Statistics A Gentle Introduction 3rd Edition Coolidge Test Bank

Statistics A Gentle Introduction 3rd Edition Coolidge

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Multiple Choice

1. When a large group (N >30) has participants randomly assigned to either a control or
experimental group, we can assume a causative relationship between the dependent
and independent variable. Which of the following procedures can best analyze the
data?
a. independent group t test
b. dependent group t test
c. one-way t test
d. controlled experiment test
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7.1: Learn the statistical analysis of a controlled experiment.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Statistical Analysis of the Controlled Experiment
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. A researcher hypothesizes that men are more in favor of making abortion illegal. In
conducting an analysis to test this hypothesis, how should the null hypothesis be
stated?
a. H0: µD = 0
b. H0: µWomen > µMen
c. H0: µWomen = µMen
d. H0: µWomen < µMen
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7.1: Learn the statistical analysis of a controlled experiment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Statistical Analysis of the Controlled Experiment
Difficulty Level: Medium

3. This variation and difference in scores between the two groups because of the
independent variable or treatment is called the ______.
a. signal
b. between-group variance
c. within-group variance
d. variance
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7.1: Learn the statistical analysis of a controlled experiment.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Statistical Analysis of the Controlled Experiment
Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Which of the following would be an example of the in situ design?

a. The effect caffeine has on memory recall
b. Examining the effect of listening to classical music on memory recall
c. The effect that an ACT prep course increases ACT scores
d. Examining fear of crime among victims and non-victims
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 7.1: Learn the statistical analysis of a controlled experiment.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: One t Test but Two Designs
Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Which of the following is not an assumption for the t test for independent groups?
a. The participants in one group should not influence the participants in the other group.
b. The dependent variable values come from a population of values that is normally
distributed.
c. The variances of the two groups about their respective means will be equal.
d. Smaller sample sizes will help minimize the unequal variances.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 7.2: Learn the assumptions of the t test for independent groups.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Homogeneity of Variance
Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Which of the following is the assumption of normality primarily concerned with?

a. the difference between a sample mean and a population mean
b. the shape of the distribution of the dependent variable
c. the difference between two sample means
d. how samples are drawn from populations
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7.2: Learn the assumptions of the t test for independent groups.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Normality of the Dependent Variable
Difficulty Level: Medium

7. A study tests the difference between 16 Men and 20 Women. In this example, the
degrees of freedom (df) is equal to ______.
a. 36
b. 34
c. 20
d. 2
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7.3: Analyze and interpret the t test for independent groups.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Steps in Determining Significance
Difficulty Level: Medium

8. A researcher calculates a mean from a sample of 37 people. The following

hypotheses are stated: H0: µ = 40 and H1: µ ≠ 40. For α = .05, what is an appropriate
critical value for his statistic?
a. 2.021
b. 2.042
c. 1.697
d. 1.684
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7.3: Analyze and interpret the t test for independent groups.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Steps in Determining Significance
Difficulty Level: Medium

9. As sample sizes increase, the degrees of freedom ______ and the critical value
______.
a. decrease; decreases
b. decrease; increases
c. increase; increases
d. increase; decreases
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 7.3: Analyze and interpret the t test for independent groups.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What Does the t Test Do? Components of the t Test Formula
Difficulty Level: Hard

10. When the null hypothesis is not accepted using a t test, which of the following does
it assume?
a. The difference between the means is too small to be a sampling error.
b. There are no differences between the sample means.
c. The difference between the means is significant.
d. There is no difference between population means.
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7.3: Analyze and interpret the t test for independent groups.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: When H0 Has Been Rejected
Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Rejecting the null hypothesis and saying that a difference between the two means is
“significant” means that the difference is ______.
a. real
b. important
c. small
d. random
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7.3: Analyze and interpret the t test for independent groups.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What Does the t Test Do? Components of the t Test Formula
Difficulty Level: Medium

12. If the F value is large enough to be significant in the Levene’s test, it means that you
have violated the assumption of ______.
a. normality
b. independent groups
c. pooled variance
d. homogeneity of variance
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 7.2: Learn the assumptions of the t test for independent groups.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What If the Two Variances Are Radically Different From One
Another?
Difficulty Level: Medium

13. In testing the difference between two sample means, a negative value of the t-
statistic (t) indicates ______.
a. you’ve made an error in your calculations
b. the sample mean is greater than the hypothesized population mean
c. the second group’s mean is larger than the first group’s mean
d. the score is greater than the mean
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7.4: Learn about statistical power and the nature of a power
analysis.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: A Computational Example
Difficulty Level: Hard

14. The ______ of an inferential statistical test refers to its ability to detect a false null
hypothesis or its ability to detect a real difference between two groups’ means.
a. significance
b. correlation
c. power
d. magnitude
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7.4: Learn about statistical power and the nature of a power
analysis.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Power of a Statistical Test
Difficulty Level: Easy

15. If a researcher uses too few participants there may be a real difference between the
groups’ means but we fail to reject the null hypothesis. This would be referred to as
______.
a. a Type I error
b. a Type II error
c. an error in sampling
d. in situ design
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7.4: Learn about statistical power and the nature of a power
analysis.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Power of a Statistical Test
Difficulty Level: Medium

16. For a sample of 150 that has a mean of 6540 and a standard error =.89, calculate
the 95% confidence interval.
a. 5433.77 to 7624.36
b. 5946.30 to 7133.70
c. 6173.64 to 6906.37
d. 6116.86 to 6963.14
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 7.6: Construct confidence intervals.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Estimating the Standard Error
Difficulty Level: Hard

