Our Khetiwe Grade 10 Civic Education 2023

OUR KHETIWE CIVIC EDUCATION PRODUCTION
OUR KHETIWE GRADE 10

CIVIC EDUCATION 2023
LESSON NOTES
A summarized version of grade 10-12 lesson notes
Wilfred Muntengwa Dip, Bed & MEd

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All rights reserved. No part of this lesson notes may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, transmitted
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these lesson notes.
Topic 1: Introduction to Civic Education
Specific Learning Outcomes (By the end of this topic Learners Should Be Able To-LSBAT):
1) Outline the Civic Education Topic Plan 10-12
2) Outline the Civic Education examination format
3) Explain the concept Civic Education
4) Describe the importance of Civic Education
1) Outline the Civic Education Topic Plan 10-12
GRADE 10 TERM GRADE 11 TERM GRADE 12 TERM
1. Constitution 1. The Zambian Bill of 1. International Human

Rights Rights Instruments
2. Governance ONE 2. Civil Society and ONE 2. Rights of a Child ONE

Media in Governance
3. Citizenship 3. Economic and Social 3. Family Law

Development
4. Human 4. Zambia‟s Legal 4. Development

Rights System Planning
5. Corruption TWO 5. Gender Equity and TWO 5. Poverty Reduction in TWO

Equality Zambia
6. Cultural 6. Culture of Peace 6. Environmental

Studies THREE THREE Education THREE
7. Substance 7. Child Abuse (Social 7. Global Issues
Abuse Challenges)
2) Outline the Civic Education examination format
1. Section A (20 marks of multiple choice questions. A candidate is expected to answer all questions)
2. Section B (40 marks of diagrams, pictures, charts, maps or story based questions. There are 5
questions of 8 marks each which are all compulsory)
3. Section C (40 marks of essay questions. There are 5 essay questions of which a candidate is
expected to answer 2 questions of 20 marks each)
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1) Explain the concept Civic Education
 It is the awareness of the public in Civic matters such as governance, Politics, Work Culture,
Human Rights and Socio-economic issues.
 It is the imparting of knowledge, ability and capacity of Citizens to make sense of their Political
world.
 It is the imparting of knowledge to people on issues pertaining to national affairs which hinge on
governance.
2) Describe the importance of Civic Education
1. It helps to form competent, active and responsible citizens.
2. It enables citizens to be aware of their fundamental rights and freedoms.
3. It enables citizens to participate in voluntary organizations such as workers unions, women‟s

associations, community organisations, etc.
4. It helps citizens to acquire proficiency in monitoring and correcting policies and laws of their
country.
5. It helps to facilitate the development of knowledge, skills and values in pupils.
6. It enables to produce knowledgeable learners who are aware, can make decisions, judge and act
based on human rights and social responsibilities.
7. It enables citizens to be analytical, innovative, creative and constructive mind which will cherish
and safeguard individual liberties and human rights.
8. It helps to produce learners who can express one‟s own ideas freely, exercise tolerance for other
people‟s views and maintain discipline and hard work for the sake of personal and national
development.
9. It enables pupils to contribute to the promotion of democratic values and sustenance of

democratic systems by making them understand, cherish and defend its equality.
10. It enables pupils to understand, cherish, promote and protect the equality between men and
women, human rights, the rule of law, representative governance etc.
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Topic 2: The Constitution
1) Explain the concept Constitution
2) Describe the two types of constitution
3) Describe the two forms of constitution
4) Outline the characteristics of a good constitution
5) Describe the constitution making process
6) Describe the constitution adoption process
7) Discuss the history of constitution making and adoption in Zambia
8) Discuss the parts of the Zambian constitution
9) Outline the importance of a constitution
1) Explain the concept Constitution
1. is the supreme law of the land to which all other laws are subordinate
2. is a system of laws, customs and principles usually written down, according to which a country or
an organization is governed.
3. Customs refer to accepted traditions and habits of the people in a society
4. A nation needs a constitution in order to regulate the activities of its citizens
2) Describe the two types of constitution
1. Written Constitution
 This is a constitution in which most of the provisions or contents are written down in a form of a
single formal document. Countries with written constitutions include Zambia, Botswana,
Tanzania, Namibia, South Africa, and America.
Advantages of a Written Constitution
i. It is usually drawn up with great care and deliberations
ii. It is clear and definite.
iii. They are stable and steady.
iv. They are free from manipulation by the Judiciary.
v. It affords protection to the individuals and guarantee people‟s rights.
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Disadvantages of a Written Constitution
i. They are not easily adaptable to emergencies and changing needs in society.
ii. It tends to compress into one document all the ideals and political principles of a nation.
iii. It is difficult to amend when rigidity and conservatism are carried too far.
2. Unwritten Constitution
 Is a type of constitution where most of the provisions or content are not written down in a form
of a single formal document but several collection of documents, statutes, and traditional
practices, values and beliefs. The British constitution is one such example.
Advantages of Unwritten Constitution
i. It is easily adaptable to changing conditions of a dynamic society.
ii. It can be bent to meet national emergencies without breaking their framework.
iii. It provides legal means for satisfying popular passions and preventing revolutions.
Disadvantages of Unwritten Constitution
iv. It is unstable as it can be bent or twisted easily.
v. It can be changed or amended according to individuals or party‟s wishes and desires.
vi. It is vague because it is unclear and indefinite.
vii. It requires a high degree of political consciousness in order to understand it among the
people.
viii. It is taken for guaranteed that it exists, even though it is not written.
ix. It can easily be manipulated by the Judiciary
3) Describe the two forms of constitution
1. Rigid constitution is a form of a constitution that cannot easily be amended or changed. It cannot
be amended by a special body and procedure such as constituent assembly (CA), national
constitutional conference (NCC) and referendum (Plebiscite). Example of a country with a rigid
constitution United State of America.
2. Flexible constitution is a form of a constitution that easily is amended or changed by the majority
of eligible citizens without calling for a referendum. It can be easily amended or changed by the
two-third majority members of parliament as in the case of the Zambian constitution.
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4) Outline the characteristics of a good constitution
1. It must be clear as the language used in the document must not be too technical for ordinary
citizens other than lawyers to understand and interpret it.
2. Must protect the Rights and freedoms of citizens.
3. Must cater for the interests of various groups in society.
4. Must protect and respond to the social, economic and political needs of citizens.
5. Must be stable and stand a test of time (useful over a long period of time). It must not easily be
changed at the pleasure of any president who comes into power.
6. It must be neither too rigid to prevent change nor too flexible to encourage tampering with the
basic principles.
1. Constitution making process
 It is a legally acceptable process a country uses to make its constitution
2. Outline the two main methods of constitution making process
a) Constituent Assembly (CA)
 It is a body of representatives elected by their respective interest groups to formulate, amend or

adopt a constitution of a country.
 Representatives are drawn from churches, learning institutions, trade unions, civil societies,
student bodies and special interest groups.
 It is more democratic, representative and favourable method of making the constitution as it is

free from government interference
 Countries like USA, India, Nambia, Uganda, South Africa, Kenya and Ethiopia uses this method
b) Constitution Review Commission (CRC)
 It is a group of people appointed by the president to collect views from the general public on
what should be contained in the constitution.
 In Zambia the executive initiates this process through the president using the Inquires Act
to appoint the commission. The Inquires Act is a law which empowers the president to
appoint a commission of inquiry.
 The views from the citizens are collected through the sittings countrywide were citizens
make orally or written submissions individually or in groups.
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1. Constitution adoption process
 It is a process of approving the copy of a draft constitution so that it becomes an official

document
2. Outline the main methods of constitution adoption process
a) Constituent Assembly (CA)
 A body of representatives is elected by their respective interest groups to formulate, amend or

adopt a constitution of a country there and then without taking it to parliament for debate and
approval.
 Countries like USA, India, Nambia, Uganda, South Africa, Kenya and Ethiopia uses this method
b) Through parliament
 The draft constitution is submitted to parliament for debates before adopting and sending it
to the president to assent (sign).
 Zambia used this method for the first three constitutional review commissions.
c) Through referendum
 Referendum is a situation where citizens above 18 years are asked to vote YES or NO on an
important national issue.
 Therefore, a draft constitution is subjected to the general public to approve it through a

public vote.
 If more than half of the votes cast are in favour of the amendment 50 + 1% the constitution
would be adopted and the republican president will (assent) sign the copy
d) Through National Constitutional Conference (NCC)
 A body of representatives is elected by their respective interest groups to formulate, amend or

adopt a constitution of a country after which the draft copy of the constitution is taken to
parliament for debates before adopting and sending it to the president to sign (assent)
e) Through National Debate
 A group of people are appointed by the president using the inquiries act to collect the views
from the general public through live national debates on TV or Radio or conference, thereafter
come up with a draft constitution to be submitted to parliament for debates before adopting and
sending it to the president to sign (assent).
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Northern Rhodesia Self-government Constitution of 1963
 This constitution was inherited at the time of independence in 1964 to safeguard the interests of
white settlers or minority.
1. Chona Constitution Review Commission (CRC)- 1972:
 It was chaired by Mainza Chona
 First constitution review commission (CRC)
 It recommended for establishment of one party state
 All other political parties were banned
 It became illegal to form any other political party
 UNIP led by Kaunda was to exist
 Birthed second republic
 Abolished position of vice president
 Created position of prime minister
 Leadership code was introduced
2. Mvunga Constitution Review Commission (CRC)-1991:
 It was chaired by Patrick Mvunga.
 Second constitution review commission
 It recommended re-introduction of multi-party democracy
 It included children‟s rights in the constitution
 It birthed third republic
 Recognised Zambia‟s a Christian nation declared on 29th December, 1991
3. Mwanakatwe Constitution Review Commission (CRC)- 1995:
 It was chaired by John Mwanakatwe
 Third constitution review commission
 It recommended amendment to the parentage clause which stated that only a Zambian whose
parents are Zambian by birth qualified to contest for presidency
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4. Mung‟omba Constitution Review Commission (CRC)- 2005:
 It was chaired by Willa Mung‟omba.
 Fourth constitution review commission
 It recommended the adoption of the constitution through a Constituent Assembly (CA)
 It recommended expansion of the Bill of Rights to include Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights.
 It recommended dual citizenship
 It recommended the Vice President to be the running mate
 It recommended Single Member Majoritarian electoral System for Presidential elections, fifty
plus one (50+1)
 It recommended appointment of Ministers from outside Parliament etc.
5. Silungwe Technical Committee-2012:
 It was chaired by Annel Silungwe
 Fifth constitution review constitution
 It was tasked to prepare the Constitution Amendment Bill based on the previous four CRCs with
great emphasis on recommendations of the Mung‟omba Commission and
 Chona CRC
 Mvunga CRC
 Mwanakatwe CRC
 Zaloumis Electoral Reform Technical Committee Report
 National Constitutional Conference (NCC) Report of 2011
 It recommended for running mate
 It abolished crossing over of MPS in parliament
 It introduced Grade 12 certificate for all candidates in an elections
 It recommended Single Member Majoritarian System for Presidential elections, fifty plus one
(50+1%)
 It recommended Single Member Plurality System National Assembly and Local Government
elections
 It recommended for dual citizenship to allow Zambians have two citizenships
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 It incorporated the declaration of National Day of Prayer and Reconciliation on 18 th October,
2015
 The Technical Committee prepared a draft constitution which was adopted by parliament and
signed by President Edgar Chagwa Lungu on 6th January 2016 to give Zambia a Constitution
Amendment Act No. 2 of 2016.
6. Bill number 10 of 2019 (Bill 10):
 It was a draft bill by the National Dialogue Forum (NDF) in 2019 chaired by Professional
Muyunda Mwanalushi
 Sixth constitution review commission
 Re-introduction of deputy ministers
 Removal of retired civil servant from payroll
 Ministers to continue in office even parliament is dissolved before elections
 Campaign period reduced from 60 days (2 months) to 30 days (1 month)
 Introduction of coalition government to mean a government formed by two or more political

parties

The Preamble (Introduction) begins with these solemnly words
WE, THE PEOPLE OF ZAMBIA:
ACKNOWLEDGE the supremacy of God Almighty;
DECLARE the Republic a Christian Nation while upholding a person‟s right to freedom of conscience,
belief or religion;
UPHOLD the human rights and fundamental freedoms of every person;
COMMIT ourselves to upholding the principles of democracy and good governance;
RESOLVE to ensure that our values relating to family, morality, Patriotism and justice are maintained
and all functions of the State are performed in our common interest;
CONFIRM the equal worth of women and men and their right to freely participate in determine and
build a sustainable political, legal, economic and social order;
RECOGNISE AND UPHOLD the multi-ethnic, multi-racial, multi-religious and multi-cultural

character of our Nation and our right to manage our affairs and resources sustainably in a devolved
system of governance;
RESOLVE that Zambia shall remain a unitary, multi-party and democratic sovereign State;
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RECOGNISE AND HONOUR the freedom fighters who fought for the independence of our Nation in
order to achieve liberty, justice and unity for the people of Zambia;
AND DIRECT that all State organs and State institutions abide by and respect our sovereign will;
DO HEREBY SOLEMNLYADOPT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS
CONSTITUTION:
The 2016 Amended Constitution of Zambia outlines the following parts;
Part Title Content

Part I Supremacy of the constitution  Defence of constitution
 Sovereign authority
 National symbols
 Laws of Zambia
Part II National values and principles  Application of National values and principles
 Basis of economic policies
Part III Human rights (Bill of rights)  Deals with the Rights and Freedoms of
individuals which are protected.
 Stating the protection of rights and freedoms of
individuals.
Part IV Citizenship  Categories of citizenship; by birth, descent,
registration or adoption
 Dual citizenship
 Renunciation of citizenship
 Responsibilities and duties of a citizen
Part V Representation of the people  Electoral systems and process
 Franchise rights
Part VI Legislature  Authority and functions of parliament and
national assembly
 Elections of MPs
 Procedures and sitting of national assembly
Part VII Executive  Powers of the president and vice
 Election of the president and vice
 Powers and functions of Cabinet and Provincial
ministers
Part VIII Judiciary  Judicial authority, system of courts and
independence
Part IX General principles of devolved  System of devolved (decentralization) governance
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governance
Part X Wards, districts, provinces and  Creation, division or merging of provinces,
provincial administration districts and wards
Part XI Local government  Systems of local government
 Elections of councillors, chairperson or mayors
Part XII Chieftaincy and House of  Roles, functions and tenure of office of house
chiefs chiefs
Part XIII Public service  Values and principles of public service
 Appointment of DPP, Attorney General, Solicitor
General, Secretary to Cabinet, Secretary to
Treasury, Permanent Secretaries, Public Officers
Part XIV Pension benefits  Pension benefits and payments
Part XV Defence and national security  Principles relating to defence force and national
security services
Part XVI Public finance and budget  Principles relating to public finance
Part XVII Central bank  Powers and functions of Bank of Zambia
Part XVIII Service commissions and other  Principles relating to commissions
independent offices  Powers and functions of service commissions
 Public Protector (Investigator
General/Ombudsman)
 Auditor General
Part XIX Land environment and natural  Principles of land policy
resources  Utilization and management of natural resources
Part XX General provisions  English as official language
 Respect, promotion and protect the diversity of
the languages of the people of Zambia
 Oath of office
 Code of Conduct and ethics
1. It also sets out the composition and functions of the wings of government.
2. It ensures democratic governance.
3. It gives equal opportunities for individual development.
4. It is owned and guarded by citizens.
5. It promotes and protects the Rule of Law.
6. It safeguards the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens.
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Topic 3: Governance
1) Explain the concept Governance
2) Discuss the characteristics of good and bad governance

3) Describe governance in Zambia
a. Pre-colonial period (before 1890)
b. Colonial period (1890-1964)
c. Post-colonial period (1964 to date)
4) Describe the Presidential Burial Site in Zambia

