Final Exam of MA1110 - Calculus 1 & the Answer Key

Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Dipankar Ghosh

20th December, 2020

10:30am - 12:30pm

1 Descriptive questions (total 6)

(−1)n
n
o
nπ
1. Prove or disprove that the sequence n+1 + sin 2 is convergent. Justify in 7 lines at
most. [5]
(−1)n (−1)n
n
o n
o
nπ nπ
OR replace n +1 + sin 2 by n+1 + cos 2 or
n n
n o n
o
(−1) nπ

(−1) nπ
+ sin or + cos or
n 2n n 2
o n 2n n 2
o
(−1) nπ

(−1) nπ


3n + sin 2 or 3n + cos 2 .

Solution:
F If you claim that the sequence is divergent, then you will get 1 marks for that. From
your solution, even if you do not write this explicitly, it can be understood whether you
are proving or disproving the statement. [1]
Otherwise, if you claim that the sequence is convergent, then you will get 0 marks in total
for this question. We would not see what you have written further.
1) n
n
o
FF To show that (− n +1 + sin nπ
2 is divergent, one can argue via subsequences. There
might be other solutions. If you argue via subsequences, then showing one particular sub-
sequence along with its limit gives you 1.5 marks. Then, showing another subsequence
whose limit is different and making the conclusion that { xn } is divergent gives you 2.5
more marks. For example, here is a solution:

(−1)n
for all n ∈ N. Consider the subsequence { x2n }.
nπ


−→ Let xn = n +1 + sin 2 [0.5]
 
1 1
−→ Note that lim x2n = lim + sin(nπ ) = lim = 0. [1]
n→∞ n→∞ 2n + 1 n→∞ 2n + 1

−→ Consider another subsequence { x4n+1 }. [0.5]

−→ Note that
−1 −1
   
 π
lim x4n+1 = lim + sin 2nπ + = lim +1 = 1. [1]
n→∞ n→∞ 4n + 2 2 n→∞ 4n + 2

−→ Since there are two subsequences converging to two different limits, the given se-
quence is divergent. [1]

1
 √ 3
2. Let { xn } be a sequence of positive real numbers such that lim n xn = . Then find lim xn .
n→∞ 2 n→∞
Justify your answer in 7 lines at most by using the e − N definition along with the fact that
lim r n = 0 if 0 ≤ r < 1 and lim r n = ∞ if r > 1. [5]
n→∞ n→∞
√
n
3 √ 5
OR replace lim xn = by lim n xn = or
n→∞ 2 n→∞ 2
√
n
4 √
n
5 √
n
5
lim xn = or lim xn = or lim xn = .
n→∞ 3 n→∞ 3 n→∞ 4

Solution:
F Only writing the final answer (i.e., lim xn = ∞) without any justification (or with wrong
n→∞
justification) will give you 1 marks. [1]
Otherwise, if you are proving something else, then you will get 0 marks in total for this
question. We would not see what you have written further.
√ 3
FF To show that lim xn = ∞, you have to use the given hypothesis lim n xn = and
n→∞ n→∞ 2
the e − N condition. This part will give you 2 marks. Then, using the fact that lim r n = ∞
n→∞
if r > 1 and making the conclusion that { xn } diverges to ∞ gives you 2 more marks. For
example, here is a solution:

−→ Choose a real number e > 0 such that 23 − e > 1. [1]

√ 3
−→ Since lim n xn = , for this particular e, there exists a natural number N such that
n→∞ 2
3 √
2 −e <
n
xn < 32 + e for all n > N. [1]

3
−→ Set r = 2 − e. It follows from the above inequalities that r n < xn for all n > N. [1]
−→ Hence, since lim r n = ∞, one obtains that lim xn = ∞. [1]
n→∞ n→∞

Some wrong justifications:

√ 3
n
(i) Since lim n xn = , we have xn = 32 . Hence lim xn = ∞.
n→∞ 2 n→∞
√
(ii) Let r = n xn (which is not correct, your sequence need not be a constant sequence).
Then xn = r n . Hence lim xn = ∞ if r > 1.
n→∞
 n
√ n 3
n
(iii) lim xn = lim ( xn ) = lim = ∞.
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞ 2
1
 1 n
(The 2nd equality is wrong, for example lim n n = 1, but lim n n = ∞).
n→∞ n→∞
(iv) Using root test, ... (I have not asked to use the root test).

