KCSEHISTORYPAPER1

REVISIONKIT
(MrIsaboke0705525657) PEOPLESOFKENYAUPTOTHE19THCENTURY

 Kenyawas1stoccupiedbytheKhoisanstockwhospokea
Pre-History languagewitha‘clicking’sound.
 TheirremnantswereabsorbedintheRiftvaleyasOkiek/
Thisreferstothestudyofpasteventsbeforewritingwas Dorobo
developed.(Unrecordedhistory)  TheothersincludedAthi,Gumba,OnguyeandOkuro.
History Origin,MigrationandsetlementofthepeopleofKenya

Isthestudyofmanspasteventsinrelationtohisenvironment.
SOURCESOFHISTORICALKNOWLEDGEONPRE-HISTORY  Kenyahasthreemaincommunities;Cushites,Nilotesand
1. Oraltraditions Bantu.
 TheCushitesareSouthernandEastern.
2. Anthropology
 TheycamefromEthiopianHighlands.
3. Artifacts/fossils/archaeology
 They(Southern)includeSanyeorDahaloinKenya.
4. Languageofthepeople/linguistics
5. Genetics  TheEasternincludeBorana,Somali,Oromo/Gala,Gabra,
Rendile,Burji/Surji,andShaggila/Dasenech.
WhyEastAfricaisregardedasthecradleofmankind. ReasonsformigrationofEasternCushites
1. PresenceofmanyarchaeologicalsitesaroundL-VitoriaandR/
1. Internalconflictsoverleadershipandcontrolofresources.
Valeyarea. 2. Externalatacksfromtheirneighbouringcommunities.
2. ThepresenceofsavannagrasslandsfoundinKenyafavored
huntingasameansofsurvivalbymane.g.forests. 3. Tolookforbetergrazingfieldsandwaterfortheirlivestock.
3. Existenceofpermanentriverswhichprovidedwaterforuseby 4. Spiritofadventure/exploration/curiosity
man. 5. Outbreakofnaturalepidemicse.g.humanandanimaldiseases.
4. Warmtropicalclimatewhichwasidealforman’sexistence. 6. Outbreakofnaturalcalamitiese.g.drought
5. Geographicaly,AfricaofwhichKenyaispartwascentraly 7. Populationpressure,hencetheyhadtolookforlandfor
located,makingitpossiblefortheearlymantospreadtothe setlement
otherpartsasthecontinentsweredrifting. ResultsoftheirmigrationandsetlementintoKenya

