Q.

1) What are the essential steps for planning, preparing and presenting the
speech? Write any two steps in detail.
Steps in Preparing a Presentation
Planning Your Presentation
Preparing a presentation can be an overwhelming experience if you allow it to be one. The strategies and
steps below are provided to help you break down what you might view as a large job into smaller, more
manageable tasks.
Step 1: Analyze your audience
The first step in preparing a presentation is to learn more about the audience to whom you'll be speaking.
It's a good idea to obtain some information on the backgrounds, values, and interests of your audience so
that you understand what the audience members might expect from your presentation.
 
Step 2: Select a topic
Next, if possible select a topic that is of interest to the audience and to you. It will be much easier to
deliver a presentation that the audience finds relevant, and more enjoyable to research a topic that is of
interest to you.
 
Step 3: Define the objective of the presentation
Once you have selected a topic, write the objective of the presentation in a single concise statement. The
objective needs to specify exactly what you want your audience to learn from your presentation. Base the
objective and the level of the content on the amount of time you have for the presentation and the
background knowledge of the audience. Use this statement to help keep you focused as you research and
develop the presentation.
 

Preparing the Content of Your Presentation

Step 4: Prepare the body of the presentation
After defining the objective of your presentation, determine how much information you can present in the
amount of time allowed. Also, use your knowledge about the audience to prepare a presentation with the
right level of detail. You don't want to plan a presentation that is too basic or too advanced.
The body of the presentation is where you present your ideas. To present your ideas convincingly, you
will need to illustrate and support them. Strategies to help you do this include the following:

 Present data and facts

 Read quotes from experts
 Relate personal experiences
 Provide vivid descriptions
And remember, as you plan the body of your presentation it's important to provide variety. Listeners may
quickly become bored by lots of facts or they may tire of hearing story after story.
 
Step 5: Prepare the introduction and conclusion
Once you've prepared the body of the presentation, decide how you will begin and end the talk. Make
sure the introduction captures the attention of your audience and the conclusion summarizes and reiterates
your important points. In other words, "Tell them what you're going to tell them. Tell them. Then, tell
them what you told them."
During the opening of your presentation, it's important to attract the audience's attention and build their
interest. If you don't, listeners will turn their attention elsewhere and you'll have a difficult time getting it
back. Strategies that you can use include the following:

 Make the introduction relevant to the listeners' goals, values, and needs
 Ask questions to stimulate thinking
 Share a personal experience
 Begin with a joke or humorous story
 Project a cartoon or colorful visual
 Make a stimulating or inspirational statement
 Give a unique demonstration
During the opening you want to clearly present your topic and the purpose of your presentation. Clearly
articulating the topic and purpose will help the listeners focus on and easily follow your main ideas.
During the conclusion of your presentation, reinforce the main ideas you communicated. Remember that
listeners won't remember your entire presentation, only the main ideas. By reinforcing and reviewing the
main ideas, you help the audience remember them.

Practicing and Delivering

Step 6: Practice delivering the presentation
Most people spend hours preparing a presentation but very little time practicing it. When you practice
your presentation, you can reduce the number of times you utter words and phrases like, "um," "well,"
and "you know." These habits can easily diminish a speaker's credibility. You can also fine-tune your
content to be sure you make your most important points in the time allotted.
In addition to planning the content of your presentation, you need to give advanced thought to how you
want to deliver it. Do you want to commit your presentation to memory, use cards to guide you, or read
from a script? Or, you might want to use a combination of methods. To help you decide, read the
advantages and disadvantages of the four delivery methods described below.
 
Speaking from Memory
A distinct advantage of speaking from memory is your ability to speak to the audience without relying on
notes or a script. This allows you the flexibility to move away from the podium and to maintain eye
contact with the audience. However, speaking from memory has disadvantages, too. Presentations from
memory often sound rehearsed and the possibility exists that you'll forget an important point, present
information that's inaccurate, or completely lose your train of thought. If you decide to deliver your
presentation from memory, have notes handy to jog your memory just in case!
 
Speaking from Notes
Many people like to speak from notes. Typically these notes are either on cards or paper in outline form
and contain key ideas and information. If you are using an electronic presentation tool, you may be able
to include your notes in the presentation itself. The benefit of delivering a presentation from notes is that
you sound natural rather than rehearsed and you can still maintain relatively good eye contact with the
audience. The down side is that you might not express your key ideas and thoughts as well as you may
have liked had you planned your exact words in advance.
 