1) Explain the concept Governance
It is the way people are ruled with or without their consent. There are basically two types of governance
namely; good and bad governance.
a. Good governance
Means a government which is legitimate, competent, accountable, respect human rights and the rule of
law
a. Bad governance
Means a government which is not legitimate, competent, accountable and does not respect human
rights and the rule of law
2) Discuss the characteristics of good and bad governance
Good governance Bad governance
1. Citizen participation 1. Lack of Citizen participation
2. Separation of powers 2. Lack of Separation of powers
3. Respect of human rights 3. Lack of Respect of human rights
4. Independence of judiciary 4. Judiciary is not independent
5. Press freedom 5. Lack of Press freedom
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6. Political tolerance 6. Lack of Political tolerance
7. Rule of law 7. Lack of Rule of law
8. Fairness and equity 8. Lack of Fairness and equity
9. Accountability and transparency 9. Lack of Accountability and transparency
10. Regular free and fair elections 10. Lack of Regular free and fair elections
11. Existence of political parties 11. Lack of Existence of political parties
12. Existence of civil societies 12. Lack of Existence of civil societies
13. No arbitrary arrests 13. Arbitrary arrests
14. Helpful and caring 14. Not Helpful and caring
15. Freedom of assembly and association 15. Lack of Freedom of assembly and association
3) Describe governance in Zambia

d. Pre-colonial period (before 1890)
e. Colonial period (1890-1964)
f. Post-colonial period (1964 to date)
a) Governance in Zambia in the Pre-colonial period (before 1890)
a) Pre-colonial period is a period before colonialisation or the coming of the whites.
b) During this period the Zambian Societies were divided into Decentralised and Centralized
Societies of governance.
c) Decentralised Societies of governance are those societies that did not have a strong central
government led by Council of Elders. Examples included the Tonga, Ila, Lenje and Soli people.
1) They are also called Stateless Political Societies.
2) Only came together on ceremonial occasions and in opposition to an external attack
3) They did not have a system of Chiefs, Kings or Queens.
4) They were governed by a Council of Elders made up of many of the elderly people in the
community.
5) The elders held Social, Economic and Political Power in society.
6) Elders are selected not based on their family connections or family ties but on the reputation
as a person who contributes to welfare of the community.
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7) The Tonga, Ila and Lenje people are commonly referred as Bantu Botatwe. This is because
they are closely linked to each other by common ties of language and material culture.
8) The societies did not have a well-defined and complex system of government
9) These were often made up of a group of neighbouring towns or villages that had no political
connection with a larger kingdom or nation.
d) Centralized Societies of governance are those societies that had a strong central government led
by Chiefs, Kings or Queens. Examples included the Bemba, Lozi, Lunda (Mwata kazembe),
Ngoni and Chewa kingdoms
1) They had one supreme hereditary ruler at a time and under him were several sub-chiefs and
headmen
2) They had well-established social institutions such as clans and lineages.
3) They had a well-established cultural institution
4) The supreme ruler acted as the father to the people and made decisions on behalf of all the
people.
5) Each society had special royal objects used in coronations and other cultural ceremonies.
6) The supreme leader also served as the chief priest during major tribal religious ceremonies
7) The sub chiefs had to be installed only after the approval of the supreme ruler
8) They lived in an egalitarian society to mean a society that believes all people are equal and
deserve equal rights and opportunities
b) Governance in Zambia in the colonial period (1890-1964)
Colonial period is a period during colonialisation or the ruling by the whites.
Imperialism is a general system of dominate of a state by another state.
Colonialism is the political control of people and their territories by another state.
1.1890: Before 1890 the people who lived in this country called Zambia today were ruled by the Chiefs or
Kings. The Chiefs or Kings with their people formed kingdoms such as the Bemba, Lozi, Tonga and Lunda
kingdom.
2.1890: In this year Litunga Lewanika signed mineral loyalty treaty with the British South Africa Company
(B.S.A.co) called Lonchner concession.
3.1895: The British South Africa Company (B.S.A.co) began to rule North Western Rhodesia which was under
Litunga Lewanika.
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4.1897: The British South Africa Company (B.S.A.co) begins to rule North Eastern Rhodesia after defeating
the Ngoni people under chief Mpezeni.
5.1911: The British South Africa Company (B.S.A.co) joined north western Rhodesia and north eastern
Rhodesia to form a large colony called northern Rhodesia.
6.1912: The Mwenzo Welfare Society (M.F.S) was formed by Donald Siwale to fight colonialism.
7.1924: British took over northern Rhodesia from the British South Africa Company as it was no longer
profitable to the company. Britain agreed to rule northern Rhodesia because they wanted minerals or raw
material for their factory in Britain. Britain promised to rule northern Rhodesia as a PROTECTORATE to
mean there were supposed to favour Africans who lived in northern Rhodesia.
8.1930: The Passfield Memorandum was signed.
9.1935: First strike by miners on Copperbelt in Nkana, Mufulira and Roan antelope.
10. 1940: Second strike by the miners on Copperbelt in Nkana and Mufulira.
11. 1946: All welfare societies were joined together by Dauti Yamba to form the Federation of Welfare
Societies to fight colonialism.
12. 1948: The first political party was formed by Godwin Mbikusta Lewanika called Northern Rhodesia
African National Congress (NRANC) to fight colonialism.
13. 1949: The Northern Rhodesia African Mine Worker Union (NRAMWU) was formed by Lawrence
Katilungu.
14. 1951: Northern Rhodesia African National Congress (NRANC) changed its name to African National
Congress (ANC) and its new leader was Henry Mwanga Nkumbula.
15. 1953: Rhodesia and Nyansaland joined together to form the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
Rhodesia was made up of two countries namely Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia
(Zambia) while Nyasaland (Malawi). A federation is a system of government which is centrally organized but
allows individual states to control their own internal affairs. The first federal prime minister was Sir Godfrey
Huggins and the last prime minister was Sir Roy Walensky. The capital city of the federation of Rhodesia
and Nyasaland was Salisbury (Harare).
16. 1958: Kenneth Kaunda broke away from the African National Congress (ANC) and formed Zambia Africa
National Congress (ZANC) which saw him get arrested.
17. 1959: The United Nation Independence Party (UNIP) was formed by Mainza Chona and after prison
Kaunda took over UNIP presidence.
18. 1960: The Mockton Commision was formed to look into the future of the federation of Rhodesia and
Nyasaland and it recommend that people did not want the federation.
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19. 1961: Cha cha Campaign (civil disobedience) took place in Luapula and Norhern provinces of Zambia.
20. 1962: UNIP and ANC formed coalition government. A coalition government is a government formed by
two or more political parties.
21. 1963: the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland come to an end.
22. 1964: Zambia gets its independence.
a) The features of the colonial rule in Northern Rhodesia
1. Hatch system was introduced which is the buying of goods through the window.
2. Indirect rule was introduced where people were ruled through chiefs.
3. Chitupa (Pass) was introduced were people were supposed to get a chitupa (pass) for any travelling or
movement.
4. Tea carts the Africans were only allowed to own the business of making tea.
5. Whites and Africans were not allowed to learn and sit in the same classroom in the school.
6. Whites and Africans were not allowed to live in the same compound.
7. Africans were not allowed to take part in government such as voting or standing for elections
8. Africans were forced to pay tax to colonial government
9. Africans working in mining industries on Copperbelt were not allowed to live with their wives and children.
10. Africans were only employed to do low jobs such as clerical work, mining and farm labour.
11. Africans were forced to pay hut tax
Summary of governance during colonial period from 1890-1964
YEAR EVENT
1890 Ruled by Council of Elders, Kings, Chiefs or Queens
1890 Signing of Lonchner Concession
1895 BSA Co start to North Western Rhodesia
1897 BSA Co start to North Eastern Rhodesia
1911 North Western and North Eastern joined to form Northern Rhodesia
1912 Formation of Mwenzo Welfare Society by Donald Siwale
1924 Britain takes over Northern Rhodesia
1930 Passfield memorandum
1935 First strike on Copperbelt
1940 Second strike on Copperbelt
1946 Formation of Federation of Welfare Society by Dauti Yamba
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1948 Formation of Northern Rhodesia African National Congress (NRANC) by Godwin Mbikusita
Lewanika
1949 Formation of Northern Rhodesia African Mine Workers Union (NRAMWU) by Lawrence
Katilungu
1951 NRANC changed to African National Congress (ANC) led by Harry Mwanga Nkumbula
1953 Formation of Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
1958 Formation of Zambia African National Congress (ZANC) by Kenneth Kaunda
1959 Formation of United Nation Independence Party (UNIP) by Mainza Chona
1960 Monckton Commission
1961 Cha Cha campaign in Luapula and Northern province
1962 UNIP and ANC formed Coalition Government
1963 End of Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
1964 Zambia got its independence
Features of Colonial rule

1. Hatch system
2. Indirect rule
3. Chitupa (Pass)
4. Tea carts
5. Separate schools
6. Separate residence
7. Election participation
8. Paying of tax
9. Living with families
10. Low paying jobs
11. Paying of hut tax
NB: The teacher may teach this period through giving out this table of events to learners
c) Governance in Zambia in the Post-colonial period (1964 to date)

Post-colonial period is a period after colonialisation or the ruling by the whites.
a) The First Republic (1964-1972)

1. First President: David Kenneth Kaunda born on 28th April, 1924 and died on 17th June 2021 at the age 97
after having ruled Zambia for 27 years from January 1964 to October 1991
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2. 1964: Birth of first republic
3. A republic means a country ruled by the President elected by the people. A change of republic comes about
when a country complete adopts a new constitution and ideology such as One Party, Two Party or
Multiparty System.
4. Northern Rhodesia Self Governing Constitution was used during this period to protect the interest of
White minority in Zambia.
5. Zambia was a multi-party state with the United National Independence Party (UNIP) being the ruling
party with 55 seats in parliament while the African National Congress (ANC) as the main Opposition party
with 10 seats.
6. 1964: First vice President: Reuben Kamanga (1964-1967)
7. 1966: formation of United Party (UP) by Nalumino Mundia
8. 1967: Second Vice President: Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe (1967-1970)
9. 1968: banning of United Party (UP) after violence between UNIP and UP cadres
10. 1969: Resignation of Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe as Vice President of UNIP after some
misunderstanding within UNIP
11. 1970: Third Vice President: Mainza Chona (1970-1973)
12. 1971: formation of United Progressive Party (UPP) by Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe. UPP was well
supported by the Bemba speaking people from Copperbelt and Northern Provinces which saw the party
winning a first by elections on the Copperbelt.
13. 1972: banning of United Progressive Party (UPP) after violence between UNIP and UPP cadres. Its
president and leaders were all arrested and put in prison.
b) Reasons for political changes from 1964-1972
1. To achieve self-rule: people full independence and human rights

2. To control the economy: people wanted to control their economy and not by foreigners
3. To improve social services: people wanted improved social services such as housing, health and education
4. To develop rural areas: people wanted rural areas improved as well rather than Copperbelt and along the
line of railway.
5. To end discriminatory laws: people wanted discriminatory laws imposed on Africans by Whites removed.
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Summary of governance in the post-colonial period (1964-1972)
YEAR EVENT
1964 Birth of first republic
1964 Political ideology adopted was Humanism
1964 First republican President –Kenneth Kaunda
1964 Multiparty democracy
1964 Northern Rhodesia self-governing constitution
1964 First Vice President – Reuben Kamanga
1966 Formation of United Party (UP) by Nalumino Mundia
1967 Second Vice President – Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe
1968 Banning of United Party (UP)
1969 Resignation of Vice President Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe
1970 Third Vice President – Mainza Chona
1971 Formation of United Progressive Party (UPP) by Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe
1972 Banning of United Progressive Party (UPP)
Reasons for political changes in the first republic (1964-1972)

1. To achieve self-rule
2. To control the economy
3. To improve social services
4. To develop rural areas
5. To end discriminatory laws
c) The Second Republic (1972-1991)

1. 1972: Birth of second republic
2. 1972: President Kaunda appointed the Mainza Chona Constitution Review Commission to find means
by which Zambia could change from a multi-party state to one party state.
3. The first reason being economic development as UNIP government believed that one party state would
promote serous economic development.
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4. The second reason being the need for national unity as UNIP government believed that the country
could only unite under one party and that allowing many political parties would promote tribalism and
political violence.
5. The commission immediately made an agreement with the main opposition party ANC to have its party
dissolved. The agreement was called the Choma Declaration because it was signed in Choma.
6. The changes made in the 1973 Chona Constitution which brought about the second republic
i. UNIP to become more important than Government
ii. UNIP President to be the country President
iii. Vice President position abolished instead Prime Minister position created
First Prime Minister: Mainza Chona (1973-1975)
Second Prime Minister: Elijah Mudenda (1975-1977)
Third Prime Minister: Mainza Chona (1977-1978)
Fourth Prime Minister: Daniel Lisulo (1978-1981)
Fifth Prime Minister: Nalumino Mundia (1981-1985)
Sixth Prime Minister: Kebby Musokotwane (1985-1989)
Sixth Prime Minister: Malimba Masheke (1989-1991)
iv. Office of Secretary General of the party to be second office in the party and government
v. Position of the National Assembly Speaker created
vi. Members of parliament increased to 125, ten (10) of whom were to be nominated by the President
vii. Leadership code introduced which restricted government leaders from acquiring or amassing wealth.
viii. Governor to head local councils.
ix. Party to control local courts.
x. Nationalization and creation of parastatal such as FIDECO and IDECO
7. The weaknesses of the one party state brought by 1973 Chona Constitution
i. Loyal party members were appointed to high positions in government
ii. Secret police used to spy on those who opposed government
iii. Those opposing government were detained and tortured
iv. There was no political freedom
v. UNIP controlled the economy through ZIMCO
vi. Unqualified UNIP party cadres were appointed to manage government companies
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vii. No human being was allowed to stand and challenge the President Kaunda except the „frog‟.
viii. What used to happen was that voters were given the options to choose YES or NO on the Presidential
election ballot paper.
ix. Kaunda‟s symbol was a Hoe on the YES side, while on the NO side a symbol was a FROG
7. 1981: Industrial unrest by mine workers strike on Copperbelt
8.1985: lack of general forex and fuel
9.1986: Copperblet food riots
10. 1990: Lusaka food riots
11. 1990: 30th June 1990 Lt Mwamba Luchembe abortive coup attempt
12. 1990: 20th July, 1990 Garden House Hotel Conference. The conference was convened by Akashambwata
Mbikusita and Mbita Chitala to form a pressure group called Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD)
led by Arthur Wina champion re-introduction of multiparty democracy in Zambia.
13. 1990: 4th December, 1990 President Kaunda announced the re-introduction of party democracy in Zambia.
14. 1991: 4th January, 1991 changed from MMD as a pressure group to a political party
15. 1991: February, 1991 MMD as a party changed its pressure group leader Arthur Wina to political party
president Fredrick Chiluba a former President of Zambia Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU)
16. 1991: 25th April, 1991 submission of Patrick Mvunga Constitutional Review Commission Report to
government on the re-introduction of multiparty democracy.
17. 1991: 31st August, 1991 adoption of the Mvunga Constitution that brought back the multiparty democracy
in Zambia.
18. 1991: 31st October, 1991 General elections were held under the Single Member Majoritarian System
(SMMS) in which MMD won by 76% with 125 MPs out of 150, while UNIP got 24% with 25 MPS.
d) Factors led to re-introduction of multiparty democracy in 1991

1. Donors could only give Zambia aid (help) if it was a democratic country
2. Poor state of the country‟s economy
3. Lack of tolerance by UNIP to opposing views
4. Poor record of human rights in the country
5. Collapse of the soviet union in the eastern Europe
e) Zambia‟s ideology in first and second republic
The ideology was HuMANism which was aimed at achieving a just social society. Socialism was used
as the means of achieving a humanist state.
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Aims of humanism ideology
1) Equal distribution of wealth
2) Freedom of individuals
3) Political equality
4) Democracy
Reasons for failure to achieve humanism ideology
1) Suppression of political freedom
2) Only UNIP members could participate in politics
3) Restrictions of top political positions
4) No change of leadership
Summary of governance during the second republic (1972-1991)

Zambia changed from multiparty democracy to one party state in order to promote economic
development and the need for national unity
YEAR EVENT
1972 Birth of second republic
1972 Political ideology adopted was Humanism
1972 Appointment of Chona CRC
1972 Choma declaration
1973 One party state
1973 Chona constitution
1973 First prime minister – Mainza Chona
1975 Second prime minister – Elijah Mudenda
1977 Third prime minister – Mainza Chona
1978 Fourth prime minister – Daniel Lisulo
1981 Fifth prime minister – Nalumino Mundia
1981 Mine workers strike on Copperbelt
1985 Sixth prime minister – Kebby Musokotwane
1985 Lack of general forex and fuel
1986 Copperbelt food riots
1989 Seventh prime minister – Malimba Masheke
1990 Lusaka food riots
1990 Lt Mwamba Luchembe coup de tat
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1990 Formation of MMD at Garden House Hotel Conference in Lusaka led by Arthur
Wina
1990 Appointment of Mvunga CRC
1991 MMD changed from movement to a political party led by Fredrick Chiluba
Factors that led to re-introduction of multiparty democracy in 1991

1. Donors could only give Zambia aid (help) if it was a democratic country
2. Poor state of the country‟s economy
3. Lack of tolerance by UNIP to opposing views
4. Poor record of human rights in the country
5. Collapse of the soviet union in the eastern Europe
f) The Third Republic (1991-to date)
1. 1991: Birth of third republic
2. 1991: Recognition of Children‟s rights by the Mvunga Constitution
President Fredrick Titus Jacob Chiluba (1991-2001)
1. Second President: Fredrick Titus Jacob Chiluba born on 30th April, 1943 and died on 18th June 2011
at the age 68 after having ruled Zambia for 10 years from October 1991 to January 2002
2. Became Zambia‟s second republican President on 31st October, 1991 under the Movement for
Multiparty Democracy (MMD) ticket
3. Fourth Vice President: Levy Patrick Mwanawasa (1991-1994)
4. Political ideology adopted was called New Culture Government
5. 29th December, 1991 declaration of Zambia as Christian Nation
6. Changed the economy from Command (Socialist) to liberalized (free market) economy where business
men could fix their own prices on goods and services
7. Introduction Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) which brought;
a. wage free (no salary increment for civil servants)
b. cost sharing such as parents to pay school fees and hospitals
c. downsizing government such as reduced work force and ministries
8. Privatization (selling) of governments, mines, companies and houses
9. Most people lost jobs
10. Unemployment levels became high
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11. Civil servants had low salaries
12. Labour movements was weakened by the introduction of multiple unions
13. By 1994 there was famine (hunger) and yellow maize was introduced
14. In 1994 President Levy Patrick Mwanawasa resigned as a Vice President of Zambia
15. Fifth Vice President: Godfrey Miyanda (1994-1997)
16. By 1994 MMD become unpopular before Zambians
17. In 1995 John Mwanakatwe Constitution Review Commission appointed to include parentage clause in
the Constitution
18. In 1996 UNIP with its leader President Kaunda disqualified leading to boycotting of general elections
19. In 1997 second coup de tat attempt by Steven Lungu popularly known as Captain Solo
20. Sixth Vice President: Christon Tembo (1997-2001)
21. In 2001 attempt for third term by President Chiluba failed
22. President Mwanawasa was appointed as MMD President leading to other former MMD leaders and
members forming their own political parties such as;
Micheal Chilufya Sata- Patriotic Front (PF)
Godfrey Miyanda – Heritage Party (HP)
Christon Tembo- Forum for Democracy and Development (FDD)
Anderson Kambela Mazoka- United Party for National Development (UPND)
President Levy Patrick Mwanawasa (2001-2008)

