CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION
1.1 AN OVERVIEW OF R.S.E.B.

'Rajasthan State Electricity Board" started working form I July, 1957. When India became
independent its overall installed capacity was hardly 13.27 MW. During fist year plan (1951-
1956) this capacity was only 2300 MW. "The contribution of Rajasthan state was negligible
during I & 2 year plasteremphasis wasindustrialization for that end it was considered to make
the systemof the country reliable. Therefore Rajasthan state febricity board cane into existence
in July 1957.

In 1957 RSEB (Rajasthan State Electric Board) cones in to existence and it satisfactorily
work from I July 1957 at that time energy Evel in Rajasthan is very low. "The 1 st survey for
energy capacity Rajasthan is held in 1989 at that tine the total electric energy capacity of
Rajasthan is 20116 MW. At that tine the mail aim of RSEB is to supply electricity to entire
Rajasthan in the most economical way.
RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED (RRVPNL) a company
under the companies Act, 1956 and registered with Registrar of companies "RAJASTHAN
RAJYA VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED" vide No. 17-016485 of2000-2001
with its registered office at VIDYUT BHAWAN, JYOTI NAGAR, JAIPUR-302005 has
been established on 19 July, 2000 by Govt. of Rajasthan Power Sector Reform act 1999 as the
successor company of RSEB.

The aim of RSEB is to supply electricity to entire Rajasthan state in the mosteconomical way.
Government of Rajasthan on 19th July 2000, issued a gazette notification unbundling
Rajasthan State Electricity Board into RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT UTPADAN
NIGAM
LTD (RRVUNL), the generation Company; RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT
PRASARANNIGAM LTD, (RRVPNL), the transmission Company and the three regional
distribution companies namelyJAIPUR VIDYUT VITRAN NIGAM LTD, (JVVNL)
AJMER VIDYUT VITRAN NIGAM LTD (AVVNL) JODHPUR VIDYUT VITRAN
NIGAM LTD (JDVVNL)

The Generation Company owns and operates the thermal power stations at KOTA and
SURATGARH, Gas based power station at RAMGARH, HYDEL power station at MAHI and
mini HYDEL stations in the State

Transmission Company operates all the 765KV, 400KV, 220 KV, 132 KV and 33KV
electricity Liles and system in the State.

The three distribution Companies operate and maintain the electricity system below 66KV in
the State in their respective areas .

1
Rajasthan State Electricity Board has been dividedfive ,main parts

• Electricity production authority - RRVUNL

• Electricity transmission authority - RRVPNL
• Distribution authority for JAIPUR - JVVNL
• Distribution authority for JODHPUR - JDVVNL
• Distribution authority for AJMER - AVVNL
Power obtain from these stations is transmitted all over Rajasthan with the help of grid
Stations. Depending on the purpose, substations are classified as:-

1. Step up substation
2. Primarygridsubstation
3. Secondary substation
4. Distribution substation
5. Bulky supply andsubstation
6. Mining substation
7. Mobilesubstation
8. Cinematograph substation

Depending on constructional feature substation are classified as:-

l. Outdoor type
2. Indoor type
3. Basement or Underground type
4. Pole mounting open or kilos type

2
 CHAPTER-2
SUB STATION
2.1 INTRODUCTION
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and system. A
substation is an assembly of apparatus, which transform the characteristics of electrical energy
from one form to another say from one voltage level to another level. Hence a substation is an
intermediate link between the generating station and consumer.

For economic' transmission the voltage should be high so it is necessary to step up the
generated voltage for transmission and step down transmitted voltage for distribution. For this
purpose substations are installed. The normalvoltages for transmission are 400KV, 220KV,
132KV and for distribution 33KV, 11KV etc.

2.2132KV GSS BHADOTI, SAWAI MADHOPUR

132 KV GSS BHADOTI is situated 28.5 km from SAWAI MADHOPUR. 132 KV GSS
RVPNL BHADOII is a part of ISO 9001 •2008 certified company.
power mainly comes from 132 KV SAWAI MADHOPUR and 132 KV BAGADI. In
The132 KV GSS the incoming 132 KV supply is stepped down to 33 KV with the help of
transformers which is further supplied to different sub-station according to the load.
132 KV GSS BHADOTI has a large layout consisting of two numbers of transformer one i;
20/25 MVA and other 10/12 MVA transformers having voltage ratio respectively 132/33 KV
in adding to these transformers. And a 250 KVA, 33 KV/0.4 KV Station Transformer gives
the supply to the control room and electrical equipment of GSS.

There are two bus bars in 132 KV yard and also two bus-bars in 33 KV yard. The
ironing feeders are connected to bus-bar through circuit breakers, Isolators, lightning
arrestors, Current- transformers etc. The bus-bars are to have an an-argument of
auxiliary bus So that when sone repairing work is to be done anmain bus the whole
load can be transferred to the auxiliary bus through bus-coupler.

22.1 INCOMING FEEDERS

1. 132KV SAWAI MADHOPUR
2. 132 KV BAGADI

3
2.12 OUTGOING FEEDERS

1. 33 KV BONLI
2. 33 KV BHADOTI
3. 33 KV BAD BICHHODANA
4. 33 KV MALARNA CHOR
5. 33 KV KODYAI
6. 33 KV BPCL

4
In this substation, tlere are two yards

Fig2.1 132 KV yard

Fiy2.2 33 KV yard
2.3 EQUIPMENTS USED IN G.S.S.
LIGHTNING ARRESTER
2. CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

3. WAVE
4. ISOLATOR
5. CIRCUIT BREAKER

6. BUS BAR
7. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
8. CURRENT TRANSFORMER
9. POWER TRANSFORMER
10. POWER LINE CARRIER
COMMUNICATION
11. CONTROL PANEL
12. BATTERY BANK
13. CAPACITOR BANK
14. STATION TRANSFORMER
5
 CHAPTER-3

3.1 INTRODUCTION

10
Lightning arrester is a device, which protects the overhead lines and other electrical apparatus
viz, transformer from overhead voltages and Lightning. An electric discharge between cloud
and earth, between cloud and the charge centres of the sane cloud is known as lightning.
Lightning arrester is connected between line and earth i.e. in parallel with the over headline,
HV equipment’s and substation to be protected. It is a safety valve which limits the magnitude
of lightning and switching over voltages at the substations, over headlines and HV equipment
and provides a low resistance path for the surge current to flow to the ground. The practice is
also to install lightning arresters at the incoming terminals of the line.