Speaking from Text
Speaking from text involves writing your speech out, word for word, then basically reading from the text.
As with speaking from memory, an advantage of this method is that you plan, in advance, exactly what
you're going to say and how you're going to say it. A disadvantage is that you might appear to the
audience to be stiff or rehearsed. You will need to make frequent eye contact and speak with expression
to maintain the audience's interest.
 

Using a Combination of Methods

You may find the best method to be a combination of all three. For instance, experts suggest you
memorize the first and last ten minutes of your talk so that you can speak flawlessly and without notes.
Notes may be suitable for segments of your presentation that you know very well, for example, relating a
personal story. Finally, speaking from a text might be appropriate when you have quotes or other
important points that you want to make sure you communicate accurately and completely. You can make
a smooth segue to written text by saying something like: "I want to read this quote to you verbatim, to
ensure that I don't distort the original intent."

Q.2) What are the tasks, Which help you to divide your audience into a
psychological profile?
An audience analysis is a process used to identify and understand the priority and influencing audiences
for a SBCC strategy. The priority and influencing audiences are those people whose behavior must
change in order to improve the health situation. A complete audience analysis looks at: 

 Socio-demographic characteristics such as sex, age, language and religion.

 Geographic characteristics like where the audience lives and how that might impact behavior.
 Psychographic characteristics such as needs, hopes, concerns and aspirations.
 Audience thoughts, beliefs, knowledge and current actions related to the health or social issue. 
  Barriers and facilitators that prevent or encourage audience members to adopt the desired
behavior change.
 Gender and how it impacts audience members’ behavior and ability to change.
 Effective communication channels for reaching the audience.
Categories of Audience Analysis
No matter which of the above inquiry methods you choose to do your audience analysis, you will, at some
point, need to direct your attention to the five “categories” of audience analysis. These are the five
categories through which you will learn to better appreciate your audience. Let’s now examine these
categories and understand the variables and constraints you should use to estimate your audience’s
information requirements.
Situational Analysis
The situational audience analysis category considers the situation for which your audience is gathered.
This category is primarily concerned with why your audience is assembled in the first place. [1] Are they
willingly gathered to hear you speak? Have your audience members paid to hear you? Or, are your
audience members literally “speech captives” who have somehow been socially or systematically coerced
into hearing you? These factors are decisively important because they place a major responsibility upon
you as a speaker, whichever is the case. The entire tone and agenda of your speech rests largely upon
whether or not your audience even wants to hear from you.
Many audiences are considered captive audiences in that they have no real choice regarding the matter of
hearing a given speech. In general, these are some of the most difficult audiences to address because these
members are being forced to listen to a message, and do not have the full exercise of their own free will.
Consider for a moment when you have been called to a mandatory work meeting. Were you truly happy
to listen to the speaker, in all honesty? Some might say “yes,” but usually most would rather be doing
something else with their time. This is an important factor to keep in mind when preparing your speech:
some people simply do not want to listen to a speech they believe is compulsory.
The voluntary audience situation, in stark contrast, is completely different. A voluntary audience is
willingly assembled to listen to a given message. As a rule, these audiences are much easier to address
because they are interested in hearing the speech. To visualize how this works, reflect upon the last
speech, concert, or show you’ve chosen to attend. While the event may or may not have lived up to your
overall expectations, the very fact that you freely went to the occasion speaks volumes about your
predisposition to listen to—and perhaps even be persuaded by—the information being presented.
Sometimes audiences are mixed in their situational settings, too. Take the everyday classroom situation,
for instance. While students choose to attend higher education, many people in the college classroom
environment sadly feel as if they are still “trapped” in school and would rather be elsewhere. On the other
hand, some students in college are truly there by choice, and attentively seek out knowledge from their
teacher-mentors. What results from this mixed audience situation is a hybrid captive-voluntary audience,
with those who are only partially interested in what is going on in the classroom and those who are
genuinely involved. You literally get to hone your speech skills on both types of audiences, thereby
learning a skill set that many never get to exercise. You should begin this wonderful opportunity by
considering ways to inform, persuade, and humor a mixed situation audience. Think of it as a learning
occasion, and you’ll do just fine.
Demographic Analysis
The second category of audience analysis is demography. As mentioned before, demographics are
literally a classification of the characteristics of the people. Whenever addressing an audience, it is
generally a good idea to know about its age, gender, major, year in school, race, ethnicity, religious
affiliation, et cetera. There are two steps in doing an accurate demographic analysis: gathering
demographic data and interpreting this data.[2]
Sometimes, this information is gathered by the questionnaire sampling method, and is done formally. On
other occasions, this information is already available in a database and is made available to the speaker.
Some noteworthy speakers even have “scouts” who do demographic research on an audience prior to a
speaking event, and make interpretations on that audience based upon key visual cues. For example,
congresspersons and senators frequently make public appearances where they use stock speeches to
appeal to certain audiences with specific demographic uniqueness. In order to know what type of
audience he or she will be addressing, these politicians dispatch staff aides to an event to see how many
persons of color, hecklers, and supporters will be in attendance. Of course, studying demographic
characteristics is, indeed, more an art form than a science. Still, it is a common practice among many
professional speakers.
Consider for a moment how valuable it would be to you as a public speaker to know that your audience
will be mostly female, between the ages of 25 and 40, mostly married, and Caucasian. Would you change
your message to fit this demographic? Or, would you keep your message the same, no matter the audience
you were addressing? Chances are you would be more inclined to talk to issues bearing upon those
gender, age, and race qualities. Frankly, the smart speaker would shift his or her message to adapt to the
audience. And, simply, that’s the purpose of doing demographics: to embed within your message the
acceptable parameters of your audience’s range of needs.
This, of course, raises an extremely important ethical issue for the modern speaker. Given the ability to
study demographic data and therefore to study your audience, does a speaker shift his or her message to
play to the audience entirely? Ethically, a speaker should not shift his or her message and should remain
true to his or her motives. Only you will be able to alleviate the tension between a speaker’s need to adapt
to an audience and his or her need to remain true to form.