1. Third President: Levy Patrick Mwanawasa born on 3rd September, 1948 and died on 19th August,
2008 at the age 59 after having ruled Zambia for 6 years from January 2002 to August, 2008
2. Political ideology adopted was called New Deal Government
3. Seventh Vice President: Enock Kavindele (2001-2003)
4. Eighth Vice President: Nevers Mumba (2003-2004)
5. Ninth Vice President: Lupando Mwape (2004-2006)
6. Tenth Vice President: Rupiah Banda (2006 to 2008)
7. He had a tough time rule after having won with 69 members of parliament out of 150
8. President had to appoint opposition members of parliament as minister to balance up the numbers in
parliament
9. Formation of Task Force on corruption leading to lifting of immunity of President Chiluba to face
corruption court cases
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10. Privatization of Zambia Sugar and Zambia National Commercial Bank (ZANACO)
11. Embarked construction of key bridges such as Chembe bridge and Kazungula
12. Embarked on the construction Mchinji and North Western railway lines
13. Achieved debt relief meant for Highly Indented Poor Countries (HIPC)
14. Developed and launched vision 2030
15. Secured bilateral support to build basic schools countrywide under the Japanese International
Development agency (JICA)
16. Launched poverty Reduction Strategy Programmes (PRSP) such as Farmers Input Support Programme
(FISP) in 2002
17. He appointed the Mung‟omba Constitution Review Commission which came up with recommendations
such as constituent assembly and 50+1 presidential elections.
18. Lost urban votes in Lusaka and Copperbelt as in Luapula and Northern to PF in 2006
President Rupiah Bwezani Banda (2008-2011)

1. Fourth President: Rupiah Bwezani Banda born on 19th February, 1937 and died on 11th March, 2022
at the age 85 after having ruled Zambia for 3 years from October 2008 to September 2011.
2. Eleventh Vice President: George Kunda (2008-2011)
3. He was elected as a President of Zambia to finish off Mwanawasa tenure of office
4. He continued with all the good policies left by President Mwanawasa such as FISP
5. The country recorded bumper harvest during his rule
6. He had a poor relationship with the post newspaper
7. He disbanded the Task Force on corruption
8. President Chiluba was acquitted of corruption charges during his reign
9. Education services became eg UNZA closing frequently
10. Health services became bad eg shortage of medicines
11. Abuse of office and corruption allegations
12. Unemployment levels
President Micheal Chilufya Sata (2011-2014)

1. Fifth President: Micheal Chilufya Sata born on 6th July, 1937 and died on 28th October, 2014 at the
age 77 after having ruled Zambia for 3 years from September 2011 to October 2014.
2. Political ideology adopted was called More Money in Your Pockets
3. Twelve Vice President: Guy Scott (2011-2014)
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4. Increased civil servants salaries to above 100%
5. Rebased the kwacha by reducing the three zeroes
6. Link Zambia projects to link parts of Zambia by roads
7. Created Muchinga as the 10th province
8. Creation of new districts
9. Renaming of international airports e.g Lusaka to Kenneth Kaunda, Ndola to Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe
and Livingstone to Harry Mwanga Nkumbula
10. Improved condition of services for chiefs
11. Introduced minimum wages for domestic workers
12. Upgrading of clinics into mini hospitals (level one hospitals)
13. Upgrading of colleges into universities
14. Revision of school curriculum
15. Completion of secondary schools
President Edgar Chagwa Lungu (2015-2021)
1. Sixth President: Edgar Chagwa Lungu born on 11th November, 1956 after having ruled Zambia for 7
years from January 2015 to August 2021.
2. Thirteenth Vice President: Inonge Wina (2015-2021)
3. He was elected as a President of Zambia to finish off Sata tenure of office in 2015
4. He was re-elected as a President of Zambia in August 2016
5. He continued with all the good policies left by President Sata
6. Promotion of aqua fishing or fish farming
7. Upgrading of roads to dual carriage way
8. Building of fly over bridge
9. Building of modern markets, bus stops, shopping malls
10. Introduction of tall gates
11. Construction of millennium challenge drainage
12. Upgrading of power stations
13. Building of new airports eg Kenneth Kaunda
14. Housing units for security wings
15. Declaration of 18th October as a National day of prayer and fasting
16. Completion of Kazungula bridge
17. Signing of 2016 Amendment Constitution of Zambia
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18. Appointing the first female Vice President
19. Creation of Ministry of Religious Affairs
20. High unemployment levels
21. High corruption levels
22. High inflation rate
23. Cadreism in public services and places
24. Political violence ie. During elections, gassing
President Hakainde Hichilema (2021-)

1. Seventh President: Hakainde Hichilema born on 4th June, 1962 ruling Zambia since August 2021.
2. Fourteenth Vice President: Mutale Nalumango (2021-)
3. Political ideology adopted was called New Dawn Government
4. Increase of Constituency Development Funds (CDF)
5. Reintroduction Free Education
6. Historical employment of 40,000 civil servants
7. Introduction of new ministries
8. Reduction of new ministries
9. Securing of IMF bailout packages
10. Decentralization of government powers
11. Ending of cadreism in public service and places
12. Ending of political violence
13. Appointing first female speaker of national assembly
14. Appointing ministers from all 10 provinces of Zambia
15. Reducing inflation to single digit
16. Maintaining of senior government officials from previous regime
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Summary of governance during the third republic (1991-to date)
YEAR EVENT
1991 Birth of third republic
1991 Mvunga Constitution
1991 Re-introduction of multiparty democracy
1991 MMD takes over from UNIP after winning general elections with 76% under
SMMS electoral system led Fredrick Titus Jacob Chiluba
1991 Recognition of children‟s right in Mvunga constitution
1991 Declaration of Zambia as a Christian nation
1991 Second republican President – Fredrick Titus Jacob Chiluba
1991 Fourth Vice President – Levy Patrick Mwanawasa
1991 Political ideology adopted was New Culture Government
1991 Change economy from Command to Liberalized
1991 Introduction of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP)
1994 Resignation of Fourth Vice President – Levy Patrick Mwanawasa
1994 Fifth Vice President – Godfrey Miyanda
1995 Mwanakatwe CRC
1996 Kenneth Kaunda disqualified
1996 Fredrick Titus Jacob Chiluba re-elected for second term of office
1997 Second coup de tat by Steven Lungu (Captain Solo)
1997 Sixth Vice President – Christon Tembo
2001 Levy Patrick Mwanawasa appointed MMD president
2001 Third republican President - Levy Patrick Mwanawasa
2001 Political ideology adopted was New Deal Government
2001 Seventh Vice President – Enock Kavindele
2002 Introduction of Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme (PRSP)
2003 Eighth Vice President - Nevers Mumba
2004 Ninth Vice President – Lupando Mwape
2005 Mung‟omba CRC
2006 Levy Patrick Mwanawasa re-elected for second term of office
2006 Tenth Vice President – Rupiah Bwezani Banda
2008 Levy Patrick Mwanawasa dies in office as republican President
2008 Fourth republican President Rupiah Bwezani Banda
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2008 Eleventh Vice President – George Kunda
2011 PF takes over MMD
2011 Fifth republican President – Micheal Chilufya Sata
2011 Political ideology adopted was More Money in Your Pockets
2011 Twelve Vice President – Guy Scott
2012 Rebasing of Zambian kwacha
2012 Creation of Muchinga as 10th province
2014 Micheal Chilufya Sata dies in office as republican President
2014 Edgar Chagwa Lungu elected as PF president
2015 Sixth republican President- Edgar Chagwa Lungu
2015 Thirteenth Vice President –Inonge Wina
2015 Declaration of 18th October as a National day of prayer and fasting
2016 Signing of 2016 Amendment Constitution of Zambia
2016 Edgar Chagwa Lungu re-elected as republican president
2016 Inonge Wina re-elected as vice president as running mate
2021 UPND takes over from PF
2021 Seventh republican President – Hakainde Hichilema
2021 Fourteenth Vice President – Mutale Nalumango
2021 Political ideology adopted was New Dawn Government
2021 Appointment of first female Speaker of national assembly
2021 Decentralization of government services eg CDF
2022 Re-introduction of free education
4) Describe the Presidential Burial Site in Zambia

 Since independence in 1964, Zambia has had seven Presidents, namely Kenneth David Kaunda,
Frederick Titus Jacob Chiluba, Levy Patrick Mwanawasa, Rupiah Bwezani Banda, Michael Chilufya
Sata, Edgar Chagwa Lungu and Hakainde Hichilema who is currently the President of Zambia.
 However, five of the above named presidents died and are buried at the Presidential Burial Site which
was initiated by government in 1991.
 The Presidential Burial Site is also called the Embassy Park and it is located along the Independence
Avenue in the capital city, Lusaka. It is a national monument with an eye catching view which attracts
the glimpse from onlookers.
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 Each of the graves has mausoleum built to describe what each of the late former presidents can be
remembered for during their time as republican presidents.
1. The late President Levy Patrick Mwanawasa

 The late President Dr. Levy Patrick Mwanawasa was the first one to be buried at the Embassy Park.
 He died on 19th August, 2008 and was put to rest on 3rd September, 2008 (his birthday).
 Dr. Mwanawasa's mausoleum has a traditional sitting stool because he died as a sitting president and
was the first one to die as a sitting president.
 As a lawyer, his mausoleum has a lawyer‟s wig and a blue cloth which lawyers wear.
 The mausoleum also has four pillars each representing what he believed in. Dr Mwanawasa believed in:
1) Stamping out corruption
2) Developing mining and agriculture sectors
3) Reducing poverty
4) Economic development
 Mwanawasa served as Zambia's president for seven years (2001-2008).
2. The late President Frederick Titus Jacob Chiluba,

 The second late president to be buried at the site was Dr. Frederick Titus Jacob Chiluba.
 He served as Zambia's second president for two terms (1991- 2001).
 He died on 18th June, 2011.
 Inside Chiluba's mausoleum are the letters FTJ, short form of his name Frederick Titus Jacob.
 On top of the building, there is a cross to symbolize a church because he is the one who declared
Zambia as a Christian Nation on 29th December, 1991.
 There is also a symbol of a house on Dr. Chiluba's grave signifying the role he played in empowering
Zambians with council houses sold at One Dollar, which was equivalent to a K10.00 at the time.
 At the entrance of his mausoleum is a necktie, a sign of his good test for fashion.
3. The late President Michael Chilufya Sata

 The late President Dr. Michael Chilufya Sata was the second to die while serving as President.
 He ruled Zambia for three years (2011-2014)
 He died on 28th October, 2014.
 His mausoleum is known as the King Solomon Temple because of the promise he made to rule the
country by the 10 commandments of God.
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 He created 29 districts among them, Rufunsa, Chilanga, Vubwi, Sioma, Chirundu, Chikankata, Lunga,
Chipili, Mwansabombwe, Mulobezi, Sikongo, Manyinga, Chisamba, Chitambo and Luano.
 Others are Mitete, Shiwang'andu, Limulunga, Nalolo and Luampa.
 He also created Zambia's 10th province- Muchinga which was curved from Northern and Eastern
Provinces of Zambia.
4. The late President Kenneth David Kaunda
 The grave of the first president of Zambia, Dr. Kenneth David Kaunda is inscribed One Zambia One
Nation motto, symbolizing his commitment to uniting the 73 tribes of Zambia.
 Dr. Kaunda ruled Zambia from 1964(independence) to 1991.
 He died on 17th June 2021.
5. The late President Rupiah Bwezani Banda

 Last but not the least, is the grave of the Late 4th president of Zambia His Excellency, Mr. Rupiah
Bwezani Banda who was popularly known as 'RB'.
 He ruled Zambia for three years (2008- 2011) after the death of the late former president Dr Levy
Patrick Mwanawasa.
 He died on 11th March, 2022.
 He is remembered for his slogan 'PRESIDENT FOR ALL ZAMBIANS.' Though not much has been
put on grave yet, it has an epitaph: “The world is diminished because he was here.”
 The Embassy Park seems a great place to honour the memories and services of the late presidents of
Zambia to the people of Zambia and all across Africa.
5) Analyse different electoral systems

Electoral systems are methods by which citizens use to choose their leaders or representatives. There
are four main methods used by different countries around the world.
1) Single Member Plurality System (SMPS) or First Past The Post (FPTP)
 It is commonly known as Winner Takes all. In this system the country is divided into electoral
constituencies.
 Any candidate who gets the highest number of votes wins the election even if the candidate gets
the vote above the other. It follows the principle of simple majority
Disadvantage
 The candidate can be rejected by most of the electorate but still manage to win an election by
minority votes
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2) Single Member Majoritarian System (SMMS)
 The winner of an election must win an absolute majority of votes in the constituency. This
means that a candidate should win over 50% of the votes cast in an election.
 Where the candidate fails to get 50% percent plus 1 (50% +1), the two top candidates should go
for an Election Re-run or second ballot
3) Proportion Representation System (PRS)
 In this system representatives to the legislature are chosen according to party regional or ethnic
Proportions.
 The most common Proportional Representation system is the party list system (PLS). The
whole country forms a single constituency. After elections parliamentary seats are shared among
the political parties according to the proportion of (percentage) of total votes they have scored.
 For Instance If Part A won 42 percent of the votes cast then 42% of the seats will go to party
each party nominates Members of parliament from among its members to represent in the
legislature.
 The leader of the party which gets the highest proportion of seats in the legislature forms
government.
Disadvantage
The members of parliament are not answerable to the electorate but to their political parties which
nominated them.
4) Mixed Member Proportionality System
 This is a combination of First Past the Post (FTP) and the Proportional Representation System.
This system allows for some members of parliament to be elected through the FPTP system
while others occupy legislative seats through the party List System
c) Explain Zambia‟s electoral system
 An electoral process is a series of stages of events involved in the selection of representatives
through an election.
 Under the 2016 Amended Constitution, Zambia uses two electoral systems namely Single
Member Majoritarian System (50%+1) for Presidential elections and Single Member Plurality
System (FTPT) for Ward Councillor, Mayoral and Parliamentary elections.
 Presidential Running Mate
A presidential running mate is a person who is selected by him or her to stand with the
Presidential candidate in a Presidential election so that he or she becomes the vice President if
that presidential candidate is elected as President.
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A presidential candidate appoints a running mate. This means that a vote cast for the
Presidential candidate is also a vote for the running mate. The presidential running mate takes
office as vice President on the same day as the president.
 Vacancy in the office of the Republican President
If the Position of the Republican President falls vacant for any reason, there will be no
presidential by-election as the vice President will be sworn in as President. This is because the
Vice President was a running mate who was elected alongside the President.
 The following are the stages involved in the Electoral Process Act No, 35 of 2016
1) Legislation
 This involves the enactment of laws to govern the electoral process.
2) Delimitation of constituencies, wards/polling districts
 This is a process of drawing electoral boundaries for the purpose of elections in
particular for voter registration and voting.
 In Zambia boundaries are set for constituencies, wards and polling districts.
 Without such boundaries voters cannot be allocated to polling districts and
therefore would not know where they can vote from. This exercise usually takes
place once in ten years.
3) Voter education
 The Electoral Commission of Zambia, the Civil Societies and the Faith Based
Organisations (FBO) educate the citizens through various means such as posters,
electronic and print media, drama and other methods on how to conduct
themselves before, during and after elections.
 They also encourage people to register and to vote on the poll day.
4) Registration of voters
 The Electoral Process Act empowers the Electoral Commission of Zambia to
carry out continuous voter registration.
 Registration of voters is the process where eligible citizens make application to
be included on the register of voters.
 Registering as a voter allows a person to vote in an election thereby participating
in the democratic governance of the country.
 Further the Zambian Constitution guarantees the right of every eligible citizen to
be registered as a voter. To exercise your right to vote you need to register as a
voter so that you can obtain a voter‟s card.
a. Importance of having a Voter‟s Card
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 A Voter‟s Card is one of the key documents that is required for you to vote and it
is proof that you registered as a voter.
 This means you will be in a position to vote in an election. If you go to the
polling station and you are not in possession of a Voter‟s Card, you shall not be
allowed to vote.
 The voter‟s card has the following information:
i. Full names and initial;
ii. Residential address;
iii. Gender (Sex);
iv. Date of birth;
v. Portrait (photograph);
vi. Voter‟s card number;
vii. Signature or thumbprint;
viii. Polling station;
ix. Polling district; and
x. Expiry date.
b. Significance of registering as a voter
 Registering as a voter is significant as it gives you an opportunity to choose
representatives of your choice.
 Further it is your Constitutional right and responsibility to register to vote.
Additionally, it is one of the requirements for a person to participate in an
election through voting.
 Voter registration determines who may and who may not vote in an election.
i. Be assisted if one has a disability or is illiterate
ii. Complain about irregularities
iii. Be excused from work to go and vote
iv. Be protected by the law and police.
5) Verification of voter‟s roll (Inspection of the Register of Voters)
 After registration of voters, the Electoral of Commission Zambia produces a
provisional register of voters.
 This provisional register of voters is not final and cannot be used in an election. It
is still open to changes or amendments in case of clerical errors or any other
mistake.
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 All registered voters should inspect the provisional register of voters to make
sure that their names and other details are correct.
 In order to be allowed to inspect personal details in the provisional register of
voters, a person must provide the Registration Officer with their Voter‟s Card
and Green National Registration Card.
 The date for inspection is normally announced by the Commission.
 During this period, a copy of the provisional register of voters is available at all
registration centres (polling stations) for inspection by the public.
6) Nomination of candidates
 When candidates have been identified and selected, dates for filing of nomination
papers stipulating qualifications of candidates are set. The nomination day marks
the beginning of the official election campaign.
7) Election campaigns
 Campaigns are activities or strategies that candidates use to win support of
voters.
 Campaign strategies vary from party to party.
 This includes political rallies, indoor meetings, door to door canvassing, use of
posters, wearing of t-shirts with campaign messages.
 Election campaigns end a day before the actual voting day at 18 hours.
8) Polling day (Voting day)
 Voting is the act of casting a ballot on the polling day.
 Voting in Zambia is carried out on a “one person, one vote basis.”
 It is done through the secret ballot. This means that when voting, no person
should see who the other person has voted for.
 In a General Election, voters are expected to vote for the President, Members of
Parliament, Mayors, Council Chairpersons and Councilors on the same day at the
same time.
 On poll day, polling stations open at 06:00 hours and close at 18:00 hours. Voters
who have joined the queue before 18:00 hours will be allowed to vote.
 If the polling station opens late, the time lost will be added to the closing time.
 A voter must vote at a polling station appearing on their voter‟s card.
a. The Right to Vote
 It is every citizen‟s right and responsibility to vote and participate in the
governance of the country in any democratic society like Zambia.
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b. Voters‟ Rights
 Apart from the right to vote, as a registered voter is also entitled to the following
rights:
i. Be assisted if one has a disability or is illiterate
ii. Complain about irregularities
iii. Be excused from work to go and vote
iv. Be protected by the law and police.
v. Seek and access to voter information freely
vi. Attend independent or political party campaigns without obstacles.
vii. Vote for candidates of your own choice freely
viii. Take part in elections by registering and voting
ix. Express opinion without restrictions and peacefully
x. Vote in secrecy
xi. Vote without intimidation or fear
c. Eligibility to vote
In order to vote a person must:
i. be a Zambian citizen with a Green National Registration Card;
ii. have attained the age of 18 and above;
iii. be in possession of a valid voter‟s card; and
iv. have their particulars appearing in the register of voters
d. Voting Procedures
It is important for a voter to go and vote from a polling station appearing on the
voter‟s card. During poll day, a voter should do the following:
Step 1: Preparing to go to the polling station
A voter takes the following documents with to the polling station:
i. Green National Registration Card.
ii. Voter‟s Card.
Step 2: Arrival at the polling station
i. A voter lines up with other voters to wait for their turn to be allowed inside the
polling station to cast their vote.
ii. Voters are expected to observe all rules and regulations governing the polling
station.
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iii. At the polling station, voters will be directed by an usher to the correct queue.
Step 3: Inside the polling station ascertaining the identity of voters.
i. The voter shows the polling assistant his or her NRC and Voter‟s Card.
ii. The polling assistant checks the details on the NRC and Voter‟s Card against those
appearing in the voters‟ register.
Step 4: Inking
All fingers of the voter are checked to see that there are no ink marks. The right hand
thumb nail is then marked with indelible ink.
Step 5: Issuance of ballot Papers.

