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tmn46p36 53
tmn46p36 53
Aslanbek H. Naziev
A method of finding the center and radius of the circumsphere for
a pyramid. Abstract. The article proposes a method for finding the center and
radius of the sphere circumscribed about a pyramid. The method is based on reducing
the problem to finding the circumcenter and circumradius for a specially constructed
triangle. The construction of this triangle is the same for all inscribed pyramids. For
the calculation of radius minimal information about the pyramid is used—its height,
the circumradius of its base and the distance from the circumcenter of the base to
pyramid’s height.
MathEduc Subject Classification: D54, D44
AMS Subject Classification: 97D50, 97G40
Key words and phrases: Stereometry; problem solving; polyhedra; round figures;
combination of figures.
2. Opisanie metoda
My predlagaem obwi½ metod, ne svÂzanny½ s kakimi-libo dopolnitel~nymi
ograniqeniÂmi, nalagaemymi na koliqestvo storon osnovaniÂ, ugly me¼du bo-
kovymi granÂmi (ili bokovymi r¾brami) i ploskost~» osnovani i t. p. On
osnovan na teoreme o seqenii xara ploskost~». Napomnim [1, p. 59], qto imeet
mesto
Teorema 2.1. Vskoe seqenie xara ploskost~ est~ krug. Centrom
togo kruga vlets osnovanie perpendikulra, opuwennogo iz centra xa-
ra na sekuwu ploskost~.
Rassmotrim piramidu s opisanno½ okolo ne¾ sfero½. Obratim vnimanie
na ploskost~ osnovani piramidy. Seqeniem sfery ®to½ ploskost~» ÂvlÂetsÂ
okru¼nost~, opisanna okolo osnovani piramidy. Soglasno teoreme 2.1 centr
®to½ okru¼nosti le¼it na prÂmo½, perpendikulÂrno½ ploskosti seqeni i pro-
hodÂwe½ qerez centr xara. To ¼e samoe mo¼no skazat~ inaqe: centr xara le¼it
na prÂmo½, perpendikulÂrno½ k sekuwe½ ploskosti i prohodÂwe½ qerez centr se-
qeniÂ.
38 A. H. Naziev
3. Primery
T C 2 = T A2 + AC 2 = T A2 + AD2 + DC 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 ,
1 1√ 2
otkuda R = TC = a + b2 + c2 .
2 2
Rassmotrim primer «naklonno½» piramidy.
Primer√ 3.2. V osnovanii piramidy le¼it treugol~nik so storonami 10 cm,
10 cm i 10 3 cm. Vysota piramidy imeet dlinu 10 cm i prohodit qerez orto-
centr treugol~nika. Na½ti radius sfery, opisanno½ okolo ®to½ piramidy.
Zameqanie 3.1. Tetra®dr, u kotorogo vse vysoty pereseka»ts v odno½ to-
qke, nazyva»t ortocentriqeskim (sm. [3]). U takogo tetra®dra ka¼da vysota
prohodit qerez ortocentr grani, k kotoro½ ona provedena. Dl vyqisleni ra-
diusa sfery, opisanno½ okolo tetra®dra, dostatoqno odno½ tako½ vysoty.
V silu teoremy 2.2 centr sfery le¼it na osi konusa. Proved¾m ploskost~
qerez os~ konusa i rassmotrim poluqennoe seqenie ukazanno½ kombinacii sfery
i konusa. Poskol~ku centr sfery le¼it na osi konusa, seqeniem sfery ÂvlÂetsÂ
okru¼nost~ radiusa R. Seqeniem ¼e konusa – ravnobedrenny½ treugol~nik vyso-
ty H s bokovo½ storono½ l. Poskol~ku konus vpisan v sferu, ®tot treugol~nik
vpisan v poluqennu» okru¼nost~.
Ispol~zu teoremu o proizvedeniÂh otrezkov pereseka»wihs hord, poluqim
H(2R − H) = r2 . Pri ®tom r2 = l2 − H 2 . Znaqit
l2
H(2R − H) = l2 − H 2 , otkuda R = .
2H
Metod, ispol~zovanny½ pri rexenii predyduwe½ zadaqi, mo¼no nazvat~ me-
todom promeutoqno figury vraweni. ¤tim metodom rexaets bol~xo½
massiv zadaq, v qastnosti, vse zadaqi na kombinacii mnogogrannikov i figur
vraweni iz uqebnika [1]. Dalee rassmotrim primery zadaq, ne rexaemyh podob-
nym obrazom. Oni razliqa»ts tem, imeets ili net v piramide bokovoe rebro,
le¼awee v odno½ ploskosti s central~nym perpendikulÂrom osnovaniÂ.
Snaqala prived¾m primery zadaq na piramidy, u kotoryh takoe rebro ime-
etsÂ. Naqn¾m s otonositel~no prosto½ zadaqi (kotora ne tak davno sqitalas~
dovol~no trudno½).
Primer 3.4. V treugol~no½ piramide SABC rebro BC ravno a, AB = AC,
rebro SA perpendikulÂrno k osnovani» ABC piramidy, dvugranny½ ugol pri
rebre SA raven 2α, a pri rebre BC raven β. Na½ti radius opisannogo xara.