Q.3) What forms of supporting material can be used by a public speaker?

When you are developing a speech, you need research to back up your claims. You can use different
types of supporting materials strategically to help you. In this lesson, you will learn about these
supporting materials and how to use them in your speech.
Supporting Materials
You want to ask your boss for a raise. Would you just walk into his or her office and demand more
money? Maybe over the past year you've managed to double your sales record and implement a new
procedure for handling customer sales. You've also been asked to spearhead a new training program for
new employees. Furthermore, a director at a sister company has given you a glowing recommendation
letter. All of these things are examples of supporting materials you can use as a public speaker.
In this lesson, you will learn the different types of supporting materials and the best uses for each.
Types of Supporting Materials
Okay, so you want to ask your boss for a raise. All of the good things that you've done in the past year are
great examples of supporting materials. Supporting materials are resources used to give your main points
credibility.
There are three basic categories, or types, of supporting materials. They are:

 Examples (brief, extended, and hypothetical)

 Statistics
 Testimony (expert or peer)
Examples
Examples are a great way to simplify and reinforce ideas in your speech. You can tell your boss that you
are a valuable asset to the company because you are an innovator and can manage multiple projects. This
would be an example of a brief example. A brief example is an example that concisely clarifies the point
that you are making. A brief example does not take up more than two or three sentences in your speech.
An extended example may be a narrative or an anecdote in your speech. This is when you may tell a story
in your speech to reinforce or simplify certain concepts. You can give the example of the procedure you
implemented for handling customer sales and the training program you've been asked to lead. This would
be an extended example.
A hypothetical example is a fictional example that you or someone else has created to illustrate your
point. In fact, the entire beginning of this lesson is a hypothetical example!
Examples are also a great way to relate to your audience. You can use a personal story or a narrative to
reinforce and clarify ideas, while also making a personal connection to your audience.
Statistics
Statistics are another great way to provide your main points with valuable information and support. You
really have to be careful with statistics, however.
You can't throw too many numbers at your audience. If you can, use statistics sparingly and make sure
you explain what the statistics mean. When you are explaining statistics, make sure you use the research
where you found your statistics. Don't try to re-interpret the statistics. Make sure you aren't manipulating
the numbers to fit your speech; it must be used in the same context as the original research.
When you ask your boss for a raise and you tell him that you've doubled your sales in the past year, this is
a good example of statistics. In a public speaking situation, you don't need to give exact numbers or throw
out a lot of information. If you say you've doubled your sales, and that is an accurate and ethical
statement, then that is enough information for the audience.
It is okay to round your statistics to make the information more understandable. Rather than saying, '2,456
people have used my training course and improved their sales,' you could say, 'over 2,000 people have
used my training course and improved their sales.' This is still an accurate statement, and it does not skew
or manipulate the data in an inappropriate way.
Statistics are a great way to quantify ideas or concepts. In other words, if you want to illustrate how many
more girls are doing well in science and mathematics, then you might want to find research that supports
your claim. For example, you may find research that says 62% of girls in AP math and science classes are
passing their AP exams versus 29% of boys. This would be a good statistic to use to quantify your idea.
If you have an option to use a visual aid, then use your visual aid to display statistical research. Make sure
you are using a visual representation of the data, such as a chart or graph. Avoid using lists or tables if
you can.

