PROOFS

Dste

’ PROPOSITION
A
dedloxatiye8entence.
'fala but that _is
Cannet be both.
elithex true' cA

LOGIGAL OPERATORS
1 Negatian. Operation )
Let 'p be a
The hegation. proposition
o p is dernted by p"
4s theStotemert 4tt is nt the cae tat p".
laipToday is friday
p 4St tenat the case that
today iisa Friday
Trutth TabBe.
Pp

a Diajundtio, Opefatoi
Let 'p' q be a propostana
The disiunctn d pa is derated bypvq
46 the statemert p d
qBtudends uho hae taken Diserete. Mathomnh
C:SE can take thie cass.
 Truth Tale
oHLHu pv
HHL T
E HHH
F
F

AEzugive. OR
Let 'p'&a be prcpasitians
Jhe ezcusive oi d pand s dended by p4
The pg, is true. when etacty one g
is true othenuise, false. pad a
Truth Toble
q Stdents ho haue takern
P q. pq Disode Mathemts CSE
F but nt both can take ths
T F class
F T T
F F

3-Conjurtion Operction.
Let pA'q be propottn.
The conjunion phq is dendted by
bs
t8 the. pha'
stotementpard q
 Date
Pape

Iruth Table.
aHH uP 4 pAg Eq Stderta uho hae
F F taken Disrete Matherat s.
and CSE can take this
F F F

4oCondonal tatement
Let p'&'q' be propostian
The cardtinal statemert ia dended by p a
is a poposition
If P p then q
Conditian result

The conditional 8tatemertt p->o is folse uhen

p fa thue and stheuige Hnue
4is talae and
Iruth Table
fale ten yeslt s fase
ohly

T F
F

raks on te firal
4f yod gt oo/
thei yau will qt Grade A
 Date
Page
31-9-aoa3

Convarse
Orde
Contmpositive B Irvese.
natue s totri4 P
Ihe proposition q >p is caled cenvex&e a p
The proposition,g1p s caled coYtraposthet pa
The propostim p>1 ia called nveise o p
Iruth Table,.

9 p g lp-aq-pa’ipp’
1|HHE
T F F 1[H H
T F F T E T F
T F
E FITT T I

>When tuo compourd. propostina aays have.

Same tnuth value ue call them equinalent

ma Corditioral
Batenert G+'8 cantrapostfe

minlg then, one team

Contwaposthe4f home. team doRA not in then. t not m
 Date

5. Bi-Ganditional
Let p ond. qStotenent
The bicEnditianal be.&toatement
propostian&
q a the
propositton
The pif and amly if q
uhen
bicndiional Aotennt
p and a, have Bamne.poq
is tnue
is false. otheruie tuth Vaue ond

p p and qp
E(p)A(4p)
P 4 pHH4q p p ) nlap)
F
T
T

Eq:- Home team ins uheneueh it ratns.

TPthen a

>A conpaund prnpasition, that is alunya thue.

is called as AUToLOGY

compaund. propasiton tHhat is aluaya false

>A
is caed as CoNTRADICTION

Tautoloqy no comtadihien i CONTINGENCY

>Neithea
 VALID A campourd. prtpostfior i8 valid uten
INVALID:-A Canpound proposiban s miaid. when
contiguny
Logical auivalert i A conpurd. propostinß p
and. Ae called togizally enuiolertif

Paediatesi Stotenente tncâng vaxiales which

Laxe ethex true. c false depering on the
Valueof Vaiahleg

KB qreat than3
P()32is vootle
1S greatei thon 3

The ttuth vaue d Pla)

glz)ix' 5

Theplem: A staterment Hhat can be. shon t

be true

froof : Valid Arquert that establiches the

tuthness d a thedem
 Dute
Pape

Conjectuxe: A stateroent that ia bing

proposed. to be trueRIaliy Gn the bass
of Semne paxtial eiderce
Iusin Rime. Nunnbes : Rirne. no ARffex bhy 2
(3,5) (B,a)(,la),(3a,21
Tuin-Pime Conjecture Therc ane. infínitely many

upes of TRooFS
.Diredt Rosf
A dirt proaf aa. cnditonal stbtement "pp
is construed aa by assuming that pis trud
and usin defihihens and previtus proven
theiems shaw that must be true