SourcesofHistoryoftheE.AfricanCoast. ࿿࿿࿿%97%࣬%75%࿿࿿%0%࿿࿿%0%࿿࿿࿿a%23%38%38%ᥘ࿿ ࿿
b翤乤࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿%100%뢄ซ࿿ ࿿ d盰噙࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
࿿࿿࿿%97%࣬%75%࿿࿿%0%࿿࿿%0%࿿࿿࿿a%23%38%38%ᥘ࿿ ࿿ e⮌搡࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿f匌尗࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿g╦ᦥ࿿ ࿿
b翤乤࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿%100%뢄ซ࿿ ࿿ d盰噙࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
hᷰ㍚࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿i筼⡧࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿j韀㞍࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿k
e⮌搡࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿f匌尗࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿g╦ᦥ࿿ ࿿ 䙼ᶑ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿l㊺ㅠ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿%0%࿿m䰢䐴࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
hᷰ㍚࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿i筼⡧࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿j韀㞍࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ n‫ﳼ‬Ꮝ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿o䗤䜗࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿p뱦ǝ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
k䙼ᶑ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿l㊺ㅠ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿%0%࿿m䰢䐴࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ q AccountsofArabtravelers.
n‫ﳼ‬Ꮝ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿o䗤䜗࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿p뱦ǝ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ ࿿࿿࿿%97%% ࣬ 75%࿿࿿%0%࿿࿿%0%࿿࿿࿿a%23%38%38%ᥘ࿿࿿
q SwahilihistoriesandChronicles. b翤乤࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿%100%뢄ซ࿿ ࿿ d盰噙࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
࿿࿿࿿%97%% ࣬ 75%࿿࿿%0%࿿࿿%0%࿿࿿࿿a%23%38%38%ᥘ࿿࿿ e⮌搡࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿f匌尗࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿g╦ᦥ࿿ ࿿
b翤乤࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿%100%뢄ซ࿿ ࿿ d盰噙࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
hᷰ㍚࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿i筼⡧࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿j韀㞍࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿k
e⮌搡࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿f匌尗࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿g╦ᦥ࿿ ࿿ 䙼ᶑ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿l㊺ㅠ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿%0%࿿m䰢䐴࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
hᷰ㍚࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿i筼⡧࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿j韀㞍࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ n‫ﳼ‬Ꮝ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿o䗤䜗࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿p뱦ǝ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
k䙼ᶑ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿l㊺ㅠ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿%0%࿿m䰢䐴࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ q GraecoRomandocumentary
n‫ﳼ‬Ꮝ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿o䗤䜗࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿p뱦ǝ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ ࿿࿿࿿%97%% ࣬ 75%࿿࿿%0%࿿࿿%0%࿿࿿࿿a%23%38%38%ᥘ࿿
࿿
q PeriplusoftheErythreansea. b翤乤࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿%100%뢄ซ࿿ ࿿ d盰噙࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
࿿࿿࿿%97%% ࣬ 75%࿿࿿%0%࿿࿿%0%࿿࿿࿿a%23%38%38%ᥘ࿿
࿿ e⮌搡࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿f匌尗࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿g╦ᦥ࿿ ࿿
b翤乤࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿%100%뢄ซ࿿ ࿿ d盰噙࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
hᷰ㍚࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿i筼⡧࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿j韀㞍࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿k
e⮌搡࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿f匌尗࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿g╦ᦥ࿿ ࿿ 䙼ᶑ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿l㊺ㅠ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿%0%࿿m䰢䐴࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
hᷰ㍚࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿i筼⡧࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿j韀㞍࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ n‫ﳼ‬Ꮝ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿o䗤䜗࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿p뱦ǝ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
k䙼ᶑ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿l㊺ㅠ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿%0%࿿m䰢䐴࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ q NaturalhistoryofPliny.
n‫ﳼ‬Ꮝ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿o䗤䜗࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿p뱦ǝ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
q Ptolemy’sGeography
SourcesofHistoryonKenyancommunities.
࿿࿿࿿%97%࣬%75%࿿࿿%0%࿿࿿%0%࿿࿿࿿a%23%38%38%ᥘ࿿
࿿
b翤乤࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿%100%뢄ซ࿿ ࿿ d盰噙࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
Oraltraditions(Folktales/stories/myths/legends,songs,
e⮌搡࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿f匌尗࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿g╦ᦥ࿿ ࿿ proverbs,riddlesandtonguetwisters).
hᷰ㍚࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿i筼⡧࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿j韀㞍࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ Archaeology/artifacts.
Writenrecordse.g.books.
k䙼ᶑ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿l㊺ㅠ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿%0%࿿m䰢䐴࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ Linguistics.
n‫ﳼ‬Ꮝ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿o䗤䜗࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿p뱦ǝ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ Genetics.
q ChristianTopography Anthropology(mythsandlegends).
Geology.
Rockpainting.