Testimony
Testimony is another great way to add credibility to your speech. There are two types of testimony: peer
and expert. Peer testimony is a statement that comes from someone who has experienced an event or
situation. It could be someone who has been directly affected by the topic of your speech or someone that
has an opinion on the topic. Expert testimony comes from a person that is a respected expert in the field
of your topic, such as a doctor or someone that has conducted a great deal of research in that particular
field.
For example, you're probably familiar with the products and brands that have celebrity or doctor
endorsements. The companies of these products want the credibility of these celebrities or experts. Unless
the celebrity is an expert, the testimony from the celebrity would be considered a peer testimony. The
testimony from a doctor or an expert is, naturally, considered expert testimony.
A testimony will give your speech a similar form of credibility and give the audience a real world
example of the concepts you are trying to illustrate. The glowing reference from the director at the sister
company is an example of a testimony. In addition to giving this letter to your boss, you can quote or
paraphrase the director's testimony when you are asking for a raise.

Q.4) Describe the various stages in speech outlining process.

Outlining Your Speech
Most speakers and audience members would agree that an organized speech is both easier to present as
well as more persuasive. Public speaking teachers especially believe in the power of organizing your
speech, which is why they encourage (and often require) that you create an outline for your
speech. Outlines, or textual arrangements of all the various elements of a speech, are a very common way
of organizing a speech before it is delivered. Most extemporaneous speakers keep their outlines with them
during the speech as a way to ensure that they do not leave out any important elements and to keep them
on track. Writing an outline is also important to the speechwriting process since doing so forces the
speakers to think about the main points and sub-points, the examples they wish to include, and the ways
in which these elements correspond to one another. In short, the outline functions both as an organization
tool and as a reference for delivering a speech.
Outline Types
There are two types of outlines. The first outline you will write is called the preparation outline. Also
called a working, practice, or rough outline, the preparation outline is used to work through the various
components of your speech in an inventive format. Stephen E. Lucas put it simply: “The preparation
outline is just what its name implies—an outline that helps you prepare the speech” (p. 248). When
writing the preparation outline, you should focus on finalizing the purpose and thesis statements, logically
ordering your main points, deciding where supporting material should be included, and refining the
overall organizational pattern of your speech. As you write the preparation outline, you may find it
necessary to rearrange your points or to add or subtract supporting material. You may also realize that
some of your main points are sufficiently supported while others are lacking. The final draft of your
preparation outline should include full sentences, making up a complete script of your entire speech. In
most cases, however, the preparation outline is reserved for planning purposes only and is translated into
a speaking outline before you deliver the speech.
A speaking outline is the outline you will prepare for use when delivering the speech. The speaking
outline is much more succinct than the preparation outline and includes brief phrases or words that
remind the speakers of the points they need to make, plus supporting material and signposts.[2] The
words or phrases used on the speaking outline should briefly encapsulate all of the information needed to
prompt the speaker to accurately deliver the speech. Although some cases call for reading a speech
verbatim from the full-sentence outline, in most cases speakers will simply refer to their speaking outline
for quick reminders and to ensure that they do not omit any important information. Because it uses just
words or short phrases, and not full sentences, the speaking outline can easily be transferred to index
cards that can be referenced during a speech.
Outline Structure
Because an outline is used to arrange all of the elements of your speech, it makes sense that the outline
itself has an organizational hierarchy and a common format. Although there are a variety of outline styles,
generally they follow the same pattern. Main ideas are preceded by Roman numerals (I, II, III, etc.). Sub-
points are preceded by capital letters (A, B, C, etc.), then Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.), and finally
lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.). Each level of subordination is also differentiated from its predecessor by
indenting a few spaces. Indenting makes it easy to find your main points, sub-points, and the supporting
points and examples below them. Since there are three sections to your speech— introduction, body, and
conclusion— your outline needs to include all of them. Each of these sections is titled and the main points
start with Roman numeral I.
In addition to these formatting suggestions, there are some additional elements that should be included at
the beginning of your outline: the title, topic, specific purpose statement, and thesis statement. These
elements are helpful to you, the speechwriter, since they remind you what, specifically, you are trying to
accomplish in your speech. They are also helpful to anyone reading and assessing your outline since
knowing what you want to accomplish will determine how they perceive the elements included in your
outline. Additionally, you should write out the transitional statements that you will use to alert audiences
that you are moving from one point to another. These are included in parentheses between main points. At
the end of the outlines, you should include bibliographic information for any outside resources you
mention during the speech. These should be cited using whatever citations style your professor requires.
The textbox entitled “Outline Formatting Guide” provides an example of the appropriate outline format.
Preparation Outline
This chapter contains the preparation and speaking outlines for a short speech the author of this chapter
gave about how small organizations can work on issues related to climate change (see appendices). In this
example, the title, specific purpose, thesis, and list of visual aids precedes the speech. Depending on your
instructor’s requirements, you may need to include these details plus additional information. It is also a
good idea to keep these details at the top of your document as you write the speech since they will help
keep you on track to developing an organized speech that is in line with your specific purpose and helps
prove your thesis. At the end of the chapter, in Appendix A, you can find a full length example of a
Preparation (Full Sentence) Outline.
Speaking Outline
In Appendix B, the Preparation Outline is condensed into just a few short key words or phrases that will
remind speakers to include all of their main points and supporting information. The introduction and
conclusion are not included since they will simply be inserted from the Preparation Outline. It is easy to
forget your catchy attention-getter or final thoughts you have prepared for your audience, so it is best to
include the full sentence versions even in your speaking outline.
Using the Speaking Outline
Once you have prepared the outline and are almost ready to give your speech, you should decide how you
want to format your outline for presentation. Many speakers like to carry a stack of papers with them
when they speak, but others are more comfortable with a smaller stack of index cards with the outline
copied onto them. Moreover, speaking instructors often have requirements for how you should format the
speaking outline. Whether you decide to use index cards or the printed outline, here are a few tips. First,
write large enough so that you do not have to bring the cards or pages close to your eyes to read them.
Second, make sure you have the cards/pages in the correct order and bound together in some way so that
they do not get out of order. Third, just in case the cards/pages do get out of order (this happens too
often!), be sure that you number each in the top right corner so you can quickly and easily get things
organized. Fourth, try not to fiddle with the cards/pages when you are speaking. It is best to lay them
down if you have a podium or table in front of you. If not, practice reading from them in front of a mirror.
You should be able to look down quickly, read the text, and then return to your gaze to the audience.