Even Tnteggx i An întqer his even if these

exists an nteqex k Such that

Tntegeu: An fntege. h is odd if thexe

Odd.
ezists an Ihtege k Such thot
n: Ak+

then h is odd

Shou
 By using directproof wee. agsurne that hje
an pdd integes
By usng deftntin odd rteqesu.
h= ak+ whee t Îs an teqex
Ihen quanhg en buth Shdes
H(ak+l is odd
a(ak+ak)+1
whee ke akak îson
his odd mtegea. by ustng ntrqe
its defintfon
.°. Hence proved
Rroye that 1f X and Y ane odd mteg S then
X+Ys even
By ustng drd proof ue assune that Xard y
aNe odd irteaesa
By ushq deAnten of odd tmteges.

Sntegus
Then addng equn'&
X+Y= aktl+akgt
Ak,+akt
a(K+kat). ktkgt=k
is an ntege
By ustng defnitm of even tateger
3X+Y ts an een mrtege
9, Hence, proved.
 Date
Page

Sive a direct proof if m andn ane both. pefut

Saoes then.
m s a. prft sqaxe pestfedSauaxe
if thene enists an
iegeuk Such that n=R.
By dirt prof we aBsume ttat 'm andh
perfct squox&
By definitien d perfet sauare numbea
m=kwhee k is SoTne. inteqe
h K uhere ka îs same tqgn
2

tmn
-(keka)k-k)
K malkatn)
m:h is a perfe quoxe numhe

En gntzqe and 2n4a ia odd then nis odd.

By diret proafue assume that 2n+a is odd
defrntin odd ortegea
ak+L where kez
3h=ak+9
3n k-|
h=k
3

Tais is an egample Tndirt Proof

 Oter
Poge

a Tndirect Proof :
Hoof a a thciem that do not &tat uith
the
hypotheis and end fth Cencustor ane
Called dhdiret Broof
hypotihests)
premgtsp
Proaf hy Cantraçoston: condn
dn a proof by Cantaposhion
d proof pp
take. q, as a premess and u defnihons
at preieus Proventheems
proven theeems we shou that
Ip is true

Zg hez and 3n+a js odd then ns.cdd 3

Se pi anta 0s odd mtegr
odd toteg
byiq prrofcmtapostonue assume that
is true i e n e an even mteq
’By denfion o even mirqel
h= k keZ
48 follL that an+9 = a ak)+2
a(3k)t
=alek+)
wtee K=2k4
3bta s even Z
46 n us ht od then
’ This is eauivaknt to the an43ig not o
4f 3n+A is odd then hstatmant
i3 dd
 Dte

Sf n ntqe and n is odd then n s

let
p= h²îs odd hnteq odd.
ip =h qah ks odd mtegx
1s hot odd 9rteqex, ie
ie is
tntegea.
By proof controposHbsn
tnue i-e
humbe
By def" d even no, h- 2k kez
Sauastoy om bdth stáes.
Ka(akkeZ
R= akek) ka-2.kek. 6Z
p 48 tue

This ts lbgally eautalent tu.

Brove tht if h=ab whasue la's 5 ae

Let p n= abwhere a ~h

h is not equal. to axb (nab o h<ab)

a>h and b n
6-9-aoas
By proof o contopostion asSume that

Multiply beth stdes by b

abH-b >hn
a-b>h
>abtn
The &tatertRht
top
Vacueue Proof
9fp is falae. uhatee theyesult
then. p4, 18
prnof is calledalnys thueSucb
VauDUS Proofs
a

rivial Proot
3£ 4 ie ttue then p ia alunys tu
such a proaf is called triial
pmof
H HHOH

FT
F
 Date

QiShowthat plo) is tnue

If h L whse uhene pln) is
all. mteqexa H" and. dornan omeists c
Qaet pn) be Tf a ard. b axe Z
he dmân th ab,
then an where the
all Z where
Sho thot po) is true omets d
So
Plo) then
the hypathesfs is falee.
ush
ushg VacuS proof t concude8 that
p(o) ia thue
pln)i
then a Lo

4 a aluays trueustng trivial

Conchudes that o) ie' ug

Proaf Courter- erlample.

To sho that X P)is talse we heedto
give a caunte eyamle. f-ee an exampe
x fo uwhth P(z) 1g false

Eq Ghow that the satment k false.