HowarchaeologistsobtaininformationonthehistoryofKenya.
LocatingHistoricalsites.
Excavatingordiggingthesite.
Datingthefossilsandartifacts.
Recordingthefindings.
HowthestudyofhistoryandgovernmentInspiresasenseof
patriotisminalearner
1.Itenablesonetobeloyaltohiscountry.
2.helpsonetobepatriotictohiscountry
3Ithelpsonetodeveloppositiveatitudetowardshiscountry
Intermarriagewhichstrengthenedrelationshipwithother
communities.
Exchangeofculturalactivitiesandpractices/Some
communitieswereabsorbed/assimilated.e.g.Bantucopied
somecustomsfromtheCushiteslikecircumcisionandage-set
system,andalsotabooagainstfisheatingamongsomeBantu
communities.
Intensifiedwarfare,hencemanydeathsovercontrolof
resourcesandraids.
Displacement/redistributionofthepopulatione.g.theBantu
weredisplacedfromShungwaya.
Increasedtradingactivities.
Itledtothespreadofironworkingintheregion.
TheCushitesformedalianceswithothergroupstohelpthem
overcometheirenemies.
TheylearnedtheartofmixedfarmingfromtheBantu.
ItledtoPopulationincreaseintheareasinwhichtheysetled.
Itledtotheemergenceofnewcommunities.
ResultsofinteractionbetweentheCushitesandtheBantuinKenya
inthepre-colonialperiod.
Intermarriagewhichstrengthenedrelationships
Populationincreasedastheymigratedintotheregion.
SomeBantusadoptedIslamfromtheCushites.
SomeBantuscopiessomecustomsfromtheCushites,like
circumcisionandage-setsystem.
SomeCushitescopiedcropgrowingfromtheBantu.
SomeCushiteswereabsorbed/assimilatedbytheBantu.
Theytradedwitheachother.
TheCushitesdisplacedtheBantufromShungwaya.
Theyfoughteachotherforcontrolofresources/increased
warfare,hencelossoflives.
NB/TheirmaineconomicactivitywasPastralism/Livestock
keeping/animalkeeping
TheBantu
TheyoriginatedfromaroundEasternNigeriaandCameroon
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
highlands(CongoBasin).
TheythenmovedtoDRCbeforefurthermovementtowardsE. 1. Populationpressure,hencelookforlandforsetlement
Africa. 2. Internalconflictsforcedsomeoftheircommunitiestomigrate
TheythensetledaroundWesternsideofL.VictoriainUganda. forsecurity.
 Fromhere,theysplitintotwogroups;oneenteredKenyafrom 3. Externalatacksfromtheirneighboringcommunities.
thewesterndirectionandsetledintheWesternregionof 4. Theymigratedtosatisfytheirspiritofadventure/exploration/
Kenya.TheycametobereferredtoasWesternBantu;andthey curiosity.
include;Abaluhya,AbakuriaandAbagusi. 5. Naturalcalamitiese.g.floodswhichkiledthem,thusforcing
 TheothergroupmovedsouthwardsintoTanzania,through themtomigrate.
KilimanjaroareaalongtheCoastuptoShungwayainModern 6. Naturalepidemicse.g.diseaseandfaminewhichkiledthem
SomaliabeforeTaitahils. andtheirlivestock,thusforcingthemtomigrate.
 SomeenteredKenyathroughKilimanjaroareawhileothers 7. Desireforgreenerpastureandwaterfortheirlivestock/
enteredfromtheEasternside/CoastfromShungwaya. overstocking,hencetheywerelookingfornewlandforgrazing
 Theysetledalongthecoastwhileotherspenetratedintothe andwater.
Centralregionofthecountry/aroundMt.Kenya. 8. Theymigratedtolookforlandforcultivationandcatlerearing.
 AttheCoast,theyincludeMijikendawhileattheCentralinclude 9. Thosenearwaterbodiesneedednewfishingareas.
Agikuyu,Akambaetc. ResultsofthemigrationandsetlementoftheNilotesintoKenya
Reasonsfortheirmigration 1. Itledtoincreaseinpopulationintheareaswheretheysetled.

1. Therewaspopulationpressureandhenceneedforlandfor 2. Itintensifiedconflictsforresourcesforresourcescontrol
3. Intermarriagewiththeothercommunities
setlement.
4. Exchangedculturalpracticeswithothercommunities/It
2. Theymigratedtolookforlandforcultivation
broughtaboutassimilationofsomecommunities
3. Theyneededlandforgrazingtheirlivestock,thusadditional
5. Itresultedintodisplacementofsomecommunities/
pasturesandwater.
redistributionofpopulation.
4. Internalconflictsforcedsomeoftheircommunitiestomigrate.
5. ExternalatacksfromtheirneighboursespecialyGala/Oromo, 6. Itledtoenhancementoftradewiththeneighboring
forcedthemtomigrateforsecurity/Externalpressure.(MAIN) communities
7. Someadoptedagriculturalskilsandpracticesfromtheir
ThisaffectedtheminShungwaya. neighboringcommunities.
6. Outbreakofnaturalcalamitiese.g.floodskiledsomeofthem, 8. Itenrichedthelanguagespokeninthearea/region.
thuspromptingthemtomigrate.
7. Outbreakofnaturalepidemicse.g.diseaseskiledthemand WaysofinteractionbetweenKenyansocietiesinthe19thCentury
theirlivestock,thusforcingthemtomigrate.
8. Theymigratedtosatisfytheirspiritofadventure/curiosity/ 1. Warfare/Raiding
exploration
2. Trade
Resultsoftheirmigration(Bantu) 3. Intermarriage
4. Culturalexchange/activitiese.g.language/Sportingactivities.
Displacementofsomecommunities/Redistributionof
population.
Intermarriagewithothercommunities
Expansionoftradewiththeirneighboringcommunities
Culturalexchangewiththeothercommunities/Assimilationof
somecommunitiesbytheotherse.g.Bantuslearnedtheartof
circumcisionfromthemandtabooagainstfisheating.
Itledtopressureoverland,henceconflictsandwarfare
Intercommunityconflictsledtolossoflivesanddestructionof property
Othercommunitieslearnedsomeagriculturalpracticesfrom
theBantu.
Theyspreadtheknowledgeofironworkingtodifferentpartsof Kenya.