Q.5) What are the basic characteristics for oral communication?

Characteristics of Oral Communication
Oral communication is the most used communication process in the world. In another word, the human is
motionless without this kind of communication. But here we talk about formal oral communication which
is used for business purposes. Here we giving some characteristics of oral communication to an oral
communication effective.
Characteristics of Oral Communication
Oral communication to become successful requires some essential or good characteristics, those are
highlighted as follows:
Pre-Planned
Before transmitting any message, the speaker must have a pre-plan to send the message properly to the
audience or receiver. Pre-Planned communication is always fruitful.
Certainty
The speaker must speak properly while communication with the audience. The subject matter or speech
must be certain in oral communication to avoid confusion.
Conciseness
Information should be /Enriched with concrete, logical and relevant data in case of oral communication.
The subject matter should also be simple to catch the attention of the audience.
Attractive presentation
The message in oral communication should be presented in a nice tone. The Speaking attitude should be
catchy to hold the attention of the receiver.
Consideration of the Receiver or Audience
During oral communication, the qualification, knowledge, experience, and motive should be considered
by the speaker. The language should be simple and understandable to the audience.
Neutrality
The audience or receiver should be silent while the speaker in delivering his speech. The audience must
analyze arid evaluate the message provided and then he should answer properly. The neutrality of the
audience sustains oral communications.
Realistic
Unrealistic information or, a message can never hold the attention of the audience. So, a speaker should
provide realistic speech to the audience.
Free from error
If the information in oral communication contains any error then it makes the audience confused.
Moreover, the audience will lose their confidence in the speaker. So, information must be free from errors
in oral communication.
Patience
Patience is the key to the success of ineffective communication. Both the speaker .and the audience must
have proper patience while making oral communication.
Free from emotion
Oral communication should be free from emotion. Because emotion makes the subject matter to be
complicated. Therefore, the audience will make a wrong interpretation of the message techniques or Way
of Oral Communication.