The voter is issued with stamped ballot papers
Step 6: Marking of the ballot paper.
The voter marks the ballot papers in the polling booth.
Step 7: Vote casting

The voter deposits the marked ballot papers in the respective transparent ballot
boxes.
Step 8: The voter walks out of the polling station
E. Ballot Boxes have different coloured lids
Type of an election Colour of lid
Presidential Orange
National Assembly Red
Mayoral or Council Chairperson Purple
Local Government Black
Referendum Brown
e. Taking care of a ballot paper

Once a voter is issued with a ballot paper, he or she must take care so that it does not
become a spoiled one.
Thus, the voter shall not do the following:
i. Write their name on the ballot paper;
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ii. Write their signature or any mark that may identify them on the ballot paper;
iii. Place a mark on more than one candidate or write anything else except for the
mark X;
iv. Leave the ballot paper unmarked;
v. Remove the ballot paper from the polling station;
vi. Come with a ballot paper or any other paper from outside the polling station
9) Counting, Tabulating and verification of the votes

 After the casting of votes at the polling station, the results are counted and added
together to come up with the totals for each candidate.
 The spoiled ballot papers are also verified.
 Thereafter the results are taken to the Totaling centre where verification of the
same results is done to ensure that the counting was done properly.
10) Announcement of results and declaration of winners
 The results of a winning candidate in the Local Government elections are
announced at each polling station while those of the Parliamentary are
announced at a Constituency Totaling Centre.
 The ones who announce results of Ward Councilors are called Presiding
Officers while those who announce results for Parliamentary elections are called
Returning Officers‟.
 The results for the winning candidate in the Presidential elections are announced
at National Totaling Centre
 The ones who announce results of the Presidential elections is the Chairperson
for the Electoral Commission of Zambia (ECZ)
11) Resolving election-related disputes and complaints
 This is the final stage of the electoral process in Zambia.
 Anyone who took part in an election has the right to petition an election based on the
following principles:
o The person was not validly elected
o A provision of this Constitution or other law relating to the elections was not
complied with.
 A presidential petition is heard by the constitutional court while that of the member
of parliament is heard by the high court with room to appeal to the constitutional court
 The local government petitions are heard by the local government elections tribunal
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Electoral Code of Conduct
Electoral Code of Conduct is a set of rules that stakeholders and individuals must abide by.
 The Electoral Commission of Zambia and various stakeholders agreed on the Electoral
Code of Conduct to provide a level of electoral playing field in Zambia.
 The code applies to all the citizens and institutions in Zambia. The code lists a range of
offences and penalties.
 The Electoral Code of Conduct is in the Electoral Process Act and regulates the conduct
of various stakeholders in the electoral process.
 These stakeholders include media, political parties, candidates, party agents, the police,
monitors and observers.
 The aim of the code of conduct is to level the playing field during campaign period.
 The code of conduct also contains offenses that can be committed during campaign.
 Political parties, candidates, monitors and observers are required to sign the Declaration
of Compliance Form stating that they shall comply and be bound by the code of conduct.
 The commission has the power to reprimand an erring political party, candidate or
stakeholder for any violation of the code.
 The Commission also has powers to revoke the accreditation of election agents, polling
agents, monitors, observers or the media where it is in the interest of public safety and
security to do so.
 Election officers must familiarize themselves with the Electoral Code of Conduct so that
they know the kind of conduct electoral stakeholders should exhibit during elections.
Electoral Offenses
 An electoral offense is the violation or breach of electoral regulations or laws that govern
the electoral process. Electoral offenses are committed at three stages of the electoral
process which are: nomination day, campaign period and poll day.
a. Offences at Nomination Day
 There are various offences that are committed at nomination day. For example it is an
offence for a:
i. Returning officers to wrongly accept or reject a nomination paper if they have been
persuaded by promises of money to assist any candidate.
ii. Returning officer to wrongly accept or reject a nomination paper on account of
inducement.
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iii. Person to make false statements to a Returning Officer or forge a nomination to make
it seem valid.
iv. person to persuade a Returning Officer to accept an invalid nomination paper
v. person to threaten a returning officer to force him or her to accept an invalid
nomination paper or reject a valid nomination paper.
vi. person to falsely state that a candidate has withdrawn the nomination or died.
vii. Person to threaten another person to make such a person stand or not stand as a
candidate
viii. person to threaten or use force to compel another person to sign or refuse to sign a
nomination paper.
ix. person to loiter in any public place within four hundred meters radius of the
nomination centre
x. Person to refuse to leave a nomination center when ordered by an Election Officer
b. Offences During Campaign Period
 There are a number of offences that can be committed during the campaign period. For
example, it is an offence for a person to;
i. offer money or goods and services to another person in an attempt to persuade that
person to vote or refrain from voting for a particular candidate.
ii. offer money or goods to another person in an attempt to persuade that person to join a
demonstration.
iii. disturb or disrupt a public meeting to prevent a candidate from canvassing for
support.
iv. cause violence or use any language or engage in any conduct likely to lead to
violence or intimidation.
v. carry or display fure arms or weapons, traditional or otherwise, at a political meeting
or in a course of any match, demonstration or other public gatherings of a political
nature.
vi. make false defamatory or inflammatory allegations concerning any person or political
party in connection with an election.
vii. use Government or parastatal transport or facility for campaign purposes except for
the President and the vice President.
viii. deface or destroy political party notices or posters.
ix. be in possession of another person‟s voter‟s card or Green National Registration
Card.
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c. Offences on the Poll Day
 There are a number of offences that can be committed on poll day. For example, it is an
offence for a person to:
i. Canvass for votes and/or shout political slogans, anywhere within four hundred meters
of the polling station on poll day.
ii. Persuade people to refrain from voting anywhere within four hundred meters of the
polling station.
iii. Post a political party notice or sign and/or persuade people to vote for one candidate
or another, within four hundred meters of the polling station. Only the official notices
posted by the election staff are allowed.
iv. Destroy, remove or deface the official notices posted by election officers
v. Prevent voter(s) from accessing a polling station by threats, violence, or other means
of persuasion.
vi. Offer money or other goods to another person in an attempt to persuade that person to
vote or refrain from voting for a particular candidate.
vii. Attempt to, or vote more than once.
viii. Persuade a Presiding Officer to issue them with a ballot paper in an attempt to vote
when they are not eligible to vote.
ix. Impersonate another person in an attempt to vote under that person‟s name
x. Be in possession of another person‟s voter‟s card.
xi. Be in possession of a ballot paper that has not been issued by a Presiding Officer.
xii. Leave the polling station with a ballot paper
xiii. Deface or destroy a ballot paper
xiv. Force another person to disclose who they voted for, put in the ballot box anything
other than a ballot paper.
xv. Remove anything from the ballot box before the close of the poll and before the
Presiding Officer officially opens the ballot boxes.
xvi. Attempt or persuade a Returning Officer who is responsible for the count to make a
false count or declaration of results.
xvii. Fraudulently complete, alter or destroy a ballot paper or a voter‟s card.
xviii. Give a ballot paper to a person other than in pursuance of the Electoral
Regulations.
xix. Knowingly give false information to an Election Officer.
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xx. Abrogate one‟s oath of secrecy such as to ascertain, record and communicate the
serial number of any particular ballot paper or ascertain how it has been marked by the
voter.
xxi. Harass or assault a Commission member of staff.
d. Penalties
 For any of the above-mentioned offences, the maximum penalty shall be on first
conviction liable to a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand penalty units or to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or both.
 In addition, any person who is convicted of a corrupt practice (bribery, undue influence,
impersonation, treating) or an illegal practice shall be disqualified from voting for a
period of five years and shall also be disqualified from being nominated as a candidate
for the same period.
Describe the two forms of elections

There are two forms of elections namely: General and By-Elections
1. General Elections
 General Elections refer to the holding of the Presidential, National Assembly,
Mayoral,Council Chairperson and Councilor Elections at the same time.In Zambia, these
elections are held every after five (5) years on the second Thursday of August.‟ To the
introductory sentence under General Elections.
2. By-Elections
 By-Elections are conducted when there is a vacancy in the office of Member of
Parliament, Mayoral,Council Chairperson and Councilor due to resignation, death or
nullification.When the office of the president falls vacant, the Vice-president
automatically becomes the president without holding a presidential by-election. T7his is
in accordance with the Constitution Amendment Act No. 2 of 2016. This simply means
that there are no longer presidential by-elections in Zambia.
 By Elections: are held when a Counselor or Member of Parliament or the President dies,
or resigns from the party or is expelled from the party or six imprisoned for more than
six months
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Types of elections in Zambia
 An election is a formal decision making process by which citizens chooses an individual to hold
public office.
 There are three types of elections namely:
1) Presidential Elections: These are elections that are held every after five years to elect a
Republican President. During the same elections, the running mate is elected together
with the Presidential candidate. The presidential candidate appoints a running mate prior
to the elections. To stand as a Presidential candidate, one must be sponsored by a
political party.
2) National Assembly Election: these elections are held every five years to elect the
Members of parliament, as stipulated in the Constitution of Zambia. During the National
Assembly elections voters vote for the members of the National Assembly to represent
them in Parliament. For the National Assembly Elections one can either be sponsored by
a political party or stand as an independent candidate.
3) Local Government Elections: these elections are held every five years to elect the
Mayor/Council Chairperson and Ward Councillors as stipulated in the Constitution of
Zambia. The Mayor/Council Chairperson are elected by the citizens at district level while
councilors are elected by the citizens at ward level.
Characteristics of elections in good governance

Periodic
This means that elections should be held at prescribed intervals. It means that elections
must held when time is due
Competitive
Elections must take place in a conducive political environment where all candidates can
compete freely and fairly
Inclusive
The definition of the eligible voter must be broad enough to include a large proportion of
adult population. All eligible voters should be allowed to vote without any
discrimination.
Decisive
Democratic elections determine the leadership of government. The winning candidate or
should not be prevented from taking office
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Importance of election
 Oblige candidates to explain to citizens why they should be elected
 They make political parties accountable to the people
 Provide a mechanism of peaceful transfer of power
 Offer regular opportunities for people to change government
 Provide the peace and stability necessary for development
Election rigging (cheating)

 Opposition parties are not allowed to organize meetings freely
 Opposition parties are not given enough time on media to express their views and plans
 Members of the opposition parties are detained or put in prison in order to silence them
 The press are not free to express views or give information that is critical of the ruling party
 A party allows its members to physically assault supporters of other political parties
 There is no transparency in the counting, transportation, transmission and announcement of election
results from the polling.
 If voting time is cut short in constituencies where ruling party is unpopular extended where it is
popular
 When voter votes twice
 When a candidate gives money, beer and other materials to voters win their support
 When the party in power uses government resources to campaign. For, example civil servants
government vehicles and materials.
 Election results are announced while voting is still going on in other places.
Dangers of election rigging
 They may lead to costly election petition and by-elections.
 People may lose faith in democracy
 There may be increased voter apathy as people lose confidence in elections
 The government may lose support of the people
 Strikes and demonstrations may be organized to protect against the false results
 If prevented from forming government that has lost the elections may use weapons to fight against
the government, thereby bringing about a civil.
 a rigging government may face international sanction and isolation
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Voter protection
 is the protection of elections and voting materials, machines, election offices and voter registration
data base from being tampered with and infiltrated.
Importance of voter protection
 To avoid election cheating and rigging
 To avoid costly election petitions and by elections
 To avoid people losing faith in democracy
 To avoid increased voter apathy as people may lose confidence in elections
 To avoid government losing support of the people
 To avoid strikes and demonstrations from people
 To avoid civil wars
 To avoid people ascending to power illegitimately
 To avoid rigging as government may face international sanctions and isolations
 To encourage citizen participation in elections
 To ensure accountability and transparency
 To provides checks and balances
 To ensure free and fair elections
 To promote democracy
How to enhance vote protection

 By use of election observers and monitors
 By having political party agents at the polling stations
 By doing accurate result reporting and vote reporting
 By monitoring preparatory process of an election
 By conducting parallel voter tabulation
 By auditing of voter registration
 By monitoring of voting and counting processes
 By inking fingers voters to prevent multiple voting
 By crowd sourcing through mobile phones and internet
 By ensuring independence of an election management body
d) Describe the local government system in Zambia
Local government is simply a group of councils tasked to take care of the needs of the local people
1. Before 1964
Before 1964 the local government which started in 1927 had two types of authorities namely;
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a) Native authority (Rural authority)
There formed rural local government and they were agents of the British Overseas Military
Administration (BOMA) and were run by Chiefs.
b) Urban local authority
These formed urban local government and were run by the Department Of Local Government
Central African Housing under the ministry of lands and local government.
 Five types of urban local authorities were formed namely;
1. City
2. Municipal
3. Municipal board
4. Township management
5. District commission of local authority
 The city and municipal local authorities had the powers to appoint the mayor and a long
serving member of the council as Alderman whereas, the other 3 types appointed
Chairmen and Secretaries
 Both the native and urban local authority performed these duties on behalf of BOMA
1. Collecting of taxes such as poll and hut tax
2. Issuing of licenses such as dog, bicycle and stores licenses
2. Local government 1964-1980
 In 1964 rural and urban local authorities came under the ministry of local government
 In 1965 the native authority was abolished through amendment of local government act
number 69 to establish uniform pattern of local authorities throughout Zambia
 The act established the following 4 types of councils under the ministry of housing and
social development
1. City
2. Municipal
3. Township
4. Rural council
 The city and municipal councils were headed by mayors and town clerks as chief
administrative officers
 The township and rural councils were headed by the chairmen and council secretaries
as chief administrative officers
3. Local government 1980-1991
 In 1980 local government decentralization act was enacted by UNIP
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 Reasons for decentralization act in 1980
o To reduce delays as the most decisions could be made on the spot to headquarters
o To make plans and programs more relevant to local needs and conditions
o To improve coordination between different government agencies in an area
o To reduce the burden on senor staff at national level so as to improve their
performance
 The composition of District councils
o District governor- chairperson
o District political secretary
o District women‟s chairperson
o Two trustees
o Ward councilors Members of parliament from areas
o One representative of chiefs elected by chiefs in the district
o One representative from each of the security forces
o One representative from each Trade Union
 The District council Administration was headed by the district executive secretary and
supported by nine secretaries. These were secretaries for political, administration Social
Security, finance, and development, commercial, legal and industrial affairs
4. Local government 1991 to date
 In 1991, the decentralization Act was amended.
 The new Act introduced three types of local councils namely city, Municipal, and District
councils.
 City councils- are biggest council in Zambia found in big cities such as Lusaka, Ndola,
Kitwe, Livingstone and now Chipata. It is headed by a Mayor.
 Municipal councils- are councils found in big towns such as Chingola, Luansya,
Kasma,Mufilira, are headed by a Mayor.
 Town councils- are councils found in small town such as Kabwe, Mazabuka, Kalomo ,
Mpika and Monze and there are headed by council chairman.
 Mayors and council chairpersons are elected during General elections and their term of
office is 5 years.
 Alderman is an official who has served the council for at least 10 years.
 This system has continued up to date. The MMD government wanted to give more
autonomy to councils so that there was less dependence on central government for funds.
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 It also made councils to operate freely from political interference since all councilors were
elected by the people.
The current composition of local councils

o Mayor of the council
o Deputy mayor or Deputy council; chairperson
o Ward councilors
o Area member of parliament
o 3 chiefs representative
o 1 representative from the Labour Movement
o The town clerk or the district Secretary (Ex official members)
Mayors and Town clerks are found in city and municipal councils, whereas chairpersons and district
Secretaries are found in District councils. The administrative structure is headed by the town clerk or the
District Secretary. He/ she are assisted by Directors such as:-
 Director health
 Director finance
 Director engineering
 Director works
Functions of the local council
 Provide clean and safe water
 Provide accommodation and plots for development
 Maintaining the environment awarding trading licenses to people
 Provide street lighting
 Maintaining streets and roads
 Maintaining grave yards
 Controlling livestock movement
 Constructing and maintaining markets
 Town planning
 Sewage disposal
 Providing recreation facilities such as swimming pools and parks
 Providing public health facilities and control of epidemics such as cholera
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 Providing education facilities such as schools
 Collecting levies
 Making by laws. These are laws made by the council to regulate council areas in accordance with the
constitution. Anyone who breaks the council by laws will be imprisoned for 6moths or fired.
c) Discuss the role of traditional leaders in governance