Enrichmentoflanguagewithwordborrowing.
Nilotes SOCIO-ECONOMIC&POLITICALORGANIZATIONOFKENYAN
COMMUNITIESINTHE19THCENTURY

Theyfalinthreemaingroups:plain,highlandandriver-lake
Thenameswerecoiledfromtheenvironmentinwhichthey
ReasonswhyKenyancommunitiesfoughtagainsteachotherduring
setled.
thepre-colonialperiod.
TheplainNilotesinclude-Iteso,Maasai,Njemps,Turkana,
Competitionforlandforcultivation/setlement.
ThehighlandsNilotesincludeSabaot/Kony/Bok/Bongomek, 2. Competitionforwater/pasture.
Turgen,Marakwet,Elgeiyo,Pokot,Kipsigis,Nandietc3. Todemonstratetheirmilitarypower.
Samburu
 TheriverlakeNilotesincludeLuo. 4. Toraidforcatle.
TheNilotesoriginatedfromaroundR.NileinSouthernSudanin
aregioncaledBar-el-Gazen. FunctionsofwarriorsamongKenyansocietiesinthe19thC.
 TheyenteredKenyathroughtheareaofL.Turkana.
1. Defendingthecommunity.
Reasonsformigration 2. Raidingforproperty

Novels,UpdatedICT,CPA,KASNEB,HighSchool&PrimaryNotes 0705525657 2
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
3. Usedforterritorialexpansion. 1. TheypracticedCropgrowinge.g.milet