The lightning arrester (or) the lightning conductor is a commonly used device which is used
to protection a substation is essential:
Protection for transmission line from direct stroke.
2. Protection of Power station and sub-station from direct stroke.
3. Protection of electrical apparatus agai1St traveling waves.
4. Effective protection of equipment against direct strokes requires a shied to
prevent lightning from striking the electrical conductor together with adequate
drainage facilities over insulated Structure.

3.2 TYPES OF LIGHTNING ARRESTER

32.1 ROD SPHERE TYPE
It is a very simple protective device i.e. gap is provided across the stack of Insulation to
permit flash-over when undesirable voltages are impressed ofthe System
3.22 EXPULSION TYPE
It have two electrodes at each end and consists of a fibres tube capable of producing a gas
when is produced. The gas so evolved blows the arc through the bottom electrode.
3.23 VALVE TYPE
It consists of a divided spark-gap il series will a non linear resistor. 'The divided spark gap
consists of a no. Of similar elements, each Of two electrodes across which are connected high
resistor.
32.4 THYRITE TYPE
Ground Wire run over the tower provides an adequate protection against lighting and reduce
the induced electrostatic or electromagnetic voltage but such a shield is inadequate to protect
any traveling wave, which reaches the terminal of the electrical equipment, and such wave can
cause the following damage.
l. The high peak of the surge may cause a flashover in the internal wiring thus it may spoil
the insulation of the wilding.
 CHAPTER-3

3.1 INTRODUCTION
2. The Steep wave front may cause internal flash over between their turns of transformer.
'The stop wave front resulting into resonance and voltage my cause internal or
external flashover causing building up the electrical operation.

Figure- 3.1 lightning arrester

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

12
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power system to step down
extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage Signal, for measurement or to operate a
protective relay. Capacitor Voltage Transformers also serve as coupling capacitor* for
coupling high frequency power line carrier signals to the transmission CVTs in combination
with wave ü9aps are used for filtering high frequency communication signals from power
frequency. "Ihis form; a carrier communication. network throughout the transmission
network. In an electrical power substation, Capacitor Voltage Transformer in combination
with Wave Trap is placed at the sending and receiving ends of the substation. At the
receiving end they are found just after lightening arrester and before line isolator.

Another form of capacitor voltage transformer is one that is either attached to or run in
Sequence with something called a capacitance coupled voltage transformer, or CCVT.
These types of transformers are used in the same manner howeverthey are able to handle
much higher amounts of input signal. They are also able to distribute the lower amounts
of output signal to multiple locations within circuit at the same time.

Fig. 4.1 Capacitive voltage transformer

 CHAPTER-3

3.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 CONSTRUCTION

Capacitor Voltage Transformers consist of two primary assemblies,

I. The high voltage capacitor sections

2. The base box, housing the electromagneticcomponents.

Series connected capacitor elements, housed in porcelain shells, each hermetically (in airtight
manner) sealed, are referred to as capacitor sections. The dielectric of the capacitor elements is
nude up of high quality polypropylene film/paper and impregnated with highly processed
synthetic fluid.

Each capacitor section is equipped with a stainless steel below which will allow the synthetic
fluid to expand and contract with changes ambient operating temperature while maintaining
the hermetic sealing. It over these capacitor sections that most of the high voltage will be
dropped.

A 5-12 kV
depending on type) is taken from the lowest capacitor section and fed to an electromagnetic
circuit in the cast aluminiumbase box. "The base box contains the intermediate transformer
which will provide the final output voltages via multiple tapped secondary windings, series
compensating reactor and ferro-resonance control circuitry The base box is filled with dried
mineral oil, protecting the components from environmentaldeterioration. Ferro-resonance
Simply and effectively controlled by utilization of low flux density designed magnetic
circuitry and a saturable reactor controlled damping circuit connected across the secondary
winding. The ferro-resonance suppression circuit does not adversely affect transient response.

4.3APPLICATION
Voltage Measuring: They accurately transform transmission voltages down to useable
levels for revenue metering, protection and control purposes.
2. Insulation: They guarantee the insulation between HV network and LV circuits ensuring
safety condition to control room operators.
3. HF Transmissions: They can be used for Power Line Carrier (PLC) coupling.

14
4. Transient Recovery Voltage: When installed in close proximity to HV/EHV Circuit
Breakers, CVT's own High Capacitance Enhance C/B short fault / TRV performance.

15
 CHAPTER-3

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Potential transformer or voltage transformer gets used in electrical power system for stepping
down the System voltage to a safe value Which can be fed to low ratings and relays.
Commerciallyavailable relays and meters used for protection and metering, are designed for
low voltage, primary of this transformer is connected across the phase and ground. Just like
the transformers used for stepping down purpose, potentialtransformeri.e. PT has lower tums
winding at its secondary. The system voltage is applied across the terminals of primary
winding of that transformer, and then proportionate secondary voltage appears across the -
secondary terminals of the PT.
Potential Transformer is designed for monitoring single-phase and three-phase power line
voltages in power metering applications. The primary terminals can be connected either line-
to-line or in line-to-neutral configuration. Fused transformer 1mdek; are designated by a
suffix of 'F' for one fuse or 'FF" for two fuses. A Potential Transformer is a special type of
transformer that allows meters to take readings from electrical service connections with higher
voltage than the meter normally capable of handling without at potential transformer.

Fig. 5.1 Potential Transformer

CHAPTER-6

16
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Current transformer used for monitoring the current for the purpose of measuring and
protection. They can be classified as dead tank inverter type, The dead tank current
transformeraccommodates the secondary core inside the tank, which is at the ground
potential. The insulated primary passes through the porcelain and the tank and the terminals
into the top chamber. The primary used in such types of construction is of 'U' type. The
inserted secondary cores are insulated to the system voltage and hence inside the top chamber
which is at the line potential. Before commissioning of the current transformer the earthing of
the power terminal and base is essential, otherwise excessive high voltage appears at the
power factor terminal and leads to heavy spark. 'the secondary terminal of the core should be
short circuited and earthed which are not in use otherwise excessive high voltage will be
developed across the current transformer secondary. The current transformer should always be
in vertical position so that gas forming at the top does not enter the insulated part. The current
transformer actually steps down the current so that can be measured by standard
measuringinstrument. There are three current transformer in each feeder. The current
transformers are inserted into energy incoming and outgoing feeder from 132 kV for
easement. "the current transformer is used with its primary winding connected in series with
the line carrying the current to be measured and therefore thepreinjury current is not
determined by the load on the secondary of the current transformer. The primary consists of a
very few tun-us and there is no appreciable voltage across it. The secondary consists of a very
large number of turns. The ammeter or wattmeter current coil is connected directly across the
secondary terminals thus a current transformer operates its secondary nearly under short
circuit conditions. The secondary circuit is connected to ground in many cases. Instrument
transformers perform two important functions : they serve to extend the range of the
measuring instrument, null as the Shunt or the multiplier extends the range of the dc an-meter.
They abo serve to isolate the measuringinstrument from the high voltage power line. The
primary wilding of the current line transformer is connected directly to the load circuit, while
the secondary is open circuited. The voltage across the open terminal can be very (because of
the step up ratio) and could easily break down the insulation between the secondary windings.
The secondary winding of a current transformers should therefore always be short circuited or
connected to a relay COL

6.2 BASIC FEATURE OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER

l. As you all know this the device which provides the pre-decoded fraction of the primary
current passing through the line \bus main circuit. Such as primary current 60A, 75A,
100A, 120A, 150, 240A, 300A, 400A, to the secondary output of 1A to 5A.