Generally, traditional leaders have an important role in elections in terms of both the participation of
their subjects and also the outcomes of elections. In relation to the electoral process traditional leaders
can perform the following civic roles:
1) In a non, partisan manner, facilitate, and encourage their subjects to register, vote and to attend
voter education activities.
2) They can also discourage corrupt activities by other stakeholders.
3) Help to organise and publicize voter education meetings and they have to ensure that their
subjects have access to correct voter information freely.
4) Encouraging their subjects to register as voters during the time of voter registration. This has to
be done in such a way that the traditional leaders are non-partisan.
5) It is also the role of traditional leaders to encourage their subjects to take part in voting on the
voting day without influencing their opinion. Subjects can also be encouraged to stand as
candidates during elections if they qualify.
6) Subjects are also encouraged by their leaders to campaign freely without interference during
campaign period.
Duties of Traditional Leaders
1) Traditional authorities provide political, economic and cultural leadership for local communities
in Zambia.
2) Mobilise people to participate in developmental programs and punish those who derail from
taking part in such.
3) Allocate land to the members of their communities
4) They are the custodians that protect traditional values and land.
5) Chiefs help to preserve culture through several activities and instructions. These include
traditional
6) Ceremonies and certain instructional teachings on love, loyalty, kindness, fairness, justice, and
honesty.
7) These values promote good governance.
8) They help settle disputes among their people through advisory counseling and publicly rebuking
9) offenders.
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Composition of the House of Chiefs
 The House of Chiefs is made up of 50 chiefs.
 Each province is represented by five(5) chiefs
 The five are elected by the chiefs from each of the ten provinces in Zambia.
 The Chairperson and the Vice Chairperson are elected from among the members and can
hold office for three years.
 Members have a right to be re-elected for another three years. They can also resign upon
giving a one month notice in writing to the Chairperson.
 The Clerk of the house is a civil servant and Chief Administrative Officer of the House of
Chiefs.
 A vacancy can occur in the house of Chiefs if a member:
• dies.
• for whatever reason stops being a chief in his or her area.
• is adopted in an election for a position or accepts appointment to any office in a
political party.
• under any law in Zambia is declared or becomes of unsound mind.
• is convicted of an offense.
Roles of the House of Chiefs
The roles of the House of Chiefs are to:
 discuss any bill affecting customs or tradition before such bills are introduced into the National
Assembly.
 discuss any other matter referred to it by the President.
 initiate, discuss and decide on matters that relate to customary laws and practices.
 submit resolutions on any bill and other matters referred to it, to the president so that he can
submit such resolutions to the National Assembly.
 unite people and lead them to peace and development.
 promote tradition and culture and the local heritage.
 resolve conflicts arising from cultural and traditional misunderstandings that can be solved by
chiefs using their social role in society.
Shortcomings of the house of chiefs
 The house of chiefs has been criticized as a mere costly talking shop because it play an insignificant
advisory role and it has no real influence on issues of development and governance
 The 1996 amended constitution of Zambia of does not allow chiefs to join a political party or to contest
an election
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TOPIC 4: CITIZENSHIP
a) Explain the concept citizenship
b) Explain the two aspects of citizenship
c) Describe the two types of citizenship
d) State qualifications of a Zambian citizen
e) Describe the qualities of a good citizens
f) Identify the that factors that hinder good citizenship
g) Identify ways of promoting good citizenship
h) Explain the rights and freedoms of a citizen
i) Explain duties and responsibilities of a citizen
j) Identify the groups of people and citizens with special needs
A. Explain the concept citizenship
a) A citizen is a member of state who enjoys all fundamental rights and privileges granted to him or her
by the State and in turn perform his or her duties towards the state.
b) Citizenship is a state of belonging to a particular country or it is the relationship between an

individual (citizen) and the state he/she belongs to.
B. Explain the two aspects of citizenship
a) Legal aspects
 A citizen is recognised by law and receives protection from the State both at home and abroad.
 A citizen enjoys total freedoms and rights.
 Failure to observe the law, an individual is liable for prosecution.
b) Moral aspect
 A citizen must have a sense of responsibility to fulfill all duties given to him or her by the State.
 Moral aspect also encourages a citizen to be self-disciplined and have self-control.
 He/she must be good and honourable sense to the state/family he/she belongs to.
C. Describe the two types of citizenship
a) Natural citizenship
This is the type or kind of citizenship that is acquired by blood (descent) or place of birth. There are two
rules that guide natural citizenship;
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(i) Rule of Jus Sanguinis:
 This rule considers citizenship based on blood relation or descent.
 A child inherits the citizenship of his/her parents regardless of where that child is born.
 Most countries follow this rule including Zambia and it is the oldest form of citizenship except
for Britain and America which follows Rule of Jus Sanguinis
(ii) Rule of Jus Soli:
 Considers citizenship based on the place of birth.
 A person acquires a citizenship of a country he/she is born.
 For example a person born in Zambia from Zimbabwean parents is a Zambian
Dual citizenship is the type of citizenship that follows both the place of birth and blood relations when
granting citizenship to an individual.
b) Naturalized citizenship
 This is the type of citizenship that is acquired upon meeting prescribed conditions or by
registration. These principles are:-
i. Rule of residence-states that an alien who lives in a host country for an uninterrupted
period of time may apply to become a citizen of that country if he/she wishes so. For
example, an alien who has lived in Zambia for ten years can apply for citizenship.
An Alien is person living in a country which is not his or her own. An alien owes allegiance
to another. Aliens enjoy civil but not political rights. An alien may be deported from the host
state for misconduct or committing a serious crime.
ii. Marriage-allows a spouse to acquire citizenship of the wife or husband, but a host country
can demand the evidence of good character before issuing citizenship.
iii. Principle of declaration on a prescribed form-allows a foreigner or alien to fill in a

prescribed application forms and provide important documents declaring that he/she wants
to apply for citizenship in the host country. An alien must publish his/her declaration in the
daily newspaper.
iv. Renunciation of previous citizenship-an alien is required to give up his/her previous

citizenship and take an oath of allegiance of the host country, also known as expatriation.
However, a naturalised citizen can either be partial or complete.
(a) Partial citizenship-is a type where a citizen does not enjoy all the rights and privileges
of the country. For example, he/she has no right to vote.
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(b) Complete citizenship-is a type which allows a citizen to enjoy all the rights and
privileges in the state.
D. State qualifications of a Zambian citizen
1. A person was born in Zambia (citizen by birth).
2. A person who has at least one or both parents that are Zambian (by descent).
3. A person who has been ordinarily a resident of Zambia as a foreigner for a continued period of
not less than 10 years, can apply for Zambian citizenship (by registration)
4. An alien who is or was married a Zambian for a period of at least five years
5. A child who is not a citizen and who is adopted by a citizen shall be a citizen on the date of the
adoption (by adoption)
Loss of Zambian Citizenship
A naturalised citizen shall lose Zambian citizenship;
 If that citizenship was acquired by means of fraud,
 If that citizenship was acquired through false presentations of facts
E. Describe the qualities of a good citizens
1. Living up to democratic principles: This requires the willingness to participate in the affairs of
the state such as exercising the right to vote
2. Contribution to National Development : This is the readiness to render every kind of service to
the nation
3. Self-control: This is the ability to control oneself and respect others in order to avoid conflicts.
4. Conscience: This is the sense of responsibility and service towards the community.
5. Courage: This is the strength to stand up for ones convictions when conscience demands it.
6. Respect for the law: This is the willingness to work through peaceful legal means to change
unjust laws.
7. Perseverance: This is the willingness to work under difficult circumstances in order to

accomplish worthwhile goals
8. Empathy: Having concern or compassion for the well-being of others especially the vulnerable
in society.
9. Patriotism: This involves a sense of love and loyalty to the state by observing values and
principles‟ of one‟s country
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F. Identify the that factors that hinder good citizenship
1. Indifference: When Citizens are indifferent to their rights and duties and are too concerned with
their personal safety and security, democracy cannot thrive.
2. Self Interest: an individual who is motivated by self-interest avoids public responsibilities or

simply ignores the general welfare of his or her society
3. Allegiance to political Parties: A bad citizen is one that puts the interest of apolitical party
he/she is affiliated to above national interests.
4. Poverty: A poverty stricken citizen is not interested in national affairs.
5. Ignorance: An informed or ignorant person often fails to differentiate between wrong and right.
6. Defects in the electoral system: If large sections of society are unrepresented in electoral
system, this can make them lose interest in the affairs of the state as they may not feel a sense of
belonging
7. Reports of Corruption in the Media: Print and electronic Media such as the newspapers, radio
television, internet may twist the truth and misinform the public to such an extent the citizens are
not able to access issues correctly and knowledgably.
8. The complex of our society; In many cases individuals toady belong to various types of
citizenship such as Christian, Local National Eco citizenship and global Citizenship. It may be
difficulty to harmonize interest of one citizenship with those of another for example Eco-
citizenship with Christian citizenship.
G. Identify ways of promoting good citizenship
1. Administrative improvement
 There should be restructuring of political and social institutions to keep pace with the
times and wishes of citizens.
 Short tenure of office for elected officers will lead to frequent elections that will bring
about accountability in leaders.
 Broadening franchise which will increase citizen‟s awareness of their rights
2. Moral remedies:
 Citizens need to be spiritually and mentally motivated for them to take an active interest
in public affairs through educational opportunities.
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3. Stability and Justice:
 Establishment of security, stability and justice which should measure leaders and the
citizens
H. Explain the rights and freedoms of a citizen
Rights are entitlements of an individual by virtue of being human. These are divided into three
categories.
(a) Natural rights
 These are rights that are enjoyed by individuals in the state of nature. For example, Right
to life.
(b) Moral rights
 These are rights based on the moral sense of people due to traditions, long usage and
public opinion.
 No legal action can be taken against violation of moral rights but the way people feel
about them is so strong.
(c) Legal rights
These are rights and privileges granted to citizens by the government through the
constitution such as civil, political and economic rights.
i. Civil rights
 Rights to personal safety and freedom.
 Right to family life.
 Right to freedom of speech and expression.
 Right to assembly and association.
ii. Political rights
 Right to vote.
 Right to belong to a political party.
 Right to be voted into public office.
 Right to petition in order to register grievance either individually or collectively.
 Right to criticize government.
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iii. Economic rights
 Right to work
 Right to adequate wages.
 Right to reasonable hours of work.
 Right to education (no legal right in Zambia because it is not justifiable)
I. Explain duties and responsibilities of a citizen
General duties and responsibilities of a citizen
 Be patriotic and loyal to Zambia and promote its well-being;
 To contribute to the well-being of the community where that citizen lives including observance
of health control;
 Promote democracy and the rule of law
 Foster national Development;
 Vote in national unity and live in harmony with others
 Vote in National and local government elections;
 Provide defense and military service when called upon; carry out with discipline and honesty
legal public functions
 Pay all taxes and dues legally due to the state
 Assist in the enforcement of the law at all times
Personal responsibilities
 Taking care of oneself
 Supporting ones family
 Adhering to morals, principles and values of one‟s society
 Respecting the rights and interests of others
Civic responsibilities
 Obeying the law
 Paying taxes
 Respecting the rights of others
 Being concerned about public issues
 Participating in civic activities such as voting
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 Performing public service
 Observing and maintaining the security of the nation
J. Identify the groups of people and citizens with special needs
1. Refuges these are people who came to seek freedom and safety within her/ his or outside country
because of different reasons.
2. Persons with disabilities. The government should institute measures that enables persons with
disabilities to lead a normal life
3. The aged people over sixty years need special care, love and security as they are senior citizen.
4. Unemployed youths the government should put in training facilities which so that youths are
provided with necessary skills.
5. Orphans The government should offer social security alleviate to the suffering of these people.
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TOPIC 5: HUMAN RIGHTS
a) Describe the concept human rights
b) Outline the earliest documents proclaiming Human Rights
c) Discuss the characteristics of human rights
d) Describe the categories of human rights
e) Identify ways in which human rights are violated
f) Discuss the significance of human rights
A. Describe the concept human rights
 Human rights are legal entitlements that a person has by virtue of being human.
Entitlements are claims or freedoms.
 „Human‟ is defined as people as opposed to plants, animals or machines such as a man,

woman or child.
 A „right‟ is a lawful claim or benefit a citizen gets from his/her community.
B. Outline the earliest documents proclaiming Human Rights
 All the earliest documents except the UDHR of 1948 were not universal in nature for
they excluded women, children, slave and persons of certain social, religious, economic
and political groups.
 Despite, the UDHR of 1948 being universally in nature it is not legally binding because it
is only a declaration.
1) The Magna Carta of 1215
 Magna Carta also known as Great Charter was the first document to put into writing the
principle that the King and his government were not above the law.
 It signed by King John on 15th June, 1215 prevent the king from exploiting his power and
placed limits of royal authority by establishing law as power itself.
2) Charter of Mande of 1222 (Oath Of Mande)
 It was the earliest document in Africa where human rights were guaranteed by Soundiata
Keita Mande (King of Mali).
 He named the document the Charter of Mande at his coronation.
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 The document was written by elders, wise men and associations of the country commissioned
by the king to draw up principles on how Malian empire should be ruled.
 The introduction of the document stressed much on equality of human beings as “Every
human life is life”. For this reason nobody should torment another human being.
 The charter also addressed two evils: hunger and slavery as follows-“hunger and slavery is
not a good thing.” He considered these evils as worse calamities.
 In short the Charter condemned slavery and promised to eradicate all forms of hunger.
3) English Bill of Rights of 1689
 It established the principles of frequent parliaments, free elections and freedom of speech
within parliament known as parliamentary privilege
 It gave the English parliament more powers over the monarchy as the monarchy could not
rule without the consent of parliament.
4) The French Declaration on the Rights of man and citizen of 1789
 It declared the rights of man and citizens
 It founded the French revolution which ended the monarchy in France and replaced it with
democracy
5) The USA Constitution and Bill of Rights of 1791
 These were the first ten amendments to US constitution confirming the fundamental rights of
its citizen.
 This document guaranteed freedom of religion, speech, press and peaceful assembly
6) The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) of 1948
 The declaration of universal human rights came as a response to the millions of Jews murdered
by the NAZI of Adolf Hitler of Germany during the Second World War from 1939 to 1945.
 At the end of the second world war in 1945 the leaders of the powerful nations in the world
namely China, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), United Kingdom and United States
of America (USA) met in 1948 in San Francisco in United States of America (USA) chaired by
Eleanor Roosevelt the wife of the former president of America Franklin Delano Roosevelt to
come up with Universal Fundamental Human Rights for all people in the world such as civil and
political rights, economic, social and cultural rights and collective rights.
 After the meeting United Nations member states promised to respect human rights, a commission
on human rights was formed to promote the promise.
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 The commission was assigned to draft a document putting in writing the meaning of fundamental
rights and freedom that had been declared in the Charter.
 The commission came up with the universal declaration of human rights which was adopted on
10th December, 1948.
 The UDHR is a set of principles by which United Nations members commit themselves to
provide all people of the world with human dignity.
 Human Rights empower people to take action when and wherever the set standards are not met
even if the laws of their country or leaders do not recognize them.
 The introduction of the UDHR states that recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and
inalienable rights of all members of the human life is foundation of freedom, justice and peace in
the world.
 The UDHR emphasizes on freedom, justice and peace as its three values for all people
throughout the world.
C. Discuss the characteristics of human rights
1. Human rights are inherent
 Meaning they are inborn and are our birth rite, we are born with them.
 They cannot be transferred from one person to another.
 They are natural and permanent part of human beings until one dies, it does not matter
whether one knows them or not, they still exist and cannot be bought.
 They exist independently of the will of an individual or person
2. Human Rights are inalienable or inseparable
 They cannot be separated or taken away or given away even when they are violated.
 They cannot be grabbed even if the owner is not aware of them because they are natural and
legal (lawful) claims.
3. Human Rights are universal
 This means that human rights are the same and apply to all people in the world regardless of
race, sex, ethnicity, religion, social political or nationality.
4. Human Rights are Inter-dependant, interrelated and Indivisible
 They are all equally important and cannot be divided, subtracted or removed from others.
 They should be enjoyed in totality and depends on each other to be fulfilled and enjoyed in
full.
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D. Describe the categories of human rights
 Human rights are classified into three categories according to their evolution or development
process, and the different categories are referred to as „generations‟.
 These generations are not in order of importance but in the order in which they were
recognized historically in the development of human rights.
1) Civil and Political Rights
 They are called First Generation Rights. These are first generation rights because they were
the first Rights to be recognized as rights of the individuals.
1. Right to life
2. Right to personal liberty
3. Protection of freedom of expression
4. Freedom from torture and inhuman treatment
5. Freedom of opinion
6. Protection from slavery or forced labour
7. Protection of freedom of conscience
8. Protection of freedom of assembly and association
9. Protection of the freedom of movement
10. Protection from discrimination on grounds of race, age, sex, ethnicity, religion,etc
2) Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
 Economic and Cultural rights are called “Second Generation Rights” because they were the
second ones to recognized.
 They are concerned with Social justice, dignity and equity
1. Right to food
2. Right to employment
3. Right to social Security
4. Right to education
5. Right to health ( Medical Care)
6. Right to clean environment
7. Right to development
8. Right to adequate housing