2. Theyalsopracticedlivestockkeepinge.g.sheep
Bantu 3. TheylearntIronworkingfortoolsandweapons.
4. Theyconductedbartertradewithneighborse.g.Maasai.
Socialorganization 5. Theymadetraditionalcraftse.g.basketsandpotery.
6. Theyhuntedandgatheredforwildanimalsandfruits.
1. Theypracticedcircumcision,someforboysandothersforboth 7. Theycolectedhoneyfromforestsfortraditionalbrew.
boysandgirls. Political
2. TheybelievedinauniversalGod.
3. Theyhaddivinersandmedicinepeople. 1. Theyhadadecentralizedsystemofgovernment.
4. Theysanganddancedduringceremonies. 2. Theyhadclansandsub-clans(Mbari)livinginthesameridge.
3. Aclanorridgewasunderaspokesperson(Muthamaki).
PoliticalOrganization 4. Theywereruledbycouncilsofelders(Kiama).
5. Thecouncilsofeldersperformedvarioustasksincluding
1. Theywereruledbycouncilsofelders religious,administrativeandjudicial.
2. Theyhaddecentralizedformsofgovernment 6. Thereexisted2generationsets(Marika):MwangiandMaina,
3. Councilsofelderssetleddisputes,presidingoverreligious witheachperformingleadershipskilsforaperiodoftime.
ceremonies,declaringwarandpeace,soundwarningwhen 7. Theyhadaclassofwarriorsfordefense,directedbycouncils
disasterstroke,spokespersonoftheircommunities,decidedon ofelders.
inter-tribalmariages,setdatesforsocialfunctions. 8. Theyhadotherleadersliketheprophets,priestsanddiviners
4. Somehadhereditaryleadership. whoplayedimportantpoliticalroleinthesociety.
9. Someindividualsrosetothepositionofpoliticalimportancein
EconomicOrganization the19thCenturyasaresultofexemplarycontributiontothe
societyandwealthacquired.
1. Tradedwiththeirneighbouringcommunities
2. TheyCultivatedandgrewcropslikemilet. FunctionsofCouncilsofEldersamongtheAgikuyu.
3. Theypracticedlivestockkeepinglikecatle.
4. Theyfishedalongriversandlakes 1. Itsetleddisputes/Maintainedlawandorder.
5. TheymadecraftslikePoteryandbasketry 2. Itmadelawsforthecommunity.
6. Theydidironworkingfortoolsandweapons. 3. Itpunishedlawbreakers/Actedascourtofappeal.
7. Theypracticedhuntingandgatheringforwildanimalsand 4. Itdeclaredwarandpeace.
fruits 5. Itpresidedoverreligiousfunctionslikeblessedwariorsbefore
8. Theyalsopracticedcatleraidingfromtheirneighbouring goingforwar.
communities
Ameru
Agikuyu
Social
Social
1. Relatedfamiliesformedaclane.g.Igembe,Tigania,Tharaka,
1. Thefamilywasthesmalestsocialunit. Imenti,MwimbiandChukawhichweremostlyfoundonridge
2. Relatedfamiliesformedaclan(Mbari)whichlivedindefined tops(Mwiriga).
area. 2. Insomecases,individualridgescombinedtocreatelargerunits
3. Theymarkedinitiationbycircumcisionbothboysand especialyduringperiodofwar.
clitoridectomyforgirls. 3. Marriagewasimportantandexogamous.
4. Theyjoinedagesetsafterinitiation(rikaandmarika),andthey 4. Therewasasystemofage-sets(Nthuki)basedon
weretaughtaboutthevaluesofthesociety. circumcisionofbothboysandgirlsafterwhichtheywere
5. TheybelievedintheexistenceofacreatorGodwhomthey groupedonto.
referredtoasNgai.TheybelievedhelivedontopofMt.Kenya. 5. Aftercircumcision,theyoungboysjoinedthewarriorclass
6. TheyhaddivinerswhointerpretedGod’smessage. (Ramare)fordefence.
7. Theyhadmedicinemen&women(MunduMugo) 6. Aftermarriage,awomanlookedforanelderlyladywhowould
8. Theyhadsacredplaces/shrinesforworship,prayersand behermid-wife,andtheformercouldgivehergiftsoftenly.
offeringse.g.Mugumotree. 7. Malechildrenunderwentseveralstagesbeforetheywere
9. Theybelievedinancestralspirits,andhencepouredlibationsto consideredmatureandresponsible.
appeasethem. 8. Thestagesensureduprightbehaviour,instilcourage,enhance
10.Marriagewasimportant,butexogamous. devotiontothecommunityetc.
11.Theyhaddivisionoflabouraccordingtogenderandage. 9. TheybelievedinasupremeGod(Murungu/babawitu)-the
12.Theyhadgenerationsets-MwangiandMaina. Sun/creator.
10.Theybelievedintheexistenceofancestralspiritswhowatched
WhattheyborrowedfromtheGumba. overtheliving.
11.Theygavesacrifices,libationandofferingstotheirGod.
1. Age-setsystem 12.Thereexistedaclassofmedicinepeoplewhotreatedthesick
2. Tabooagainstfisheating. andcleansedthepeoplewhobecameuncleanthroughtheir
3. Breedingofcatle badbehaviour.
4. Circumcision/Clitoridectomy 13.Theyalsohadprophets(Aroria)includingRaiboniwhohadthe
5. Huntingandgathering abilitytoforetelthefuture.
6. Ironworkingandsmelting 14.Constructionofhouseswasdonebyladies.
Economics

Economic
1. Theycultivatedlandandgrewcropslikemilet

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2. Theykeptlivestocke.g.goats. Nthele,fulelders/AthumiamakivaloandSeniormostelders/

3. Theytradedwiththeirneighbours.
4. Ironworkersandtheymadetoolsandweapons
5. Someofthemdidhunting&gathering,whichtheylearntfrom
theAthi.
6. Madecraftse.g.basketsandpotery/Madeleatherworkse.g.
sandals.
Political
1. Basicpoliticalunitwasthefamilyheadbythefather.
Theyhadadecentralizedgovernmentstructure/Theywere
ruledbyseniorcouncilsofelders(NjuriNcheke).FunctionsofcouncilsofeldersamongtheAkamba.
Severalrelatedfamiliesformedaclanheadedbyaclancouncil
ofelders(Kiama).
4. Councilsofelderssetleddisputes,deliberatedondaytoday
activitiesadministeredjustice,solveddisputes.
5. NjuriNchekesolvedlandandinheritancedisputes,presided
overmajorsocial/religiousfunctions,actedascourtofappeal,
advisedwarriors,negotiatedpeace,andmadelaws.
Theyhadwariorswhodefendedthecommunity,providedby age-sets.
ReligiousleaderslikeRaiboniorprophetsinfluencedpolitical
administration.
Theirsystemofgovernmentalternatedbetweentwo Abagusi
organizationsnamelyKirugaandNtibaevery14yearsandeach
haditsownarmyregiment.Social
AthumiamaIthembo.
5. Theyalsohadclanelders.
6. Theretiredeldersadvisedsenioreldersonimportantmaters
affectingthecommunity
7. Councilssetleddisputes
8. Theyhadamilitarygroup(kivalo)whichwasdisbandedafter
war.
9. Inthe19thCentury,certainpersonalitiesacquiredpolitical
statusandwerereferredtoaschiefsfolowingamassingof
wealthfromtrade.
1. Theypreparedtheyouthforwar/Declaredwarandpeace.
2. Theypresidedoverreligiousandotherrituals.
3. Theywerethecustodiansofthesocialcodeofethicsamong
theAkamba.
4. Theyofferedadvicetothepeoplewhenneedarose.
5. Theyruledthecommunity/Setleddisputes.

