1

" MEDICAL SUPPLY DELIVERY DRONE "

A Report Submitted
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For

DIPLOMA
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MAINTENANCE

by

ADITYA TIWARI
( Enrollment no. : E18330834500018 )

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

ER. MAYANK KANAUJIA ER VIRENDRA SINGH

(Guest Lecturer In Mech. Engg.) (Lecturer In Mech. Engg.)

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC GHATAMPUR (U.P.)

to the

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MAINTENANCE

BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, UTTAR PRADESH LUCKNOW
2020-2021
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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work presented in this report entitled “ MEDICAL SUPPLY DELIVERY
DRONE ", was carried out by me. I have not submitted the matter embodied in this report for the award
of any other degree or diploma of any other University or Institute.

I and my group member have given due credit to the original authors/sources for all the words, ideas,
diagrams, graphics, computer programs, experiments, results, that are not my original contribution. I
have used quotation marks to identify verbatim sentences and given credit to the original authors/sources.

I and my group member affirm that no portion of my work is plagiarized, and the experiments and results
reported in the report are not manipulated. In the event of a complaint of plagiarism and the manipulation
of the experiments and results, I shall be fully responsible and answerable.

SUBMITTED BY

S. NO. Name of Students ENROLLMENT NO.

1. ADITYA TIWARI E18330834500018
2. MAROOF QUARAISHI E18330834500028
3. ROHIT PRAJAPATI E18330834500036
4. KRISHNAMANI BHOORAJ SINGH E18330834500012
5. ADITYA KUMAR E18330834500037
6. ADARSH SINGH RAJPUT E18330834500031
7. AMIT KUMAR SAXENA E18330834500035
8. ANURUDDHA KUMAR E18330834500032

Date :-

(Candidate Signature)
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CERTIFICATE

Certified that ADITYA TIWARI (E18330834500018 ) has carried out the research work presented in
this thesis entitled “MEDICAL SUPPLY DELIVERY DRONE ” for the award of DIPLOMA IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MAINTENANCE from GOVERNMENT
POLYTECHNIC GHATAMPUR under my supervision. The thesis embodies results of original work,
and studies are carried out by the student himself and the contents of the thesis do not form the basis for
the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else from this or any other
University/Institution.

Date: Signature

(MR. VIRENDRA SINGH)

(Lecturer In Mech. Engg.)

Signature

(MR. MAYANK KANAUJIA)

(Guest Lecturer In Mech. Engg.) .

GOVERNMENT POLYTECNIC GHATAMPUR

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INDEX
CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 5-6

2. BASIC PARTS OF A DRONE 7-7

3. DRONE FRAME 8-8

4. PROPELLER 9 - 11

5. DRONE MOTOR (BLDC MOTOR) 12 - 16

6. SERVO MOTOR 17 - 21

7. ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROLLER 22 - 23

8. BATTERY FOR A DRONE 24 - 25

9. FLIGHT CONTROLLER FOR A DRONE 26 - 28

10.TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER 29 - 31

11.CAMERA 31 - 32

12.METHOD OF MAKING A DRONE 32 - 37

13.PRECAUTIONS OF A DRONE 38 - 39

14.APPLICATIONS OF A DRONE 39 - 40

15.INSTRUCTION FOR A DRONE 41 - 42

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INTRODUCTION :-

WHAT IS DRONE:-

Drones are also called UAV or Unmanned aerial vehicles. Basically these are miniature robots that are

capable of flying. Wherein they are controlled with the help of a remote control system.

Drones are used in such situations which are beyond human reach or rather risky and difficult.

They can monitor that fi for 24 hours for the whole week. Each drone can send you all the

real-time imagery by monitoring it over a long period of time. Therefore it is also called "eye of

the sky" or "eye of the sky".

WHAT IS MEDICAL SUPPLY DLIVERY DRONE:-

But we are talking about the medical supply deliver droner, this drone can be used for medical supplies as

far as we know that there is a Covid-19 pandemic going on at the moment, it will not be appropriate to go

to Kovid-19 infected patients. That's why we'll use drones that deliver medical supplies so that no patient

suffers and they can be treated the way they do.

TYPES OF A DRONE :-

Although there are many types of drones, but they are mainly divided into two parts.

• Rotary Drone
• Fixed Wing Drone

Rotary Drone:-
• There are different types of these rotary drones as well

1. Single Rotor :- It has only one single rotor position. There is a tail rotor at the rear

which gives it control and stability.

