Test Bank For Our Social World Introduction To Sociology 7th Edition Jeanne H Ballantine Keith A Roberts Kathleen Odell Korgen

Test Bank for Our Social World Introduction to Sociology, 7th Edition, Jeanne H.
Ballantine,
Test Bank for Our Social World Introduction to

Sociology, 7th Edition, Jeanne H. Ballantine, Keith A.
Roberts Kathleen Odell Korgen
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ogy-7th-edition-jeanne-h-ballantine-keith-a-roberts-kathleen-odell-korgen/
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Instructor Resource
Ballantine, Our Social World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2020
Chapter 6: Deviance and Social Control: Sickos, Weirdos,

and Folks Like Us
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. What is the violation of social norms called?

a. deviance
b. stigma
c. recidivism
d. crime
Ans: A
KEY: Learning Objective: 6.1: Describe who is deviant and why.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Is Deviance?
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. Which of the following is considered to be a characteristic of deviance?

a. Deviance is a socially constructed concept.
b. Deviance occurs independent to time or social context.
c. Individuals are too small a group to be defined as deviant.
d. Deviance is symbolic for society.
Ans: A
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Hard
3. What are the forms of deviance in which formal penalties are imposed by society
known as?
a. deviant norms
b. crimes
c. recidivism
d. stigmas
Ans: B
Answer Location: Crime: Deviance That Violates the Law
4. Emily is in high school. Her best friend recently moved to a different state, so Emily
started hanging out with different groups of people. Some of her new friends experiment
Instructor Resource
with illicit drugs after school. On repeated occasions, the group used peer pressure to
convince Emily to join them. She finally decides to try what they are trying. Emily chose
to engage in deviant behavior due to the duration and intensity of the event. What is this
an example of?
a. rational choice theory
b. differential association theory
c. rational choice theory
d. labeling theory
Ans: B
KEY: Learning Objective: 6.2: Compare key ideas in the differential association,
labeling, rational choice, structural/functional, and conflict perspectives of deviance.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Symbolic Interaction Approaches to Deviance: Differential Association
5. The statement, “People learn to conform or deviate from the individuals they spend
time with.” fits best with which theoretical perspective of deviance?
a. labeling theory
b. differential association theory
c. rational choice theory
d. feminist theory
Ans: B
labeling, rational choice, structural-functional, and conflict perspectives of deviance.
6. The statement, “Members of society create deviance by defining certain behaviors as

deviant,” fits best with which theoretical perspective of deviance?
a. differential association theory
b. rational choice theory
c. labeling theory
d. strain theory
Ans: C
Answer Location: Symbolic Interaction Approaches to Deviance: Labeling
7. The term “juvenile delinquent” has symbolic meaning that affects an individual’s self-
concept. Which theoretical perspective of deviance best explains this statement?
a. labeling theory
b. symbolic interaction theory
c. strain theory
Instructor Resource
d. feminist theory
Ans: A
8. Yesterday, for the first time ever, Carson smoked marijuana. According to labeling
theory, Carson committed ______.
a. primary deviance
b. secondary deviance
c. controversial deviance
d. negatively sanctioned deviance
Ans: A
9. How does primary deviance differ from secondary deviance?

a. Individuals are not labeled “deviant” unless they commit secondary deviance.
b. Individuals do not begin to take on a deviant identity until they commit primary
deviance.
c. Primary deviance is the violation of a norm, but secondary deviance is a violation of a
law.
d. Secondary deviance is always a less serious form of deviance.
Ans: A
10. What does a belief that becomes a reality constitute?

a. labeling
b. anomie
c. self-fulfilling prophecy
d. strain
Ans: C
Instructor Resource
11. The self-fulfilling prophecy is associated with which theory?