Page 2
 ∞  
1
3. Determine whether the series ∑ (−1) n +1
sin
2n
is convergent or divergent. Justify in
n =1
7 lines at most. [5]
∞   ∞   ∞  
1 1 1
OR replace ∑ (−1)n+1 sin 2n
by ∑ (−1)n+1 sin 3n
or ∑ (−1)n+1 sin 4n
or
n=1 n =1 n =1
∞ 
1
∑ (−1)n+1 sin 5n
.
n =1

Solution:
F If you claim that the series is convergent, then you will get 1 marks for that. [1]
Otherwise, if you claim that the series is divergent, then you will get 0 marks in total for
this question. We would not see what you have written further.
∞  
1
FF To show that ∑ (−1) n +1
sin is convergent, one may use Leibnitz’s test. There
n =1
2n
1


might be other solutions. If you use Leibnitz’s test, then showing that sin 2n is a
decreasing
 sequence
 of positive real numbers gives you 2 marks. Then, showing that
1
lim sin = 0 and using the Leibnitz’s test gives you 2 more marks. Here is one
n→∞ 2n
solution:
1
for all n ∈ N. Since sin( x ) > 0 for all x ∈ (0, π2 ), the term xn is


−→ Let xn = sin 2n
∞
positive for all n ∈ N, i.e., ∑ (−1)n+1 xn is an alternating series. [1]
n =1
1


−→ Using the graph of sin( x ) (or some other way, or directly), we have { xn } = sin 2n
is a decreasing sequence. [1]
1 1


−→ Since 0 < sin 2n ≤ 2n for all n, using Sandwich Theorem,
 
1
lim sin = 0. [1]
n→∞ 2n

∞  
1
−→ Hence, by Leibnitz’s test, the series ∑ (−1) n +1
sin
2n
is convergent. [1]
n =1

Some wrong justifications:

1 1 1 1
it follows that (−1)n+1 sin ≤ (−1)n+1 2n



(i) Since sin 2n ≤ 2n , 2n , which is not true.
(ii) After giving the argument (i), some students have used the Comparison Test. This
test cannot be used as it is for series of non-negative real numbers only.
 
1
(iii) Some students have written “Since lim sin = 0, by Leibnitz’s test, the alternat-
n→∞ 2n
∞  
1
ing series ∑ (−1)n+1 sin is convergent”. They will get only 2 marks in total as
n =1
2n
this is incomplete argument.

Page 3
 ∞
√ !
n3 + n + 1
4. Determine whether the series ∑ (−1)n cos(n) n3
is convergent or divergent.
n =1
Justify in 7 lines at most. [5]
∞
√ ∞
√
n3 +n+1 n3 −n+1
OR replace ∑ (−1)n cos(n) n3
by ∑ (−1)n cos(n) n3
or
n =1 √ n=√
1
∞ ∞
n3 + n − 1 n3 + 2n + 1
∑ (−1)n cos(n) n3
or ∑ (−1)n cos(n)
n3
.
n =1 n =1

Solution:
F If you claim that the series is convergent, then you will get 1 marks for that. [1]
Otherwise, if you claim that the series is divergent, then you will get 0 marks in total for
this question. We would not see what you have written further.
FF One can use the Comparison Tests (both the forms). There might be other solutions.
Proving that the series is absolutely convergent gives you 3 marks. Finally, using the fact
that ‘an absolutely convergent series is convergent’, one can conclude the result. For this,
1 more marks. Here is one solution:
√ !
n3 + n + 1
−→ Let xn = (−1) cos(n) n
for all n ∈ N.
n3
√
3
Since | cos( x )| ≤ 1 for all x ∈ R, the term | xn | ≤ n n+3n+1 for all n ∈ N. [1]
∞
√ ∞
n3 + n + 1 1
−→ Comparing ∑ 3
with ∑ 3/2
. Note that
n =1
n n =1 n
√
n3 + n +1
r
n3 1 1
lim 1
= lim 1+ 2
+ 3 = 1 6= 0. [1]
n→∞ n→∞ n n
n3/2
∞ ∞
√
1 n3 + n + 1
−→ By Limit Comparison Test, since ∑ n3/2
is convergent, ∑ n3
is so. [0.5]
n =1 n =1
∞
√ ∞
n3 + n + 1
−→ Since ∑ n3
is convergent, by Comparison Test, ∑ | xn | is convergent. [0.5]
n =1 n =1
∞
−→ The given series ∑ xn is convergent because it is absolutely convergent. [1]
n =1