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2. Tricopter :- It has three different types of powerful motors, three controllers, four

gyros and one servo motor.

3. Quadcopter: – Four rotor blades are used in this. It uses brushless type DC motors. In

this, two motors rotate clockwise, while two motors rotate anti-clockwise. Lithium

Polymer Batteries are used.

4. Hexacopter: – 6 rotor blades are used in these. In which 3 motors rotate clockwise,

then 3 motors rotate anti-clockwise. Their landing is the safest.

5. Octacopter :- It uses 8 functional propellers with 8 motors. It naturally has high

flying capability, while its stability is the best.

-:Drone Size :-
There are various categories on the bases of size of Drone

1. Nano: (less than equal to 250g)

2. Micro: (greater than 250g and less than or equal to 2kg)

3. Small: (greater than 2kg and less than or equal to 25kg

4. Medium: (greater than 25kg and less than or equal to 150kg)

5. Large: (greater than 150kg)

-:History of Drones:-

Before discussing about Drone Working Principle we should know about history of Drone/UAV. Drone
was created very first time in by inventor brothers Jacques and Louis Breguet in 1907. In its first flight it
lifted just two feet above the ground. In 1917 Launched only 16 years after the Wright Brothers’
pioneering Kitty Hawk flight, the Ruston Proctor Aerial Target became the first pilotless winged aircraft
in history. It was a radio-controlled pilotless airplane, based on RC technology from the inventor Nikola
Tesla.
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BASIC PARTS OF A DRONE

1. DRONE FRAME

2. PROPELLERS

3. MOTORSक

4. ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROLLER (ESC)

5. TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER

6. FLIGHT CONTROLLER

7. BATTERY

8. CAMERA.
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DRONE FRAME
Generally speaking, from 180 mm to 250 mm is most popular frame, more bigger one is from 280mm to

800mm even more. There are some suggestions about drone frame size related to Lipo Battery.

Where the drone size i,e, 180,220,280,800 is the wheelbase size and I had done the calculation the drone

size.

Material of a drone:- where a large percentage of the structure today is made from aluminum and
titanium in addition to carbon fiber composites.

Drone Frame Size:- frames are normally measured by the diagonal distance between motors. This
dictates the size of props you can run on any specific quad. Oddly we measure the frame in millimetres

and the props in inches. However, it is common to refer to quads by their prop size.

Shape of drone frame:- A hexacopter is more stable than the quadcopter with its 6 motors.

Half of the motors turn clockwise, and the other half anti-clockwise.

A FRAME IMAGE IS GIVEN BELOW:-

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PROPELLER

This often affects the load of the drone, how much load it can lift, how fast it can fly and how much speed
it can manoeuvre around.

Their length can be modified; Tall propellers can easily lift more weight that too at lower rpm but they

take a little longer to speed up or speed down.

Whereas smaller propellers can change their speed easily and hence are more manoeuvrable, but they

require more rotational speed to get the same power as the longer blades.

This puts extra strain on the motor and due to which their lifespan is reduced.

We can say that a more aggressive pitch can certainly provide quicker movement but it reduces the

hovering efficiency to a great extent.

CHOOSING A PROPELLER FOR MY DRONE :-

Propellers with higher pitches move more air, but generally create more turbulence and less torque.

Typically, a larger diameter propeller blade allows greater contact with the air. This relates directly to

flight efficiency, as a small increase or decrease in diameter can change how efficiently a drone performs
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HOW TO CALCULATE DRONE PROPELLER SIZE:-

drone frame sizes determines the diameter of the propeller, calculate the straight line distance between

two adjacent axes, which is the distance of the AB line in the figure, and the distance of the AB line is just

the maximum diameter of the propeller.

Thinking: How to calculate the distance of AB?

For any triangle, the square of any side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides minus the
product of the cosine of the two sides and their angle

formula:

Where:-
AB= c
BC= b
CA= a
And the angle is 90
AB + BC = BASEWHEEL VALUE IN MM
AB = BC
We found the size in mm. so we change the size in inch.
1 inch = 25.4mm
The actual propeller diameter cannot be exactly equal to this value, otherwise the two propellers will
fight., so we less 0.5-2 inch in the every value you find
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A 3 blade propeller usually offers top speed performance while a 4 blade propeller provides maximum
thrust and smooth cruising operation. Four blades have some features of their own, though. They often
provide more lift at the stern which will help accelerate the hull, especially if it is stern heavy.

