SECTION 11.

4 THE COMPARISON TESTS ¤ 471

1 1
17. Use the Limit Comparison Test with an = √ and bn = :
n2 +1 n
an n 1 S∞ 1
lim = lim √ = lim s = 1 > 0. Since the harmonic series diverges, so does
n→∞ bn n→∞ 2
n +1 n→∞ 2
1 + (1/n ) n=1 n

S
∞ 1
√ .
n=1 n2 + 1

1 + 4n 4n
19. Use the Limit Comparison Test with an = and bn = n :
1 + 3n 3
1 + 4n  
an n 1 + 4n 3n 1 + 4n 3n 1 1
lim = lim 1 +n3 = lim · = lim · = lim + 1 · =1>0
n→∞ bn n→∞ 4 n→∞ 1 + 3n 4n n→∞ 4n 1 + 3n n→∞ 4n 1
+ 1
3n 3n
S S  4 n S
∞ 1+4 n
Since the geometric series bn = 3
diverges, so does n
. Alternatively, use the Comparison Test with
n=1 1 + 3
 n
1 + 4n 1 + 4n 4n 1 4
> > = or use the Test for Divergence.
1 + 3n 3n + 3n 2(3n ) 2 3
√
n+2 1
21. Use the Limit Comparison Test with an = and bn = 3/2 :
2n2 + n + 1 n
√ √ √ s √
an n3/2 n + 2 (n3/2 n + 2 )/(n3/2 n ) 1 + 2/n 1 1
lim = lim = lim = lim = = > 0.
n→∞ bn n→∞ 2n2 + n + 1 n→∞ (2n2 + n + 1)/n2 n→∞ 2 + 1/n + 1/n2 2 2
√
S∞ 1   S∞ n+2
Since 3/2
is a convergent p-series p = 32 > 1 , the series 2 +n+1
also converges.
n=1 n n=1 2n

5 + 2n 1
23. Use the Limit Comparison Test with an = and bn = 3 :
(1 + n2 )2 n
5
an n3 (5 + 2n) 5n3 + 2n4 1/n4 +2 S∞ 1
lim = lim = lim · = lim  n
2 = 2 > 0. Since is a convergent
n→∞ bn n→∞ (1 + n2 )2 n→∞ (1 + n2 )2 1/(n2 )2 n→∞ 1
+1 n=1 n
3
n2

S
∞ 5 + 2n
p-series [p = 3 > 1], the series also converges.
n=1 (1 + n2 )2

1 + n + n2 1 an n + n2 + n3 1/n2 + 1/n + 1
25. If an = √ and bn = , then lim = lim √ = lim s = 1 > 0,
1+n +n2 6 n n→∞ bn n→∞ 2
1+n +n 6 n→∞ 1/n6 + 1/n4 + 1
S
∞ 1 + n + n2 S∞ 1
so √ diverges by the Limit Comparison Test with the divergent harmonic series .
n=1 n
1+n +n2 6
n=1

 2  2
1 an 1
27. Use the Limit Comparison Test with an = 1+ e−n and bn = e−n : lim = lim 1 + = 1 > 0. Since
n n→∞ bn n→∞ n
 2
S
∞ S∞ 1   S∞ 1
e−n = n
is a convergent geometric series |r| = 1
e
< 1 , the series 1 + e−n also converges.
n=1 n=1 e n=1 n

1 1 S∞ 1
29. Clearly n! = n(n − 1)(n − 2) · · · (3)(2) ≥ 2 · 2 · 2 · · · · · 2 · 2 = 2n−1 , so ≤ n−1 . n−1
is a convergent geometric
n! 2 n=1 2

  S∞ 1
series |r| = 1
2
< 1 , so converges by the Comparison Test.
n=1 n!