Q.6) What Strategies help you in selecting the right visual aids in your
speech?
Different types of visual aids
There are many different types of visual aids. The following advice will help you make the most of those
most commonly used.
PowerPoint (or equivalent)
Microsoft PowerPoint is probably now the most commonly used form of visual aid. Used well, it can
really help you in your presentation; used badly, however, it can have the opposite effect. The general
principles are:

Do Don't

use a big enough font (minimum 20pt) make it so small you can't read it

keep the background simple use a fussy background image

use animations when appropriate but don't over-do the animation - it gets distracting

use endless slides of bulleted lists that all look the

make things visual
same

Overhead projector slides/transparencies

Overhead projector slides/transparencies are displayed on the overhead projector (OHP) - a very useful
tool found in most lecture and seminar rooms. The OHP projects and enlarges your slides onto a screen or
wall without requiring the lights to be dimmed. You can produce your slides in three ways:
Pre-prepared slides: these can be words or images either hand written/drawn or produced on a
computer;
Spontaneously produced slides: these can be written as you speak to illustrate your points or to record
comments from the audience;
A mixture of each: try adding to pre-prepared slides when making your presentation to show movement,
highlight change or signal detailed interrelationships.
Make sure that the text on your slides is large enough to be read from the back of the room. A useful rule
of thumb is to use 18 point text if you are producing slides with text on a computer. This should also help
reduce the amount of information on each slide. Avoid giving your audience too much text or overly
complicated diagrams to read as this limits their ability to listen. Try to avoid lists of abstract words as
these can be misleading or uninformative.
White or black board
White or black boards can be very useful to help explain the sequence of ideas or routines, particularly in
the sciences. Use them to clarify your title or to record your key points as you introduce your presentation
(this will give you a fixed list to help you recap as you go along). Rather than expecting the audience to
follow your spoken description of an experiment or process, write each stage on the board, including any
complex terminology or precise references to help your audience take accurate notes. However, once you
have written something on the board you will either have to leave it there or rub it off - both can be
distracting to your audience. Check to make sure your audience has taken down a reference before
rubbing it off - there is nothing more frustrating than not being given enough time! Avoid leaving out of
date material from an earlier point of your presentation on the board as this might confuse your audience.
If you do need to write 'live', check that your audience can read your writing.
Paper handouts
Handouts are incredibly useful. Use a handout if your information is too detailed to fit on a slide or if you
want your audience to have a full record of your findings. Consider the merits of passing round your
handouts at the beginning, middle and end of a presentation. Given too early and they may prove a
distraction. Given too late and your audience may have taken too many unnecessary notes. Given out in
the middle and your audience will inevitably read rather than listen. One powerful way of avoiding these
pitfalls is to give out incomplete handouts at key stages during your presentation. You can then highlight
the missing details vocally, encouraging your audience to fill in the gaps.
Flip chart
A flip chart is a large pad of paper on a stand. It is a very useful and flexible way of recording information
during your presentation - you can even use pre-prepared sheets for key points. Record information as
you go along, keeping one main idea to each sheet. Flip back through the pad to help you recap your main
points. Use the turning of a page to show progression from point to point. Remember to make your
writing clear and readable and your diagrams as simple as possible.
Video (DVD or VHS)
Video gives you a chance to show stimulating visual information. Use video to bring movement, pictures
and sound into your presentation. Always make sure that the clip is directly relevant to your content. Tell
your audience what to look for. Avoid showing any more film than you need.
Artefacts or props
Sometimes it can be very useful to use artefacts or props when making a presentation (think of the safety
routine on an airplane when the steward shows you how to use the safety equipment). If you bring an
artefact with you, make sure that the object can be seen and be prepared to pass it round a small group or
move to different areas of a large room to help your audience view it in detail. Remember that this will
take time and that when an audience is immersed in looking at an object, they will find it hard to listen to
your talk. Conceal large props until you need them; they might distract your audience's attention.

Q.7) Write down the important characteristics that illustrate the power of
voice?
The Vocal Characteristics That Speak To Your Character
Yet seemingly contradictory client instructions make life an unnecessary challenge for even the most
patient of performers.
Similarly, the voice talent may not have described their own voice entirely accurately, turning up a little
like a Tinder date who doesn’t look like their profile pic.
Deciding how a character should sound, should start with defining their key vocal characteristics and the
answer lies in thorough preparation and clear communication.
Voice talent can make the process smooth in the way that they portray their own voices in their written
profiles. At Voquent, we make this easy for talent by writing an automatic bio based on the keywords and
data entered at profile sign-up. This makes the profile bio more useful for customers.
Useful descriptors will also help clients command the lexicon to communicate the voice they hear in their
heads. Which vocal characteristics act together to deliver exactly the sound desired for the content, or
lend the character its distinct personality?
Some of the key voice characteristics are detailed below. The list is not exhaustive; and definitions can
differ, even amongst academics, but the list is designed as a thought starter. How the work is best
delivered and what emotions you want to arouse in the audience will instruct the distinctive ‘fingerprint’
of vocal characteristics that best serves the purpose.
 
