Mathematics 9

Theorems on the Different Kinds of Parallelogram, Midline, Trapezoid and Kite

Learning Competencies (Essential Competencies)

1. States the theorems on different kinds of parallelogram (rectangle, rhombus, and square).
2. States the Midline Theorem.
3. States the theorems on trapezoid and kite.
4. Solves problems involving different kinds of parallelogram, Midline Theorem, trapezoid and kite. Code
(M9GE-IIIc-1, M9-III-1 M9GE-IIId-2, M(GE-IIIe-1)

Objectives
After the learners have gone through the lessons contained in this module, they are expected to:
1. State the definition and characteristics of the different kinds of parallelogram.
2. Find the measure of angles, sides, diagonals and other quantities on different kinds of parallelogram
(rectangle, rhombus, and square) applying the theorems.
3. Find the midline segment of a given triangle.
4. Find the measure of angles, sides, diagonals and other quantities on trapezoids and kite.
5. Solve problems involving different kinds of parallelograms, midline trapezoid and kite.

Let’s Understand (Study the concepts)

Three Kinds of Parallelogram
1. Rectangle 2. Rhombus 3. Square

DEFINITIONS:
1. Rectangle is a parallelogram with four right angles.
Example: Rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷

2. Rhombus is a parallelogram with four congruent sides.

Example: Rhombus EFGH

3. Square is a parallelogram with four right angles and congruent sides.

Example: Square IJKL

Theorems on Rectangle
1. If a parallelogram has one right angle, then it has four right angles, then the parallelogram is a rectangle. Example:
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram with ∠A a right angle.

2. The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.

Example: 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a rectangle with diagonals ̅𝐴̅𝐶̅ and̅𝐵̅𝐷̅

Theorem on Rhombus
In a rhombus, the diagonals are perpendicular and they bisect each other.
Example: 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 rhombus with
̅𝐴
̅𝐶̅ ⊥ ̅B̅D̅

Theorem on Square
The diagonals of a square bisect each other, are congruent and perpendicular.
NOTE: The Square is the most special parallelogram because all the properties of parallelograms and the theorems
on rectangles and rhombuses are true to all square.
To summarize the different characteristics of the different kinds of parallelogram
In a rectangle:
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 1. Opposite sides are congruent
2. Opposite sides are parallel
3. Each diagonal separates the rectangle into two congruent triangles.
4. Opposite angles are congruent
5. Consecutive angles are supplementary
6. All angles are right angles
7. Diagonals bisect each other and are congruent.
In a rhombus:
1. All the sides are congruent.
2. Opposite sides are parallel.
3. Each diagonal separates the rhombus into two congruent triangles.
4. Opposite angles are congruent
5. Consecutive angles are supplementary
6. Diagonals bisect each other and are perpendicular
In a square:
1. All sides are congruent
2. All angles are right angles
3. Each diagonal separates the square into two congruent triangles.
4. Opposite angles are congruent and supplementary.
5. Consecutive angles are supplementary and congruent.
6. Diagonals bisect each other, are perpendicular and congruent.

The Midline Theorem

The segment whose endpoints are the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half
as long.
Example: In ∆ABC, let P and Q be the midpoints of ̅A̅B̅ and ̅𝐴̅𝐶̅, respectively, where
̅𝑃
̅𝑄̅ and 𝐵̅𝐶̅ are parallel and PQ = 𝟏 BC.
𝟐
Let R be a point on⃗⃗𝑃⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑄⃗⃗→ such that PQ = QR. Since P and Q are the
midpoints of ̅𝐴̅𝐵̅ and ̅𝐴̅𝐶̅ respectively, then PA = PB and QA = QC.

The Trapezoid
Trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides. The parallel sides of the trapezoid are the
bases and the two nonparallel sides are the legs. The two angles that include the base are called base angles.
Isosceles trapezoid is a kind of trapezoid with congruent legs.
Example: Trapezoid ABCD Bases: ̅𝐴̅𝐵̅ and ̅𝐷̅𝐶̅
Legs: ̅𝐴̅𝐷̅ and 𝐵̅𝐶̅
Median: 𝐸 ̅ 𝐹 ̅ ̅
Altitude:𝐺𝐻̅̅

Points E and F are the midpoints of ̅𝐴̅𝐷̅ and 𝐵̅𝐶̅ , respectively. The segment EF which joins the midpoints of
the non - parallel sides of a trapezoid is called midline or median of the trapezoid.
An altitude of a trapezoid is any segment from a point on one base perpendicular to the line containing the other
base.