17
2. Now a day mostly separate current transform units are used instead of bushing
mounting CT's on levelled Structure they should be for Oil level indication and the
base should be earthed properly. Care should be taken so that there should be no strain
on the terminal
3. Current transformers can be used to supply information for measuring power flows
and the electrical inputs for the operation of protective relays associated with the
transmission and distribution circuits or for power transformers. These current
transformers have the primary wilding connected in series with the conductor carrying
the current to be measured or controlled. The secondary wilding is thus insulted from
the high voltage and can then be connected to low-voltage metering circuits.

18
 CHAPTER-7
INSULATO
R
7.1 INTRODUCTION
These are porcelain or fibreglass insulators that serve to isolate the bus bar switches and other
support Structures and to prevent leakage current from flowing through the structure or to
ground. These insulators are similar function to other insulators used substations and
POES and towel* These insulators are generally made of glazed porcelain or toughened glass.
Poly cone type insulator [solid core] are also being supplied in place of hast insulters if
available indigenously. The design of the insulator is such that the stress due to contraction
and expansion any part Of the insulator does not lead to any defect. It is desirable not to allow
porcelain to come in direct contact with a hard metal screw thread.

7.2 TYPES OF INSULATOR

7.2.1PIN TYPE
As the name suggests, the pin type insulter is secured to the cross-arm on the pole. There is a
groove on the upper end of the insulator for housing the conductor. 'The conductor passes
through this groove and is bound by the annealed wire of the sane material as the conductor.
Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric power at voltages up
to 33 kV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulator become too bulky and
hence uneconomical.

Fig. 7.1 Pin Type Insulator

7.2.2 SUSPENSION TYPE
For high voltages (>33 kV), it a usual practice to use suspension type insulators shown
Figure 14.1. Consists of a number of porcelain discs connected in by metal links in the form
of a string. The conductor suspended at the bottom end ofthis string While the other end of
the string is secured to the cross-arm of the tower. Each unit or disc is designed for low
voltage, say 11 kV. The number Of discs in series would obviously depend upon the working

19
voltage. For instance, if the working voltagei; 66 kV, then six discs in series will be provided
on the string.

Fig, 7.2 Suspension Type Insulator

7.2.3 STRAIN TYPE

When there is a dead end of the line or there corner or sharp curve, the line is subjected to
greater tension. In order to relieve the line of excessive tension, strain insulators are used. For
low voltage lines (< Il kV), shackle insulators are used as strain nsulat0ß. However, for high
voltage transmission lines, strain insulator consists of an assembly of suspension insulators as
shown in Figure 14.3. The discs of strain insulators are used in the vertical plane. When the
tension in lines is exceedingly high, at long river spans, two or more strings are used in parallel

Fig. 7.3 Strain Type Insulator

7.2.4 SHACKLE TYPE

In early days, the shackle insulters were used as strain insulators. But now days, they are
frequently used for low voltage distribution lines. Such insulators can be used either in a
horizontal position or in a vertical position. They can be directly fixed to the pole with a bolt
or to the cross arm.

20
Fig. 7.4 Shackle Type Insulator

21
 CHAPTER-8
BUS BAR
8.1 INTRODUCTION
A bus bar is defined as a conductor or a group of conductor used for collecting electrical
energy from the incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeders. In other word,
it is a type of electrical junction in which all the incoming and outgoing electrical current
meets , Thus, the electrical bus bar collects the electrical energy at one locations When the
fault occurs in any section of the bus bar, all the circuit equipment connected to that section
must be tripped to give complete isolation in the shortest possible time. A bus bar is a metallic
strip or bar that conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation,
battery bank, or other electrical apparatus. Bus bars are used to cany substantial electric
currents over relatively short distances. Their greater surface area reduces losses due to corona
discharge. Bus bars areused notnormally structural members. Bus bars are typically costard
inside switchgear, panel boards, and bus way enclosures. They are abo used to connect voltage
equipment at electrical switchyards. distribution boards split the electrical supply in separate
circuits at one location. Bus ways, or bus ducts are long bus bar with a protective cover. Rather
than branching from the mail supply at one location, they allow new circuits to branch off
anywhere along the route Of the bus way.

A bus bar either be supported on insulators, or else insulation may completely surround it. Bus
bars are protected from accidental contact either by metal earthed enclosure or by elevation out
of normal reach. Bus banare be connected to each other and to electrical apparatus by boked,
clamped, or welded connections. Often, joints between high-current bus sections have
precisely-machined surfaces that are silver-plated to reduce the contact resistance. At extra
high voltages (more than 300 kV) in outdoor buses, corona discharge around the connections
becomes a source of radio-frequency interference and power loss, so special connection
fittings designed for these voltages are used. There are two buses running parallel to the each
other, one main and another is bus only for standby, in case of one we can keep the supply
continues. If more loads are coming at the GSS then we can disconnect any feeder through
circuit breaker which is connected to the bus bar. This remaining all the feeders will be in
running position. If we want to work with any human damage, in this case all the feeders will
be on conditions.

22
8.2 BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT MAY BE OF FOLLOWING TYPE WHICH IS BEING
ADOPTED BY RRVPNL

8.1.1. Single bus bar arrangement

8.1.2. Double bus bar arrangement

a) Main bus with transformers bus

b) Main bus-I with main bus-Il

8.1.3. Double bus bar arrangement with auxiliary bus.

8.2.1 SINGLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT

arrangement is simplest and cheapest. It suffers, however, from major defects.

l. Maintenance without interruption is not possible.

2. Extension ofthe sub-station without a shutdown is not possible.

8.22 DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT

1. Each load may be fed from either bus.

2. The load circuit may be divided in to two Separate groups if needed from
operational consideration. Two supplies from different sources can be put
on each bus separately.