Akamba 1. Severalrelatedfamiliesformedaclan.
2. Initiationwasmarkedbycircumcisionforboysandgirls.
Social 3. Theinitiatedboysformedage-sets
4. TheybelievedincreatorGod(Engoro)andmankind(Ebirecha)
1. Thefamilywasthesmalestsocialunit. 5. Theyofferedsacrifices
2. Theyhadclansformedbyrelatedfamilies 6. Theyhadspecialpeoplelikediviners,seerscaledOmuraguri
3. Marriagewasexogamous. 7. Marriagewasexogamous.
4. Onewhoviolatedthenormsofthecommunitye.g.murdered
wasbanished. Economic
5. Theyhadage-setsformedbyboyswhowerecircumcised
together.Theyalsocircumcisedgirls. 1. Theykeptlivestocke.g.catle
6. TheyhadcreatorGod(Mulungu) 2. Theypracticedlandcultivatedformilet
7. Theyprayedthroughancestralspirits 3. Theypracticedfishingalongriversandlakes.
8. Theyofferedsacrifices 4. Theyhuntedandgatheredforwildanimalsandfruits.
9. Theyhadherbalistandmedicinemenandwomen 5. TheypracticedIronworkingforweaponsandtools.
10.Theyhadsacredplaces/shrines,mostlyunderfig 6. Theymadecraftse.g.baskets.
trees/baobab. 7. Theyraidedforlivestockfromtheirneighbouringcommunities.
11.Theyhadceremonieswheretheysanganddanced. 8. TheytradedwiththeirneighboursliketheLuoandthekipsigis.
13.Dailyprayersweresaidbythefamilyhead.
14.Gameslikegamblingwerealsopopularinthecommunity. FactorsthatinfluencedtheAbagusitobecomecropfarmersbythe
14.TheybelievedthatGodexistedin3forms:MulunguMumbi beginningofthe19thCentury.
(creator),Mulungu
Mwalwangi(diviner)andMulungu(giver). 1. Possessionofironandironworkingskils.
2. Setlementinareaswithsuitableclimate.
Economic 3. Existenceofindigenouscrops.
4. Fertilesoilsintheirareasofsetlement.
1. Theykeptlivestocke.g.catle
2. Theyalsogrewcropse.g.milet Political
3. Theyhuntedandgatheredforwildanimalsandfruits
4. Theymadecraftse.g.basketsandpotery. 1. Thebasicpoliticalunitwastheclan,formedbyrelatedfamilies
5. Theyironworkedfortoolsandweapons 2. Theyhadhereditaryclanchiefs(Omugambi),whowereacrown
6. Theywerebee-keepersfortraditionalbrew. (chindogote).
7. Theytradedwiththeirneighbouringcommunities. 3. Theyhadadecentralisedsystemofgovernment.
4. Theywereruledbycouncilsofelders.
Political 5. Thecouncilsofelderssolvedlanddisputesandmaintainedlaw
andorder.
Thebasicpoliticalunitwastheclan,formedbyrelatedfamilies 6. Abagambipresidedoverreligiousceremonies.
Theywereruledbycouncilofelders/Decentralizedsystemof 7. Theage-setsprovidedwarriorsfordefense.
government. 8. Catlebomaswereusedasmilitarygroundfortraining.
3. Theyhadage-setsandage-grades,whichprovidedwarriorsfor 9. Therewererituallikediviners,medicinemenandhealerswho
defense. playedpoliticalroles.
4. Theyhadjuniorelders/Anake,Intermediate/mediumelders/

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 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
thereaftertheboysweregroupedintoage-sets.

