I.

Introduction

A History of Global Politics: Creating an International Order

The world is composed of many countries or states, all of them having DIFFERENT forms of government.
Some scholars study internal politics while others look at the deals between countries including the
political, military, and other diplomatic engagements. This study is called International Relations.

II. Chapter Outline

1. The Attributes of Today’s Global System

Four (4) Attributes of World Politics

1. Countries or states that are independent and govern.
2. Countries interact with each other through diplomacy.
3. International organizations like United Nations (UN) facilitates countries interactions.
4. Beyond facilitating meetings between states, international organizations also take on lives of their
own.

2. Difference between a nation and a state

State – in layman' s term, it refers to a country and its government. (i.e., the government of the
Philippines)

Four (4) Attributes of A State:

1. It exercises authority over a specific population, called citizens."
2. It governs a specific territory.
3. A state has a structure of government that crafts various rules that people (society) follow.
4. The most crucial, the state has sovereignty over its territory.

Nation – an “imagined community." (Benedict Anderson)

It is limited because it does not go beyond a given " official boundary," and because rights and
responsibilities are mainly the privilege and concern of the citizens of that nation. Being limited means
that the nation has its boundaries. This characteristic is in stark contrast to many religious imagined
communities.

3. The Interstate System

The origin of the present-day sovereignty can be traced back to the Treaty of Westphalia, a set of
agreements to end a 30-year war for Catholicism and Protestantism.

Westphalian System provided stability for nations of Europe until Napoleon Bonaparte.

Napoleon Bonaparte later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and
political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns
during the Revolutionary Wars. He believed in liberty, equality and fraternity. The freedom of expression
pioneered by Napoleon was also known as the Napoleonic Code. He forbade birth privileges, encouraged
freedom or religion (you choose) and promoted meritocracy in government (you get hired if you are
qualified). He was defeated by the Anglo and Prussian at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Concert of Europe
- an alliance of great powers— The United Kingdoms, Austria, Russia, and Prussia.
- authored by Klemens von Metternich, an Austrian diplomat.
- lasted from 1815 to 1914, the dawn of World War 1.

Principles of Internationalism:
- Liberal Internationalism
- Socialist Internationalism

Immanuel Kant - German philosopher, was the first major thinker of the liberal internationalism.

British Philosopher Jeremy Bentham - The origin of the present-day sovereignty can be traced back to
the Treaty of Westphalia, a set of agreements to end a 30-year war for Catholicism and Protestantism.

Giuseppe Mazzini - an advocate for the unification of nationalism with liberal internationalism believed
in a republican government without kings, queens, hereditary succession and proposed a system of free
nations. He managed to influence the thinking of United States President Woodrow Wilson.

President Woodrow Wilson - saw nationalism as a prerequisite for internationalism. Because of his faith
in nationalism, he forwarded the principle of self-determination- the world' s nation has right to a free
and sovereign government hoping that these free nations would become democracies and corporate
under an international law.

At the end of World War 1 in 1918, he pushed to transform into a venue for conciliation and arbitration
to prevent another war. He won a Novel Peace Prize in 1919.

League of Nations - an established organization, unfortunately, US did not become a member because
the Senate was strongly opposed to it.

World War Il did happen because nations such as Hitler’s Germany, Mussolini’s Italy, and Hirohito’s
Japan were strongly against Internationalism.

Despite failing to stop a war, the league was the reason why we have World Health Organization (WHO)
and International Labour Organization (ILO) today.

Karl Marx - a German socialist philosopher and an internationalist but did not believe in nationalism.

Friedrich Engels - co-author of Marx. He believed that in a socialist revolution seeking to overthrow the
state and alter the economy. They were pro-workers.

Socialist International (SI)- aim was for the working class to have power through election.

The leader of the Bolshevik Party and its leader, Vladimir Lenin established the Communist International
(Comintern) which was not only radical but also less democratic.
The USSR joined the Allied Powers in 1941 but many states in the world feared the Comintern so in
order to appease its allies, Joseph Stalin, Lenin's successor dissolved the Comintern in 1943.

III.

International Relations World Health Organization International

Labour
Organization

Benedict Anderson Hidilyn Diaz and Philippine Women’s National `

Football Team
 Treaty of Westphilia Napoleon Bonaparte

Battle of Waterloo in 1815

Immanuel Kant

Jeremy Bentham Giuseppe Mazzini Woodrow Wilson

Karl Marx Friedrich Engles Vladimir Lenin

 Joseph Stalin

IV. Conclusion

Globalization encompasses a multitude of connections and interactions that cannot be reduced to the
ties between governments. Nevertheless, it is important to study international relations as a facet of
globalization because states/governments are key drivers of global processes. Scholars of politics are
interested in individual states and examine the internal politics of these countries. Other scholars are
more interested in the interactions between states rather than their internal politics. These scholars
look at trade deals between states. They also study political, military, and other diplomatic engagements
between two or more countries. These scholars are studying international relations. We cannot avoid
history. What international relations are today is largely defined by events that occurred as far back as
400 years ago.