HOW TO INSTALL PROPELLER IN DRONE

First of all you have to see in which direction the motor 1 of your Drone is moving, the first motor should

rotate in the clock wise direction. To change the direction of the motor, you can change the direction of

the motor and install it by changing the brushless motor, you have three wires. Any two wires can be

replaced by changing each other.

So the four propellers of the drone are fixed and oriented vertically. Each propeller has a variable and

independent speed that allows it to set a full range of movements. Different drones have different

propeller combinations that help them achieve different drone movements.

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DRONE MOTOR
The most essential item in a drone is the motor. There are two types of motor in use are brought-

1. Brushless motor

2. Servo motor

-: BRUSSLESS MOTOR :-

INTRODUTION :- The full name of BLDC Motor is Brushless Direct Current Motor. As the name
suggests, in this type of motor, no brush is used to conduct electric current in the armature. The electric

current in this type of motor is controlled by an electronic circuit. Therefore it is also called Electronically

Commuted Motor. This electronic circuit is called a controller. The pulse controlled by the controller is

sent to the stator of the motor, which controls the speed and torque of the motor.

Different types of torque can be generated by operating this motor at different speeds. The rotor of a

BLDC motor has a permanent magnet which rotates around a fixed armature. Due to the permanent

magnet in the rotor, there is no need to separately supply current to the rotor.
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WORKING OF BLDC MOTOR

Before knowing how BLDC motor works, let us know how a normal brushed motor works. A permanent

magnet is placed in the stator of a simple brushed motor which produces a magnetic field inside the

motor.

The rotor is placed inside this magnetic field and winding is done on this rotor. When electric current is

passed from outside with the help of brush in this winding, then this rotor becomes an electromagnet and

tries to run away from the magnetic field generated due to permanent magnet and starts moving inside the

stator. is.

The working principle of both a simple brush motor and a Brushless DC motor is the same. The only

difference between the two is that in ordinary brush motor a permanent magnet is placed in the stator to

generate a magnetic field and the armature rotates whereas in a BLDC motor the permanent magnet is

placed in the rotor and the armature is placed in the stator and solid With the help of state electronics

circuit, electric current is given to the armature

TYPES OF A BLDC MOTOR

Generally, BLDC motors are designed in two categories based on the position of its rotor :-

• Inner Rotor Design

• Outer Rotor Design

• What is Inner Rotor Design?

• In this type of motor the rotor is placed in

the middle of the stator and the stator

windings are from all four sides of the

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rotor. Since there is a permanent magnet on the rotor, no thermal energy is generated in the rotor.

And it does not even absorb the thermal energy generated in the stator, so it does not heat up.

Inner Rotor design The magnitude of the torque generated in the motor is high.

What is Outer Rotor Design?

In this type of motor, the stator is placed in the middle of the rotor and

the stator winding is done in the middle of the rotor. Since the stator is

installed in the middle of the rotor, due to the thermal energy generated

in the stator, the rotor gets heated, due to which the magnetic effect of

the magnet in the rotor is slightly reduced. And for this reason the

torque generated in this motor is slightly weaker.

ADVANTAGES OF BLDC MOTOR

1. It does not have a brush, due to which there are no problems caused by brushing.

2. In this, permanent magnet has been used in the rotor, so its efficiency is very good.

3. Due to lack of brush in it, even if load is applied to it or not, its R.P.M. Would be great

4. Induction A.C. motor and brushed type D.C. It is very light and small as compared to the motor.

5. Its commnutator system does not require frequent maintenance, hence its life is long.

6. In this the operation is good and noiseless.

DISADVANTAGES OF BLDC MOTOR

1. It is very expensive.

2. It requires a separate controller.

3. The circuit drive in this is very less complex.

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4. It requires a separate sensor.

:-TO UNDERSTAND OF A BLDC MOTOR (MARKET):-

1. 1000 kvolt in this means that if we give 1 volt then it will rotate 1000 times.

2. A22 is written in it, this is the diameter of the motor or rotor.

3. 12 is written on its side, this is the height of the motor or rotor.