 
Pitch
What pitch is appropriate for the task in hand? On a scale, what level of perceived ‘highness’ or
‘lowness’ of a voice?
In singing, we are familiar with the range from Soprano: the highest female voice, down through Mezzo-
Soprano, Contralto, Tenor and Baritone – on to Bass, the lowest male voice. With the spoken word,
whilst the definitions may not be so well known, the range is similarly evident.
Are you looking for a vocal range which delivers a higher pitch – something in the middle – or something
lower?
The age of the voice artist may be relevant. The throat anatomy and physiology of the talent will dictate
the pitch that a talent can command, dependent on the number of vibrations per second produced by the
vocal cords.
Whilst a person speaking in their natural pitch will speak most naturally, modulation of pitch is, of
course, possible, just as famously in the case of former UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher lowering
her voice in office.
A lower voice might be perfect for authority, trust, sadness, disappointment, seriousness or threatening
topics or characters; a higher voice for cheery, brighter, excited, energetic or younger approach.
Psychologists suggest that a person’s voice pitch affects how others perceive them. Similarly, it will
affect perceptions of content and character from a voice artist.
Speech rate
What rate of delivery would suit the purpose? How slowly or quickly might the voice be expected to
speak?
Listen to how quickly your friends speak. There may be the entertaining storyteller who takes twice as
long to get to the end of a sentence as you do, yet has the pace that delivers the tale perfectly – or the fast-
talking person at work who gabbles a seemingly endless stream of consciousness.
Think of your own natural voice pace. Given how challenging it is to change that, the importance of
selecting the right pace of voice for the job can be of importance. There is certainly much more useful
variance between speech rates than between ‘normal’ and the pace at which terms and conditions are
rattled off in finance ads.
In his famous 1940 speech, Winston Churchill pledged to fight the enemy ‘on the beaches’ – at 128 words
per minute. The power of his chosen pace was immediately apparent to an anxious generation. In a recent
documentary, BBC Radio 4 edited that speech to tighten the gaps between phrases, increasing the speed
of his delivery dramatically, with an astonishing effect on its perceived effectiveness.   At a slower speed,
listeners have time to consider, to imagine and to process.
The National Center for Voice and Speech suggests the average conversation rate for English speakers in
the United States is about 150 words per minute. It generally falls between 120 wpm at the slow end of
the spectrum, up to 160/200 wpm in the fast end.
Research around the world appears to debunk the assertion that women speak more quickly than men.
Speech rate differences impact on the mood engendered in the listener.  Complex, sadder or formal
content may benefit from a slower, calmer pace – urgent, animated, excited material a faster one. Think of
the great horse racing commentators to illustrate how varying pace effects energy and excitement.
Whilst voice talent will always adjust to suit the purpose, some are naturally slower, and others are gifted
in delivering material rapidly whilst still losing enviably little on clarity. For a job which necessarily is
word-rich, a faster talker whose articulation remains clear will prove an asset.
What speech rate likely delivers the best rhythm, pace, efficiency, trust, mood and general feel for your
content or character?
Tone
Everyone has a tone of voice – a pattern of speaking – which is as individual as their fingerprint.
Which tone suits your purposes?
Does the identity of the intended audience suggest the best tone for the purpose? Does a particular
regional accent help convey the message?
Think of the difference between a colleague chatting in the office about their weekend and that same
individual rising to their feet, clapping their hands together and delivering an organizational plan to the
team for the day ahead. Compare that with how that person might speak when talking to a member of
staff who has lost a relative.
Some voices, of course, lend themselves more naturally to particular purposes. For example, the
difference between someone who sounds like a leader and someone who does not. The second person will
not inspire the same level of confidence.
Think of a polite tone, a corporate tone, a pompous tone, a sultry tone, a helpful tone, an instructive tone,
a confident tone, an angry tone – or a friendly or reassuring tone. Paralinguistic ‘noises’ such as crying or
laughter can also be part of the tone of a piece. At Voquent we identify 12 primary tones for voice-
over use:
Brands often define the ‘tone-of-voice’ in general terms when determining their overall marketing
strategy – the attitude with which they portray themselves at all times in all places. This definition
stretches way beyond the verbal material it might use in media communications – logo design, typeface,
the choice of brand ambassadors, writing style, social media communications, premises design and more. 
Sometimes, ironically, they fail to devote the same attention to the actual voice that consumers will hear.
It is critically important – whatever the words being said are – that the voice sounds how your brand or
character looks and behaves.
What does the voice feel like overall?
Christina Aguilera talks of her ‘paint box’ of voices from a “gritty growl to haunting sadness”; the
different textures adopted by the vocalist as she delivers the anthem on an album, or the ballad. In music,
texture can be used to describe the overall mix of music when all the instruments blend together.
In voice artistry, putting to one side the words and how they are delivered, what is the texture of the core
traits of the voice?
We’ve all heard of a ‘velvet’ voice.  But if it’s not velvet, what is it? Sometimes that single word can help
to sum up the desired texture. I’m unsure who first coined the phrase ‘chocolate voice’, but it’s a great
term and, like ‘fruity’ and ‘honeyed’, shows that figurative words, un-related to voice can best crystalise
what makes a vocal sound distinctive and fitting.
Intonation
Words in sentences rise and fall. How should the words be delivered to best portray the meaning –
and not mislead?
Think of that famous line: ‘Here’s Johnny’ in The Shining movie – how would that have sounded if
delivered in a different way? Think too of the trend of high rising end words in sentences, and how that
alone can change the way a sentence is perceived.
A sentence can be enunciated perfectly and yet without the relevant intonation, deliver the wrong
meaning completely.
Intonation is the variation in spoken pitch in the journey of a sentence. It helps to indicate attitude or
emotion. Falling and rising intonation serves to emphasise a point and to differentiate between questions
and statements. Whilst a meaningless ‘sing-song’ achieves little, a consistent tone without variation can
be soporific.
The pattern, rhythm or “prosody” of speech offers cues to what a speaker really means.
Where the pattern and words appear at conflict, it is suggested that listeners attach more value to
the pattern. When a friend assures you they are OK. You know instinctively if their words are hollow.
In the absence of non-verbal clues, the whole meaning is vested purely in the way things sound.
Loudness
How loud do you want a voice to be perceived? Are they in hushed, intimate tones or shouting?
Thankfully, you don’t have to rush to find the remote control to turn up the TV as an intimate bedroom
scene begins, nor turn it down in the middle of some dramatic showdown in a soap opera.
Audio processing ensures that voices are experienced by the listener at roughly the same level. Despite
that technical adjustment, there remains a perceived difference in loudness, owing to the way voices are
performed.
From the stage whisper, called upon by actors in quiet scenes. The booming voice of a ‘hurry, hurry, buy
now, offer ends on Saturday’ commercial. Or a typical conversational level. The volume at which a voice
artist is asked to deliver their words impacts on how they are understood.
The ‘size’ and drama of a louder delivery can indicate urgency, importance, confidence, power, resolve or
anger. A softer voice can convey a secret, an intimate word, a warmth, a discretion, or indeed
indiscretion.

