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Definition: A sphere is the locus of a point which remains at a constant distance from a
fixed point. The fixed point is called the centre and the constant distance is the radius
of the sphere.
- (1)
If the center of the sphere is the origin the the equation is
.
General equation:
where .
Since is the centre and r is the radius of the sphere (2) represents the
2. Obtain the equation of the sphere which passes through the points (1,0,0), (0,1,0),
⟹ .
⟹d=3.
Required equation is
Solution. Consider a point P(x,y,z) on the sphere S having the points A and
A B
C
Centre= .
And radius= = .
Section of a sphere by a plane is a base circle and the section of a sphere by a plane
through its centre is called a great circle.
The equations
And
, .
And radius,
Let be the centre of the circle. Then the direction ratios of CM are
⟹
Since M lies on the given plane, we have
⟹
⟹ t=1
and
2. Find the equation of the sphere that passes through the circle
Centre=
as a great circle.
Solution. The equation of the sphere passing through the given circle is
The given circle is a great circle of this sphere if the centre of the sphere and the
centre of the circle coincide. This is possible if the centre of the sphere lies in the
Exercise.
Figure
Thus the spheres cut orthogonally , if the square of the distance between their centers
equal to the sum of the squares of their radii.
cut orthogonally if
Spheres will .
Then the direction ratios of CA= . Consider any point P(x,y,z) in the
⟹
Since the point A lies on S, we have
Example 1. Find the equation of the tangent plane at a point to the sphere
Solution. , d=0
⟹ .
2. Find the tangent planes to the sphere which are
if =3
⟹ or -8.
Figure: A(vertex)
Generator
Axis
C B
p
of the axis. Consider any point on the cone. Then the direction ratios of the
Or
This equation holds for any point P on the cone and hence is the equation of the right
circular cone.
Example 1: Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is the origin,
whose axis is the line and which has semi vertical angle of .
.
Then the required equation is
Example 2: Find the equation of the right circular cone generated when the straight
Solution. Let be any point on the cone. The vertex is the point of
and the axis are (0,0,1). The semi vertical angle θ is given by
Let P(x,y,z) be any point on the cone so that the direction ratios of AP are (x,y,z-2).
Since AP makes an angle θ with AZ, we have
parallel to a straight line and is at a constant distance from it. The constant distance is
P L
R Q
A
Let (l,m,n) be the direction cosines of the axis and A(x0, y0,z0) be a point on L.
Consider an arbitrary point P(x,y,z) on the cylinder. If Q is the foot of the perpendicular
from P onto L, then PQ=R, the radius of the cylinder. Also AQ is the projection of AP
on L.
Also
The axis lies along the straight line . Find its equation.
Solution.
Figure
R P
Z
A Q
Let P(x,y,z) be any point on the cylinder. Draw PN perpendicular to the axis AN. Then
PN=2.
AN is the projection of AP on AN. Directio ratios of AN are (2,-1,5).
Direction cosines of AN=
Then the required equation is
Example 2: Find the equation of the right circular cylinder having the circle
, as base circle.
Solution.
The axis of the cylinder is the line through the centre of S and perpendicular to the
plane q. We note that O(0,0,0) is the center of S and (1,-1,1) are the direction ratios of
the normal to q.
The direction cosines of the axis are . The perpendicular distance from O
on to the plane q is
If Q is a point common to S and q, then OQ= radius of the sphere=3.
⟹ .