3. Ether bus bar may be taken out from maintenance of insulators.

The normal bus selection insulators cannot be used for breaking load currents.
arrangement does not permit breaker maintenancewithoutcausing stoppage of supply.

23
 Fig. 8.1 Bus bar

8.23 DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENTS CONTAINS MAIN BUS

WITH AUXILARY BUS

The double bus bar arrangement provides facility to change over to either bus to cany out
maintenance on other but provide no facility to carry over breaker maintenance. The main and
transfer bus works the other way round. It provides facility for carrying out breaker
maintenances but does not permit bus maintenances. Whenever maintenances is required on
any breaker the circuit is changed over to the transfer bus and is controlled through bus
coupler breaker.

24
 CHAPTER-9
ISOLATOR
9.1 INTRODUCTION
When to canny out inspection or repair the substation installation a disconnection switch is
used called isolator. Isolators are also called as disconnect switches or air break switches. Its
work is to disconnect the unit or section from all other line pans on installation in order to
insure the complete safety of staff working. The kowtow works at no load condition. They do
not have any nuking or breaking capacity.

Isolators are used to isolate the bus when it is not in working condition. If the bus is to be shut
down then it is insulted from the nun bus. The raving and fixed contacts is done so that all the
three phase of the isolator close and open Simultaneously and there a surface contact
between removing and fixed contacts.

Following type Of isolator are being used in RSEB,

a. Isolator without earth blades.

b. Isolator with earth blades.
c. Tendon isolator.

Fig. 9.1 Isolator

On fundamental basis the isolating switches can broadly divided into flowing ate as:

1. Bus Isolator
2. Line isolator cum earthling switch

25
 3. Transformer isolating switch

9.2 OPERATION

The operation of an isotherm may be hand operated without using any supply or may be
power operated which uses extremely supplied energy switch which is in the form of
electrical energy or energy Stored in spring or counter weight.

In a horizontal break, centre rotating double break isolator, 3 strokes are found. Poles are
provided on each phase. The two Strokes on side are fixed and centre one is rotating. The
centre poison can rotate about its vertical axe at an angle of 900. In closed position, the
isolating stroke on galvanized Steel rolled home. The tutee poles corresponding to 3 phases
are connected by means of steel shaft.

Isolators are of two types-

1. Single pole isolator

2. Three pole isolator
CHAPTER-IO

CIRCUIT BREAKER
10.1 INTRODUCTION
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from dengue caused by overload or short circuit. Its basis function is to detect
a fake condition and, by interrupting controlling, to immediately discontinue electrical flow.
Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset
(either manually or automatically) to rerun enormous operation. Circuit breakers are nude in
varying si7_es, from null devices that protect an individual household appliance up to huge
switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire City.

In any &cuit, carrying a large amount of consent, if a contact i; opened then normally a spark
is produced due to fact that current traverses its path through air gap Arcing is harmful as it
can dengue precious equipment media are provided between contacts. This is one of the
indolent equipment power system It protects the system by isolating the faulty section while
the healthy one is keep on working. Every system is susceptible to fault or damages while can
be caused due to overbidding, short-circuiting, earth faun etc. thus to protect the system and
isotherm the flashy section CB are required. Apart from breaking and nuking contacts, a CB
should be capable of doing

1. Continuously carry the maximum current at point of installation

2. Make and break the circuit under abnormal and normal condition

26
 3. Close or open the faulty section only Where fault
There are different arc quenching neclir1. SF6 gas
2. Vacuum
In 132 KV GSS, SF6 gas circuit breakers are used, as for greater capacity GSS SF6 type
breakers are very efficient.

10.2 TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

1. SF6 Circuit Breaker

2. Vacuum Circuit Breaker

3. Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker

4. Air Blast Circuit Breaker

102.1 SF6 CIRCUIT BREA}WR

SuW1ur hexafk101ide has proved its-self as an excellent insulating and arc quenching
medium. The physical, chemical, and electrical properties of SF6 are rare superior to many of
the other media. It has been extensively used during the last 30 years in circuit breakers, gas-
insulated switchgear (GIS), high voltage capacitors, bushings, and gas insulated lines. In
SF6 breakers the contacts are surrounded by low pressure SF6 gas. At the end the Contacts are
opened, a small amount of gas compressed and forced through the arc to extinguish.

27
 Fig. 10.1 SF6 Circuit Breaker

102.2 VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

A vacuum circuit breaker is such kind of circuit breaker where the arc quenching takes place
in vacuum. The technology is suitable for mainly medium voltage application. For higher
voltage Vacuum technology has been developed but not commercially visible. The operation
Of opening and casing of current carrying contacts and associated arc interruption take place
in a vacuum channel in the breaker Which called vacuum interrupter. The vacuum interrupter
consists of a steel arc channel in the centre symmetrically arranged ceramic insulters. The
material used for current carrying contacts plays an invariant role in the performance of the
vacuum circuit breaker. Cu Cr is the rest ideal material to nuke VCB contacts. Vacuum
interrupter technology was first introduced in year of 1960. But still it is a developing
technology. As time goes on, the size of the vacuum interrupter being reducing from is early
1960's sin due to different technical developments in this field of engineering. The contact
geometry is also improving with tine, from butt contact of early days it gradually changes to
shape, cup shape and axial field contact. The vacuum circuit breaker is today recognized as
most reliable current interruption technology for medium voltage system It requires minimum
to other circuit breaker technologies.

ADVANTAGES

28
l. Very long lifetime of the contacts (This provides longer breaker life.)
2. Less maintenance required
3. Less moving parts mechanism
4. Less force needed to separate the contacts (since the distance between them is shorted)
5. Environment friendly. Since Interruption takes place in vacuum medium, VCBs do not
require gas or liquid addition. This reduces the possibility of leakage of gas (or any
material) that can be harmful for environment.

Fig. 10.2 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

102.3 MINIMUM OIL BREAKER
Bulk oil circuit brakers have the disadvantage of using large quantity of 011. With frequent
breaking and nuking heavy currents oil will deteriorate and nun lead to circuit breaker failure.
This has led to try designing of minimum oil circuit breakers working on the same priceless of
arc control as those used in buck 01 breaker. In this type of breakers the interrupter channel is
separated from the other parts and arcing is confined to a small volume of oil. The lower
chamber contains the operating mechanism and the upper one contains the knowing and fixed
contacts together with the control device. Both channels are rude of an insulting material such
as porcelain. "The oil in both channels is completely separated from each other. By this an-
argument amount of oil needed for arc interruption and the clearances to earth are roused,
however, conditioning or changing the oil in the interrupter channel is more frequent than in
the bulk oil breakers. This is due to carbonization and slugging from arcs interrupted chamber
is equipped with a discharge vent and silica gel breather to permit a small gas cushion on top
of oil Single break oil breakers are available in the voltage range 13.8 to 34.5 KV.