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3) Collective Rights
 These are also known as ´Third Generation Rights‟ because they were the third ones to be
recognized and most recent.
 They are sometimes referred to as People‟s rights, Groups rights or Solidarity rights.
 They are concerned with protection of group identity and interest
1. Right to self determination
2. Right to economic and social Development
3. Right to a healthy environment
4. Right to Natural resources
5. Right to peace
6. Right to communicate in own one‟s language
7. Right to Participation in cultural Heritage
8. Right to intergenerational equity and sustainability.
E. Identify ways in which human rights are violated
1. Corporal punishment
When one is beaten with a stick for committing an offence at home or school
2. Child abuse
Ill treatment of a child either physical or mentally
3. Child labour
Giving work to a child that threaten his/her health
4. Human trafficking
Illegal selling and transportation of human beings within or outside the country for whatever
reasons
5. Gender based violence
Physical or emotional fights between men and women in which women are usually the victims
6. Forced marriage
Marrying off of young girls against their will
7. Arbitrary arrests
Arresting of opponents falsely to get back at them
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8. Corruption
The abuse of one‟s official position for personal gain or benefit
F. Discuss the significance of human rights
1. Human rights focus on the dignity of the human being.
2. Human rights promotes positive attitudes that promotes human rights
3. Human rights promotes respect for one‟s life, freedom, property and privacy
4. Human rights promote respect for differences in terms of sex, ethnicity, language, colours,
age, religion and cultural diversity
5. Human rights promotes taking up of personal, family and civic responsibilities
6. Human rights promotes the respect of other people‟s human rights
7. Human rights promotes the building of healthy relationships between the individual and the
state with its institutions
8. Human rights empowers actions with the right knowledge that enable them to claim their
rights and take part in public decision making
9. Human rights promotes active citizen participation in natural issues
10. Human rights promotes transparency and accountability
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TOPIC 6: CORRUPTION
a) Describe the concept corruption
b) Describe the forms of corruption
c) Discuss the types of corruption
d) Explain the causes of corruption
e) Explain the effects of corruption
f) Describe the impact of corruption on Zambian society
g) State institutions that fight against corruption in Zambia
h) Identify the role of public officers community and the youth in fighting corruption
A. Describe the concept corruption

1. Is the giving of money, valuables or receiving of a service to someone in return for a
favour?
2. Corruption is an act of giving or receiving of a bribe in exchange for a favour.
3. The Anti-Corruption Act No. 3 of 2012 defines corruption as follows:
 Soliciting, accepting, obtaining, giving, promising, offering of a gratification by

way of a bribe or other personal temptation or inducement
 Misuse or abuse of a public office for the advantage or benefit of oneself or

another person.
 Being in possession of unexplained property.
 Failure to follow applicable procedure.
4. Is the act or practice marked by dishonest and abuse of one‟s position or power,
5. Is the abuse of one‟s official position for personal gain or benefit
6. Is the misuse of public office for personal or selfish gain
B. Explain the concept casual gift
Is any ordinary gift offered to a person in hospitable manner without any demand for a favour?
C. Explain the concept Gratification?
Is any corrupt payment made whether in cash or kind as a result of the misuse or abuse of the
public office or property?
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D. Describe the forms of corruption
There are different forms of corruption however; the following are the most common forms of
corruption.
1. Cash payment and receipt(Cash)
This involves the giving or accepting money in return for a favour by a public officer.
2. Kick back (service)
This involves the giving of a service to someone in return for a favour. It is commonly
known as kick back to mean „if I help you must also help me‟ or scratch my back I
scratch yours‟.
3. Payment in kind
This is where one demands for sexual favour for an action done. It involves paying back
body wise for an action done.
4. Commissions
This involves soliciting to be dubiously given a commission as an appreciation fee for

awarding a contract to someone.
5. Loans and advances
This involves a corrupt payment inform of a loan or an advance salary to someone.
6. Nepotism
This is a form of corruption where a person in power decides to employ relatives in

certain positions of work.
7. Favoritism
This is the form of corruption where a person in power decides to employ friends,
tribesman and church mates in certain positions of work
E. Discuss the types of corruption
1. Petty corruption
 This type of corruption is widely practised in Zambia and usually involves small payments. The
payments are called bribes. This type of corruption is commonly referred as nchekelako.
2. Grand corruption
 This type of corruption involves substantial amounts of money. It is usually practiced by high
ranking officials in government in terms of awarding of contracts.
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3. Political corruption
 This is type of corruption related to electoral processes. Politicians practices this type of
corruption when contesting for political power such as voter bribery in form of giving monies,
mealie meal, beer, donations to voters and buying voters cards in exchange for money, salt,
sugar, soap and many more.
F. Explain the causes of corruption
The causes of corruption can be grouped into the following categories.
1) Social causes
1. Personal greed and dishonesty
2. Weak Punishment for offenders
3. Weak enforcement or absence of code of conduct
4. Leaders in key positions are not capable of inspiring and influencing conduct of the highest
moral standards.
5. Large numbers of people compete for insufficient services like few school places
2) Economic causes
1. Poverty
2. Low salaries and wages in comparison to the cost of living
3. Shortage of goods and services
4. Unequal distribution of wealth and resources
5. Allocation of government loans and giving of tenders to some preferred individuals at the
exclusion of others.
3) Other causes
1. Unnecessary long procedures (Red tape) may encourage kickbacks in order to have things
done fast
2. Lack of political will to deal with corruption elements
3. Abuse of power by individuals holding positions may hinder investigations of corrupt

practices.
4. Lack of transparency and accountability by government encourage mismanagement and

misuse of public funds.
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5. Lack of independence of the judiciary may force courts not to act independently on matters
of corruption activities
6. Public reaction tolerance of corruption activities by the general public as normal due to
economic hardships
7. Lack of press freedom failure by the media to investigate and expose corruption practices
G. Explain the effects of corruption
The following are some of the effects on corruption in the country
1. Makes those involved rich at the expense other citizens
2. Brings about bitterness among people when those who refuse to pay see those pay being
favoured.
3. Compromise standards as those less deserving reach the goals at the expense those who deserve.
4. Interferes with the enforcement of law and respect of rule of law.
5. Perpetuates human suffering as it increases poverty levels of others
6. Enables those who pay bribes to benefit in areas which without being corrupt they would not.
7. Wrong candidates may be voted for in a corruption marred elections.
8. Dishonest leaders who are a threat to democracy may be voted into power.
9. Leaders elected to power through corrupt means will do all they can to stay in power forever.
10. Corruption in the electoral process reduces credibility of election results
11. It retards development as most projects will be abandoned due to misuse of money for
development.
12. It can lead to donors withdrawing their support to such a country where corruption is tolerated
13. Makes the government to fail to maintain and repair its infrastructure as much of the money
made for such is pocketed by supervisors
14. It promotes tax evasion as people would prefer paying less money through a corrupt officer at
boarder points
H. Describe the impact of corruption on Zambian society
The impact of corruption on the Zambian society can be viewed in the following affected areas.
1. Law enforcement agencies, people take the law in their own hand due to the police not taking
action.
2. The judicial system, due to reported corruption in court, records disappear, trials are delayed
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3. The electoral process, there are reported cases of vote buying during campaigns
4. The security of the nation, there are reported cases of corruption at national registration
officers, passport offices and immigration offices
5. The economy, corrupt activities in the economy come in form of money laundering and tax
evasion
6. The education system, people are not given school places on merit ground in various education
sectors
7. Administration of land matters some people pay council and ministry of land officials to get
land illegally.
8. Procurement of goods and services tender procedures are sometimes not followed when
awarding contracts as the supplier may offer a bribe in order to receive favours from the
purchaser.
I. Describe the impact of corruption on Zambian economy
1. Leads to poor service delivery- corruption directs resources meant for everyone into the
pockets of few greedy people resulting in poor provision of services and low productivity
2. Leads to economic instability – due to money laundering, tax evasion and other
economic crimes
3. Deprive the country of revenue- leading to external borrowing
4. Increasing cost of doing business- because of extra corrupt payments that have to be
made in addition to what is required by law to obtain certain services such as trading
license and permits
5. Loss of investor confidence – corruption scares away genuine investors to start or

continue doing business in a corrupt environment
6. Lack of development- corruption causes under development because money meant to

improve people‟s lives is stolen by few individuals
7. Increasing poverty levels- corruption diverts resources away from health, education and
other services
8. Inflates prices of goods and services- procurement officers inflates prices of goods and
services in order to get kick backs
9. Loss of respect for the rule of law- corruption leads to civil disobedience as people will
have no regards for rule of law
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10. Loss standard of living- the more the high levels of corruption the lower the standards
of living as corruption only benefits a few individuals.
J. State institutions that fight against corruption in Zambia
There are two categories of institutions involved in the fight against corruption namely government
institutions and civil society institutions.
a) Government institutions involved in the fight against corruption
These are institutions formed by government to fight corruption in the country
1. Anti- Corruption Commission (ACC)
 Is the official government institutions established government to fight corruption
 Established through the Corrupt Practices Act No. 14 of 1980
 Corrupt Practices Act became operational in 1982
 Corrupt Practices Act was repealed November 1996 and replaced by the Anti-Corruption Act
No. 42 of 1996.
 Anti-Corruption Act No. 42 of 1996 came into effect on 17th March 1997
 Anti-Corruption Act No. 3 of 2012 was introduced
 ACC is autonomous body to mean its duties should not be subject to the direction or control of
any person or authority.
 ACC‟s fight against corruption is enshrined in the slogan promote integrity, say no to
corruption.
Methods used by ACC to fight against corruption
1) Prevention – this is the undertaking of necessary and effective measures to prevent

corruption in the public and private sectors. This is done through the Commission
Prevention Department (CPD) which conducts Managerial Accountability workshops in
both public and private institutions to sensitize on corruption.
2) Community education – this is the educating of the community on matters relating to

corruption. This is done by Community Relations Department (CRD) which reveals the
evils and dangerous effects of corrupt practices on society through the use of methods such
as radio and television programmes, public lectures, workshops, production and
distribution of pamphlets, newsletters, posters, T-shirts, fliers, booklets and ant-
corruption clubs in schools.
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3) Investigations and prosecutions – this involves receiving and investigation of complaints of
suspected corrupt practices and where evidence is established prosecution follows.
2. Zambia National Procurement Authority(ZNPA)
 Established in 1983
 Formerly known as Zambia National Tender Board
 Its object is to control and regulate the procurement of goods and services by government
ministries and departments and parastatal organisations.
 It fights corruption by ensuring that the procedure in the procurement system is done in a
transparent and accountable manner.
3. Parliament
 It fights corruption through the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) that scrutinises the Auditor
General‟s Report on misuse, misapplication and embezzlement of public funds.
 It refuses to endorse the appointments and promotions of corrupt public officials into civil
service.
4. Auditor General‟s office
 Its provided for under Article 121 of the Zambian constitution.
 Its charged with the responsibility of ensuring that public funds allocated by parliament are used
for intended purpose.
 Prepares and submits audit reports of government accounts for each financial year to the
president who later present it to parliament.
 It fights corruption by exposing alleged corrupt practices and misuse of public funds.
5. Public Protector office
 Formally known as Investigator General and Ombudsman and he/she is the chairperson of the
Commission for Investigation.
 Apart from protecting and investigating human rights violations it also investigates corruption
complaints.
6. Anti- Money Laundering Unit
 Its a department of the Drug Enforcement Commission (DEC)
 Established in 2001 by Act of parliament to monitor and investigate money laundering activities
in Zambia.
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 Money laundering is the act of concealing, disguising, possessing receiving, disposing of or
bringing into the country any property (which includes money or any item) derived or realised
directly or indirectly from illegal or criminal activities.
o The Anti- Money Laundering Unit Act provides for disclosure of information on
suspension of money laundering activities by supervisory authorities and regulated
institutions.
o The Act also authorizes the seizure of property of persons convicted of money
laundering.
o The Act also provides for international cooperation in investigations, prosecution and
other related legal processes concerning prohibition and prevention of money laundering
activities.
7. Zambia Police Service
 It fights corruption through the Police Professional Standards Unit whose responsibility to deal
with police abuse and corrupt practices in the system.
 It investigates and arrest suspected corrupt officers and any suspected corrupt persons.
8. The Task Force Against Corruption
 Was constituted in July in 2002 by the late Republican President Dr. Levy Patrick Mwanawasa
 The terms of reference of the Task Force were to investigate abuse of office, mismanagement of
government funds, theft of government resources and other corrupt practices alleged to have
been committed the Chiluba administration.
 Most of the offences committed were centred on the abuse of office involving the operation of a
Zambia Intelligence Service Bank Account Known as Zambia Trans Operative or Zamtrop
accounts
CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION
These are institutions formed by individuals and groups of people to fight against corruption in
the country.
1. Foundation for Democratic Process (FODEP)
 Established in 1991
 Its objective is to promote democracy in Zambia through programmes of civic education and
promotion of human rights and election monitoring
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 It conducts awareness programmes by educating the public on corruption in electoral process and
need for electoral reforms to enhance democracy and free and fair elections.
2. Transparency International Zambia (TIZ)
 Established in June 2000
 The Overall objective is to develop sustainable capacity in the Civil Society, Media, public and
private sectors, in order to effectively fight corruption and promote high integrity and good
governance in Zambia.
3. National Movement Against Corruption (NAMAC)
 Officially launched in March 2002 by late Dr Levy Patrick Mwanawasa
 Its motto was working together for a corruption free Zambia
 It demanded high levels of integrity, transparency, accountability and sought genuine

participation in the affairs of Zambia.
1. The Media
 The media includes print media (newspapers), electronic media (television and radio) and
online media (via internet).
 The role of the media is to dig deeper and carry out research on any cases of corruption. This is
called investigative journalism
 The media investigate and expose corrupt activities and in so doing it discourages people from
engaging in corrupt practices.
K. Identify the role of public officers community and the youth in fighting corruption
The following are the roles of individuals and groups in the fight against corruption.
a) Public officers
1. Adherence to set guidelines and regulations
2. Reporting corruption
3. Adherence to institutional and public service code of ethics
4. Sensitization of the community
b) Community
1. Reports suspected cases of corruption
2. Sensitization on corruption
3. Advocacy for stronger laws
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c) Youth
1. Reports suspected cases of corruption
2. Sensitization on corruption
3. Formation of ACC clubs
4. Adherence to the rule of law
4) Public interest disclosure (Whistle blowers protection) Act No. of 2010
1. Whistle blowing (reporting) on corrupt activities
2. Changing attitudes from tolerance to total rejection of corruption
3. Accessing information on procedures on how to deal with corruption cases
4. Reporting corrupt officers to institutions that are combating corruption such as Zambia police
service, ACC and TIZ
5. Supporting organisations that are fighting corruption
6. Demanding integrity and high sense of morality from public office bearers.
7. Not keeping silent when they feel a corrupt practice has been committed
8. Encouraging development of institutions, laws and practices to ensure that responsible
citizens report instances without fear of victimisation by perpetrators
9. Encouraging and supporting free press.
10. Taking responsibility for one‟s actions
11. Knowing the procedures on how to acquire goods and services.
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TOPIC 7: CULTURAL STUDIES
a) Describe the concepts culture, norms and values
b) Outline the components of culture
c) Explain the characteristics of culture
d) Explain the types of culture
e) Identify Zambia‟s societal core values
f) Discuss Zambia‟s cultural practices
g) Identify factors that affect the appreciation of cultural diversity in Zambia
h) Describe global culture
i) Discuss the importance of culture
j) Identify institutions that preserve cultural heritage in Zambia
a) Describe the concepts culture, norms and values
1. Culture
 Refers to people‟s complete way of life such as norms, values, beliefs and traditions.
 It is also the sum total of behavior which people have learned over a period of time and
defines ways by which people do things.
2. Norms
 Refer to standards of behaviour that are typical of or accepted within a particular group or
society. Norms enable societies to set rules for behaviour and maintain social control.
 Folkways (Customs)- are norms of behaviour which are learnt and shared as accepted
way of life of people in society
 Mores- are norms of morality of right or wrong and if broken are considered offensive to
most people in society
 Taboos- are norms that are prohibited or forbidden or unacceptable or inappropriate from
being practised by people in society
 Laws- are norms that are formally inscribed into laws by the state and if broken one gets
arrested, jailed or fined in society
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3. Values
 Refer to social principles, goals or standards held or accepted by individual, class and
society
 They are rules that enable people to make decisions about what is right or wrong, good or
bad
 They guide to determine which is more or less important and which is useful when we
have to abandon one value over the other in society
 They enhance love and respect of people within the community
 They promote working hard among the community members
 They emphasize the decent dressing among young people in society
 They help to mould the generation from generation
 They help people to be obedient to elders
 They increase youth awareness of different social issues
 They promote social justice
 They enhance integrity
b) Outline the components of culture (TRAVELLS)
1. Technological and Material culture (T)
 These refers to society„s ability to create, design, and use things.
 Technology and material culture relates to the way society organizes its economic
activities.
2. Religion (R)
 Religion is a major cultural component and religious taboos, customs, holidays and rituals
dictate the behavior of a given society.
 For example, Hindus do not drink beverages and can only eat meat slaughtered in a certain
way called “Halal” because of religion
3. Aesthetics (A)
 The society‟s perception of what is considered beautiful in art and in persons.
 It dictates what is acceptable or appealing in that culture.
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4. Values and attitudes (V)
 These are a society‟s belief system as well as a society‟s heart and they are the least likely to
change.
 They change very slowly and a society‟s belief system guides its attitude to what is
considered right and wrong and it is the basis of a society‟s way of life.
 Most belief systems are based on society‟s central religion
5. Education (E)
 Education is an important part of culture since cultured is learned behavior.
 There are three types of learning that takes place in society.
o The first type is informal learning in which a child learn by imitating the behavior of
its family members, friends or in homes where there is a T.V the characters portrayed
in the films.
o The other type is formal learning in which adults and older siblings teach young
family member how to behave in certain situations.
o The third type of learning is technical learning in which teachers instruct the child in
an educational environment about what should be done, how to it should be done and
why it should be done.
6. Law and Politics (L)
 These are rules and structures that regulate the behavior of society.
 The legal rules attract punishment when contravened.
 The laws protect members of society to live in peace, free from fear and inhuman
treatment
7. Language (L)
 Language is the most obvious difference between cultures.
 It defines a cultural group even though the same language may be used in different countries.
 Language includes unspoken language such as gestures, which mean different things in
different languages
8. Social organization (S)
 This is the way a society organizes itself.

