At the end of the session, you will be able to:

a. define the endocrine system;

b. give the functions of the endocrine system;
c. identify the glands of the endocrine system and the hormones
they secrete
d. give the roles of endocrine system in achieving homeostasis;
and
e. discuss ways to take care of the endocrine system
The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce
hormones, which are specialized proteins that regulate bodily functions. The
endocrine system serves as the body's internal chemical signaling system, sending
messages in the form of hormones to organs throughout the body via the
circulatory system. Metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual
function, reproduction, sleep and mood are all examples of body functions that are
regulated by hormones.
controls and regulates body processes chemically
through its hormonal secretions

regulates all biological processes in the body from

conception through adulthood and into old age,
including the development of the brain and nervous
system, the growth and function of the reproductive
system, as well as the metabolism and blood sugar
produces hormones that diffuse from the secreting
cells through the walls of blood vessels directly to the
bloodstream
The term endocrine was derived from the Greek
words endo meaning within and crinis meaning
secrete.
The secretions of the endocrine are called hormones.
These hormones are protein substances which are
present in small quantities in the body. They bring about
changes in cells or tissues which are referred to as their
“targets”.
IMPORTANCE OF PROTEINS IN THE BODY
1. Hormones are mostly proteins.
2. Enzymes are proteins that regulate the rate of chemical
reactions in the body.
3. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries
oxygen from the lungs to all body cells.
4. Antibodies are proteins for body defense.
5. Proteins in muscles are responsible for muscular
movement.
PITUITARY GLAND
❏ referred to as the “master gland” as it controls the functions of other
endocrine glands
❏ The following hormones below are secreted by this gland:

Human Growth Hormone Production of proteins, maintains muscle and bone

mass for growth, healing of in

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Thyroid hormone

Follicle Stimulating Hormone Development of follicles

Luteinizing Hormone Initiates ovulation

Prolactin Production of milk

PITUITARY GLAND

Adrenocorticotropic hormone Secretions of glucocorticoids

Oxytocin contraction and secretion of milk after giving birth

Antidiuretic hormone Causes the kidneys to decrease urine production

(vasopressin)
HYPOTHALAMUS

❏ controls the function of the pituitary gland

Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone Secretion of the TSH

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Production of FSH and LH

Corticotropin-releasing hormone Secretion of ACTH

THYROID GLAND

● located at the base of the neck

● Butterfly shaped gland
● secretes two hormones that increase the total chemical reactions
(metabolism) in the cells :
A.thyroxin (T4) and B. triiodothyronine (T3)
C. Calcitonin - lowers the blood calcium levels under certain conditions
PARATHYROID
❏ Secretes parathormone ( regulates calcium in the blood and oppose the
action of calcitonin when it exceeds the normal levels)

PANCREAS
❏ Located in the duodenum of the small intestine. It secretes the hormones
insulin (lowers the blood sugar level) and glucagon (increases the blood
sugar level)
❏ Secretes also somatostatin-inhibits the secretion of some hormones
ADRENAL GLANDS
● Situated above the kidneys
● Secretes the following:
a. Epinephrine and norepinephrine - help the body respond to and survive
emergencies by increasing heart rate and blood sugar level and enhancing
breathing and blood flow to skeletal muscles
b. Adrenalin - regarded as the emergency hormone
c. Glucocorticoids - mobilizing energy reserves (cortisol, stress hormone)
d. Mineralocorticoids - mobilizing energy reserves (aldosterone -regulates salt
and water)
GONADS
❏ Ovaries - secrete estrogen ( secondary sex characteristics) and
progesterone( pregnancy, lactation and menstrual flow)
❏ Testes - testosterone (production of sperm and development of male
secondary sex characteristics)

PINEAL
❏ Melatonin--regulates the sleep cycle

THYMUS
❏ Thymosine-acts as an antibody
COMPARISON BETWEEN NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

CRITERION NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Involved Body Parts Brain and Spinal Cord Glands