29
102.4 AIR BLAST BREAKER
The princely of arc intonation in air blast circuit breakers is to direct a blast of air, at high
pressure and velocity, to the arc. Fresh and dry air of the blast will replace the ionized hot
gases within the arc zone and the arc length is considerably increased. Consequently arc may
be interrupted at the first natural current zero. In this type of breaker, the contacts are
surrounded by compressed air. When the contacts are opened the conversed air is released in
forced blast through the arc to the atmosphere extinguishing the arc in the process.

Fig. 10.3 Air Blast Circuit Breaker

ADVANTAGES

L The risk of fire is eliminated.

2. "The arcing products are convolute by the blast whereas the oil deteriorates with
successive operations; the expense of regular 01 is replacement is avoided.
3. "The growth of dielectric Strength is so rapid that final contact gap needed for arc
extinction is very small this reduces the size of devote.
4. "The arcing tine is very small due to the rapid build-up of dielectric' strength between
contacts. Therefore, the arc energy is only a fraction that in oil circuit braked, thus
resulting in burning of contacts.
5. Due to lesser arc energy, air blast circuit breakers are very suitable for conditions
where frequent operation is required.
6. The energy supplied for arc extinction is obtained from high pressure air and is
Wide pendent of the current to be interrupted.

DISADVANTAGES

30
 Air blast circuit braked are very sensitive to the variations in the rate Of restraining
voltage.

2. Considerable maintenance is required for the converser plant supplies the ai- blast.

3. Air blast circuit breakers are finding wide applications in high voltage installations.
Majority of circuit breakers for voltages beyond 110 kV are of this type.
CHAPTER-II

11.1 INTRODUCTION

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
electromagnetic induction. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying
magnetic flux in transformer’s core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary
winding. Varying magnetic field induces a varying electro-magnetise force, or voltage in the
secondary winding this effect i; called magnetic induction

If a bad is connected to secondary, a current will flow in the secondary wilding and electrical
energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. By
selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current
voltage to be "Stepped up" by making IVs greater than I Vp, or 'Stepped down" by nuking IVs
less than NP

11.1 Power Transformer

31
 11.2 MAIN PARTS OF POWER TRANSFORMER
112.1 WINDING

Winding shall be of electrolytic grade copper free from scabs & burrs. Windings shall be nude
in dust proof and condoned atmosphere. Coils shall be insulated that impulse and power
frequency voltage stresses are minimum. Coils assembly shall be suitably supported between
adjacent sections by insulating spacers and banners. Bracing and Other insulation used in
assembly of the winding shall be arranged to ensure a free circulation of the oil and to reduce
the hot spot of the winding. All wildings of the transformers having voltage less than 66 kV
shall be filly insulated. Tapping shall be so arranged as to preserve the magnetic balance of the
transformer at all voltage ratio. All Eads from the windings to the terminal board and bushing
shall be rigidly supported to prevent injury from vibration short circuit stresses.

112.2 TANK AND FITTING

Tank shall be of welded construction & fabricated from tested quality low carbon steel of
adequate thickness. After conflation of welding, all joints shall be subjected to dye penetration
testing. At least two adequately sized inspection openings one at each end of the tank shall be
provided for easy access to bushing & earth connections. Taffetas & other pmts confounding
the conductor of individual phase shall be non-magnetic. 'The ruin tank body eluding tap
changing compartment, radiators shall be capable of withstanding full vacuum

112.3 TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

Most of the transformer (small transformers have only OTI) are provided with indicators that
displace oil temperature and winding temperature. There are thermometers pockets provided
in the tank top cover which hold the sensing bulls them. Oil temperature measured is that of
the top oil where as the winding temperature measurement is indwelt.

Fig. I I .2 Temperature Indicator

112.4 CONSERVATOR TANK

With the variation of temperature there is corresponding variation the oil volume. To account
for this, an expansion vessel called conservator is added to the transformer with a connecting

32
pipe to the ruin tank. In smaller transformers this vessel is open to atmosphere through
dehydrating breathers (to keep the air dry). In larger transformers, an air bag is remounted side
the Conservator with the inside of bag open to atmosphere through the breathers and the
outside surface of the bag in contact wills the oil surface.

Fig. Il .3 Conservator Tank

112.5 COOLING EQUIPMENTS

Cooling equipment shall conform to the requirement below:

l. Each radiator bank shall have its own cooling fans, shut off valves at the top and bottom
(80mm size) lifting lugs, top and bottom oil filling valves, air release plug at the top, a drain
and sampling valve and the meter pocket fitted with captive screw cap on the inlet and outlet.
2. Cooling fans shall not be directly mounted on radiator bank which may cause undue
vibration. These shall be located so as to prevent ingress of rain water. Each fan shall be
suitably protected by galvanized wire guard.

33
 Fig. 11.4 Cooling Equipments

112.6 SILICA GEL BREATHER

Both transformer oil and cellulosic paper are highly hygroscopic. Paper being rare hygroscopic
than the mineral oil The moisture, if not excluded from the oil surface in conservator, thus will
find its way finally into the paper insulation and causes reduction induction strength of
transformer. To minimize this conservator is allowed to breathe only through the silica gel
column, which absorbs the moisture in air before it enters the conservator air surface.

Fig. 11.5-Sihca gel Breather

34
112.7 TAP CHANGER
The transformer has an on load tap changer to cater for a variation of +5% to -15% HV
voltage in 14 equal steps of 1.43% each for a constant power output. The tapping from the HV
tapping winding are connected to a 15 position '66'KV Crompton greaves make high speed
resistor transition on load tap-changer. The tap-changer rimy be either manually operated or
motor driven.

The motor driving mechanism is abbot described in the leaflet and is arranged for the
following types of control.

• Local electrical independent

• Independent
• Group parallel control
Tap changer is used to change the HV voltage. We use tap Changer in HV sile only because
in HV sile current is less hence it is easy to handle lower amount of current. Tap changers are
of two types.

1. No Tap changer:-in this type tap-changer, we have to cut off load before changing tle
taps. 'These kinds of tap changer are used in small transformers only.
2. On Load tap changer-In this type tap-changer load remains connected to transformer
while changing the taps. This kind of tap-changer requires special construction.
Tapping winding is placed over HV Winding. Generally, tapping winding is divided in
6 parts by the combination of these 6 wilding and HV winkling 17 different tap
positions are used.

