CENTRAL CHINA

NORMAL UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

PRESENTER: FADIL (2019280025)

PH.D STUDENT
SUPERVISOR: PROF. DR. SUN XIAO JUN
 OPENING PROPOSAL DEFENSE

The Relationship Between Career Knowledge(CK) and Critical

Thinking(CT) with Choosing College Major(CCM): A Counseling
Intervention(CI) Mediate Moderation Model and Study
 OUTLINE
01 INTRODUCTION 02 METHODOLOGY 03 REFERENCES

RESEARCH BACKGROUND POPULATION AND SAMPLING

THE PREVIOUS STUDY MEASURE

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK PROCEDURE

PROBLEM OF STUDY DATA ANALYSIS

HYPOTHESES SCHEDULE

OBJECTIVE
01. INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND...(1/5)

Choosing a major is essential for high school students. The

problem often is that students do not know about their
interests and talents. This problem makes it difficult for
students to determine the direction and specialization in
the future. The lack of information about further study is
also the reason students have difficulty in determining the
further study. In the end, students follow their parents
'choices or follow their friends' choices. Finally, students do
not like the chosen field and always feel they have been
wrong in choosing majors (Fatmasari & Supriyatna, 2019).
BACKGROUND...(2/5)
The Central Statistics Agency of Indonesia reports
that there are 219,485 schools in Indonesia in the
2022–2023 academic year. The number of high
schools in Indonesia is 14,236. That number also
rose 1.63% compared to the previous period, which
amounted to 14,007 units.

A two-year investigation into more than 400,000

student profiles and data form all throughout
Indonesia was conducted by Youth Manual, one of
the businesses supported by Skystar Ventures
and the Multimedia Nusantara University (UMN)
Tech Incubator in Indonesia.

Interesting data from the research's outcomes include the fact

even 92% of high school students were confused and uncertain
of what they would do with their futures and that 45% of
students considered they decided on the wrong major.
 STATISTICS
TOP 10
BACKGROUND...(3/5)
There are 10 majors that most Indonesian
high school students choosed in 2022,
such as Computer Science, Informatics
Engineering, Data Science, Digital Business,
Psychology, International Relations,
Business Administration, Medicine,
Chemical Engineering, and Visual
Communication Design.
BACKGROUND...(4/5)

One of the most important economic decisions

students make is the choice of college major. These
decisions do not only determine future job
opportunities faced by graduates (see e.g. Daymont
and Andrisani, 1984; Brown and Corcoran, 1997).

Educational choices such as choosing a major can be

considered as important career-related decisions.
Because adolescents’ ideas about possible future
careers develop while making such educational decisions,
these choices can be seen as a means for implementing
occupational choices (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994).
BACKGROUND...(5/5)
According to (McDaniels, Carter, Heinzen,
Candrl, and Wieberg, 1994) as students
enter college, their first big decision is what
their major will be for the next four to five
years.
 THE PREVIOUS STUDY...(1/2)

As previously study Students' overall Different assumptions Several studies

stated, real-life holistic impressions regarding the joint have examined the
decision making was of the suitability of distribution of the error influence of
done with a sample of candidate majors terms are associated demographics,
highly motivated, correlated with different including race and
intellectually able significantly with multinomial models. gender, on
college students well the predictions of While there are both academic major
practiced in analytical several linear ordered and unordered selection (e.g.
thinking as they models of decision choice models, we Maple and Stage,
confronted an ongoing making, replicating cannot find an ordering 1991), (Mau, 2004),
decision that they the results of of college majors, and (Simpson,
viewed as important, another study of except if we ask 2001).
difficult, and life real-life decision students on their
framing. making (Galotti, personal ordering of
1995). given majors (see
Arcidiacono et al.,
2010).
THE PREVIOUS STUDY...(2/2)

As stated (Stange,
2012) finds that 14%
of the total value of
Turner and Lapan (2005)
the opportunity to
evaluated a computer-
attend college is the
assisted intervention
option value arising Previous literature on
designed to increase
from sequential counseling interventions is
nontraditional career
schooling decisions characterized by strong
interests, reporting
made in the heterogeneity in terms of
positive effects for boys
presence of the intervention type and
and girls. In contrast,
uncertainty and the outcomes considered.
Moore and Cruce (2019)
learning about The first group of studies
did not find a positive
academic ability. administers counseling and
impact of fit signals
profiling interventions
given to students on
aimed at fostering the
their planned major
major-interest fit, college
certainty.
enrollment as such, or
academic performance.
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK...(1/7)
CAREER KNOWLEDGE (CK)

Career knowledge is defined as a lifelong process, by

which an individual defines and refines work roles. It
includes awareness of individual interests, skills,
attitudes, talents, and abilities, particularly as they
change and develop during the educational
experience.