Prived¾m snaqala rexenie ®to½ zadaqi, soder¼wees v [2, s. 485–488].
Pervoe rexenie. Naqalo citaty. Poskol~ku
rebro SA perpendikulÂrno ploskosti osnovaniÂ, to
a(ctg2 α + cos2 β)
SL = .
4 ctg α cos β
Centr i radius sfery, opisanno½ okolo piramidy 43
c4 c2 b
= 4b2 + 2 2
− 4b · √ ·√
c −a 2
c −a 2 c − a2
2
4 2 2
c 4b c c − 4a2 b2
4
= 4b2 + 2 − = ,
c − a2 c2 − a2 c2 − a2
r
0 c4 − 4a2 b2
tak qto TA = . Ots»da, v silu teoremy sinusov,
c2 − a2
r √ r
T A0 c4 − 4a2 b2 c2 − a2 − b2 1 c4 − 4a2 b2
R= 0
= 2 2
:2 √ = .
2 sin ]T AA c −a 2
c −a 2 2 c2 − a2 − b2
V ka¼do½ iz rassmotrennyh do ®togo piramid imelos~ bokovoe rebro, le¼a-
wee v odno½ ploskosti s central~nym perpedikulÂrom osnovaniÂ. Teper~ rass-
motrim piramidu, u kotoro½ takogo rebra net. V ramkah predlagaemogo nami
podhoda raznica okazyvaetss neznaqitel~no½.
Primer 3.6. Pust~ v piramide T ABC, AC = 6 cm, BC =√8 cm, AB =
10 cm i dvugrannye ugly pri r¾brah AB, BC i CA ravny arctg 5 (ris. 14).
Na½d¾m radius sfery, opisanno½ okolo ®to½ piramidy.
Ris. 15. Osnovanie piramidy Ris. 16. Seqenie piramidy ploskost~», prohodÂwe½
qerez vysotu piramidy (T O2 ) i central~-
ny½ perpendikulÂr osnovani (l)
Primer 5.1. Na½d¾m vysotu i e¾ osnovanie dl piramidy, vse grani ko-
toro½ Âvl»ts treugol~nikami Gerona (t.e. ime»t storony dliny 13, 14, 15
edinic).
Zameqanie 5.1. Treugol~nu» piramidu, u kotoro½ vse grani ravny, nazy-
va»t ravnogrannym tetra®drom, ili disfenoidom. Oni horoxo izuqeny [4]. V
qastnosti, izvestno, qto radius sfery, opisanno½ okolo disfenoida s parami
r¾ber dliny h, k, l, raven r
h2 + k 2 + l 2
.
8
My rexim ®tu zadaqu, ne pol~zuÂs~ teorie½ disfenoidov, s pomow~» naxe½ teo-
remy 4.1. Podqerkn¾m, qto ona spravedliva dl lbyh vpisannyh piramid.
Rexenie. Vse rassmotreni udobno proizvodit~ na razv¾rtke piramidy.
Izgotovim e¾. Pust~ ABC – osnovanie piramidy, T – e¾ verxina.
AM 33/5
AN = = = 11, N K = 6.
cos α 3/5
Pust~ I i J – serediny AB i AC. Proved¾m qerez nih perpendikulÂry k AB i
AC sootvetstvenno. Pust~ O1 – toqka ih pereseqeniÂ. ¤to – centr okru¼nosti,
opisanno½ okolo treugol~nika ABC. Oboznaqim qerez P toqku pereseqeniÂ
prÂmo½ JO1 s AB. Imeem:
15 AJ 15 25 25 11
AJ = , AP = = = , IP = −7= ,
2 cos α 2 · 35 2 2 2
11 3 33
IO1 = IP · ctg α = · = .
2 4 8
Iz 4N KT1 : T1 K = N K · ctg α = 92 . Takim obrazom, osnovanie T1 vysoty
piramidy nahodits na perpendikulÂre k storone AB osnovaniÂ, prohodÂwem
qerez osnovanie K vysoty bokovo½ grani T AB, i otstoit ot K na rasstoÂnie
T1 K = 29 . Posle ®togo kvadrat vysoty H = T T1 piramidy nahodits iz 4T KT1 :
µ ¶2
9 9
H 2 = (T T1 )2 = T K 2 − T1 K 2 = 122 − = · 55.
2 4
A δ = O1 T1 i nahodits kak dlina gipotenuzy prÂmougol~nogo treugol~nika
O1 T1 Q, gde Q – osnovanie perpendikulÂra, opuwennogo iz O1 na prÂmu» KT1 .
V ®tom treugol~nike O1 Q = IK = 2, a T1 Q = KT1 − IO1 = 36 33 3
8 − 8 = 8 . Po
teoreme Pifagora
µ ¶2
3 265
δ 2 = O1 T12 = O1 Q2 + QT12 = 22 + = 2 .
8 8
Centr i radius sfery, opisanno½ okolo piramidy 53
H2 9 652 265
= · 55; ρ2 = ; δ2 = ;
4 16 64 64
ρ2 + δ 2 652 + 265 5 · 449
= = ··· = ;
2 2 · 64 64
(ρ2 − δ 2 )2 (652 − 265)2 5 · 9 · 11
2
= 9 = ··· = .
4H 2
64 · 4 · 4 · 55 64
REFERENCES