3. In this 13T means how many turns of the electromagnet is in it.

DRONE TYPE OF BLDCC MOTORS TYPES

1. Mini drone motors (1400 kv------)

2. Smallest drone motors (920kv- 1400kv)

3. Biggest drone motors (below 920kv

CONSTRUCTION OF BLDC MOTOR

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It is controlled with the help of Electronicc speed controller which are available in the market.
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SERVO MOTOR

INTRODUCTION :- Servo motor is such an electrical device which Dc motor such that we can
control the motion, torque and velocity,
position from Dc motor and give us
according to our need, in fact Servo
motor, Dc motor and potentiometer. The
combo is where the poentiometer is used
as a position sensor, the maximum speed
of each servo motor is fixed but we can
use the Varspeed servo library in Arduino
to control the speed of the servo motor. If
we are using microcontroller then we can
get any servo motor position angle output
from servo motor we get 360 degree
torque of any Dc motor is very low but
from servo motor we get very high torque
Which is 2kg, 4kg, 8kg etc. If we hack the
servo motor or say that by opening the
servo motor and removing the safty part
from its gears, then the servo motor can
also give continuous rotation.is a modified form of

USES OF A SERVO MOTOR

servo motor usage we can use the servo motor according to its type, such as to make the positional

rotation servo a robotic arm, to control the helicopter directionally, etc in the CNC machine and similarly,

the continuous rotation servo can also be used in such a place. Let's take where there is always a need for

HIGH TORQUE and continuous rotation like in making toy tank and toy car and linear rotation servo is

used according to this type, we also have to open and close our doors and windows automaticlly. can take
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CONSTRUCTION OF A SERVO MOTOR

Servo motors are made by combining a normal motor with some other components. The following
components are required to make a normal motor a servo motor:-

• AC or DC motor

• Potentiometer

• Gear System

• Controlling Circuit.

Firstly, the gear system is used to slow down the speed of the motor and increase the torque. Gear box is
also called reduction box. This reduction box is first attached to the shaft of the motor.

The main function of this reduction box is to reduce the speed (RPM) of the motor. Due to the decrease in

the speed of the motor, its torque increases. The shaft of the reduction box is connected to what is called

an Encoder or Potentiometer.

This encoder is connected to the controlling circuit and electrical power is fed to the motor with the help

of controlling circuit. That means the control circuit is again connected to the motor. In this way
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the four parts mentioned above together form a closed loop. That's why it is said that Servo Motor works

on Closed Loop Feedback system.

Working Principle of Servo Motor

Like we have learned above, Servo Motor is a special purpose motor which is made to perform a

particular task. For example, suppose an object is to be rotated by an angle of 60 degrees. For this, first

the control circuit will be signaled to rotate 60 degrees from the mircocontroller or Arduino and according

to this signal, the control circuit will connect the motor to the electrical supply to run, so that the motor

will start rotating.

As the shaft of the motor completes a 60 degree angle, the encoder or potentiometer attached to the shaft

of the motor will indicate this movement and again give a signal to the control circuit that the motor shaft

has completed 60 degree rotation and now You disconnect it from the main supply and as soon as this

signal is received, the Control Circuit will continue to disconnect the motor from the main supply until it

gets another signal from the mircocontroller or Arduino.

TYPES OF A SERVO MOTOR

1. POSITION ROTATION SERVO MOTOR :-In this type of servo motor, the
rotation is from 0-360 but only once it stops after taking its position like if we have given servo

write 300 in Arduino, then by coming to the position of 30 degree. servo motor will be turned off

2. CONTINUOUS SERVO MOTOR :- In this type of servo, the rotation continues to

be continuous, as long as we want to hack the servo motor or say that by opening the servo motor

and removing the safty part from its gears, then the servo motor can also give continuous rotation.
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3. LINEAR ROTATION SERVO MOTOR :- It is only name. which is use

mechanicme of rack and pinionin servo motor.

HOW TO CONTROL A SERVO MOTOR

To control the servo motor, we can use the Arduino microcontroller board, we can take the

maximum voltage up to 6v for the servo motor. To control the servo motor from the Arduino, we

connect the servo's yallow wire to the Arduino's pwm pins, Connect the brown color wire to the

Arduino's gnd and the red color wire to 5v, to control the servo motor, this article has already been

written, you can read them in which a servo can be connected to the mouse and keyboard of the

computer There is also an article to control, to control the speed of servo motor, I am going to write

an article on VARSPEEDSERVO soon, with the help of which we will be able to control the speed of

servo also.