This process helps the students to explore a variety of

occupational opportunities, learn the realities of the workplace,
and identify both the technical skills and individual qualities
that they will need to succeed. Career management as career
exploration, development of career goals, and career strategy
implementation (Noe, 1996).
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK...(2/7)
CRITICAL THINKING (CT)
Critical thinking is a habit
of mind characterized by
the comprehensive
exploration of issues,
ideas, artifacts, and events
before accepting or
formulating an opinion or
conclusion.
(Meltzoff, 1998) states that
his use of the term "ability
to think critically" refers to
the skill that one has in
thinking about an issue,
analyzing it, looking at it
from all sides, and weighting
whether there is sufficient
evidence of good-enough
quality to warrant making a
reasoned judgment that is
as free of personal bias as
possible.
A second reason critical
thinking skills are so
important, to everybody and
not just college students, is
that modern life confronts
the individual with an
overwhelming array of
problems to solve and
decisions to make where
many agencies present
information bearing on that
decision (Dorner, 1996; Stein
et al., 2010).
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK...(3/7)
CHOOSING COLLEGE MAJOR (CCM)

To identify adolescents’
educational decision-
making profiles in the
current study, six
Higher education is dimensions or decisional
one of the most tasks were used, which are
important priorities considered core aspects of
for most Indonesians, To continue their the career decision-making
even though some education to university, process at the micro-level
people prefer to work everyone is faced with (Germeijs & Verschueren,
2006).
and do not continue various choices such as
their education to a universities, levels of
higher level. education and choice of
study programs
(Harahap & Amanah,
2019).
 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK...(4/7)
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAREER KNOWLEDGE AND
CRITICAL THINKING WITH CHOOSING COLLEGE MAJOR

The match between a worker’s education and job has received much attention
in the literature. Studies have focused on the match between years of
CK schooling and the schooling required for the job, but the quantity of schooling
is only one way to consider the match between schooling and jobs. This
research considers the relationship between college majors and occupations.
Data from the National Survey of College Graduates are used to examine the
extent to which workers report that their work activities unrelated to the
college major. What degree fields lead to greater mismatch is explored as well
as the effect on the returns to schooling.

Students attend college and select degree fields in the hope of succeeding in the labor CT
market. One aspect of labor market success is the ability to utilize the investment in
schooling in future employment. Much research has been performed on the match
between worker education and jobs, with the focus on the relationship between the
years of schooling required for jobs and completed schooling (e.g., Cohn & Kahn, 1995;
Duncan & Hoffman, 1981; Groot & Maassen van den Brink, 2000; Hartog, 2000; Hartog &
Oosterbook, 1988; Hersch, 1991; Robst, 1995; Sicherman, 1991).
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK...(5/7)
THE MEDIATION ROLE OF VOCATIONAL IDENTITY (VI)

As stated by (Marcia, 1993), the process of exploration and

commitment are the two primary elements in the development of
a vocational identity. Adolescents' efforts to make an effort for
alternatives to their chosen fields of study, which then gradually
begin to solidify, reflect how their vocational identity is growing.

The development of a vocational identity is one of the key

milestones that adolescents must achieve because it is
crucial to identity development (Vondracek, in Hirschi,
2011). The importance of defining one's vocational identity
is underlined by developmental career theory.
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK...(6/7)
THE MODERATION MODEL OF PARENTS' SUPPORT (PS)
...1
Parents’ communicational
competencies and patterns
towards their children, where
encouragement and affective
support are felt, produce a
strong impact on behavior of
exploration and investment,
and correlate negatively to
behavior of foreclosure
(Blustein et al., 1991; Grotevant
& Cooper, 1988).
...2
Argue that parent and family support are
directly related to the time when one begins to
develop professional preferences. Children of
parents who offer high levels of support make
their choices earlier (Silbereisen, Vondracek &
Berg, 1997).
...3
All parents naturally aspire
the best for their children
in term of education. This
includes the parental
responsibility to safeguard
and promote their child's
health, development and
welfare in their child’s best
interests. Parents have the
right to express their
preferences for a particular
school that they want their
children to attend (Scottish
Executive, 2006).
 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK...(7/7)
CHOISE OF MAJOR AND THE ROLE OF COUNSELING INTERVENTION (CI)
The intervention combined an
educational and a counseling
approach and was founded on the
principles of motivational psychology
and client-centered therapy and the
use of an empathic therapeutic to
enhance participants’ self-efficacy
and skills. The contents of the
intervention were based on previous
consistent findings about cognitive,
emotional, social, and behavioral
determinants affecting adherence
and were focused on each of these
components.
An intervention for multi-potential
high school students that
encouraged goal setting based on
values and needs was effective in
promoting specific information
seeking and use of guidance (Kerr
& Ghrist-Priebe, 1988), and a
similar value based intervention
was effective in raising the
aspirations of gifted girls (Kerr,
According to rational choice
1983). These interventions involved
theory, students weigh the costs
a standardized set of assessments,
and benefits of different options
individual counseling procedures,
against each other when making
and group counseling techniques.
educational choices (Breen &
Goldthorpe, 1997; Breen et al.,
2014). Additionally, students seek
to optimize the fit between their
personal skills and interests and
the skill profile of the respective
major (Holland, 1959).
PROBLEM OF STUDY..(1/2)
Choosing a college major is an important choice that
requires the student to be willing to invest time and
efforts. Students must eventually choose which
institution to attend and which major will ultimately
direct their future career paths.

