferred to axon→ release of chemicals
• Chemicals cross gap (SYNOPSIS) to start electric al
impulse in next axon’s dendrite
Parts of a neuron
 How nervous impulse travel in Body
• Impulse travel from nervous tissue to other cells-
Muscle or gland by synapsis
Different types of receptors of impulse

Sense organs
1. Inner ear
2. Nose- Olfactory
3. Tongue- Gustatory
4. Skin
5. Eye
Reflex action
• Term reflex means response
• Response to a certain action that is involuntary
• Reflex arc
Reflex action and reflex arc
• Made at input nerve with spinal cord→ brain
• So, Reflex acrs are made at spinal cord
• Most efficient process, works even in absence of thought
process

• Function of reflex arc??

Human Brain
• Spinal cord is made up of nerves
that supply information to brain
• Brain is main coordinating organ
• CNS= Brain+ Spinal Cord
• Brain communicates with other
parts of body through PNS
• PNS is made up of nerves that
arise from brain and spinal cord
HUMAN BRAIN
 Human Brain Parts
•Has 3 parts: Forebrain, Mid-brain and Hind-
brain
•All 3, receive information from three different
parts of body
•Separate areas of brain receive the
information, interpret information and send
response or stores it
Human Brain- Forebrain function

•Thinking
•Decision making
•Hunger
•Receive stimulus
•Control voluntary muscles
•Hear, smell and sight
Human Brain: Mid- Brain
• Control involuntary response
Human Brain: Hind- brain
• Control involuntary responses
• Medulla region controls BP, Vomiting and
salvation
• Cerebellum controls Fine motor skills like
walking in straight line (posture and balance of
body)
How Nervous system is protected?

•Cranium box /brain box

•Brain enclosed by fluid
•Vertebral column for spinal cord
How does Nervous Tissue cause Action?
• Collect information→ send if from body to brain→ processes
information → make decision → convey to repsonsible
organ/gland
Eg: Muscle movement on touching hot pan
1. Sensory cells to brain
2. Brain causes change in muscle cell shape
3. On getting nervous impulse, the special muscle cell protein-
Actin and myosin change shape
4. New protein arrangement causes shortening of muscle
5. Response- hand pulled back
SUMMARY SLIDES
New terms:
1. Synapsis- space between axon of one neuron and dendrite aof
another neuron
2. Reflex arc- patheay of nerves involved in a reflex action
3. Receptor- all information from our environment is detected by
specialized tips of nerve cells. They are located in our senses.
4. Effector- structure performing a specific reaction to
environment in response to a stimulus from NS.
5. Nerves- bundle of neuron bound together
6. Nerve impulses- electrochemical wave carried by neuron in one
direction
NEW TERMS
• Reflex action- rapid and automatic response of a
stimulus controlled by spinal cord
• Hormones- chemical produced in small quantities in
one part of organism and transported to other parts
where they act
 Plant control and coordination
GROWTH INDEPENDENT
• Immediate action
• Response due to turgor
change
• Response is non directional
• Also called Nastic movement
• Eg: Touch me not plant and
stomata pore opening and
closing
GROWTH DEPENDENT
• Slow action
• Response due to cell division
• Response is directional
• Also known as tropic movement
• Eg: movement of root towards
ground, pollen tube towards
ovary
PLANT CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Importance of reflex action:
• Increases our survival chances
• Reduce brain overload (controlled by spinal cord)
• Provide rapid/quick response
ANIMAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

AXON DENDRITES
• Long is size • Small is size
• Usually one in no • Many in no
• Unbranched • Branched
• Terminal branches with • No terminal knobs
swollen knobs • Send impulse towards cyton
• Carry impulse away from
cyton/ cell body
ANIMAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
NERVOUSSYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Pass impulse along the • Pass impulse via chemical
axons via synapsis signals through blood
• Rapid transmission of • Slow transmission of
information impulse
• Response is immediate, • Response is slow, long
short lived and precise lasting and widespread
 ANIMAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
ENDOCRINE GLANDS EXOCRINE GLANDS
• No ducts present • Ducts present
• Secrete hormones • Secrete enzymes
• Secreted in blood • Secrete in ducts of
• Act on organs away from glands
site of synthesis • Act on glands near the
site of synthesis
 ANIMAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

CEREBRUM CEREBELLUM
• Part of Forebrain • Part of hindbrain
• Largest part of brain • Smaller part
• Covers most of head • Present above back of neck
• Function- intelligence, • Function- voluntary muscle
memory, muscle movement, body posture
movement and balance
ONLINE RESOURCES:
• https://arinjayacademy.com/control-and-coordination-in-animals/
• https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-
diseases/anatomy-of-the-brain

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