a. strain theory
b. labeling theory
c. differential association theory
d. social control theory
Ans: B
12. James is an eight year old boy. In his eyes, he views himself as a ‘bad kid’ who will
end up in prison like his father. His mother, Judith, tells him he must have been born
‘bad’ because he looks like his father. His teachers in school tell him he is ‘bad’ because
he cannot read as well as the rest of the kids. As a result, James has decided to start
refusing to do his homework or chores. James has accepted his identity as a ‘bad kid’.
Which theoretical perspective of deviance best explains this scenario?
a. self-fulfilling prophecy
b. social construction of reality
c. being un-bonded to society
d. differential association theory
Ans: A
13. To study why women kill their abusive husbands, Robin plans to look at the positive
and negative sanctions the women weighed when deciding to kill. Which theory is Robin
most likely using?
a. labeling
b. differential association
c. rational choice
d. feminist
Ans: C
Answer Location: Rational Choice Approaches to Deviance
14. Kina is a 17-year-old woman. To discourage her from becoming deviant, her parents
encouraged her to attend church, study hard, and believe that “nice girls finish first.”
Instructor Resource
Kina’s parents are responding to which theory of deviance?
a. strain theory
b. social control theory
c. conflict theory
d. international condolence theory
Ans: B
Answer Location: Structural-Functional Approaches to Deviance: Social Control
15. According to social control theory, which of the following actions would not influence
a person to conform?
a. disapproving head shake
b. laws
c. an internal voice that explains right from wrong
d. giving people the freedom to do whatever they want
Ans: D
16. What are smiles, frowns, and hugs all examples of?
a. formal external controls
b. informal external controls
c. formal internal controls
d. informal internal controls
Ans: B
17. Which of the following factors of social control theory occurs when individuals are
dedicated to conventional activities that they do not want to jeopardize?
a. attachment
b. commitment
c. involvement
d. belief
Ans: B
Instructor Resource
18. With which perspective are anomie and strain associated?

a. conflict perspective
b. structural-functionalist perspective
c. symbolic interactionist perspective
d. feminist perspective
Ans: B
Answer Location: Structural Functional Approaches to Deviance: Anomie
19. What is the term for the state of normlessness that occurs when rules for behavior in
society break down under extreme stress from rapid social change or conflict?
a. Anomie
b. Suicide
c. Recidivism
d. Consensus
Ans: A
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. Which of the following sociologists is credited with the concept of anomie?
a. Karl Marx
b. August Comte
c. Émile Durkheim
d. W.E.B. DuBois
Ans: C
21. Chelsea was appalled that her friends would choose to get conventional jobs after
high school. For her, it was much more important to attempt to overthrow a government
oppressing its citizens. Chelsea planned to chain herself to a government building and
stage a hunger strike until her demands were met. According to strain theory, through
which means is Chelsea adapting to strain?
Instructor Resource
a. conformity
b. rebellion
c. innovation
d. ritualism
Ans: B
Answer Location: Structural Functional Approaches to Deviance: Strain
22. Susan would love to be a lawyer but cannot afford to go to law school. Her boyfriend
suggested that she steal from her grandmother’s estate in order to finance her
education, but she refused. Instead, she took a 2-year course and became a librarian.
How would Robert Merton classify Susan’s actions?
a. conformity
b. innovation
c. ritualism
d. retreatism
Ans: C
Answer Location: Structural-Functional Approaches to Deviance: Strain
23. Juan Carlos originally hoped to purchase a home. However, because he could not
earn enough money to afford one, he decided that a home was no longer important.
Instead, he found happiness through quitting his job, moving into a shack in the woods,
and enjoying the solitude. What would Merton classify Juan Carlos’s adaptation to strain
as?
a. conformity
b. innovation
c. retreatism
d. rebellion
Ans: C
24. Which theoretical perspective argues that deviance will always exist unless the
current structure of society is changed dramatically?
a. structural-functionalist
b. strain
Instructor Resource
c. conflict
d. labeling
Ans: C
Answer Location: Conflict Theory Approaches to Deviance
25. Elizabeth argued that one reason women are abused by their husbands is because
their unpaid labor is undervalued in society. Which perspective is Elizabeth most likely
using?
a. symbolic interactionist
b. structural-functionalist
c. strain
d. feminist
Ans: D
Answer Location: A Multi-Level Analysis of Deviance: Feminist Theories
26. Which of the following sources of information are based on police reports?
a. Uniform Crime Reports
b. victimization surveys
c. self-reported surveys
d. triangulation of crimes
Ans: A
KEY: Learning Objective: 6.3: Provide possible explanations for why the crime rate has
fallen in recent years.
Answer Location: How Much Crime Is There?
27. Which types of crimes are people in the U.S. most afraid of?
a. victimless
b. occupational
c. predatory
d. organized
Ans: C
Answer Location: Predatory Crimes
Instructor Resource
28. Which of the following types of crime refers to ‘crimes committed by two consenting
adults’?
a. predatory
b. victimless
c. property
d. organized
Ans: B
Answer Location: Crimes Without Victims
29. Which of the following types of crime refers to ‘criminal offenses against a person or
property of protected status that is motivated by the offender’s bias’?
a. victimless
b. organized
c. property
d. hate
Ans: D
Answer Location: Hate Crimes
30. Organized crime is more prevalent among ______.