 It relates to how a society defines relationships, social institutions such as marriages and
status system such as the role of women and children
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c) Explain the characteristics of culture (SLID BBC PICS)
1) Culture is shared : (S)
 The members of a culture share a set of „ideals, values, and standards of behavior” and this
set of shared ideals is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bonds them together as a
culture
2) Culture is learnt: (L)
 It is passed on from generation to generation.
 It is taught to an individual by society in which the individual is born in.
 The way to speak, what to eat, how to heat, how to relate to others, what to believe in is
taught.
3) Culture is integrated: (I)
 This means that culture must be integrated in order for it to be transmitted successfully from
one person to another.
4) Culture is dynamic: (D)
 This means that culture is not constant as it is always evolving and changing.
 Change in technology is easily accepted rather than change in the value system of society.
 For example, the use of cell phones has been accepted as part of Zambian way of life and yet
these were not there until the mid-1990s
5) People are not usually aware of their culture until they come into contact with other
culture: (B-Blindness)
 They only realize that their patterns of behaviour are not universal when they come into
contact with people from other culture.
6) Culture gives a society a range of permissible behavior patterns. (B-Behaviour)
 Culture commonly allows a range of ways in which men can be men and women can be
women.
 Culture also tells people of how different activities should be conducted such as how one
should act as a husband , wife parent etc
7) Cultural is comprehensive: (C)
 It is the sum total of a society‟s way of life, therefore it is comprehensive as it requires

various aspects which gives meaning to life.
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8) People do not know all their culture: (P-Partiality)
 No one knows everything about his or her own culture.
 It is not possible for one to know everything about their culture
9) Cultures no longer exists in isolation: (I)
 Even small out of the way ethnic societies are now being integrated to some extent into the
global economy.
 There is no society that can exist in isolation, thus languages and indigenous patterns are
being replaced rapidly.
10) Culture is cumulative: (C)
 Every human generation can discover new things and invent better technologies which
become part of culture.
 The new cultural skills and knowledge are added onto what is learned in previous
generations.
11) Culture is based on symbols: (S)
 In order for a culture to be transmitted successfully from one generation to the next, a system
of symbols is created and translates the ideals of the Culture to its members.
 This is accomplished through language, art, religion, and money.
d) Explain the types of culture (MPS FRISC HH)
1. Mass culture (M)
 This is the culture produced from machines and consumed on a large scale
 It is spread through electronic media and other high technology.
2. Popular culture (P)
 This is the culture which is a product of changing needs and innovations in people‟s life
styles.
 It is short lived and usually on high demand especially from the youths
3. Synthetic culture (Artificial culture) (S)
 It is an adopted culture or copied from western culture
 Western culture is presented as the only culture which every country should copy
 Local people consume popular western culture in form of films, television or radio
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4. Folk culture (F)
 It is also referred to as residual culture that is, remains of the past
 It is usually revived from elements of the forgotten past due to nostalgic tastes
5. Real culture (R)
 This refers to the actual behavior of people in society such as sleeping at a funeral house until
the day of burial.
6. Ideal culture (I)
 It refers to some kind of dreams and aspirations of where a given people would wish to be.
7. Sub culture (S)
 It is a way of life or behaviour which a small group of people belonging to the same culture
may portray.
8. Counter culture (C)
 This represents a group of individuals that are opposed to the generally accepted standards of
behaviour in society
9. Cultural heterogeneity (H)
 This refers to a society that contains a variety of groups of different races, beliefs, religions
and nationalities.
 Cultural heterogeneity promotes cultural pluralism, which recognizes and respects the
contributions of various cultures in rainbow (multicolored) nation like South Africa
10. Cultural homogeneity (H)
 This refers to a common culture of people of a similar race, beliefs, religion and nationality
 Homogenous countries have more than 90% of the people of the same race, share the same
religion and nationality maybe classified as homogenous.
 For example, North African countries such as Tunisia, Egypt, Libya etc.
e) Identify Zambia‟s societal core values (RENTAL FROM SPIL CHAPP SMITH)
 Cultural groups have core values which provide a standard measurement by which it is
regarded.
 The word Core means Centre and Value means the quality of being useful.
 Core values are shared values which are cherished in any society.
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1. Responsibility- doing what one is expected to do without being told, supervised or forced
2. Efficiency and practicality-belief in achieving an end with a least cost waste in the shortest
time possible.
3. Nationalism- a feeling of oneness by a group of people with the same origin and culture
4. Tolerance-accepting other people‟s views
5. Attainment of set goals- personal success in whatever undertaking one takes
6. Love-the quality of goodwill towards every person
7. Freedom of expression-the right of a person to be heard as long as what they have to say is
within the confines of the law
8. Respect for privacy- every person requires time to be on his or her own, away from others
including keeping the information private a person does not want to reveal.
9. Obedience to authority-recognizing and obeying the people in power
10. Mutual respect-the value of treating each other with consideration
11. Social justice- treating everyone in the community fairly
12. Peaceful resolution of conflict- It is the recognition that sorting out tension, disputes and
differences is best done through dialogue and the acceptance of the majority‟s view.
13. Integrity- the quality of being honest and morally upright
14. Loyalty-faithfulness and truthfulness to people, groups or organizations that one is a member of
15. Cooperation- working together for the common good
16. Honesty- the quality of telling the truth, not cheating or stealing
17. Attainment of set goals- belief in personal success in whatever one does.
18. Peace- freedom from stress and physical threat to one‟s well being
19. Patriotism- loving one‟s country and willing to sacrifice for its well being
20. Scientific advancement- a belief in science and technology as tools to making progress and
improving in one‟s social and income
21. Material comfort-equal distribution of wealth throughout the country to satisfy the needs of the
people.
22. Individualism- loving one‟s country and willing to sacrifice for its well being
23. Trust- confidence, belief in the goodness, strength and reliability of oneself and others
24. Hard work- the ability to accomplish difficult tasks as opposed to idleness
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f) Discuss Zambia‟s cultural practices (CHAFERA)
1) Traditional ceremonies
 These are festivals and ceremonies are held to celebrate and commemorate important events.
 They form a core part of own culture and held deep meaning and values
Functions of traditional ceremonies
i. Expressing, reflecting and reinforcing cultural relationships and virtues.
ii. Observing certain rituals.
iii. Communicating important cultural themes through the use of special forms of language,
music and dance
iv. Connection to the ancestors
v. Providing oral history of settlement, patterns or migration.
vi. Reconciling inter –group conflict for peaceful co –existence.
vii. Assertion of local traditional leadership.
viii. Displaying symbols of ethnic citizenship or sense of belonging to ethnic groupings
Types of traditional ceremonies
i. Harvest festivals
ii. Commemorative ceremonies focusing on honouring the dad, migration histories
iii. Religious festivals
iv. Ceremonies for small intimate groups such as boys or girls when these come of age.
v. Ceremonies which move with rhythm of nature
Traditional ceremonies practiced in Zambia
i. Umutomboko Ceremony of the Lunda people of Luapula
ii. Kuomboka Ceremony of the Lozi people
iii. Ukusefya pa Ng’wena Ceremony of the Bemba people
iv. Likumbi Lya Mize of the Luvale people
v. Mabadao ceremony of the Tumbuka people
vi. Lunda Lubanza of the Lunda people of North-Western province
vii. Kulamba ceremony of the Nsenga people
viii. Kulamba Kubwalo ceremony of the Lenje people
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ix. Shimunenga ceremony of the Illa people
x. Malaila ceremony of the Kunda people
xi. Lwiindi ceremony of the Tonga people
xii. Nc’wala ceremony of the Ngoni people
xiii. Ibwela Mushi ceremony of the Biswalala people
xiv. Chinamanongo ceremony of the Bisa of Mpika
2) Hospitality
 Welcoming visitors and strangers is a core value that is cherished and practised. It is regarded
as a symbol of being human
3) Traditional Attires
 Some Zambian cultures display unique style of dressing. These include the Lozi, men wear a
Siziba (Kilt) while women wear a Musisi.
 The Chewa‟s Nyau dancers also exhibit different attire from the Luvale Likishi dancers.
4) Extended Family System
 This is the family system that not embraces the nuclear family but also uncles, cousins,
aunties, in laws, nephews and nieces.
 In Zambia, the term „Mother‟ is extended to one‟s „mothers‟ sisters and „father‟ to one‟s
„father‟s brothers
5) Respect for Elders
 This is a belief that anyone elder than oneself should be accorded respect in speech and
treatment regardless of status, race or blood relationship.
 Elderly people are referred to as father or mother or grandmother of grandfather.
6) Rites of Passage
 These are rituals that one undergoes to mark an important change in a person‟s position in
society.
 They include such rituals as the naming of a newly born baby, initiation, marriage, death
and after death ceremonies.
Initiation rituals
 Nkolola
 Siyeke (Sikenge)
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 Cisungu
 Mukanda
Marriage rituals
 Matebeto
 Cilanga mulilo
 Mungenisa Khaya (M‟thimba)
 Mbusa
Death rituals
 Kupuzo-Ya-Bafu
 Mweesyo
 Isambo Lyamfwa
 Ukupyana
 Ubwalwa Bwe Shinda
7) The Arts
 Zambian ethnic groups generate a wide range of arts and crafts. Expressions of art in dance,
music, painting, folktale, crafts are diverse and abundance
g) Identify factors that affect the appreciation of cultural diversity in Zambia
Appreciation to cultural obstacle
a. Cultural relativism
 This means the absence of direct and indirect discrimination in all areas of life.
 It is also a deliberate attempt to view the world as seen by members of other societies.
 It is based on the belief that each group‟s way of life is logical to that group‟s response to
survival issues.
b. Assimilation
 Is a situation when people from minority groups and different classes of society are accepted
in major social institutions?
c. Amalgamation
 Is a process of blending minority and majority groups through social bonding such as
marriage?
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Obstacles to cultural obstacle
a. Stereotyping
 This means negatively judging a group of people who are different from you based only on
opinions and misinformation
b. Prejudice
 This is an irrational, illogical hatred and suspicion of a particular group based on gender, age,
ethnicity, religion, place of residence or occupation.
c. Ethnocentrism
 This is the belief in the superiority of one‟s own cultural ethnic group based on the idea that
one‟s own group or culture is better or more important than others.
d. Tribalism or ethnicism
 These are customs and beliefs of tribal life in given societies that are strongly loyal to one‟s
own tribe, party or group.
h) Describe global culture
 Global culture is the sharing of cultures across countries
 Global culture is called cultural imperialism
Agents of global culture
1) Technology- is shared through e-mails, television, radio, internet, social media across countries
2) Mixing of cultures (migration)-is shared through migration of people from country to another
due to various reasons such as employment and refugees
3) Tourism- is shared through visitation to different tourism attractions by tourists from different
countries
4) Trade –is shared through international trade among countries
Impact of global culture
i. Destruction of local culture
ii. Spread of international languages such as English, French
iii. Reduction in negative cultural practices such as Female genital mutilation, forced marriages,
widow inheritance and polygamy marriage
iv. Spread of religions such as Islam and Christianity
v. Increase of moral decay such as Lesbianism, Gayism, alcohol and drug abuse
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vi. Increase in social crimes such as prostitution and pornographic production
vii. Indecent dress code such as sagging, miniskirts, tattoos, earrings and lipped clothes
viii. Spread of technology such as Whatsapp, facebook and tik tok
ix. Increase in mixing of cultures
x. Increase in tourism activities
i) Discuss the importance of culture
1. Reinforces one‟s identity and the ability to critically reflect on that identity.
2. Reinforces cultural heritage such as pieces of art, and places of worshipped monuments.
3. Promotes social, political, economic, environment and cultural development
4. Promotes cultural diversity and human rights
5. Promotes preservation of traditional ceremonies
6. Promotes tourism activities
7. Helps to strengthen sovereignty and identity of a society
8. Promotes globalization
j) Identify institutions that preserve cultural heritage in Zambia
a) Museums-the national museums board administers these. Museums are responsible for;
 Collection of artefacts.
 Restoration of artefacts.
 Display of artefacts of historical, cultural, scientific, technological and economic significance

to the nation.
b) National Heritage Conservation Commission-administers immovable heritage such as sites

and monuments.
c) National Arts Council-it promotes artistic and intellectual creativity and art education.
 It recognizes that freedom of opinion and expression is essential for reactive activities of
artists and intellectuals alike.
d) Government ministries
 The Ministry of Community Development-department of Cultural Services/ National Arts

Council of Zambia
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 Ministry of Home Affairs-National Archives
 Ministry of Education-Training of Artists/Teachers in Colleges/NASAAZ
 Ministry of Local Government- Traditional activities
d) International Cultural Cooperation
 The colonial authorities regardless of cultural and ethnic realities arbitrarily drew up the
geographical international boarders of Zambia.
 Zambia acknowledges that international cultural exchanges and encounters contribute to the
promotion of global peace, respect, mutual understanding and cooperation.
 Zambia is a member of the following multilateral cultural organisations;
 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)
 Southern African Development Community (SADC)
 International Centre for Bantu Civilisation (CICIBA)
 World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)
 Southern African Development Community Association of Museums (SADCAM)
 World Crafts Council (WCC)
 International Council of Museums (ICOM)
 International Theatre Institute (ITI)
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TOPIC 8: SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Specific Learning Outcomes
By the end of this chapter, learners should be able to:
a) Describe the word substance and substance abuse
b) Describe types of substances often abused by people
c) Discuss substances and their effects
d) Explain reasons for substance abuse
e) Suggest ways of avoiding substance abuse
f) Describe the signs and symptoms of substance abuse
g) Explain the two types of dependence in substance abuse
h) Discuss the effects of substance abuse on individual, community, and national levels
i) Outline the role of the community in combating substance abuse
j) Discuss measures used to prevent substance abuse
k) Identify institutions involved in fighting substance abuse in Zambia.
a) Describe the word substance and substance abuse

 A Substance is a material or type of matter.
 Abuse is to use something excessively or wrongly, especially drugs.
 Substance abuse means taking something often that your body does need and for wrong
reasons.
 Substance abuse also means a habitual use of a substance in excessive amounts that are harmful
to the person consuming it.
b) Describe types of substances often abused by people
Below is the classification of different types of substances often abused by people?
1. Over the Counter Substances
 These are substances or drugs which can easily be bought over the counter from a shop
and used for medical purpose such as Panadol, Aspirin, Cafemol, and other household
cleaners like Bleach and Ammonia.
 These can be bought without prescription
2. Controlled Substances
 These are substances that can only be obtained if one has a prescription or special
authorisation.
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 These substances can be dangerous if not used properly. Examples include Morphine,
Valium, Mandrax, Pethidine, Cocaine, Codeine and Marijuana.
 These can only be bought with prescription
c) Discuss substances and their effects