The image is given below :-

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How to put motor in drone

The most important part of your Drone is the brushless dc motor, there are four screws with these, you

have to connect them to the frame with a screw driver, tighten them in the frame and apply super glue, if

there is ever a vibrarion, then it should not come out, do not tighten too much. The bolt starts touching the

winding of the brushless dc motor

We will use servo motor to put the camera in it so that the camera is free to move in any direction because

with the help of servo motor we can move the camera up, down, left, right in any direction so that we The

camera will not face any problem in movement and with the help of transmitter receiver, we will be able

to move the camera in any direction, with the help of servo motor, our drone will be of only use of servo

motor.
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ESC (ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROLER)

It is an electronic circuit that increases or decreases the speed of an electric motor as needed, or helps to

maintain a certain speed as needed. Along with this, the electronic speed controller can also act to make

the motor rotate in the opposite direction or apply brakes on it (stopping its speed suddenly). Small size

motion controllers are fitted in radio controlled toys etc

ESC i.e. electronic speed controller will be of 30 amps which can power your four Brush less Dc motors

and control their speed.

An ESC looks like this:-

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WORKING OF ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROLLER

This type of controller is required to run bldc motor bldc motor is used in making drone bldc motor runs

from three phase supply for this esc controller is used.

There is a pwm controller circuit inside the esc, whose job is to make different pulses and send it to the

bldc motor, its speed is controlled by the pwm circuit, it can also be called an inverter circuit. By

triggering three phase supply sends to bldc motor pwm circuit triggers dc current to make ac current

triggering these mosfet is done by audriuno microcontroller that when to trigger which mosfet.

There are three pins in the esc and the three pins in the bldc motor are connected to these pins

and out of the remaining three pins in the esc, two pins are connected to the lipo battery ie lithium

polymer battery.

And the remaining one pin which goes directly to the microcontroller, it is also called the control pin, in

some esc controller a supply is given to the servo motor from these controller pins.

• This bldc motor should use more amp's esc controller circuit than the amps it takes in normal

condition.
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BATTERY FOR DRONE

Li-po battery is often used in making drone. The full form of Li-po battery is Lithium polymer

battery which is an improved form of Lithium ion battery. The same technology is used in

Lithium polymer battery as Lithium ion battery. It uses solid polythene oxide or polyacrylonitrile

with lithium. Like the Li-on battery, it can also be made in a smaller package and is also easy to

use. Generally speaking, it is known as Li-Po battery.

• It is rechargeable battery which uses lithium-ion technology.

• The lithium battery consists of three pieces viz. positive electrode, negative electrode and electrolyte or
liquid chemical compound between these electrodes. Li-Ion battery uses liquid as chemical electrolyte
between +ve and -ve electrodes where as LiPo battery uses one of the three forms viz. dry solid, porous
chemical compound or gel like electrolyte

• It is available in different voltage ratings such as 3.7 V, 7.4 V etc.

• LiPo battery is specified by voltage/cell count, capacity (mAh) and discharge rating (amperes).
• LiPo batteries are used with various connector types viz. Traxxas connectors, Deans connectors, EC3
connectors, Tamiya connectors, Venom connectors, XT-60 connectors, Anderson power poles, JST-XH
plug, TP plugs etc.
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ADVANTAGES OF LIPO BATTERY FOR A DRONE

1) Lipo battery is light in weight
2) Lipo battery is only 100-150 grams
3) It is used in less weight devices such as smartphones and thin
laptops as well as smart wearables due to its light weight and
compact size.
4) It offers high capacity and hence can be used to hold more power.
It is safe from explosion unlike Li-Ion battery.
5) It does not lose its charging capacity as fast as Li-Ion battery. Hence
its life span is greater than 1000 times which is higher than Li-Ion
battery. Its charging time is very short.

DISADVANTAGES OF LI-PO BATTERY

➨It supports less recharge life which is about 300 to 400 cycles.

➨Its chemistry leads to fire when LiPo battery is punctured.

➨It requires special care during charging, discharging and storage.

➨It is expensive. The cost is almost double than Li-Ion battery.

Install Battery in Drone

We will use double sided tape or any other type of temporary joints to attach the battery to the drone and

also take care that the drone does not get too heavy
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FLIGHT CONTROLLER
A flight controller is a device that controls your drone as soon as it has sensors such as accelero-meter

sensor, gyroscope sensor, etc., which detects the tilt and rotation, like if your drone is leaning towards

some side, then it is the speed of the motor on that side. The big will give so that the drone will become

straight. Some flight controller are as follows:-

1. Racing F3

Sp Racing F3 is a very cheap flight controller in which you also get some sensors, the special thing is that
Sp Racing F3 supports Brushless motors as well as Brushed motor ie you can use coreless motor. A
computer is required to program Sp Racing F3. Google Chrome has an extension for it by the name Beta
flight, by installing it, you can program it with a data cable i.e. it has a micro USB port like a mobile|

2. Kk 2.1.5. Flight controller

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kk 2.1.5 is a good flight controller for drone KK 2.1.5 can be programmed without computer, it

has 4 buttons for a display and user interface, using KK 2.1.5 Helicopter i.e. Single Brushless

Motor copter ,Dual copter i.e. two Brushless motors can be made copter the fuction of making

dual copter not all flight controller but from KK 2.1.5 you can make try-copter,Quad copter,Hexa

copter etc you can make with KK2.1. And it is also easy to program. So we will use this type of

Fight controller to make our drone.