a. Whites
b. elites
c. marginalized ethnic groups
d. young people
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 6.4: Describe types of organized crime and crime by
organizations prevalent today.
Answer Location: Organized Crime
31. What is the definition of racketeering?

a. Racketeering is the extortion of funds in exchange for “protection.”
b. Racketeering is the conflict that occurs between the elites and minority groups.
c. Racketeering is returning to prison after already serving a prior term.
d. Racketeering is an act that marks an offender as deviant.
Ans: A
Instructor Resource
Answer Location: Organized Crime
32. Liz works at the dean’s office. She works harder than her supervisor (who is paid
more and enjoys coffee breaks when Liz and her coworkers share stories about how
little they are paid and how they deserve more). One day, Liz steals 15 ink cartridges to
use in her home printer. What type of crime has Liz committed?
a. predatory crime
b. occupational crime
c. hate crime
d. organized crime
Ans: B
Answer Location: Occupational Crime
33. When are crimes against the company are more likely to occur?
a. when employees have strong loyalty toward the company
b. when the company is large
c. when employees are adequately compensated
d. when employees are mentally stimulated by their jobs
Ans: B
34. Companies that fail to install adequate safety equipment because they feel
pressured not to cut into their profits commit a crime against their employees. This
behavior can best be explained by what theory?
a. differential association
b. symbolic interactionism
c. labeling
d. strain
Ans: D
Instructor Resource
35. John is a supervisor of 30 employees at a small restaurant. He makes his
employees work overtime without pay, and he steals their tips. What is John guilty of?
a. occupational fraud
b. blue-collar crime
c. wage theft
d. cybertheft
Ans: C
36. ______ is the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to
inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate government or societies in the pursuit
if goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.
a. Terrorism
b. Transnationalism
c. Treason
d. Crime
Ans: A
KEY: Learning Objective: 6.5: Give examples of crimes committed at the national and
global level today.
Answer Location: National and Global Crime: Macro-Level Analysis
37. What is an act that attempts to break down a prison inmate’s sense of self in order
to resocialize him or her known as?
a. mortification
b. degradation
c. resocialization
d. recidivism
Ans: A
KEY: Learning Objective: 6.6: Determine which theoretical perspective would be most
useful in explaining the function of prisons in U.S. society today.
Answer Location: Prisons
38. What is recidivism?

a. the extortion of funds in exchange for “protection”
b. the conflict that occurs between the elites and minority groups
c. returning to prison after already serving a prior term
d. an act that marks an offender as deviant
Ans: C
Instructor Resource
Answer Location: Alternative Forms of Social Control
39. What theoretical perspective sees prisons as “a crucial means of ensuring order and
social control in society”?
a. symbolic interactionist
b. differential association
c. structural-functionalist
d. conflict
Ans: C
Answer Location: Dealing with Crime: The Criminal Justice Process
40. In order to help ex-offenders overcome discrimination by employers in the hiring

process, a ______ campaign has urged employers to require applicants to indicate their
criminal history.
a. Ban the Box
b. Ban the Application
c. Felons for Hire
d. Future of Employment
Ans: A
True/False
1. Members of groups and societies socially construct deviance.

