Paper 1 Theory and Fundamentals Unit 4 Logic Gates and Logic Circuits

A Logic Proposition is a statement that results in either “True” or “False”.

There are seven days in a week…
this statement will result in “True”
However, a definition of an outcome that is dependent on the combination of one or logic propositions is known as a problem
statement.
You should take an umbrella if it is raining or if the weather forecast is for rain later.
The condition “Take Umbrella” will be valid only if either it is raining outside or if the weather forecast states that it will rain later.
If Boolean Operators are used the above statement can be written as
Take_Umbrella = TRUE IF (Raining = TRUE) OR (rain_forecast=TRUE)
When Boolean operators are used to describe a problem statement the result is known as a “Boolean Expression”
Consider the following Logic Gates (component of a logic circuit that has an operation matching that of a Boolean Operator)
and Truth Tables (a technique for representing any logic expression with 1 i.e. ON and 0 i.e. OFF).

NOT A is TRUE if A is FALSE

A AND B is TRUE if A is TRUE AND B is TRUE

A OR B is TRUE is A is TRUE OR B is TRUE

A NAND B is TRUE if A is FALSE OR B is FALSE

A NOR B is TRUE if A is FALSE AND B is FALSE

A XOR B is TRUE if A is TRUE or B is TRUE but not both of them

Constructing a Logic Circuit from a Problem Statement or Logic Expression

Consider the following problem:-
A bank offers a special lending rate to customers subject to certain conditions. To qualify, a customer must satisfy certain criteria:
• The customer has been with the bank for two years.
Two of the following conditions must also apply:
• The customer is married.
• The customer is aged 25 years or older.
• The customer's parents are customers of the bank.
The first step is to assign variable to each condition:-
• Let A represent an account held for two years.
• Let B represent that the customer is married.
• Let C represent that the customer's is age 25 years or more.
• Let D represent that the customer's parents have an account.
• Let X represent if account holder is eligible for special rate (X=1)
Therefore the resulting logic expression will become
X = A AND ( ( (B AND C) OR (B AND D) ) OR (C AND D) )

X = A * (((B*C)+(C*D))+(B*D))
Hassan Zulfiqar Haider For more study material please visit:-
A-Levels/IGCSE/O-Levels Computer Science https://sites.google.com/site/csvault042/home
03234140902
hassanzulfiqarhaider@gmail.com
Paper 1 Theory and Fundamentals Unit 4 Logic Gates and Logic Circuits

Consider the following problem as well:-

The resulting logic statement is

X = (C AND NOT L) OR (G AND NOT C)

G C L C’ L’ C.L’ G.C’ X = (C.L’) + (G.C’)

0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Constructing Alternate Circuits:-

• A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without need to use any other gate type.
• In practice, this is advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are economical and easier to fabricate and are the basic gates
used in all IC digital logic families.

NOR as a Universal Gate NAND as a Universal Gate

Hassan Zulfiqar Haider For more study material please visit:-

A-Levels/IGCSE/O-Levels Computer Science https://sites.google.com/site/csvault042/home
03234140902
hassanzulfiqarhaider@gmail.com