a) Classification of substances according to their effects
1. Depressants
 These are substances that slow down the action of the central nervous system (brain).
 They are also known as sedatives or hypnotics.
 When taken in small amounts, they decrease a person‟s awareness and tension.
 But when taken in larger amounts, they lead into a coma (a condition of deep
unconsciousness, which may result in death).
 Examples include Alcohol, Mandrax and Valium.
2. Stimulants
 These are substances that stimulate the central nervous system and speed up the body
processes.
 If stimulants are taken in large amounts, they become depressants because their effects
slow down the central nervous system.
 The most common stimulant is caffeine found in tea coffee, chocolate, coca cola and
other energy drinks such as Kungfu, Red Bull, Dragon and Kombat
 Caffeine derives from a German word Kaffee, meaning coffee.
 It is obtained from certain plant leaves, beans and fruits and can be processed into
different forms such as powder, liquid, or smoke.
 When caffeine is consumed excessively, it leads to convulsions, lack of sleep and
excessive anxiety.
 It tends to stimulate the central nervous system.
 Other stimulants include cocaine and nicotine.
3. Hallucinogens
 These are substances which distort the way the brain translates impulses or messages
from sensory organs producing perceptual changes.
 The distortion may make the brain alter or change messages about something real, thus,
producing an illusion.
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 The brain may produce images with no basis called hallucinations.
 These substances in this category include Lysergic acid diethyl (LSD), cocaine, magic
mushrooms, and ecstasy.
 A person begins to see danger where there is no danger or vice versa.
 One can even jump out of a car perceiving a tree is falling on that car, when it is not the
true case.
4. Narcotics or Opiates
 These are substances that make the senses dull and relieve pain by depressing the cerebral
cortex.
 The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain responsible for consciousness including
perception, memory, learning and initiation of movement.
 They also affect the thalamus (mood regulation centre).
 Narcotics are mainly derived from the Opium poppy plant.
 They include raw opium, morphine, codeine, pethidine, methadone, and heroin.
5. Inhalants or Solvents
 These are drugs or substances found in household products such as glue, deodorants like
perfume sprays and fuel gasses.
 These form fumes which give out vapour that is inhaled by the consumer.
 The capillary surface of the lungs allows quick absorption of the substance.
 Entry into the brain is fast and intoxicating effects are intense.
 Inhalants can cause brain damage and death at times.
b) Substances and their effects
Substances can also be classified according to their effects on the user as follows;
1. Alcohol
 Is a pure colourless liquid present in drinks such as beer, wine, and brandy.
 People take alcohol for pleasure during many occasions such as leisure, initiation,
traditional and wedding ceremonies.
 Only adults can drink but in modern society, beer is abused by children.
 Alcohol is also taken for medicinal purposes.
 Most of the medicines contain a percentage of alcohol.
 Alcohol abuse is when one drinks too much alcohol too often.
 This leads to addiction. Addiction is taking something that one cannot stop.
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 A person who is addicted to alcohol is called an alcoholic.
 Alcoholism is a severe and potentially fatal (causing death) condition caused by physical
dependence on alcohol. It impairs physical and mental health.
 The strength of any alcoholic beverage depends on the percentage concentrate of a
chemical called Ethanol per given volume.
 The higher the percentage, the more potent (strength) the beverage becomes.
 In other words, the more effects it has to an individual.
Effects of alcohol
 Increases blood pressure and heartbeat.
 Causes violent behaviour.
 Affects the brain, it distorts the one way thinks, speak and acts.
 Causes Cirrhosis (The liver becoming fatty and enlarged causing inflammations).
 Causes Hypothermia (feeling warm even when one is losing heat).
 Distorts perception of time and space and have a double vision (unclear objects).
 Causes a withdrawal condition known as Delirium Tremens (DTs). A person with
DTs is shaky and cannot hold anything in their hands. Such a person has mental
problem he/she may experiences mood swings and uncontrollable behaviour.
2. Tobacco
 It is made up of some chemicals which are poisonous when one smokes as it enters the
bloodstream.
 It is a commonly abused substance that contains nicotine, carbon monoxide and tar which
are very harmful to the body.
 Carbon monoxide is a deadly gas that affects the blood‟s ability to carry oxygen around the
body.
 Tar contains a few substances that can cause cancer.
 Nicotine is a powerful drug that makes the heart beat faster.
 If taken in large doses, nicotine slows nerve impulses, resulting in reduction of heartbeat.
 Constant smoking affects the cells in the respiratory tract, thereby making the smoker easily
get respiratory infections.
Effects of tobacco:
 Bronchitis
 Emphysema- Lung disease which affects breathing.
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 Heart disease nicotine increases the heartbeat and so wears down the heart.
 Cancer – smoking causes about 90% of deaths from cancer
 Blood clots and stomach ulcers.
 Damages the unborn babies
 Shortness of breath
 Colds, flu, and other infections
 Non- smokers inhale smoke which makes them passive smokers
 Deforestation. Due to the process or drying and curing tobacco.
3. Inhalants
 As earlier stated, Inhalants are a diverse group of substances that include volatile solvents
and gases.
 The volatile substances are found in household products such as glue, paint, nail polish,
powdered tobacco, Petro, rubber and lighter fluid.
 Inhalants are usually sniffed from an open container and lungs allow rapid absorption as a
result entry into the brain is fast and produces intense intoxicating effects.
Effects of inhalants
 Depression of the central nervous system. (Reducing breath rate)
 Causing high blood pressure.
 Headaches, nausea, slurred speech and loss of motor coordination.
 Rash around the nose and mouth.
 Unpredictable behaviour.
 Memory impairment and attention deficit.
 Liver and kidney abnormalities.
 Red, glassy, and watery eyes.
 Distortion in perception of time and space.
4. Cannabis
 This is a hard brown material or herbal mixture that comes from a cannabis plant.
 It is an illegal drug in Zambia, therefore, possession, cultivation or trafficking of this
substance constitutes an offence.
 It has several street names such as Draw, Blow, Weed, Hash, Pot, Bang, Spliff, Dope,
Dobo Puff, Shit and Ganja.
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Three forms of cannabis:
1) Marijuana: This comes from the dried leaves, flowers, or stems of the cannabis plant. It has
a concentration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) of about 0-12%.
2) Hashish: This is made from the dark, sticky resin of the plant and contains THC of about 12-
18%.
3) Hashish oil: This is made by compressing hashish to produce oil using a solvent. The
concentration of THC is about 18-25% and is much higher than that of marijuana and
hashish.
Effects of cannabis
 Causing craving for certain foods (increasing appetite).
 Making most users relaxed or talkative.
 Making users paranoid and anxious, depending on their mood and situation.
 Causing health problems such as cancer and respiratory disorders.
 Affecting the reproductive system by reducing sperm count in males while irregular
menstrual cycles in females.
 Affecting memory and coordination.
 Leaving users feeling exhausted.
5. Heroin
 Heroin is a brown or white speckled powder made from juice extract from the unripe
capsule of the poppy plant.
 The seed capsule of the green opium produces a milky juice (latex) from which many
drugs can be made such as morphine.
 Morphine is used for medicinal purposes.
 Heroin is mainly taken by smoking, sniffing, and swallowing or injecting into the veins.
 It is known on the street as Brown Sugar, Skag, Smack and Horse.
Effects of heroin
 Depresses some brain cells or stimulates other types of brain functions leading to
disturbed pattern of nerve activity, perception.
 Loss of appetite.
 Chronic constipation.
 Death due to overdose.
 Urge to commit suicide.
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 Irregular menstrual cycles in woman
 Suppresses understanding of the real world by distorting vision, hearing and other senses.
 Loss of alertness at first, then drowsiness and drunken appearance later.
 Damages the heart and kidneys
 Causes mood swings
 Transmission of diseases such as HIV/AIDS by sharing hypodermic needles
6. Cocaine
 Cocaine is white powder made from the leaves of a Coca plant.
 The leaves of a coca plant when chewed can relieve hunger and fatigue.
 The coca plant is mainly grown in coastal plains of the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean
Sea.
 Cocaine is usually smoked, be injected into the blood, and can also be taken orally by
mixing with liquid or in a capsule form.
 The street names for cocaine are Coke, Charlie, Snow Lady and Dust.
Effects of cocaine
 Irregular menstrual circles
 Transmission of diseases such Hepatitis and HIVAIDS using hypodermic needles
 Over alertness and elevation of mood
 Dry mouth
 Sweating
 Severe weight loss
 Exhaustion and lack of sleep insomnia
 Digestion problems
 Ulceration of the nasal passage
 Heart and blood circulation problems
 Death due to overdose
7. Drugs
 A drug is any substance which alters the chemistry of the body and affects the natural
balance of the mind and emotions.
 Drugs can either be natural or synthetic chemicals.
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 Natural drugs are those which are found in certain plants. For example, caffeine in
coffee, nicotine in tobacco and tetra hydro-cannabin whereas, synthetic are those
drugs manufactured such as Panadol, Aspirin and Cafemol,
Effects of drugs
 High Crime Rate
 It interferes with the normal life of a person
 It leads to Legal Problems
 It normally causes distress
 Leads to decreased productivity
 It can lead to memory loss
 It causes healthy problems
d) Explain reasons for substance abuse

1. Curiosity: Some people are tempted to try out substances. They would like to taste how it feels
like to take substances, especially young people.
2. Peer pressure: Young people end up taking substances because they want to do what their
friends are doing. They want to fit in or conform to their peer group.
3. Ignorance: People begin to take substances on experimental basis and may not be aware of the
dangers of the substance they abuse. By the time dangers are fully realized, it may be too late to
stop taking the substance or to reverse the damage done.
4. Stress: some people abuse drugs because of stress. Stress can be caused by loss of a loved one,
divorce, failing an examination and loss of employment. As result they resort to drugs.
5. Availability of substances: There are several substances that are readily available on the market
that makes it easy for people to access them. These include alcoholic beverages and solvents
such as glue, tipex and methylated spirits
6. Changing social structures: A family is a unity that serves as a support group for its members.
When a family begins to change in a negative way, for example: loss of a family member.
7. Alienation: We all have the sense of belonging to a family, group, community, or country.
When we feel isolated, we try to find a group to belong to by associating with people who also
feel isolated such as street kids and teenagers.
8. Unemployment: many young people are unable to find jobs despite having relevant
qualifications for such people, life may be unbearable and some resort to drug abuse.
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9. Lack of Recreational Facilities: many people have nowhere to spend their leisure time.
Consequently, they may resort to drug abuse as a form of pass time.
10. Enhancement of self-confidence: Some believe that taking substances may help them to
improve in their self confidence in sports, sexual intercourse examinations and other activities.
e) Suggest ways of avoiding substance abuse

1. Say no thanks: If you are offered dangerous substances always say no thank you.
2. Giving reason or excuse: Always give a reason for declining an offer
3. Changing the subject: If someone is enticing you to use dangerous substances you should
change the subject to discourage him or her
4. Walking away: You can also walk away to avoid being tempted to take dangerous substances
5. Avoiding the situation: If you know places where they abuse substances stay away from such
places.
6. Associating with non-users: always associate with non-users especially where substance abuse
is rampant.
7. Keeping busy: make yourself always busy by doing something like sports, reading school work
etc to avoid being tempted to abuse substances
f) Describe the signs and symptoms of substance abuse

1. Sudden change in personality
2. Unusual mood swings, restlessness, or irritability
3. Decline in school performance
4. Spending more time away from home
5. Stealing money or goods and excessive spending or borrowing of money
6. Heavy use of perfumes to disguise the smell of the substances
7. Associating with a particular group especially one that abuses substances
8. Lack of interest in schoolwork and absenteeism from work
9. Loss of appetite
10. Wearing of sunglasses at inappropriate time to disguise the appearance
11. Possession of certain objects may also indicate substance abuse. These include the following;
o Syringes and needles.
o Small plastic or glass bottles.
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o Pill boxes
o Plastic cellophane or metal foil wrappers.
o Straws.
o Sugar lumps.
o Foil containers or metal tins usually discoloured by heat.
o Shredded cigarettes and pipes.
g) Explain the two types of dependence in substance abuse

 People who abuse substances reach a level where they entirely depend on substances and this is
known as known as dependence or addiction. Substance dependence can either take the physical or
psychological form.
1. Physical dependence is when one tries to withdraw from using a certain substance but
experiences physical effects such as shaking (poor coordination) .
2. Psychological dependence as craving for certain foods, depression and anxiety due to
withdrawal of the use of an abused substance.
 Some substance abusers reach levels where they have to take larger doses of a substance in order to feel
the effect and they are said to have reached a drug tolerance level.
 Consumption of large amounts of substances can lead to addiction, a state where one depends on
substances.
h) Discuss the effects of substance abuse on individual, community, national and International
level
1) At Individual Level:
1. Experience health problems
2. Failed relationships with friends and families
3. Risk heavy fines or imprisonment
4. Leads to over borrowing
5. Leads to accumulating of debts
6. Spending too money on substance abuse
7. Looking dirty and scruffy
8. Leads to theft
9. Leads to violet behaviour
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10. Leads to career disruption
11. Leads to suicide or death
12. Leads to madness
13. Leads to contacting diseases
2) At Family Level:
1. Leads to neglecting of family needs eg paying of school fees
2. Causes family disruption and disharmony
3. Leads to theft by family members
4. Leads to accumulation of debts
5. Leads to divorce
6. Leads to violet behaviour
7. Leads to suicide or death
8. Leads to starvation and malnutrition
3) At Community or National Level:
1. Increase in murder cases
2. Increase in aggravated robbery cases
3. Increase in theft cases
4. Increase in prostitution
5. Increase in drug trafficking
6. Spread of infectious communal diseases
7. Reduced production in industries
8. Increased road accidents
9. Increased violet behaviour
10. Pressure on hospitals and rehabilitation Centres
4) At International Level:
1. Increase in drug trafficking
2. Increased manufacturing of drugs
3. Increased money laundering activities
4. Loss of government money in fighting drug trafficking
5. High co-operation with International Police (Interpol) among countries
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i) Outline the role of the community in combating substance abuse
1. Abolishing the cultivation of drugs.
2. Educating the people.
3. Taking keen interest in what is going on his or her community.
4. Changing people‟s attitudes toward substance abuse.
5. Establishing groups and clubs.
j) Discuss measures used to prevent substance abuse

1. The Zambian government has taken measures to fight the supply and abuse of dangerous
substances such as drugs. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act No. 37 of 1993,
was enacted to prohibit trafficking, exporting, possessing, cultivating, manufacturing and use of
narcotic and psychotropic substances.
2. The public is sensitized on the dangers of substance abuse and its legal implications. For
example, the consumption of illicit drugs is a contravention of the law.
3. Drug abuse is liable for punishment by imprisonment for a period not exceeding 10 years if
found guilty.
4. The government of Zambia also works with other countries to exchange information on drug
trafficking and related crimes in order to arrest offenders.
5. The government should involve communities in programs aimed at reducing demand and supply
of illicit drugstrafficking and related crimes to arrest offenders.
k) Identify institutions involved in fighting substance abuse in Zambia.

1. Drug Enforcement Commission (DEC):
 It was established in 1989.
 It is a government institution charged with the responsibility of curbing substance abuse.
 It investigates and prosecutes cases related to drug trafficking and substance abuse.
 It also sensitizes the public on the dangerous effects of substance abuse.
 Other functions of the Commission in controlling substance abuse are as follows:
 It fights any unlawful manufacture of narcotic drugs
 It fights and discourages cultivation of plants for narcotic substances
 It fights schemes (plans) to commit any offense related to drug abuse
 It fights and discourages creation of any form of advertising narcotic substances.
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 It fights and discourages creation of centres or locations where narcotic substances are
sold.
2. Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority (ZAMRA):
 It is formerly known as Pharmaceutical Regulatory Authority.
 It controls all medicine that is marketed in Zambia.
 It makes sure that wrong drugs are not sold, given, or administered on people.
 It checks the quality and the safety of drugs distributed in Zambia.
 In this way, ZAMRA controls the sale and use of substance drugs on the Zambian market.
3. The Police Service:
 The Police play a significant (important) role in preventing crime.
 Since narcotic drugs and their abuse are very much related to crime, the Police is engaged in
fighting it.
 It investigates and arrests suspects.
 It is always on the lookout for those who grow, traffic, or sell the drug substances. Other groups
that work with the police in fighting drug abuse include:
 Churches
 Society for Family Health (SFH)
 Sport in Action
 Youth Media (Trend Setters)
 Youth alive
 Young Men Christian Association (YMCA)
 Young Women Christian Association (YWCA)
Page 99 of 99

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OUR KHETIWE CIVIC EDUCATION PRODUCTION

OUR KHETIWE GRADE 10

Wilfred Muntengwa Dip, Bed & MEd

1) Outline the Civic Education Topic Plan 10-12

2) Outline the Civic Education examination format

3) Explain the concept Civic Education

4) Describe the importance of Civic Education

1) Outline the Civic Education Topic Plan 10-12

GRADE 10 TERM GRADE 11 TERM GRADE 12 TERM

1. Constitution 1. The Zambian Bill of 1. International Human

2. Governance ONE 2. Civil Society and ONE 2. Rights of a Child ONE

3. Citizenship 3. Economic and Social 3. Family Law

4. Human 4. Zambia‟s Legal 4. Development

5. Corruption TWO 5. Gender Equity and TWO 5. Poverty Reduction in TWO

6. Cultural 6. Culture of Peace 6. Environmental

2) Outline the Civic Education examination format

2) Describe the importance of Civic Education

1. It helps to form competent, active and responsible citizens.

2. It enables citizens to be aware of their fundamental rights and freedoms.

3. It enables citizens to participate in voluntary organizations such as workers unions, women‟s

5. It helps to facilitate the development of knowledge, skills and values in pupils.

9. It enables pupils to contribute to the promotion of democratic values and sustenance of

1) Explain the concept Constitution

2) Describe the two types of constitution

3) Describe the two forms of constitution

4) Outline the characteristics of a good constitution

5) Describe the constitution making process

6) Describe the constitution adoption process

7) Discuss the history of constitution making and adoption in Zambia

8) Discuss the parts of the Zambian constitution

9) Outline the importance of a constitution

1) Explain the concept Constitution

3. Customs refer to accepted traditions and habits of the people in a society

4. A nation needs a constitution in order to regulate the activities of its citizens

2) Describe the two types of constitution

Advantages of a Written Constitution

i. It is usually drawn up with great care and deliberations

ii. It is clear and definite.

iii. They are stable and steady.

iv. They are free from manipulation by the Judiciary.

v. It affords protection to the individuals and guarantee people‟s rights.

Advantages of Unwritten Constitution

i. It is easily adaptable to changing conditions of a dynamic society.

Disadvantages of Unwritten Constitution

iv. It is unstable as it can be bent or twisted easily.

v. It can be changed or amended according to individuals or party‟s wishes and desires.

vi. It is vague because it is unclear and indefinite.

ix. It can easily be manipulated by the Judiciary

3) Describe the two forms of constitution

2. Must protect the Rights and freedoms of citizens.

3. Must cater for the interests of various groups in society.

5) Describe the constitution making process

1. Constitution making process

 It is a legally acceptable process a country uses to make its constitution

2. Outline the two main methods of constitution making process

a) Constituent Assembly (CA)

 It is a body of representatives elected by their respective interest groups to formulate, amend or

 It is more democratic, representative and favourable method of making the constitution as it is

b) Constitution Review Commission (CRC)

1. Constitution adoption process

 It is a process of approving the copy of a draft constitution so that it becomes an official

2. Outline the main methods of constitution adoption process

a) Constituent Assembly (CA)

 A body of representatives is elected by their respective interest groups to formulate, amend or