Amartya Sen, an economist and winner of the Nobel

Prize for Economics in 1998, stated that expanding access
to education can help solve various social problems faced
by society. But if a person's education is not aligned with
his or her job, will that education be effective in creating
social impact?
PROBLEM OF STUDY..(2/2)
In early November 2022, Indonesian Minister of Education
Nadiem Makarim stated that there were only a maximum of
20% of university graduates working according to their
study program. Another survey also stated that only 13% of
students felt they had taken the right course of study. This
statistic is even lower than that stated by the Indonesian
Ministry of Manpower in 2017, which stated that only 37%
of the workforce worked according to their educational
field.

When choosing a major, students may take into account advice from their
parents, siblings, extended relatives, peers, and academic counselors. One
factor may have a greater impact on students than another. One factor may
have a more significant effect on students than another. While choosing a
major, students may also take consideration the research they
accomplished on their own to choose the most beneficial career path for
them.
 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

RQ1 RQ2 RQ3 RQ4 RQ5

What is the What is the Can PS Can VI What is the
correlation correlation moderate mediate correlation
between between CK correlated moderated between
geographic and CT with between CK between CK counseling
differences CCM? and CT with and CT with intervention
with CK, CT, CCM? CCM? with CCM?
PS, VI, and
CCM?
 HYPOTHESES

H1 H2 H3 H4 H5
Geographic CK(a) and PS moderate PS moderate VI mediate
differences is CT(b) are correlated correlated moderated
correlated with correlated between CK between CT between CK
CK, CT, PS, VI, with CCM and CCM and CCM and CCM
and CCM

H6 H7
VI mediate CI is correlated
moderated with CCM
between CT
and CCM
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this research was to figure out which CK and CT were more
prevalent among high school students in Indonesia. Additionally, CK and CT are
going to be assumed for the purpose to identify the variables which influence
college major selection. It will take time to get through this research. Particularly
through the descriptive approach, correlation, cross-sectional models, and
experiment research. To clarify CK and CT for high school students, adopt a
descriptive method. The cross-sectional model and correlation approach will be
used to predict and identify the variables influencing high school students' decision
regarding their chosen field of study. GOALS
 02. METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study uses two research designs, namely, mediated
moderation and mix method. The first study was conducted as a
quantitative to assess the impact of persuasive, value-based
interventions on these variables, as well as certainty of career
and major. The second study involved a wait-list control group
to provide a mix-method experimental assessment of the effects
of persuasive, value-based, interventions on honors students'
development of vocational purpose and identity. We designed a
prospective, controlled, randomized trial to assess the impact of
a counseling intervention in addition to standard the study for
pre-test instrument with high school in Aceh Province, Indonesia.
 STUDY 1
In the first study, the research design is a survey study with quantitave
methods. A cross-sectional research approach is an observational
(descriptive) research approach that measures the results and exposure
of research participants at the same time (Setia, 2016). This means that
data from the entire study population will be examined at one particular
time to analyze the relationship between variables. The design of this
study will also describe the demographic information of students who
were sampled in the study. It aims to understand the respondent's
external conditions, such as gender, socioeconomic status and family
structure. Then analyze the relationship with choosing college major
strategy.
STUDY 1. MEDIATE MODERATION ROLE
MEASUREMENT
Variable CK the instrument's development is based on various earlier
studies of career knowledge, such as Career Decision Making Self-
Efficacy (CDMSE) developed by (Betz, Klein, & Taylor, 1996)
Variable CT that measures the different components of motivation
with respect to critical thinking: namely the Critical Thinking
Motivational Scale (CTMS) developed by (Neuville, et al., 2004)
Moderation variable PS the instrument was developed by (Parker,
Tupling &, Brown, 1979); namely Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI)
Mediate variable VI the instrument was developed by John L. Holland,
Denise C. Daiger & Paul G. Power (1980)
Variable CCM the instrument was developed by (Kathleen M. Galotti,
1999); namely Decision-Making Survey (DMS)
POPULATION AND SAMPLING
The population in this study will be done in a few
high school in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Students
who were between 6 and 12 months before
graduating and planned to go to university were
invited to participated in the study. Those high
school have four majors, namely Natural Science,
Sosial Science, Islam Religion, and Language,
totaling 500 people. This technique is a random
sampling that allows every individual in the
population to have same opportunity to be
chosen, and then the most representative sample
will enable researchers to generalize to a
population (Creswell, 2014).
DATA ANALYSIS
This study was analyzed using descriptive, multivariate analysis (MANOVA),
correlation, and multiple regression. MANOVA is used because it looks for
influence between variables, with more than one independent variable and
more than one dependent variable. Correlation and regression are used
because of more than one independent variable. Correlations in this study are
operated to analyze the relationship between independent and dependent
variables, while multiple regression will be operated to predict the dependent
variable in determining the dependent variable. MANOVA, correlation, and
multiple regression will be operated using a statistical analysis program,
namely SPSS (Statistical Products and Service Solutions).
 STUDY 2
In the second study, researchers used a mixed method. The mixed
method is a method used in research and focuses on collecting data,
then analyzing, and mixing quantitative and qualitative data in one
research format or series of research (Creswell & Clark, 2011). Research
that uses more than one approach will certainly give better results than
a single method. This is because the mixed method will reinforce one
another's results with the other results. Researchers use mixed methods
because it can produce complete data from respondents related to
increased about choosing college major strategy. The resulting data will
complement one another because not all data can be revealed with just
one approach but requires another approach to complete the data so
that it is more accurate.
STUDY 2. COUNSELING INTERVENTION EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT STUDY
Experimental research is research that seeks to determine whether treatment
affects the results of a study (Creswell, 2014). The magnitude of the effect
can be seen by giving specific treatment to a group (treatment group) and
not applying treatment to the other group (control group), then determining
how the two groups determine the outcome. In this study, researchers
provide treatment in the form of brief counseling workshop to the
experimental group, then the difference learning strategy will be seen with a
control group that is not given treatment. This research will be applied in a
true-experimental form.

