GRADE X- online

classes
Subject: Biology
Topic: Control & coordination
AIM
• To differentiate between movement & locomotion
• To know the importance of nervous system
• To learn the structure of a neuron
How do you differentiate
between living and non-
living things?
Food, water, light, heat, touch, mate
etc
Control & coordination is by

• Nervous system
• Endocrine system
Organs of nervous system

Brain Spinal cord

Nerves
Recap!!
• Name the longest dendrite in a neuron.
• Why is it important to have a dedicated system for control and
coordination?
• Name the cells that produce myelin sheath.
• Explain the function of myelin sheath
AIM
• To understand the structure and function of brain
 Fastest finger first-

GREEN PURPLE
RED

WHITE BLUE
WAS YOUR BRAIN
PUT
TO TEST??????
 Left-Right conflict of the brain
• Right- colour Left - word
Major parts of the brain
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Medulla oblongata
• Pons
• Corpus collosum
CEREBRUM

GRAY MATTER & WHITE MATTER

WRINKLES- INTELLIGENCE

More surface area, more neurons, more intelligence

Solve the following: (3+2)+(3x2)+(3-2)=
12
• Problem solving
• Intellectual activities
• Controls attention
• Judgement
• Behaviour
• Muscle movement
Let us check the muscle movement…
• Raise your hand
• Turn off video
• Thumbs up
Pinch your hand

• Senses pain
• Pressure
• Touch
• Visual functions- reading & comprehension
VISUAL & AUDITORY MEMORY
Listen to the following statement and repeat

JACK WILL CYCLE TO THE MARKET AND

BRING TOMATOES FOR HIS MOTHER
Helps in recognition of
• Colours
• Words
• Movement
CEREBELLUM Important part of the brain
Small brain
More neurons than cerebrum
Controls- balance, coordination, posture
Forebrain
• Cerebrum – Information centre
• Hypothalamus – Homeostasis (hunger, thirst, sleep, emotions)
• Thalamus – Filters information from sense
organs except nose
• Pituitary gland
Hindbrain

• Cerebellum – Balance & coordination

• Pons
• Medulla Oblongata – Involuntary actions (heartbeating,
digestion etc), Reflexes
Midbrain

• The midbrain serves important functions in motor

movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in
auditory and visual processing.
Recap!!
• Name the major parts of the brain and explain their functions.
AIM
• To explain the action potential
• To know about sense organs and their receptors
• To understand the mechanism of reflex action
The sense organs are the “Windows for our body.”

 A cell or group of cells that receives stimuli - receptor 

Recap
• Explain the action potential in a neuron
• Differentiate between reflex action and reflex arc
• What is the resting potential of a neuron?
• Name the receptors in the following sites- skin, nose, eyes, tongue,
ears
AIM
• To list types of nerves
• To understand how CNS is protected
Based on the direction that signals are sent
Based on where they connect to CNS
EEG: ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH
ECG: ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH
How CNS is protected?
• Cranium (skull)/Vertebra
• Meninges
• Cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF)
VERTEBRAE
CSF
Recap!!
• What is the need for control and coordination?
• List the organs of nervous system.
• Explain the lobes of brain and their functions.
• Name the types of nerves in our body.
AIM
• To differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands
• To list down the endocrine glands in human body
• To understand the importance of pituitary and thyroid
NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system is the collection
of glands that produce hormones that regulate
metabolism, growth and development,
tissue function, sexual function, reproduction,
sleep, and mood, among other things
GLAND

• An organ in the human or animal body which secretes particular

chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge into the
surroundings.
GLANDS
EXOCRINE GLANDS

ENDOCRINE GLANDS
 EXOCRINE GLANDS V/S ENDOCRINE GLANDS

EXOCRINE GLANDS ENDOCRINE GLANDS

Secrete via ducts
Secrete a variety of things,
from enzymes to mucus
Secrete onto an epithelial
surface
Located over target
Eg: Salivary glands, sweat glands
Ductless
Secrete hormones
Secrete into blood or lymph
Located away from target
Eg: Thyroid, Pancreas
 PITUITARY GLAND- MASTER GLAND
LOCATION: It is located in the brain, and sits just behind the bridge of the nose. 

SIZE: The pituitary gland is about the size of a pea. 

ACTION: Controls other glands in our body

SECRETION: Growth Hormone
 HYPER SECRETION OF GROWTH
HORMONE

ACROMEGALY

GIGANTISM ACROMEGALIC GIGANTISM

HYPO SECRETION OF GROWTH
HORMONE
DWARFISM

ACROMICRIA
Recap!!
• How CNS is protected in our body?
• Differentiate between exocrine and endocrine glands.
• How do endocrine glands identify their target organs?
• Name the master gland why do we call it so?
Aim
• To understand the importance of Thyroid and pancreas
 THYROID GLAND
LOCATION: It is located at the front of the neck just below the Adam's apple (larynx). 

