縁燻代灘 HW 2

Linear Alqebra

"

感的
鱷
幾

òii㦝
.io
ˊ
。

ˋ
(a) 3 unknow
thereare

ns.yetonlyzequationsithereareinfinitesolutionstolxi.X2.X 3)

(b)
thecorrespondinghomogeneoussystemis

Iiiiǒl
Gaussian
-
[ iii)
-

1 |
Elimination 1 0
1比 A =
> = R
0 1 i

wewanttosolve Aiō Rtō

 訓贓
加
※xz -_-
我3

州 絒獸
showthattnesolutionsofxformasubspaceinR.wellhave.to
To

show 3 things
:

① 0 E i

② ifu.VE 女 utiei

③ ifū Ei axūtx (aE R)

|別
①
i = ㄨ3 x takex3 0 女 = 0

oeō

②
letnikx
闹 ti ; i =
a
闹 Ei

ūtū =
( ktl )
|別 Ei
𠶜
 闹
③
letnikx ti

axū = akx
闹 Ei

Nowthatwéveproven ① 、
② ˋ
③

thesolutionsofxformasubspace.in 成 ⼀

!別
(C)

KHEK x_x
}
since
|別 alonespansthesubspacekt

蹄| formsabasisfor KH .

(d)
letssolvethissystemofequations :

Iiii 别 [ 7
7
1 2 1
"" >
0 -
3 2
-
-
11

-
Iòiiililòiiiil
 1哈 憫瑜
Xnitix
1
3

xij -53
" "

州絒 j.is
0 t
代跳悯
X3

㮺
special 下

v1 訂 isaspecialsolutionr

(e) thesystemcanbewrittenas :

[ 囐岡
1 2 1
…

Tsletthisbevector 5
ninmi
letthisbe letthisbe
matrix A vectorx

suppose

thesetkisthegeneralsolutionofAx-5ithevectortisaspe.ci
alsolutionof Ai -5 ;
 andtheset KH istnegeneralsolutionof Ai ⼆
0

i.e-KHistnenulspaceofA.rci?)considerthesetk-i,A(k-t)=Ak-Ai=5
(

-5 =
0

K-iisthenullspaceofA.in (ii)

By (i). (ii) KÚ ⼆
KH

k ⼆ Ūt KH

thecosetttKHisthegeneralsolutionofthesyste.mx
(f) of HWI weleamedthat
Inproblem 4.la ) ,
:

If Wisasubspaceofthevectorspace V
and ŪEV ,

Ūt Wisasubspaceof V ÚEW

Inthisproblem ,

wherei.KHarebothinpiHowever.VE/KH,therefore,K=i+KHdoes
KEŪ t KH ,

notformasubspaceinpi .
 " "
(1) showthat spanl.SN 52) Espan (六) tspanl.SI
letxtspanl.SN 品)

T ˋ
⼤ … …
Xk ESiandJI.ir …
.IE 52

suchthattaitait-tarntbiitbzizt.at5 mkx
let ū ⼆ a.it ait-tanxtspanl.si )
F = biiktltbziktzictbmkx Espan ( 5 ) 2

iūtū Espan (G) +

spanlsz )

sina.IE span 你 V52) implies

XE span (G) tspan ( S ) 2

spanlS.US 2) ≤ spanlS.lt spanl.SI

" "
(2) showthat span 你 ) tspanl.SI Espanl.SN 52)

let.IE span (G) +

spanlsz )

theremustexistūtspan (G) and Ūtspan (品 )

suchthat ieūtt
sinceutspanl.sn
T.i.i.IE Si ,

suchthatu-axtal-tarnsinceitspanl.SI
Ixn.in …
.in E 52
,
,

suchthat Ū ⼆ bihtbzizt …
tbnnx

iūti

GIikfieitbiitbzit-tbn-risincei.E.o.o.it
⼆

,
Si

ii. …
在 ESIUS 2
ǎnanuneynn …
们

sincetkti.cz … ˋ
XE Sz
v
Fktl 在2
ˋ
… ˋ
⼤ E Si V52

bii.biz … …
bn-kXEspanlS.US ) …
(ii)

By (i). (ii) IE spanlS.US 2)

sina.IE span (G)

spanlSzlimplie.si
+

你
Espan V52)

spanlS.lt spanlSDEspanlS.US 2)
(3) sinceweieshownthat

(I) spanlS.US 2) EspanlS.lt spanl.SI

(2) spanlS.lt spanlSDEspanlS.US 2)

spanlS.US 2 ) =
span 你 ) tspan ( 5 2) *

Mi
-

Mii M 1 2 MB …

0 Mzz
M23-Mznlet.ME 0 0 M 33 …
M3n

:
ii_OOO.inMnnnxn
i :

andlet.MX:0
ert e re
ee he e re
ee

Mii M 1 2 MB …
Mm Xl 0

0 M 22 M 23
-
Mzn Xz 0

I. e. 0 0 M 33 …
M3n X3 = 0

i : : i i i :