Another alternative solution:

√
n3 + n +1
√
3n3
√
Note that | xn | ≤ n3
≤ n3
= 1
3 n3/2 for all n ∈ N. [1+1]
∞
1
Thus, by the Comparison Test, since ∑ n3/2
is convergent, the given series is absolutely
n =1
convergent, hence it is convergent. [1+1]

Some wrong justifications:

√
3
(i) Some students have used the wrong inequality n n+3n+1 ≤ n3/21
.
√ !
n3 + n + 1
(ii) Since lim cos(n) = 0, by the alternating series property (???), ......
n→∞ n3

Page 4
 √
5. Let D = [0, ∞) = { x ∈ R : x ≥ 0}. Let f : D → R be a function defined by f ( x ) = 5
x for
all x ≥ 0. Prove or disprove that f is continuous. Justify in 7 lines at most. [5]
√
5
√
7
OR replace x by x.

Solution:
F If you prove that f is continuous, then you will get 1 marks for that. [1]
Otherwise, if you disprove the statement, i.e., proving f is not continuous, then you will
get 0 marks in total for this question. We would not see what you have written further.
FF You have to prove that lim f ( x ) = f (c). For that you may use one of the two equiv-
x →c
alent definitions of limit: (i) the sequential criterion and (ii) the e − δ definition. In the
1st case, you should use the e − N condition. In your solution, the following key points
should be there. There might be other solutions. Here is one solution:

Let c ∈ D. We need to prove that lim f ( x ) = f (c).

x →c
−→ Note that for all x ∈ D, we have

√ √ | x − c| 1
| f ( x ) − f (c)| = | 5 x − 5 c| = 4 3 1 2 2 1 3 4 ≤ 4 | x − c |. [1]
|x + x c + x c + x c + c |
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 c5

4
−→ Consider an arbitrary e > 0. For this e, choose δ = ec 5 . [1]
1
−→ Clearly, x ∈ D and | x − c| < δ =⇒ | f ( x ) − f (c)| ≤ 4 | x − c| < e. [1]
c5
−→ This proves that lim f ( x ) = f (c). Thus f is continuous at every point c of D. [1]
x →c

Another alternative solution:

Some students have argued using the continuity of logarithm (ln) function. They have
1
assumed that lim x 5 = l (Some marks should be deducted, as in this assumption, what is
x →c
 1 1 1
the guarantee that the limit exists?). Hence ln(l ) = lim ln x 5 = lim ln( x ) = ln(c)
x →c 5 x →c 5
(It follows from the fact that the function ln is continuous. If you do not write this, then
1 1
some marks should be deducted). Ultimately, you have concluded that lim x 5 = l = c 5 .
x →c
In this solution (without proper justification), you will get 2.5 marks in total.

An improper justification:
√ √
(i) | 5 x − 5 c| ≤ | x − c|k for some constant k. (If you do not write this k explicitly, then
some marks should be deducted).