SHAPE: Butterfly-shaped and consists of two lobes located either side of the windpipe. 

ACTION: It helps to regulate many metabolic functions by constantly releasing a steady

amount of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream.
SECRETION: Thyroxine
CRETINISM- CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
 PANCREAS
LOCATION: The pancreas is located behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen 
SHAPE: It is spongy, about six to ten inches long, and is shaped like a flat pear or a fish
extended horizontally across the abdomen. 
ACTION: An exocrine function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that
regulates blood sugar.
SECRETION: it functions mostly to regulate blood sugar levels, secreting the
hormones insulin, glucagon
Varying insulin levels..
• Hyperglycemia: If there's not enough insulin, glucose
can't get into your cells. It stays in the bloodstream
instead.
• Hypoglycemia, blood glucose levels that are too low.
If your body sends too much insulin into the blood,
too much glucose will go into your cells.
Recap!!!
• What do you mean by stimulus- response theory?
• Explain the action potential of a neuron.
• What are neurotransmitters?
• Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands.
Aim
• To understand the importance of Adrenal glands and gonads.
 Adrenal glands

• Location: Located on top of each kidney

• Size: Approximately from 6mm – 8 mm, weigh up to 6-8gm
• Action : regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure,
response to stress and other essential functions.
• Secretion: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Adrenal androgens,
Catecholamine
 Adrenal hormones
Sl No. Type of the Example Action In case of excess or deficiency
hormone

1 Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone To maintain the body’s salt and Dehydration, Low blood pressure
water levels which, in turn,
regulates blood pressure. 

2 Glucocorticoids Cortisol Anti-inflammatory effects, Increase blood sugar, weight gain

regulate metabolism
3 Adrenal androgens Dehydroepiandroste Early development of male sex Growth discrepancies
rone (DHEA) organs , facial hair growth in
females

4 Catecholamine Adrenaline, nor Fight/flight hormone- adrenaline Confusion, loss of appetite etc
adrenaline, Physiological responses during
dopamine stress
Gonads

•  They are the sex organs and include the male testes and

female ovaries.
 Hormones secreted by Gonads
Name of the gland Hormone Action
Testes Testosterone Development of
male reproductive
organs and
secondary sex
characteristics
Ovaries Oestrogen, Development of
Progesterone female sex organs
and secondary
sexual
characteristics
Recap!!
• Name the hormones produced by gonads
• Name the hormones produced by adrenal glands
• Name the hormone which is named as fight/flight hormone. Why do
we call it so?
Aim
• To understand how plants coordinate their actions
HOW PLANTS RESPOND TO STIMULI????
Conduction of information in plants
• No specialized tissue
• Some cells must change shape in order for movement
to happen.
• Plant cells change shape by changing the amount of
water in them, resulting in swelling or shrinking, and
therefore in changing shapes.
Eg: Guard cells
The movement of higher plants are chiefly in the form of bending,
twisting, and elongation of certain plant parts or organs.
Spontaneous movement: There are other plant movements which
take place spontaneously, without any external stimuli.

Movements can be divided into two types- Growth dependent and growth independent
• Non-directional response to a stimuli
• Mostly not related to growth
• Due to changes in turgor pressure
• Generally reversible
NASTIC MOVEMENTS- non-directional

PHOTONASTIC MOVEMENT SEISMONASTIC MOVEMENT

THERMONASTIC MOVEMENT NYCTINASTIC MOVEMENT

 CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
Circadian rhythms are observable biological oscillations
that occur with a 24-hour periodicity. They are based
on an endogenous transcriptional clock, which itself is
reinforced by environmental cues such as variations in
light and temperature
Recap!!
•  If the stem grows towards sunlight and root grows just opposite to it,
the stem movement is known as………………..
• In mimosa plant, the drooping of leaves is an example of ……………
movement
• What is phototropism? Explain with an example.
Aim
• To understand the types and functions of plant hormones
PLANT HORMONES
Known as
phytohormones
Produced in extremely
low concentrations
Controls all aspects of
plant growth and
development
 PLANT GROWTH PROMOTERS
Plant Growth Promoters are substances which
improve the overall health, growth and development
of plants.
Plant Growth Promoters (PGP) are effective in
improving the crop, quality and productivity
significantly.
Auxin stimulates plant cells to elongate
Apical meristem of a plant is one of the main places that auxin is
produced.
Auxin also elongates root cells down into the ground, while at the
same time elongating cells in the stem upward
GIBBERELLINS
 PLANT GROWTH INHIBITORS
• Natural growth inhibitors are regulating substances which retard
such processes as root and stem elongation, seed germination,
and bud opening.
• These regulators actively depress growth of isolated stem
sections 
Homework!!!