The term true-experiment is sometimes used to refer to random experiments

(Dawes, 2010). The researcher uses true-experimentation because it can
systematically control the variables that can influence the results of the study
(Creswell, 2014). The design used in true experimental is the pre-test and post-
test control group design, with the reason that this design can describe the
conditions before and after the intervention was given. In this design, the
experimental group and the control group are formed by random assignment
procedures so that both can be considered equal (Creswell, 2014).
In addition, the control and experimental groups continued to undergo the
teaching and learning process as usual, and each group would be given material
about choosing college major strategy. The true-experimental research design can
be applied as follows:
POPULATION AND SAMPLING
Population in experimental research will are the same as Study 1. All the
students who have the lower category is obtained based on screening results
in cross-sectional studies. There are 50 students from 500 students which is
classified as low category (based on the results of calculations that refer to the
theories of Popham and Sirotnik, 1983). Then from 50 students samples will be
taken which will be given treatment (random from 3 different high school).
The sample calculation results in 50 students lower category who will be given
an intervention with a brief counseling workshop.
MEASUREMENT
Measurement in experimental research will use the same
instrument as cross-sectional research. Instruments in
experimental research will be given before and after treatment,
namely as a pre-test and post-test that is useful to see
differences in career knowledge and critical thinking in choosing
college major between the experimental group and the control
group. Thus the effectiveness of the given experiment will be
seen. If the career knowledge and critical thinking in choosing
college major in the experimental group are significantly higher
than the control group, then it can be said that the experiments
carried out are effective in increasing students' career
knowledge and critical thinking in choosing college major
strategy.
PROCEDURES
At this stage, researchers will conduct experiments on samples by using three
steps, namely pre-experiment, experiment, and post-experiment. The
experiment aims to analyze the relationship between career knowledge and
critical thinking on high school students in Indonesia after being given an
intervention using a brief counseling workshop approach.

Pre-Experiment
Post-Experiment

Experiment
EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION SCHEME
CONTRIBUTION OF RESEARCH

This study has several contributions. For instance, there is limited research to
figure out which CK and CT were more prevalent among high school students
in Indonesia. Therefore, it is important to continue examining these constructs
and compare the purpose to identify the variables which influence college
major selection. It will take time to get through this research. From a
counseling intervention, it is important that counselors assess for the role of
parents and to predict and identify the variables influencing high school
students' decision regarding their chosen field of study.
 RESEARCH PLAN

SEPTEMBER 2022-JANUARY 2023 FEBRUARY-MAY 2023 OCTOBER 2023 OCTOBER-DECEMBER 2023 JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2024

The topic Complete Proposal Collecting Analyzing

selection of development defense data for data for
the thesis is of scale for Study 1 Study 1 and
determined, Study 1 continue
the data and Study 2
literature are
collected and
organized

MARCH-APRIL 2024 MAY-JUNE 2024

Complete Revice the first

form the first draft, finally
draft of the complete the
graduation thesis, and
thesis conduct the
thesis defense
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THANK YOU