Fig. 1l Tap changer

35
 CHAPTER-12
RELAY
12.1 INTRODUCTION

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the rely creates a
magnetic field which attracts a lever and Changes the switch Contacts. The coil current can be
on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are doubt throw (changeover) switches.

Relays law one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate
from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC
nouns circuit. 'There is no electrical connect the relay between the two circuits, the link is
magnetic and mechanical.

The coil of a relay passes relatively large current, type rally 30mA for a 12V relay, but
it can be as Rich as for relays designed to operate from lower voltages. Most ICs (chips)
cannot provide this Current and a transistor is usually used to amplifier the small IC current to
the higher value required for the relay coil Then maximum output current for the popular 555
timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification.

Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have numerical sets of switch contacts,
for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available.

12.2 TYPE OF RELAY

These are called normally opened, normally closed in GSS control room. There is panel in
which the relays are set and there are many types of relays

122.1 OVER VOLTAGE RELAY

The protection is required to avoid damage of system in case lire becomes open circuited at
one end These fault would trip the local circuit breaker thus block the local and remote ends
The relay operated i.e.: emerged by CVT connected to lairs.

12.22 OVER CURRENT RELAY

The relay has the upper electromagnet of non-directional relay connected in series with lower
non-directional electromagnet When the fault current flow through relay current coil which
produces flux in lower magnet of directional element. Thus the directional relay has the
winding over the electromagnets of non-directional element and produces a flux in between
and thus over current operates.

36
 122.3 EARTH FAULT RELAY

When a conductor breaks due to some reason and is earthen then earth fault occurs. "the fault
current is very high thus, there is need to of over current relay this relay has minimum
operating time.

122.4 DIRECTIONAL RELAY

It allows flow the current only in one (fraction then only this relay operates. It has a winding
connected through the voltage coil of relay to lower magnet winding current coil which is
energized by C T if fault occur This relay operates when v/l is less than theoretical value
The V/I is normally constant.

122.5 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

Relay operates when phase difference of two electrical quantities exceeds the
predetermined value. It has always two electrical quantities; hence, in 400KV GSS for
transformer differential relay is used.

122.6 INVERSE TIME CHARACTERISTICS RELAY

The relay using here inverse tine Characteristics having the tine delays dependent upon
current value. This characteristic is being in relay of specula design, there are
Electromagnetic• Induction type

B. permanent magnet n-moving coil type

C
.

Fig. 12.1 Protective Relays

 122.7 BUCHHOLZ RELAY

The relay is used for the protection of the transformer and is based upon the principle of a gas
operated relay since any internal fake inside the transformer will evaporate the oil due top
intense heat generated by short &cut current and will generate gases. This type of relay can be
fitted only to the transformers, which are equipped with conservator tank and the rain tank i.e.
in the transformer pipe connecting. The two relays consists of an oil cum tuner with the two
internal floats which operates and accurate mercury switches, which are in tom connected to
extremely to the external alarm and to the tripping circuit.

Fig. 12.2 Buchholz Relay

CHAPTER-13
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION
13.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PLCC
In PLCC the higher nechanical strength and insulation level of high voltage power lines result
in iw•reasedrehabihty of comnunication and bwer attenuation over long distances. Sire
telephone communication system cannot be directly connected to the high voltage lines,
suitably designed coupling devi:es have therefore to be enployed. These usually consist of
high voltage capacior with potential devices used in conjunction with suitable line
nutchingunits(LMU's) för Imtching the invedance of line to that of the coaxial cable
connectilg the uni to the PLC transmit-receive equVnent. Also the canier currents used for
communication have to be prevented from entering the power equipment used in GSS as this
would result in high attenuation or even convlete loss of communication signals when earthed
at isolator. To prevent this loss, wave traps or line traps are enployed. These consist Of
suitably designed choke coils connected in series with lile, which offers negliglble invedance
to RF carrier current. As electronics phys a vital role in the industrial growth, communication
is also a backbone of any power station, comrmnication between various generating and
receiving station is very essential for proper operation of power system This is nxjre so in
case of a large interconnected system where a control bad dispatch station has to coordinate

38
 the working of various units to see that the system is rmintained in the optinunn working
condition, power lilecomnmmication is the most economical and reliable nethod Of
communication for neclium and long distance power network.

13.2 COMPONENT OF COUPLING ARRANGEMENT

Wave Trap.
2. Coupling Capacior.
3. Drainage coil.
4. Voltage arrestor.
5. Ground switch.
6. Matching transforner.
7. Tuning capacitor.
8. Vacuum arrestor.

132.1 WAVE TRAP

The carrier energy on the transmission line nust be diected toward the rermte line terminal and
not toward the station bus, and it nust be isohted from bus invedance variations. This task is
perforned by hne trap is usually a form of a parallel resonant circuit which is tuned to the
carrier energy frequency. A parallel resonant circuit has high invedance at its tuned frequency,
line
and it then causes rmst of the carrier energy to flow toward tern-final. The
coil of the line trap provides a low inveclance path for the thw of the power frequency energy.
Since the power flow is rather large at times, the used in a line trap rmst be large in of
physical sin. Once the carrier energy line, any control of tle signal has been given over to
nature until it reaches the other end. During the process of travelling to the other end the
signal is attenuated, and also noise from the environnent is added to the sane way that it was
coupled at the transmitting terminal The signal then sent to the receivers in the control house
vil the coaxial cable.

Fig. 13.1 wave Trap

39
 132.2 COUPLING CAPACITOR

The couphng capacitor is used as pan of the tuning circui. The capacitor is a device whi:h
provides low invedance path for the carrier energy to the high voltage line and at sane tine, it
bbcks the power fiequency Current by being a high impedance path at those frequencies. It
can perform its function of dropping line voltage across its capacitance if the low voltage end
is at ground potential. Sire desirable to connect the line tuner output to for the signal and low
impedance path for the power frequency current. This device is an imluctor and it is called a
drain coil. The coupling capacitor and drain coil circuit are shown in diagram
High voltage

citor

Gap

Fig. 13.2 Coupling Capacior and Drain Coil Con"ation

132.3 DRAINAGE COIL

The drailage coil has a pondered iron core that serves to ground the power frequency charging
to appear in the output of the unit. The coarse voltage arrester consists of an air gap, which
sparks over at about 2 kV and protects the nutchilg units against line surge. The grounding
switch is kept open during nornul operation and closed if anything to be done on the
comnmmicationequVnent without interruption to power flow on the lir. The which
consist of the nutchingtransforner and tuning capaciors indicated above is tailor rmde to suit
tle individual requirenents of the coupling equipment and is generally tuned to a wide band of
can-ier frequencies (100-450 kHz typical)

13.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PLCC

ADVANTAGES

1. No separate 'Afres are needed for commmication purposes as the power lines
theny;elves carry power as well as the communi:atijn signals. Hence the cost of
constructing Separate tekphone lines is saved.
2. When convared with ordinary lines the power lines have appreciably higher
nechanical strength. They would nor-null}' renuin unaffected under the conditön
which might seriously damage telephone liles.
3. Power lines usually provide the shortest route between the power statijns.
4. Power lines have large cross-sectional area resulting in very low resisntanc3 per unit
length. Consequently the carrier signal suffers lesser attenuation than when travel on
usual telephone lines of equal lengths.