Connect Brush less motors to flight controller

We are making a
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X mode Drone, so put the frame in X and the flight controller will stick directly to the dual side tape.

All four of our brushless motors will be connected to the flight controller. The left of the drone placed in

X, considers the top motor as the first and will connect it to channel 1, such that the white wire of the esc

will come towards the signal and the black wire – red in the middle so it will be connected to 5v

Similarly, connect the remaining three brushless motors to the 2,3,4 channel.

M1 M2 M3 M4 means connection to all four brushless motor. Now the motor is connected to the flight

controller in the drone

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TRNASMITTER AND RECCEIVER

Receiver and transmitter make Drone wireless. Receiver and transmitter make the drone wireless, the

receiver remains in the drone and we call the transmitter remote.

Transmitter :- A transmitter, transmitter or transmitter is a system that transmits electromagnetic

signals for radio, television or communication. For this, the help of suitable type of antenna is often taken.

As its name implies, the general purpose of a transmitter is to transmit signals. These signals contain

information, which can be audio, video, or data. In essence, a transmitter launches signals into the air via

a transmitting antenna.

Receiver :- A receiver is a device that captures signals sent from a transmitter.

DEFINITION :-
In electronics and telecommunications, a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device
that produces waves with the aid of an antenna. In addition to their use in broadcasting,
transmitters are essential component parts of many electronic devices that transmit by radio,
such as cell phones, wireless computer networks, Bluetooth enabled devices, garage door
openers, aircraft, ships, and spacecraft. One way radio, radar set and navigation beacons. The
hearing device part of a telephone is the receiver.

The handset which sometimes contains the device and also the headset (audio) which may also
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contain the above device

DIFFERENCE
The main difference between a transmitter and a receiver is that a transmitter collects and decodes

information and the receiver displays the information in an audible and/or visual form that consumers can

see or hear. The best-known and oldest inventions to use this system are radios.

APPLICATION

In many devices that implement radio electronics technology, transmitter and receiver work together to

emit both sound and visual to consumers. The transmitter is usually composed of an oscillator, a

modulator, and separate amplifiers for both radio and audio frequencies.This allows the device to transmit

both audible and visible waves. In most areas, the use of transmitters is regulated because improper use

can result in dangerous crossings of signals.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER ANTENNA

Traditional transmitter and receiver technologies used analog signals to allow consumers to listen to

music on the radio and both hear sound and view visuals on television. Today, digital technology is

replacing more older devices with better and clearer sound and images. To receive digital signals,

however, consumers must have a digital transmitter and receiver or a device that they have.

Frequency of the Transmitter

An FPV Drone Radio Transmitter commonly uses the following frequencies: 27MHz, 72MHz, 433MHz,
900MHz, 1.3GHz, and 2.4Ghz, 433Mhz, 900Mhz, and 1.3GHz are typically used in long-range FPV and
RC systems.

WE WILL USE THIS RECEIVER IN MAKING DRONE

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The fs-IA6 receiver in the image is -Transmitter and Receiver

CAMERA FOR A DRONE

We will use a wireless camera.

Which is connected to the any wireless screen.

WORKING OF A CAMERA IN DRONE

A video camera is mounted on the unmanned aerial vehicle and this camera broadcasts the live video to
the pilot on the ground. ... Depending on the drone, the receiver of the live video signals can be either the
remote control unit, a computer, tablet or smartphone device.
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METHOD OF MAKING A DRONE

We will use this parts to making a drone and this parts are available in the market.

• F 450 frame

• Four 10 inch propeller

• Four 920 KV BLDC motor

• Four ESC

• One fs-IA6 receiver

• One flight controller kk 2.1.5.