Ans: T
2. Deviance is always problematic for society.

Ans: F
Instructor Resource
3. Most sociologists believe that deviants purposely and knowingly break the law.
Ans: F
4. In the U.S., predatory crimes are considered consensus crimes.

Ans: T
5. Social control theory is a macro-level theory of deviance.

Ans: F
6. External controls are always formalized.

Ans: F
7. According to rational choice theory, increasing awareness of the costs of committing

deviant acts should decrease deviance.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Rational Choice Approaches to Deviance
8. The major idea of labeling theory is that if social controls weaken, people are more
likely to become deviant.
Instructor Resource
Ans: F
9. According to differential association theory, if one spends a great deal of time with
deviant friends, the individual may become deviant.
Ans: T
10. Labeling theory is related to the structural-functional perspective.

Ans: F
Answer Location: Symbolic Interaction Approach to Deviance: Labeling
11. The process of labeling individuals and behaviors takes place at each level of
analysis.
Ans: T
12. Bloggers in Iran have been sentenced to death after their online writings displeased
the government. This is an example of the anomie theory of deviance.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Structural-Functional Approaches to Deviance: Anomie
13. Anomie affects primarily isolated, rural areas.

Ans: F
Instructor Resource
14. The frustration and anger that can result from being unable to meet common
societal goals is known as strain.
Ans: T
15. The elite in society often lack the means to achieve societal goals.
Ans: F
16. Miriam wanted to be able to own a fancy car, so she attended college and became a
physician. She could then afford to purchase her luxury automobile. Merton would argue
that Miriam was using conformity to adapt to strain.
Ans: T
17. According to Merton, ritualism involves the use of illicit means to reach approved
goals.
Ans: F
18. Conflict theorists argue that the greater the inequality in society, the more conflict
will exist.
Ans: T
Instructor Resource
Answer Location: Conflict Theory of Deviance
19. Robert Merton invented the concept of anomie, and Émile Durkheim made it
famous.
Ans: F
20. In the U.S., the Uniform Crime Report lists eight serious “index” crimes used to track
crime rates.
Ans: T
Answer Location: How Much Crime Is There?
21. Americans are most worried about predatory crimes.

Ans: T
Answer Location: Predatory Crimes
22. According to the text, some forms of white-collar crime are considered victimless.
Ans: F
23. In Elijah Anderson’s Code of the Street, “decent families” accept mainstream values
and often find support systems in church communities or other organizations.
Ans: T
24. Hate crimes are generally planned well in advance and are extremely violent.
Instructor Resource
Ans: F
25. A grocery store that intentionally sells expired meat is committing a crime against
the public.
Ans: F
26. The economic cost of white-collar crime is vastly greater than the economic cost of
street crime.
Ans: T
27. Wage theft is a type of occupational crime that involves not paying workers the
minimum wage.
Ans: T
28. Prisons are total institutions.

Ans: T
29. Rates of incarceration in the U.S. are decreasing.

Ans: T
Instructor Resource
30. Based on the evidence in the text, the death penalty is an effective crime deterrent.
Ans: F
Answer Location: The Death Penalty
31. Detention facilities for undocumented migrants are growing at a faster rate than
regular prisons in the U.S.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Prisons and Profits
32. Most developed countries utilize the death penalty.

Ans: F
Answer Location: The Death Penalty
Essay
1. The text states that deviance can be functional for society. Explain how this is true,
using at least two examples to support your argument.
Ans: Varies
2. What kinds of crimes do sociologists categorize as consensus crimes? Give at least

three examples.
Ans: Varies
Instructor Resource
3. Discuss the four factors that control theory predicts bond people to society.
Ans: Varies
4. List and briefly discuss two primary factors presented in the text that shape our
tendency to conform. Provide an example of each.
Ans: Varies
Answer Location: What Causes Deviant Behavior? Theoretical Perspectives
5. According to differential association theory, the possibility of becoming deviant

depends on four factors. List and briefly discuss these four factors.
Ans: Varies
6. Compare and contrast primary and secondary deviance. Provide examples.