Theorems on Trapezoid
1. The midline or median of a trapezoid is parallel to the bases, and its length is equal to half the sum of the lengths of
the bases.
Example: Trapezoid ABCD with
𝐸̅
̅𝐹̅ as the median where
𝐸̅
̅𝐹̅ ∥ ̅A̅B̅ ,
̅𝐸̅𝐹̅ ∥ ̅C̅D̅
EF = 1 (AB + CD)
2

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 2. The base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent
Example: Isosceles trapezoid ABCD where ∠D ≅ ∠C and ∠DAB ≅ ∠B

3. The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.

Example: isosceles trapezoid ABCD Where ̅𝐴̅𝐶̅ ≅ ̅B̅D̅

The Kite
A kite is a quadrilateral with two distinct pairs of adjacent, congruent sides.
Example: kite ABCD Diagonals: ̅𝐴̅𝐶̅ and ̅𝐵̅𝐷̅
̅𝐴̅𝐶̅ ⊥ ̅B̅D̅
Adjacent and congruent sides:
𝐴̅𝐵̅ ≅ ̅B̅C̅ and ̅𝐴̅𝐷̅ ≅ ̅C̅D̅

Theorems on Kite
1. The area of a kite is half the product of the lengths of its diagonals.
Example: Kite ROPE
Area of a kite ROPE = 1 (OE)(PR)
2

2. The diagonals of a kite are perpendicular to each other.

Example: kite WORD with diagonals
𝑊̅ ̅
̅𝑅̅ and 𝑂̅𝐷̅ and
𝑊̅ ̅
̅𝑅̅ ⊥ 𝑂̅𝐷̅

Illustrative Examples:
Refer to the figure on the right in examples 1 - 5.
1. If ABCD is a rectangle, then m∠DAB = 90 or ∠DAB = 90⁰
2. If ABCD is a rhombus, then ̅𝐴̅𝐶̅ ⊥
B̅D̅
̅.
3. If ABCD is a square, then m∠AEB = 90 or ∠ AEB = 900.
4. If ABCD is a rhombus, and 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑥 + 5 and BC = 3x − 2, find the perimeter of rhombus ABCD.
Solutions: ̅𝐴̅𝐵̅ = 𝐵̅𝐶̅ If x = 7, then AB = 2x + 5
2x + 5 = 3x – 2 = 2(7) + 5
2x - 3x = -5 - 2 = 14 + 5
x = -7 AB = 19
x=7 Perimeter = 4 (19) = 76
Answer: Therefore, the perimeter of rhombus ABCD is 76 units.

5. If ABCD is a rectangle and m∠ADB = (x + 15) and m∠BDC = (2x − 3), then x = .
Solutions: m∠ADB + m∠BDC = 90
(x + 15) + (2x − 3) = 90
3x + 12 = 90
3x = 90 – 12
3x = 78
x = 26 Thus, the value of x = 26

6. Given: ROME is a trapezoid. Find PA.

1
Solution: 𝑃𝐴 = ( 𝑅𝑂 + 𝐸𝑀)
2
1
= ( 10 + 16)
2
1
= ( 26)
2
= 13 Thus, 𝑃𝐴 = 13

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7. Given: TONE is an isosceles trapezoid with median 𝑆̅𝑄̅ . Find ON.
1
Solutions: 𝑆𝑄 = ( 𝑂𝑁 + 𝑇𝐸 )
2

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 1
11 = (𝑂𝑁 + 14)
2
1
2⌊11 = (𝑂𝑁 + 14)⌋ 2
2
22 = (𝑂𝑁 + 14)
22 − 14 = 𝑂𝑁
8 = 𝑂𝑁
𝑂𝑁 = 8 Thus, 𝑂𝑁 = 8

8. Given: Kite ABCD, find m∠ABC and m∠ADC.

NOTE: m∠ABC = m∠ADC.because kite has exactly one pair of opposite angles congruent and the sum of the
measures of the angles of quadrilateral is 360⁰.
Solutions: 64 + 30 + 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + 𝑚∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 360
94 + 𝑚∠𝐵 + 𝑚∠𝐵 = 360
94 + 2𝑚∠𝐵 = 360
2𝑚∠𝐵 = 360 − 94
2𝑚∠𝐵 = 266
𝑚∠𝐵 = 133
Since 𝑚∠𝐵 = 𝑚∠𝐷, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚∠𝐷 = 133

9. Given: L,M,and N are the midpoints of the sides of ∆ABC. If AB = 22, BC = 20 and AC = 15, find LM, MN and
LN.
1 1
Solutions: 𝐿𝑀 = (𝐶𝐵) = (20) = 10
2 2
1 1
𝑀𝑁 = (𝐴𝐶) = (22) = 7.5
2 2
1 1
𝐿𝑁 = (𝐴𝐵) = (22) = 11
2 2

Let’s Evaluate
Complete each statement.
Given: PQRS with diagonals 𝑃̅𝑅̅ and 𝑆̅𝑄̅ intersecting at T. (Refer to figure below for nos. 1-6)
A. If PQRS is a rectangle.
1. 𝑃𝑇 = 12, 𝑄𝑇 = P
2. m∠RQS = 65, m∠PQS = Q
B. If PQRS is a square.
3. m∠QRS = T
4. 𝑆𝑇 = 15, 𝑃𝑅 =
C. If PQRS is a rhombus. R
S
5. 𝑄𝑅 = 15, 𝑅𝑆 = .
6. m∠QRS = 120, m∠QRP = .

D. Given: PQRS is a kite with diagonals 𝑃̅𝑅̅ and 𝑄̅𝑆̅ intersecting at T.

7. m∠TPQ + m∠TQP = .
8. 𝑚∠RTS = .

E. Given: A and B are the midpoints of the sides of ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅.

9. x =
10. AB =

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