Page 5
6. A function f is differentiable on [0, 2] and f (0) = 0, f (1) = 2 and f (2) = 1. Prove that
f 0 (c) = 0 for some c ∈ (0, 2). Justify in 7 lines at most. [5]

Solution:
The function f is not given explicitly. Only some conditions are given. So you have to use
the standard results or theorems, like Intermediate Value Theorem, Rolle’s Theorem and
Mean Value Theorem etc. If your justification is proper, then you will get the full marks.
Here are some solutions:

−→ Since f is differentiable on [0, 2], it is also continuous on [0, 2]. (This is important!) [1]
−→ Hence, by the Intermediate Value Theorem, since 1 is an intermediate value between
f (0) = 0 and f (1) = 2, there exists d ∈ (0, 1) such that f (d) = 1. [2]
−→ Therefore, by the Rolle’s Theorem, since f (d) = 1 = f (2), there exists point c ∈
(d, 2) ⊂ (0, 2) such that f 0 (c) = 0. [2]

Some wrong justifications:

(i) From observation, f is monotone increasing on (0, 1), and monotone decreasing on
(1, 2). These are incorrect. In general, f may not be like this.
(ii) f 0 ( x ) > 0 for all x ∈ (0, 1), and f 0 ( x ) < 0 for all x ∈ (1, 2). These are also incorrect.
(iii) Using MVT, there exist c1 ∈ (0, 1) and c2 ∈ (1, 2) such that
f (1)− f (0) f (2)− f (1)
f 0 ( c1 ) = 1−0 = 2 > 0 and f 0 (c2 ) = 2−1 = −1 < 0.

Up to this part, it is correct. If you write up to this, then you will get 3 marks. After
that some students have written that “since f 0 (c1 ) = 2 > 0 and f 0 (c2 ) = −1 < 0, by
the Intermediate Value Theorem, there exists c ∈ (c1 , c2 ) ⊂ (0, 2) such that f 0 (c) = 0.
This last part is not correct, as you do not know whether the derivative function f 0 ( x )
is continuous on [0, 2] or not.

Page 6
2 Multiple choice questions (total 7)
 n  n
1 1
7. Given that lim 1+ = e. Then lim 1+ is [3]
n→∞ n n→∞ 3n
A. e3 .
1
B. e 3 .
C. 3e .
D. 3e.

OR
 n  n
1 1
Given that lim 1+ = e. Then lim 1+ is [3]
n→∞ n n→∞ 2n
A. e2 .
1
B. e 2 .
C. 2e .
D. 2e.

OR
 n  n
1 1
Given that lim 1+ = e. Then lim 1+ is [3]
n→∞ n n→∞ 4n
A. e4 .
1
B. e 4 .
C. 4e .
D. 4e.

OR
 n  n
1 1
Given that lim 1+ = e. Then lim 1+ is [3]
n→∞ n n→∞ 5n
A. e5 .
1
B. e 5 .
C. 5e .
D. 5e.
 
1 1 1
8. The limit of the sequence 2
+ 2
+···+ is [3]
( n + 1) ( n + 2) ( n + n )2
A. 0.
B. ∞.
C. 1.
D. Does not exist, not even ∞.

OR
 
1 1 1
The limit of the sequence √ +√ +···+ √ is [3]
n2 + 1 n2 + 2 n2 + n
A. 1.
B. ∞.
C. 0.
D. Does not exist, not even ∞.

Page 7
 OR

1 √ √
3 √
The limit lim (1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n n) is equal to
n→∞ n
A. 0.
B. ∞.
C. 1.
D. 21 .

9. Choose the incorrect option from the following for sequence of real numbers: [3]
A. Every sequence has infinitely many convergent subsequences.
B. Every bounded sequence has infinitely many convergent subsequences.
C. Every subsequence of a convergent sequence is bounded.
D. Sum of two divergent sequences may be convergent.

OR

Choose the incorrect option from the following for sequence of real numbers: [3]
A. Every sequence has infinitely many convergent subsequences.
B. Every bounded sequence has infinitely many convergent subsequences.
C. Every monotone sequence which has a convergent subsequence is convergent.
D. Sum of two divergent sequences may be convergent.

OR

Choose the incorrect option from the following for sequence of real numbers: [3]
A. Every sequence has infinitely many convergent subsequences.
B. Every bounded sequence has infinitely many convergent subsequences.
C. Every monotone sequence which has a convergent subsequence is convergent.
D. Every subsequence of a convergent sequence is bounded.