OOO.in Mnn Xn 0
_ -

nxn
- -
nxl - -
nxl

M i ō
 in.io
⼀ -

ii
⼀

Mn
○ Mzz Mzn 0

t.n.tl/nM3n=Oi
Xi 0 + Xz 0

i : i

tn.O_sinceMii.Mzzn.in
0 0
- _ _ _

、
Mnn areallnomzero
ee e re e re
ee

x 0

Xz 0

I = X3 = 0

i :

N_n _
0
_

the.co/umnsofMarelinearlyindependent. ☒
(a)
Subspace Basis Dimension

W.nwzlnnii.in } k
Iet
Wi t.nin.n.i.ii.in }
mtkwzfn.nin.li , iii) ptk

Wewanttoprovethat :

dimlwit Wz ) =
dmlWDtdmlwzl-dmlw.nu )
= ( mtk ) + ( ptk ) -

=
ktmtp

Nowconsidertheset

T =
{ n.n.in , t.ii-iim.i.int }

Ifwecanshowthat Tformsabasisfor Wit Wz ,

thenwecanobtainthatdmlw.tw ) 2
=
ktmtp
① showthatthevectors.in Tspan Wit Wz

IEWitwzcanbewrittenasx-p.it
Anyvector

tpkǘktqūtqit
PŪ + … …

tqin
+ r.it rtzt …

trp Ūp ,

whichisalinearcombinationofthevectors.in
Ti

thevectors.in Tspan Witwz .

② showthatthevectorsin Tareindependent

letawitahi-takhtbiitbnt.at bmtm
+ aūtaūtntcp Ūp ⼆ Ō

aūtazǖztiakhtbiǖtbnt …
tbmtm
-_- cnn.ci - . -

Cpn … … …
(☆)

cnn.ci - . -

cpopEW2.n.li )

( smce-cni-aui-cpnisalinearcombinationjofci.ci
EW2-cni.ci
… …

Ūp

- . -

GUEWi.no (ii)

( smce-cni-aui-cpnisalinearcombinationjofni.no
viii. .in EW, …
By (i). (ii)

cni-ai-n-GWTEW.in Wz
cni-cz.ci
cpopcanbewrittenasalinearcombinationofn.in
-
-,,-
-

Ūk

whichisabasisofhinWz.let-cni-cz.ci
… …

-
-,,-

cpop-dntdtt.it dkūn
GŪ taito.it Cp Ūptdūtd! + …
tdkūk ⼆ Ō

sincecici-ci.in … ⼀
Ūkforma
basisfor Wz

theyarelinearlyindependent
a =
Cz =,=
G =
d = dz =_= dk 0

Putting Czt G 0 backin (A)

givesusawitaht-takhtbiitbnt.at
G … = =

bmtm ⼆
Ō

Sinceüi …
Úriǖü …
Ūmforma
basisfor Wl

theyarelinearlyindependent .

a = a = …
= a = b, = bz =_= bm = 0
 Returningtoourinitialassumption :

aūtazǖztiakhtbiǖtbnt …
tbmtm
ta Ūtaūt …

tcp Úp ⼆ Ō

Sincewediscoveredthat
G =
a = …
=
G =
bi =
bz = _ = bm =
G = G = … =
G =
0

ün …
n.it …
不 ui.ci …

.ci

arelinearlyindependent.BY
① & ② ,

t.i -i m.w.i .iarelinearlyindependentandspanW.tw

thevectorsvi.n.in ,

T-fn.n.in , t.ii-iin.ni.int }
formabasisfor Wit Wz

dmlwitwz ) = k+ m +
p
=
dmlw.lt dmlwz) -

dmlwnwj
(b) Given V = Wit Wz ,

inn-n.wnnn-ts.gs
pf " "

Visthedirectsumof Wiand Wz

Visthedirectsumof Wiand Wz
V = W, + Wz and Win Wz ⼆
∅ ( Bydef )

In (a) ,
welearnedthat

dim ( Witwz ) = dim (vi) tdimlWD-dimlw.nu )

dim (V) =
dimlwiltdim (vi) -
dim ( ∅ )
=
dimlW.lt dimlwz)
*

nnnnnn-rt-D.gs/iVisthedirectsumofWiandW2
f "
⇐
"

"
dimlWDtdimlwy.o.by given
condition
dim (V) =
dimwtwy
idim (vi) tdimlwz )
-

dim ( Winwz ) …

.by (a)
 dimlwnwz ) = 0

Wnwz =
∅

Since V = Wit Wz and Win Wz ∅

Visthedirectsumof Wiand W2.*