40
 5, Power lines are well msulated to provide negliglblekakage between conductors and
ground even in adverse weather condiöns.
6, Largest spacing between conductors reduces capacitance which results smaller
attenuation at high frequencies. The hrge spacing also reduces the cross talk to a
considerable extent.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Proper care has to be taken to guard can-ierequipnent and persons using them against
high voltage and currents on the line.
2. Reflections are produced on Spur fines connected to high voltage lines, "[his irreases
attenuation and create other probEms.
3. High voltage lines have transfomer connections, which attenuate carrier cunents. Sub-
station equVnents adversely affect tyr carrier currents.
4. Noise introduced by power lines is rmchrmre than in case Of telephone lines. 'This due
to the noise generated by discharge across ilsulators, corona and switching processes.
CHAPTER-14
CONTROL ROOM
14.1 INTRODUCTION
Control panels contain neters, control switches and recorders located in the control buikling,
also called a doghouse. These are used to control the substation equipment, to send power
from one circuit to another or to open or to shut down circuits when needed

Fig. 14.1 Substation control panel

41
14.2 SYNCHRONIZING PANEL

There is a hinged panel munted on the end of a control board to take out new supply. On bus
bar we have the synchronies and fee the synchronoscope zero on this bus bar. The voltage can
be checked by voltneter the function of synchronoscope is to indicate phase and frequently
voltage of bus bar and mcoming feeder voltage of bus bar and incoming feeder voltage
supply.

14.3 SYNCHRONOSCOPE

A synchronoscope is used to determile the correct instance of closing the swich with connect
the new supply to bus bar the correct instance of synchronizing is indi:ated when bus bar and
incoming voltage.
1. Are equal in rmgnitude
2. Are equal in phase
3. Have tle sane frequency.
4. The phase sequence is sane.
The voltage can be checked by voltneter the iimction of synchronoscope is to indicate phase
and frequently voltage of bus bar and ixoming feeder voltage of bus bar and incoming feeder
voltage supply.

14.4 ANNUNCIATOR

In the control room the Annunciator the rmstconvact in which probable faults at different
feeders and different feeders and different zone have written to inform the bulb behild the
structure when sone faults is annunciator auxiliary relay. Relay's fist signal trip the circuit
breaker and signal goes to the auxiliary trip the relay, the relay send the signal to the
annunciator which give alarm and bulb is lighting up in front of the type of fault occurred.

14.5 MEASURING INSTRUMENT USED

7. ENERGY METER: To neasuæ the energy transmited energy neters are fitted to the
panel to different feeders the energy transmitted recorded after one hour regularly for it
MWH neter is provided

8. WATTMETERS: Wattneter's are attached to each feeder to record the power exported
form GSS.

9, FREQUENCY METER: To neasure the frequency at each feeder there is the provision of
analog or digital frequency meter.

10. VOLTMEIER: It is provided to neasure the phase-to-phase voltage. It is also available in

both the analog as well as digital.

42
ll . KA METER: It is provided to measure the fine current. It is also available in both the
analog as well as digital.

12. MAXIMUM DEMAND INDICATOR: are also munted on the control panel to record
the average power over successive predetermined period.

13. MVAR METER: It is to neasure the reactive power of the circuit.

14. COS(D METERS: To indi'ate the power factor of the power beilg transferred or
invorted. These netersproviled on various panek.

43
 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER-15
BATTERY ROOM
15.1
In a GSS, separate dc supply is rmintained for signalling rermte position control, alann circuit
etc. Direct current can be obtained from 220volt 3 phase ac supply via rectifier and in event of
arc faihre, from the fixed batteries, which are kept, charged in normal condition by rectifer
supply.

15.2 BATTERY SYSTEM

The batteries used are lead acil type having a sohltön of acil and distilled water as electrolytes.
In charged state, it has a specific gravity of 1.2 at tenperatuæ of 30 0C. In the battery room
batteries are rmunted on wooden stand .1he celk are mstalled stand by porcelain.

44
 INTRODUCTION
Figure 15, I Battery Room

CHAPTER-16

16.1
Capacior banks are used to inprove the quality of the electrical supply and the operation Of
the power system. Studies show that flat voltage profile on the system can -signifrantly reduce
line losses. Capacitor banks are relatively inexpensive and can be easily installed anywhere on
the network.

Fig. 16.1 Capacitor Bank

The capacitor uni is rmde up of individual capacitor ebments, arranged in parallel/ series
connected groups, within a steel enclosure. The intemal discharge device is a resistor that

45
 INTRODUCTION
reduces the unit residual vohage to 50V or less 5 min. Capacitor units available a variety of
voltage ratings (240 V to 24940V) and siæs (2.5 KVAR to about 1000 KVAR).
Capacior bank used for 33 KV at GSS has 2 units of7.2 MVAR
CHAPTER 17

17.1

The provision of an earthing system for an electric system is necessary by the following
reason.
1. In the event of over voltage on the system due to lightning discharge or other system
fault. These part of equipment which are norrmlly dead as for as voltage, are
concerned do not attain dangerously high potential.
2. In a three phase, ci-cuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabiliæ the
potential of circui with respect to earth.

The resktance of earthing system is depending on

l. Shape and of earth ebctrode used.
2. Depth in the
3. Specifr resistance of soil surrounding in the neighbourhood of system electrodes.

17.2 PROCEDURE OF EARTHING

Technical consideration the current carrying path should have enough capacity to deal
wihrmre fault current. The resistance of earth and current path should be low enough to
prevent voltage Hse between earth and neutral. Main earthling system nust be separate from
earthing for lightning protection. The earth electrode rmst be drive ion to the ground to a
suff&nt depth to as to obtail lower vahe of earth resistance. To suffcient lowered earth
resistance a

depth to as to obtail lower vakte of earth resistance. To suffcient lowered earth resistance a
nun%erOf electrodes are inserted the earth to a depth they are connected together to form a
nesh.
The resistance of earth should be for the nesh generally inserted in the earth at 0.5m depth the
several poilt of nesh then connected to earth electrode or ground connection. The earth
electrode is netal plate copper is used for Etrth plate.