Ans: Varies
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
7. Compare and contrast the conflict and feminist perspectives on deviance.

Ans: Varies
Answer Location: Multilevel Analysis of Deviance: Feminist Theories
8. What is meant by a victimless crime? Are victimless crimes legal or illegal? Give two
examples of a victimless crime.
Ans: Varies
Instructor Resource
9. Discuss what constitutes a hate crime. What is the primary motivation for hate
crimes? Give an example of a hate crime.
Ans: Varies
10. List and briefly discuss at least two of the alternative programs mentioned in the text
that keep individuals out of jail and prisons.
Ans: Varies
11. Give an example of a behavior that is deviant but not criminal. Explain why this
behavior is deviant but not criminal. How do time, place, and the status of the individual
affect how society views this behavior?
Ans: Varies
KEY: Learning Objective: 6.1: Describe who is deviant and why
12. In the summer of 2010, a deep-water oil rig suffered a major malfunction and began
to spew thousands of gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. The oil spill devastated the
gulf’s economy, killing wildlife, covering beaches with oil and sludge, and making fishing
in the waters hazardous. Investigators discovered that there was possible negligence on
behalf of the oil company that owned the rig. What type of crime was this? As a
sociologist, what kind of policy changes (at the micro, meso, and macro levels) would
you suggest in order to prevent this crime from happening again? Which sociological
theories support your suggestions?
Ans: Varies
organizations prevalent today
Test Bank for Our Social World Introduction to Sociology, 7th Edition, Jeanne H. Ballantine,
Instructor Resource
13. The text argues that white-collar crimes are more costly in terms of finances and
lives than violent predatory crimes. Given the numerous examples of violent crimes in
the media, how can this be true? Finally, which type of white-collar crime do you
consider to be the most serious and why?
Ans: Varies
14. Explain both national and global crimes, and provide an example of each. Why do
you believe that these crimes are less salient when you think about criminal behavior? If
you were an applied sociologist, how would you draw more attention to national and
global crimes?
Ans: Varies
KEY: Learning Objective: 6.5: Give examples of crimes committed at the national and
global level today.
Answer Location: National and Global Crime: Macro-Level Analysis
15. Do you believe the current criminal justice system is effective? What evidence do
you have to support your conclusion? If you were asked to reform the current system,
how would you reform it, and why would you choose that means of reform?
Ans: Varies
Answer Location: Purpose of Prisons
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Test Bank for Our Social World Introduction to Sociology, 7th Edition, Jeanne H.

Test Bank for Our Social World Introduction to

To download the complete and accurate content document, go to:

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Chapter 6: Deviance and Social Control: Sickos, Weirdos,

1. What is the violation of social norms called?

2. Which of the following is considered to be a characteristic of deviance?

6. The statement, “Members of society create deviance by defining certain behaviors as

9. How does primary deviance differ from secondary deviance?

10. What does a belief that becomes a reality constitute?

11. The self-fulfilling prophecy is associated with which theory?

18. With which perspective are anomie and strain associated?

30. Organized crime is more prevalent among ______.

31. What is the definition of racketeering?

38. What is recidivism?

40. In order to help ex-offenders overcome discrimination by employers in the hiring

1. Members of groups and societies socially construct deviance.

2. Deviance is always problematic for society.

4. In the U.S., predatory crimes are considered consensus crimes.

5. Social control theory is a macro-level theory of deviance.

6. External controls are always formalized.

7. According to rational choice theory, increasing awareness of the costs of committing

10. Labeling theory is related to the structural-functional perspective.

13. Anomie affects primarily isolated, rural areas.

21. Americans are most worried about predatory crimes.

28. Prisons are total institutions.

29. Rates of incarceration in the U.S. are decreasing.

32. Most developed countries utilize the death penalty.

2. What kinds of crimes do sociologists categorize as consensus crimes? Give at least

5. According to differential association theory, the possibility of becoming deviant

6. Compare and contrast primary and secondary deviance. Provide examples.

7. Compare and contrast the conflict and feminist perspectives on deviance.

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