Mijikenda 4. Theyhadceremoniestomarkchangefromonestageto
another.ThiswasthesaketapEito(Slaughterofabulock).
Theyfalunder9clans,namely:Ribe,Rabai,Jibana,Giriama,Chonyi, 5. Marriagewaspolygamousandexogamous.
Kambe,Digo(kwale),Kauma&Duruma. 6. TheybelievedinacreatorGod-Asis.
7. TheyprayedtoGodthroughancestralspirits.
Social 8. Theyhadaclassofspecialistslikeprophetsandmedicine
people.
1. Thesmalestsocialunitwasthefamily. 9. Theyhadreligiousleaders,withOrkoiyotastheoveral.
2. Theywereorganizedinclansformedbyrelatedfamilies. 10.Relatedfamiliesformedaclan
3. Theyformedagesetsaftercircumcision. 11.Theyhadsacredplacesofworshippingandofferingsacrifices.
4. TheybelievedintheexistenceofoneGod-Mulungu. 12.Educationwasinformalandtheeldersimpartedknowledgein
5. TheyofferedsacrificestoappeaseMulungu theyouths.
6. TheymadeprayersdirectlytoMulungu.
7. Priestspresidedoverceremoniesandrituals. Economics
8. Otherpeoplesuchasprophets,medicinemenanddiviners
(Wafisi)playedanimportantroleinthesociety. 1. Theywereinvolvedinhuntingandgatheringforwildanimals
9. Theybelievedinancestralspiritswhoguidedfamiliesand andfruits
mediatedbetweenthemandMulungu. 2. Theywerepastoralists,theykeptlivestocklikecatle
10.Theelderlymembersofthesocietyimpartedsocietalvalues 3. Theycultivatedlandandgrewcropslikemilet
andnormstotheyouths. 4. Theytradedwithneighbouringcommunities
11.Labourwasdividedaccordingtogenderasmenbuiltthe 5. Theypracticedironworkingforweaponsandtools
housesandchildrenlookedafterdomesticanimals. 6. Theymadecraftse.g.basketandpots
12.Socialceremoniesweremarkedwithsongsanddance. 7. Theyraidedtheirneighbouringcommunitiesforcatleandland.
13.Theypracticedexogamy.
Economic Political

1. Theycultivatedlandandgrewcropse.g.yams 1. Thesmalestpoliticalunitwasthefamilyheadedbythefather

2. Theymadecraftse.g.basketsandpots. whohandledinternalmaterslikedisciplineandinheritance.
3. Theykeptlivestocke.g.goats. 2. Theyhadadecentralizedsystemofgovernment,headedbya
4. Theyfishedalongriversandlakes. councilofelderswhoactedasthehighestcourt.
5. Theybartertradedwiththeirneighbours. 3. Theyhadneighbour-hoodpoliticalunits(Kokwet)undera
6. Theyhuntedandgatheredforwildanimalsandfruits. councilofelderswhohandledmatersaffectingtheneighbour-
7. Theyalsopracticedironworkingforweaponsandtools. hood.
4. Theclanwas3rdunderaclancouncilofelderswhodealtwith
grazingrights.
5. Theyhadage-setswhichprovidedwarriorsfordefenseofthe
Political communityagainstexternalatacks.
6. Bythe19thCentury,theOrkoiyothadbecomeinfluentialinboth
1. Theywereorganizedin4-6clanswithmanysub-clans. spiritualandpoliticalaffairsofthecommunity.
Age-setsprovidedwarriorsfordefense
Theyhadcouncilsofelders(Kambi)/Theyhadadecentralized FunctionsofOrkoiyot.
systemofgovernment.
4. Youngmenbecamemembersofage-setsaftercircumcision 1. Presidedoverreligiousceremoniesandfunctions.
andtookpartinpoliticalactivities. 2. Advisedcouncilofeldersonmatersofrunningofthe
5. Thecouncilofeldersadministeredtheclanandwasfinalcourt community.
ofAppeal 3. Advisedandblessedthewarriorsbeforeraidingorwagingwar.
6. Councilmeetingswerechairedbyheadmen. 4. Arbitratedincasesanddisputesbetweenmembersofthe
7. Theylivedinfortifiedvilagesforsecurity/defense. communityandacouncilofelders/Arbitratedininter-clan
disputes.
FunctionsofKambi. 5. Heforetoldwhatwastohappen.
6. Hewasconsultedonmatersofsacrificeandtransferofpower
1. Administrationoftheclan. fromoneagegrouptoanother.
2. Setlingdisputes. 7. Hadabilitytomakerain.
3. Maintaininglawandorder. 8. Wasthechiefmedicineman.
4. ItactedasthefinalcourtofAppealonjudicialmaters. 9. Wastheoveralpoliticalleader,henceaunifyingfactorinthe
5. Itpresidedoverreligiousmatersandceremonies. community.
6. Itdeclaredwarontheirneighbours.
Maasai
Nilotes
Social
Nandi
1. Thebasicsocialunitwasthefamilycomprisingthefather,wife
Social /wivesandthechildren.
2. Theyhadclansmadeupofrelatedfamilies
1. Thefamilywasthesmalestsocialunit. 3. Theyhad2groups;Purko(pastralists)andKwavi(Iloikop)
2. Theyhadage-sets;Maina,Korongoro,Sawe,Chumo,Kipkoimet, (cultivators)
Kaplelach,KimnyigeiandNyongi 4. Theyhadage-sets/age-groupswhichweremadeupofpeople
3. Initiationwasmarkedbycircumcisionforboysandgirls,and whowerecircumcisedatthesameperiod.Theycircumcised