• Lipo batteries

• Lipo battery charger

• Battery voltage alarm

make electronic circuit connections

Brushless DC motor, flight controller, receiver, electronic speed controller, battery, all these have

to be connected

1. Connect the brushless DC motor and the electronic speed controller

2. Connect the electronic speed controller and flight control

3. Connect the Flight Controller and Receiver

4. Wind the transmitter to the receiver

5. Connect the battery to the whole circuit

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ASSEMBLE FRAME:-
Your 450 mm frame will have 4 arms and two plates and there will be some M3 bolts, you have to

connect all the four arms plate with the help of a bolt and tighten it well, not too much

Connect ESC to PCB

Before all the four Esc, separate the T connector and then connect the red wire to + and black to – with

the help of soldering iron to the printed circuit board.

Now taking a T connector and soldering the + – in the middle, this T connector will connect to your lipo
battery and power up all the esc see in the image

How to put motor in drone :-

The most important part of your Drone is the brushless dc motor, there are four screws with them, you

have to connect them to the frame with a screw driver, tighten them in the frame and apply super glue, if
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there is ever a vibrarion, then it should not come out, do not tighten too much. The bolt starts touching the

winding of the brushless dc motor

Install Battery in Drone :-

You can use dual side tape or you can install battery using cable ties.

Install flight controller kk 2.1.5 and receiver in drone :-

We are making a X mode Drone, so put the frame in X and stick the flight controller directly to the dual

side tape, similarly attach the flysky receiver to the dual side tape

Connect Brush less motors to flight controller :-

We already study to install flight controller kk 2.1.5. receiver in drone above.

Receiver to flight controller kk 2.1.5 connection :-

When you need your Drone female jumper wire

• Connect ALI pin of flight controller kk 2.1.5 to channel 1 of receiver

• Connect the ELE pin of the flight controller kk 2.1.5 to the receiver's channel 2
•
Connect the THR pin of the flight controller kk 2.1.5 to the receiver's channel 3
•
Connect the RUD pin of the flight controller kk 2.1.5 to the receiver's channel 4

• Connect the AUX pin of the flight controller kk 2.1.5 to the receiver's channel 5

• Like this::-

1.
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2.

Program the flight controller kk 2.1.5 :-

Although a computer is needed to program a flight controller, but kk 2.1.5 has an inbuilt display, we can

program it from the user interface given in it.

We can program it according to a drone but you need do it and save it program:-

First go to load motor layout than enter than you go quadcopter X- mode than enter with the help of

controoler buttons ,than you can program it according to drone.

Connect Fly sky transmitter to receiver :-

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After complete all the steps of the drone, now to bind the fly sky transmitter to the receiver, first put the

transmitter on and then connect your drone to the t connectors. Now from the lipo battery, move the

steering joystick to the bottom and hold it to the left. Now this transmitter will be connected to the

receiver of your Drone and in kk 2.1.5 it will be written Armed, now raise the throttle which is the

joystick without spring slowly, your Drone's motors will start rotating

And to disconnect, bring the joystick down to the right and hold it will disconnect

How to Install Propeller in Drone:-

First of all you have to see in which direction the motor 1 of your Drone is moving, the first motor should

rotate in the clock wise direction. To change the direction of the motor, you can change the direction of
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the motor and install it by changing the brushless motor, you have three wires. Any two wires can be

replaced by changing each other.

Now look at motor 2 it should rotate in anti clock wise direction motor 3 should rotate clock wise and

motor 4 should rotate anti clock wise then only the moment balance of the whole drone will be.

Installing camera:
Camera connected to servo motor and servo connected to a lipo battery, than servo programmed to up-

down with arduino miccrocontroller. This is wireless camera so connet to camera a wireless display to

watching drone

Installing basket:-
The basket should be very light so that the drone can carry it easily and fly.

if we use plastic basket, it will be light and strong in weight and install it under the drone.

Basic driving how to fly a drone:-

Now you have completed all the steps to make your drone, now in the previous step, arm the

transmitter from the receiver and raise the throttle slowly after the throttle is up to 50%, your drone will

start up and with the second joystick you can do it left-right Then when you lower the throttle to bring

down your drone and if you lower it below 50%, your drone will come down and touch the ground,

then lower the entire throttle, then the drone will land.
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PRECAUTIONS FOR A DRONE:-

1. All testing is not completed until Propeller is installed.

2. To operate the drone, first turn on the transmitter and then power the drone on.

3. To turn off, first disconnect the lipo from the drone then turn off the transmitter

4. Must use lipo low battery alarm

5. don't tighten the propeller too tight it can break

6. do in the first testing ground

7. Charge the lipo when you are near it and see if its temperature is not increasing

8. Always charge lipo battery with balance charger

9. If your drone is using a lithium-power battery, use it sparingly in cold environments. Because

in extreme cold it has a negative effect on the battery and the battery gets discharged quickly.