17. The result for the Cohen’s d was equal to .546. What is the overall effect size?
a. insignificant
b. small
c. medium
d. large
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7.5: Test for effect size in the t test (correlation of effect size and
Cohen’s d).
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Another Measure of Effect Size: Cohen’s d
Difficulty Level: Easy

18. A correlation coefficient with an effect size of .176 would be considered ______ in
magnitude.
a. insignificant
b. small
c. medium
d. large
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7.5: Test for effect size in the t test (correlation of effect size and
Cohen’s d).
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Correlation Coefficient of Effect Size
Difficulty Level: Easy

19. ______ refers to the strength of the influence of the independent variable on the
dependent variable.
a. Magnitude
b. Direction
c. Effect size
d. Cohen’s d
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7.5: Test for effect size in the t test (correlation of effect size and
Cohen’s d).
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Effect Size
Difficulty Level: Hard

20. If group 1’s mean is 5.67 and group 2’s mean is 3.43 and a standard deviation of
1.22. Which of the following would be the Cohen’s d?
a. 1.83
b. 1.22
c. 0.85
d. –1.83
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7.5: Test for effect size in the t test (correlation of effect size and
Cohen’s d).
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Another Measure of Effect Size: Cohen’s d
Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Recidivism is a problem within the United States. Offenders are highly likely to
reoffend after release. Social services have been found to reduce an offenders’
likelihood of re-arrest. What would the 95% CI be for the following data for the days to
re-offend: 17, 17, 14, 31, 33, 35, 45, 65, 20, 58?
a. 19.87 to 49.31
b. 20.51 to 46.75
c. 18.56 to 50.82
d. 20.79 to 46.21
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 7.6: Construct confidence intervals.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Estimating the Standard Error
Difficulty Level: Hard

22. What is the 95% confidence limits for a sample of 45 that has a mean of 34.45 and
a standard deviation of 4.32?
a. 33.148, 35.752
b. 33.135, 35.765
c. 33.135, 35.752
d. 33.148, 35.765
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7.6: Construct confidence intervals.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Confidence Intervals
Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. The focus of the t test is to determine whether there is a significant difference

between the experimental and control groups’ means on the dependent variable beyond
mere chance differences.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 7.1: Learn the statistical analysis of a controlled experiment.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Statistical Analysis of the Controlled Experiment
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The in situ experimental design does not result in two independent groups and can
be statistically analyzed with a t test exactly the same as that of the controlled
experiment.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 7.1: Learn the statistical analysis of a controlled experiment.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: One t Test but Two Designs
Difficulty Level: Easy

3. One of the assumptions of the t-test for independent groups is that the variances of
the two groups around their respective means will not be equal no matter whether the
two groups’ means are different or not.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 7.2: Learn the assumptions of the t test for independent groups.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Assumptions of the Independent t Test
Difficulty Level: Medium

4. If the t value obtained by the formula exceeds the tabled critical value at the .05
significance level, then the null hypothesis will be rejected.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 7.3: Analyze and interpret the t test for independent groups.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: You Must Remember This! An Overview of Hypothesis Testing With
the t Test
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Effect size refers to the direction and strength of the influence of the independent
variable on the dependent variable.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 7.5: Test for effect size in the t test (correlation of effect size and
Cohen’s d).
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Effect Size
Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. A researcher has examined two groups and is analyzing the mean age. The mean for
group 1 (N=10) was 19.89 and the mean for group 2 (N=10) was 17.67. After running
the t test the derived t = 2.098. State the null and alternative hypothesis.
Is there a significant difference at an alpha level of .05 (two-tailed test), between the two
group’s ages? Use a formal write up format.
Ans: The derived t = 2.098, which does not exceed the critical value of t at the .05 level
indicating that the null hypothesis is not rejected. It is concluded that the mean age of
group one was not significantly different from the mean age of group two.
Learning Objective: 7.3: Analyze and interpret the t test for independent groups.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Steps in Determining Significance
Difficulty Level: Hard

2. A researcher was interested in the gender differences in the amount of time spent
with juvenile probation clients. From the following data, test the null hypothesis that
there are no gender differences in time spent with their juvenile probation clients.
Men Women
8 15
15 19
9 11
6 13
4 12

Ans: t= –2.3; df = 8; reject the null. There are significant differences in the amount of
time spent with juvenile probation clients.
Learning Objective: 7.3: Analyze and interpret the t test for independent groups.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: A Computational Example
Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What are the steps in determining significance?

Ans: To use the table of t values, you need the degrees of freedom (df).
Determine whether you will conduct a one-tailed or two-tailed test of significance.
Determine the level of significance at which you will conduct the test of the null
hypothesis.
Determine the critical values of t at p = .05 with df = N1 + N2 – 2.
Finally, compare the formula-derived value of t with the critical values of t.
Report the findings.
Learning Objective: 7.3: Analyze and interpret the t test for independent groups.
Statistics A Gentle Introduction 3rd Edition Coolidge Test Bank

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Steps in Determining Significance
Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Ten juveniles have been sentenced to community service for 3, 4, 7, 7, 11, 12, 12,
19, 22, and 23 months. Estimate the standard of error and calculate the 95% confidence
interval.
Ans: 2.275; 6.853 to 17.147
Learning Objective: 7.6: Construct confidence intervals.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Estimating the Standard Error
Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Calculate the Cohen’s d in which the first groups mean was 19.306, the second
groups mean was 24.266, and the pooled standard deviation was equal to 6.629.
Interpret the results and indicate the size of its effect.
Ans: d= –.748; The two means are .748 standard deviations away from each other and
the effect size is medium.
Learning Objective: 7.5: Test for effect size in the t test (correlation of effect size and
Cohen’s d).
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Another Measure of Effect Size: Cohen’s d
Difficulty Level: Medium

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