Evuyposifie inteqs Sum the
 Dete

ubere a,b 6
3 atb?
Find a courte erample to the &totement tot
3e he 7 and í diistble hy l then
h is diistble by
This stement s hrt Valtd. foi evehyy rteq2h
Cause

a=4 dhistbke. by lt
but
1-4-023
Proof by Cantrodi tion
Prove that ais irrtional ho
fnof Let
a rational htunber
Suppase hot p is true
e Ja is not iational hmbe
Therefoe there erist 'a' and Suuh thot
bto
n bdh sides

is even

Therefoiethexe ezist an
that

From
b

’ 6 g an
even

rom 23)

a. cotadidig Btrtenet to

assume and

Then e, sho Ís thue

ogially pAp =F
cartodicrg Stateget
 Dte

Proye that
f 2hta Ís odd then. h is cdd
Roof Let p3h+9 is odd
9 h is odd
Hp-3hta is en
e asSLme that p and -q one true
3n+ais odd 2 h?s even
h is eVen h=ak, Ke Z
3h+a= 3(K)t2

a(3k+1)
whee kez
>3n+a 1s evn

aSsumptton Ss tnue

9 is true with Stater p s true

 Pape

Proof by Equialence
Statermrt:- his
Sot
odd. ff h Îs odd:
Pih Îs odd
q h is odd
Case T IE H Is 0dd then his dd
ase (CnttapostHen)
1f hlscdd hen s dd
(piret Prsf)
Prove that f his an rteg these fox
Lsttement& axe cquialert
2i)is odd conthaposf
Ci) -h is cuen birect frof
his odd
ll6 h + is even otrogoiffo

h me- k
S-09-oAS
Mathematical Ihduction
lo prove that Plr) ia tue fo all postRue
mtegex h, uhue P(ris the propostionol
fuo we haue tun Steps -
Bastc Step :- lnk verify thot Pa) ia tue
Ihductive. Step he shouw thot.
P(K) P(Ke) fa thue fi
pastive. imtegea k.
LqShcuw thot if h is zt then
L+a+3th hn+)
Saet Pn) L+8+3 + --
BASIC STEP Pu) fs the

INDUCTIVE STE P
We assume that P(K)
k hoda f Seme rttg

Fo. k4
L-H-S +43+-- Rtk+I =
 Page

k(k+D,+alka)
(ka)(KAa)
’he last eauotion. shaus thot PlK+)
nde the assunptien PlK) is truc true

LqeCohfectune a foimula. fo the sum d

postve. odd mteqs he fist h
prane y
Conjeche ustng M:I
St 1
h=a
IH3+5-9
L42+54)2 16
L42454 +an-) =R
let pn)

BASIC STEP - Pi) i tue

INDUCTIVESTEP:
he assune that PK) hokds fo Some ntega k
ak-+ = K

Fol k ,
LHS
It345+-K+(k+1)
kak+L(ka= RoH-S
Hene, Rroved'
 (k+)kI>
Theh fol k
k+1 n<aneZ
<+1k
k+1<k)

RHS

pattieA paten
X

INDUCTIVE
STEP BASK
STEP Let
prve To STEP:
BASIC LHS
Pln):

k+L
k+l<gk ’ k** h<

kl-a < <aE+9k

ak() k<*
yzt
 te

||-9A3
drdutior
Strong
PASIC STEP: SAME

INDuCTIVE STEP
P(1) thue tu, e y Lek
then show tthat P(K+)

234
Vabd
( I 34
QThe Fikonaci. Scauence ís dened by
tuth stitna Values
Bhew that.
\5

Let proposlttoal. fundin

F(N) =
5

BASIC STR
FO--L
F)
 Date

FO=1

INDUNE STEP : e as3ume. that

Fl F(K+) =Fl),+F(k-)
ftts(t +

k k-i

t5t-5
 Fk+)=

BoveHat the humhoM 1a ß

5.

Sd BAS IC h=l2,and t can ke tomd ag

tlt=3K4
Fot k=l3 Han be uten as Lty+s
TNDUCTON?
let kI Assume that al nos f
a to k is resutt d dtng 4 a Jards.

k+l= k+l3

Pratded;k-1