OR

Choose the incorrect option from the following for sequence of real numbers: [3]
A. Every sequence has infinitely many convergent subsequences.
B. Sum of two divergent sequences may be convergent.
C. Every monotone sequence which has a convergent subsequence is convergent.
D. Every subsequence of a convergent sequence is bounded.

∞
10. Let { an } be a sequence of non-negative real numbers. Suppose ∑ an is convergent. Con-
n =1
sider now the following series:
∞
an
(1) ∑ n2
.
n =1

Page 8
 ∞
(2) ∑ an 2 .
n =1

Which of the following is true in general? [3]

A. Only series (2) is convergent.
B. Both series are convergent.
C. Only series (1) is convergent.
D. None of the series is convergent.

OR
∞
Let { an } be a sequence of non-negative real numbers. Suppose ∑ an is convergent. Con-
n =1
sider now the following series:
∞
an
(1) ∑ 1 + an
.
n =1
∞
(2) ∑ an 3 .
n =1

Which of the following is true in general? [3]

A. Only series (2) is convergent.
B. Both series are convergent.
C. Only series (1) is convergent.
D. None of the series is convergent.

OR
∞
Let { an } be a sequence of non-negative real numbers. Suppose ∑ an is convergent. Con-
n =1
sider now the following series:
∞ √
(1) ∑ an .
n =1
∞
(2) ∑ an 5 .
n =1

Which of the following is true in general? [3]

A. Both series are convergent.
B. Only series (2) is convergent.
C. Only series (1) is convergent.
D. None of the series is convergent.

OR
∞
Let { an } be a sequence of non-negative real numbers. Suppose ∑ an is convergent. Con-
n =1
sider now the following series:
∞
∑ an
3
(1) 2 .
n =1

Page 9
 ∞
an
(2) ∑ 1 + nan
.
n =1

Which of the following is true in general? [3]

A. Only series (2) is convergent.
B. Both series are convergent.
C. Only series (1) is convergent.
D. None of the series is convergent.

11. Let f : [0, 1] → R be a function defined as


x if x is rational,
f (x) =
1 − x if x is irrational.

Which of the following statements is true? [3]

A. f is continuous at every point in [0, 1].
B. f is continuous only at x = 21 .
C. f is continuous only at x = 32 .
D. f is not continuous at any point in [0, 1].

OR

Let f : [0, 1] → R be a function defined as


x if x is rational,
f (x) =
1 − x if x is irrational.
2

Which of the following statements is true? [3]

A. f is continuous at every point in [0, 1].
B. f is continuous only at x = 32 .
C. f is continuous only at x = 31 .
D. f is not continuous at any point in [0, 1].

OR

Let f : [0, 1] → R be a function defined as


x if x is rational,
f (x) =
1 − x if x is irrational.
5

Which of the following statements is true? [3]

A. f is continuous at every point in [0, 1].
B. f is continuous only at x = 65 .
C. f is continuous only at x = 61 .
D. f is not continuous at any point in [0, 1].

Page 10
12. Let f ( x ) = x + | x | and g( x ) = x | x | for all x ∈ R. Which of the following is/are differen-
tiable at x = 0?
A. g, but not f .
B. None of f and g.
C. f , but not g.
D. Both f and g.

OR replace

x + | x | by x − | x | or x + 2| x | or x − 2| x | or x + 3| x | or x − 3| x |.

13. Let f be a differentiable real valued function defined by


 ax + b
 i f x < 2,
f (x) =

10x3 i f x ≥ 2.


If the derivative function f 0 is continuous then, f (1) is

A. 20
B. 10
C. -40
D. -30

OR

Let f be a differentiable real valued function defined by


 ax + b
 i f x < 2,
f (x) =

5x3 i f x ≥ 2.


If the derivative function f 0 is continuous then, f (1) is

A. 20
B. 40
C. -20
D. -40

OR

Let f be a differentiable real valued function defined by


 ax + b
 i f x < 2,
f (x) =

7x3 i f x ≥ 2.


If the derivative function f 0 is continuous then, f (1) is

A. 28

Page 11
B. 56
C. -28
D. -56

Page 12