Q.8) Write down the types of information speech with brief examples.
Types of Informative Speeches
An informative speech is one that informs the audience. However, as should be clear, this general
definition demonstrates that there are many ways to inform an audience. Therefore, there are several types
of informative speeches. The main types of informative speeches include definition, descriptive,
explanatory, and demonstrative.
A definition speech explains the meaning, theory, or philosophy of a specific topic that the audience
likely does not know much about. The topics may be general, such as a sport, or highly specific, like a
particular person. The main goal of this speech is to educate the audience so that they understand the main
points regarding this subject. 
A demonstration speech explains how to do something. If you have ever sat through a lecture where a
teacher explained how to create a bibliography, then you have heard a demonstration speech. Like most
informative speeches, a how-to speech will likely use visual examples that show the audience how to
move from step to step through a particular activity. Visualizations help the audience retain what each
step looks like, increasing the likelihood that they will retain the overall information of the speech.
An explanatory speech might give a description of the state of a given topic. As an example, consider the
types of speeches that are given at industry conferences. The goal of these speeches is for the speaker to
inform the audience on a particular part of an industry. Commonly, these will also utilize visualizations
that give the audience a visual representation of the particular data or statistics contained in the speech.
This is one way to condense highly complex information into an easily retainable package for the
audience.
A descriptive speech creates a vivid picture in a person's mind regarding an object, person, animal, or
place. An archaeologist who has discovered a new temple in South America or a paleontologist who
believes they have found a new dinosaur may use a descriptive speech to inform an interested audience
about their recent discoveries.
As all of these types make clear, there are many ways that a given set of information  can be
communicated in a speech. When deciding what type of informative speech you want to write and
deliver, consider what you want the audience to know about your topic.