10. On the other hand, even if the heat is high, the drone should not be flown for long. Because

the motor has to do more work to generate lift in the hot area, due to which its battery gets

discharged soon. So after use, leave the battery to cool down first and then charge again.

11. If the wind is high, don't fly the drone. Because doing so will require more energy to stabilize

the drone, as well as increase the chances of an accident. So fly it only in a calm environment.

12. If it is raining or there is a humid climate, do not fly the drone at all. Because the flying time of

the drone gets reduced when it gets wet.

13. If your drone has guards, then they protect it from damage during an accident, but at the same

time increase the weight of the drone. So when you get experienced in flying it, then definitely

remove these guards from it

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14. Do not fly the drone at high speed for a long time. Because by doing this its battery gets

discharged quickly. Also, if you do not want to use it for some time, then keep it only after fully

charging the battery. Store it in a dry and ventilated area at room temperature only.

15. Do not add unnecessary add-ons to the drone. Use only those add-ons you need.

APPLICATIONS OF A DRONE
For Military Surveillance – Drones were first made only for military use. Drones were first used
in the 1940s by the British and US military to spy on axis power. Today's UAVs are much more advanced

than the earlier UAVs. In the military, they are used to get accurate information about the enemy during

the war. In such a situation, there is no danger of the pilot's life and espionage and guarding can be done

easily without noise.

During Live Event – For the past few years, drones are being used more for capturing live events.

They are being used more for live recording of politicians' speeches, concerts and sports. Drones can

provide audiences with a view that is not possible with any other technology.

Survey of Dangerous Areas – With the advent of drones, it has become much easier to explore

such areas which are quite dangerous for humans. For example, geologists can easily complete their jobs

by reaching the unique and dangerous parts of the earth. Sometimes large organisations, such as NASA

also depend on satellite footage to survey the dangerous parts of the earth.

For Home Delivery Services – Nowadays drones are being used by big companies to deliver

products to their customers. The drones used for such business are capable of carrying more weight. For
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example, in some countries drones are used for home delivery of pizza. These large size pizzas can also

be easily taken away.

For Law Enforcement – This is the best use of Drones. It is used by the police to locate the
hidden criminal or terrorist. Also, it proves to be most useful for planning when the terrorist has kept

people captive at a particular location. Apart from this, if needed, the police can also shoot anyone with

the help of a drone.

To monitor wildlife – Due to the increasing danger and threat to the wildlife population, humans

are very concerned about their conservation and protection. The top priority of organizations working in

this field is to keep an eye on them. Here drones are a better way for these organizations to keep an eye on

them without disturbing the peace.

To Monitor Traffic – Due to the simplicity, mobility and ability to cover large areas, the drone is

used for traffic monitoring. They are used for traffic guidance, traffic activity analysis, identification and

tracking of individual vehicles, reading license plates, etc. In these, HD and thermal cameras are used for

day and night surveillance.

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INSTRUCTION FOR A DRONE

Who can fly the drone?:-A license is required to fly a drone in India, just like it is to drive a car.
To become a pilot of an unmanned drone, you need to get an unmanned aircraft operator permit just like a

driving license. Just like a car, your drone needs to be registered with the government and is issued with a

unique identification number.

Just as no registration certificate and license is required to operate the cycle, similarly "nano" and "micro"

drones (toys weighing less than 2 kg) are exempt from such rules.

How high can a drone fly?:-

Talking about the altitude of the drone, it is different for each drone. There are many variants of drones

available in the market, which include drones that can achieve altitudes ranging from 1 km to 6 km.

Regulations have also been made for the height at which the drone has to be flown. In India, you can fly

the drone at a maximum altitude of 400 feet. Also like I told you earlier that license is required for this.

Where can the drone be flown?:-

To operate a UAV, 3 zones have been specified by the drone regulations: Red Zone, Yellow Zone and

Green Zone.

Drones are not allowed to fly in the Red Zone. The Red Zone includes the airspace around airports,

international borders, military installation, etc. Also, flying drones is not allowed in Delhi around

Parliament and Rashtrapati Bhavan.

Flying a drone in the same yellow zone requires the filing of a flight plan and an air defense clearance

certificate. Whereas in the Green Zone you can fly a drone anywhere.
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-: TO COLLECT THE DATA FOR MY PROJECT:-

The data is collect form youtube channels, my knowledge, my group analysis and the google sites and the

data of method of making a drone is collect from www.mechanic37.com

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