Transmission Signals (impulses) Hormones transmitted

transmitted through through the bloodstream.
neurons

Rate of Transmission Quick Transmission of Slow secretion of hormones

signals

Effect Localized Widespread

Duration of Effects Mostly temporary Long term or permanent

It is a hormonal disorder that develops when your
pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone
during adulthood.
When you have too much growth
hormone, your bones increase in size. In
childhood, this leads to increased height
and is called gigantism. But in adulthood,
a change in height doesn't occur. Instead,
the increase in bone size is limited to the
bones of your hands, feet and face, and is
called acromegaly.
 ● A deepened, husky voice due to enlarged
vocal cords and sinuses
● Severe snoring due to obstruction of the
upper airway
● Vision problems
● Headaches, which may be persistent or
severe
● Menstrual cycle irregularities in women
● Erectile dysfunction in men
● Loss of interest in sex
● Enlarged hands and feet
● Enlarged facial features, including the
facial bones, lips, nose and tongue
● Coarse, oily, thickened skin
● Excessive sweating and body odor
● Small outgrowths of skin tissue (skin
tags)
● Fatigue and joint or muscle
weakness
● Pain and limited joint mobility
Treatment:
Surgery
Medication
Drugs that reduce growth hormone production (somatostatin analogues).
Drugs to lower hormone levels (dopamine agonists).
Drug to block the action of GH (growth hormone antagonist).
Radiation

● weight loss, despite an increased
appetite.
● rapid or irregular heartbeat.
● nervousness, irritability, trouble
sleeping, fatigue.
● shaky hands, muscle weakness.
● sweating or trouble tolerating heat.
● frequent bowel movements.
● an enlarged thyroid gland, called a
goiter.
Graves' disease is caused
by a malfunction in the body's
disease-fighting immune system.
It is an autoimmune condition
where your immune system
mistakenly attacks your thyroid
which causes it to become
overactive.
TREATMENT:
● Radioactive Iodine Therapy
● Anti-thyroid Medications
● Beta Blockers
● Surgery
CAUSE:
Most dwarfism-related conditions are genetic
disorders, but the causes of some disorders are
unknown. Most occurrences of dwarfism result from a
random genetic mutation in either the father's sperm or
the mother's egg rather than from either parent's
complete genetic makeup.
It can also be caused by deficiency in the Growth
Hormone.
TREATMENT:
Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent or lessen
some of the problems associated with dwarfism. People
with dwarfism related to growth hormone deficiency can
be treated with growth hormone.
How do we take care of our
Endocrine System?
Care of the Endocrine System
a. Eat a healthy, nutritious balanced diet. Eat cruciferous vegetables like
cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower as they help regulate and detoxify endocrine
glands. Avoid overeating and fat-rich foods that tend to inhibit the functioning of
the endocrine glands.
b. Get enough sleep. While the body is at rest during sleep, the ES secretes
hormones and the body tissues undergo the repair process.
c. Do regular exercise. Maintaining a healthy weight will greatly diminish the risk
of developing endocrine diseases.
d. Reduce stress, learn to relax and slow down activities. Too much stress can
cause overproduction of hormones.
e. Be aware of your family history. Take preventive measures if diabetes or
malfunctioning of the thyroid gland run in the family.
Seatwork
Identify the hormones according to their functions:

1. Prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized egg

2. Decreases blood sugar level
3. Increases the rate of calcium deposition in the bone
4. Milk letdown
5. Controls body functions in response to daylight and seasonal changes
6. Increases blood sugar level
7. Fight or flight hormones
8. Emergency hormone
9. Stress hormone
10. Opposes the action of calcitonin
Apply What you Know:
1. Analyze. A woman in an inland town complained about having an enlarged
thyroid gland caused by goiter. How would you explain the cause of her
present condition?
2. Infer. A victim of a hit-and-run was rushed to a hospital. After a thorough
examination, the doctor found that the patient has brain contusions and can
hardly move his right arm. Which hemisphere of the brain could have been
damaged?
3. Compute. In humans, if fertilization happened on June 15,2018, when would
the baby approximately be born? (Assume that the pregnancy is normal)