46
 INTRODUCTION
172.1 GROUNDING OF LINE STRUCTURE

High voltage transmissön lines are canied out on httice Structure, whOh are youndedwih one
or rmre grounding rods driven vertically at the surface. When earth resistivity is high and
driven rod id not adequate the renedy is bury the wie in earth and connect it to the lower
footing. The wire my run paralbl or at sone angk to the tine conductor is called as counter
poke.

47
 Wire
Fig.

172.2 OVERHEAD SHIELDING

These Wies are supported on the top of substation structure each top is connected to earthing -
system by galvanized iron earthing strips, cover switchyard.

172.3 NEUTRAL EARTHING

Neutral earthing of power transforner all power system operates with grounded neutral.
Grounding of neutral offeß several advantages the neutral point of generator transforner is
connected to earth directly or through a reactance in sone cases the neutral points is earthed
through adjustable reactor of reactance mtched with the line. The earthing is one of the
mstinvortant features of System design for switchgear protection neutral grounding is invonant
because:
l. The earth fauk protection is based on the method Ofneutral earthing.
2. "Ihe neutral earthing is associated switch gear.
3. The neutral earthilg is provided for the purpose of protectijnarcilg ground Sun
balanced voltages with respect to protection from lightning and for irnprovenent of
system
MERITS OF NEUTRAL EARTHING

Arcing grounding is reduced.

2. Voltage of heating with respect to earth rennins at harmless value they don't
ilcrease to root 3 tines of the norrml value.
3. The life of insulation is bng due to prevention of voltage surges or sustained over
voltage.
4. Suitabk neutral poilt.
5. "Ihe earth fault relaying is relatively sinpk useful armunt of earth fault current is
avaihble to operate earth fault relay.
6. The over vokage due to hghtning are discharged to earth.
7. By enpbying resistance reactance in earth connection the earth fault can be
controlled.
CHAPTER-18
RATINGS

48
18.1 TRANSFORMER
Total No. of transfornrrs = 3 No. of tramsformers

132/33 ------20/25 MVA

132/33 10/12.5 MVA 1

331.415 KV---- - 250 KVA

MAKE Company

132/33 KV, 20/25 --ECEINDUSTRIES LTD

132/33 KV, 10/12.5 - BHARAT BIJLEE LTD

331.415 KV, - - DENISH LTD

18.2 CIRCUIT BREAKER
No. of 132KV breaker 5
No. of 33KV breaker 10
No. of Capacitor Bank (33kv)- 2

182.1 SF6 cmcurr BREAKER

BREAKER SERIAL NUMBER 101297

RATED VOLTAGE 145 KV
NORMAL CURRENT 1250 A
FREQUENCY 50Hz
LIGHTNING IMPULSE WITHSTAND VOLTAGE 650 KVp
SHORT TIME WITHSTAND CURRENT 40KA
DURATION OF SHORT CIRCUIT 3 Sec
SHORT CIRCUIT BREAKING CURRENT 40 KA
SHORT CIRCUIT MAKING CURRENT 100 KAp
SF6 GAS PRESSURE AT 200C 0.74 MPa(abs)
TOTAL MASS OF CB 1534 Kg

49
TOTAL MASS OF SF6 GAS 12 Kg

YEAR OF MANUFACTURE 2007

182.2 VACUUM cmcurr BREAKER

18.4
SERIAL NUMBER 20205 VP CAPACITIVE
VOLTAGE
CIRCUIT BREAKER TYPE 36PV25A
TYPE CVE- 145/650/50
RATED VOLTAGE
INSULATION LEVEL 460KV 36 KV
RATED VOLTAGE FACTOR 1.2/Cont 1250
RATED CURRENT
AMP
1.5/30 sec
FREQUENCY 50 Hz
HIGHEST SYSTEM VOLTAGE 145KV
NO. OF POLES
PRIMARY VOLTAGE 132KV/1.732KV 3
SHUNT TRIP 110 V DC
BREAKING CAPACITY 25 KA

MAKING CAPACITY 62.5 KApk

SHORT TIME CURRENT 25 KA

SHORT TIME DURATION 3 Sec
MANUFACTURE YEAR 2008

18.3 CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

FREQUENCY 50 Hz
HIGHEST SYSTEM VOLTAGE 145 KV

SHORT TIME CURRENT 40 KA

RATED CURRENT 600 A
CURRENT RATIO 125-250-500/1A
TRANSFORMER:

SERIAL NUMBER 1207345

SECONDARY VOLTAGE 33KV/1.732KV

FREQUENCY 50 Hz
WEIGHT 850 Kg
YEAR OF MANUFACTURE 2007

18.5 BATTERY CHARGER

SERIAL NUMBER 2K71004
MAKE RECLETRON
RATED VOLTAGE 50v
123.5
RATED CURRENT 30 A
YEAR OF MANUFACTURE 2007
It was a very good experience of CONCLUSION taking sumner training at 132KV
GSS BHADOTI, SAWAI MADHOPUR (RAJ.). All the BIPbyees working there were very
helplill and were always ready to guide ne. They gave their best to nuke us understand.

Training at 132 KV GSS BHADOTI, SAWAI MADHOPUR (RAJ.) gives the insight of the
real instrunents used. There are rmny instruments like transforner, CT, yr, CVT, LA, rehy,
PLCC, bus bars, capacitor bank, insulator, isolat0ß, control roonu Battery room etc. What is
the various problem Seen substation while handling this ixstrunents. There are various
occasion when rehy operate and circuit breaker open, bad shedding, shut down, whi:h has
been heard previously.
To get insight of the substation, how things operate, how things rmnage all is leamed tlrre.
Practical training as a whole proved to be extrenelyinforrmtive and experience building and
the things learnt at it would definitely help a lot in snapping the future ahead a better way.

51
 1. Power System Protection REFERENCE And Switchgear By BADRI RAM
2. Power System EngileeringBy J. NAGRATH and D.P. KOTHARI
3. Ekctrical Machine By ASHFAQ HUSAIN
4. http•//electricaIpowerengineerin g. blo t. in
51 http//www.electrica14u.com/
6, •//en.wikiedia.orwki/lnsulatorelectrici

7. http i/www.engineers gara ge.co m/articles /plcc- power-line- canier-co mmunicatio

8. GSS MANUAL

52