Novels,UpdatedICT,CPA,KASNEB,HighSchool&PrimaryNotes 0705525657 5
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
bothboysandgirls. 1. Theytradedwiththeirneighboringcommunitieslikethe

5. BelievedintheexistenceofasupremeGod-Enkai,whowasthe Abaluhya.
creatoroftheuniverse. 2. Theymadecraftslikepots.
6. Theyhadreligiousleaderse.g.Laibonwhomediatedbetween 3. TheyadaptedcultivationoflandforcropsfromtheBantu.
thepeopleandEnkai. 4. Theykeptlivestockforskinsandmilk.
7. TheyofferedsacrificestoGodinspecialplaces/celebrated 5. Theydidfishingalongriversandlakes.
theEunotoceremonythatmarkedgraduationfrommoranhood 6. TheylearntironworkingfromtheBantu.
tojuniorelders. 7. Theyalsopracticedhuntingandgathering.
Theybelievedintheexistenceofancestralspiritswhomthey revered.

Social
1. Familywasthebasicsocialunit;headedbythefather

Economic (Jaduong).
2. Relatedfamiliesformedaclan
1. Theypractisedhuntingandgatheringforwildanimalsand 3. Theywerepolygamousandexogamousinmarriage
fruits 4. Theyhadaclassofspecializedpeoplelikeprophets.
2. Theywerenomadicpastralists,believedthatalthelivestockon 5. Theyhadspecialworshipplaces/Shrines
earthbelongedtothem. 6. TheybelievedinacreatorGod-Nyasaye
3. TheKwavicultivatedlandandgrewcrops.Theyacquiredthis 7. Theybelievedinlifeafterdeathandreincarnation
practicefromtheAgikuyu. 8. Theybelievedingoodandbadspirits.
4. Theyraidedforlivestockandland 9. Theyhadreligiousleaderswhopossessedaspirit-Juogi.
5. TheyacquiredtradingfromtheAgikuyu 10.Initiationwasmarkedbyremovalof6lowerteethforbothmen
6. Theymadecraftslikebaskets andwomen.
7. TheyIronworkedforweaponsandtools 11.Afterinitiation,onecouldmarry
8. Theyminedredochreandsalt. 12.Theyofferedsacrifices
13.Theyhadceremonieswheretheysanganddanced.
Political
Political
1. Theyweredividedintosemi-independentunitseachwithits
leader,pastures,animalbrandandwateringunits. 1. Theywereorganizedinclans,madeupofrelatedfamilies
2. Theywereruledbycouncilsofeldersconsistingofrituals 2. Theclansformedalargerterritorialunit(Gweng)whichwas
leadersandclanheads. self-governing.
3. Thedutiesofcouncilsofeldersincludedmaintaininglawand 3. Eachclanwasgovernedbyacouncilofelders
order,declaringwaretc. 4. Thecounciladministeredjusticeandservedascourtofappeal
4. Theyhadagesetsthatperformedleadershiprolesinthe 5. Theyhadasystemofchieftainship(Ruoth)whoadministered
societyinturns. withhelpofcouncilofelders
5. Theyhadaclassofwarriors(morans)whodefendedthe 6. Therewereritualexpertse.g.divinerswhoplayeddifferent
communityandcarriedoutraids. politicalroles.
6. Oloiboniwasthemostimportantritualleader,andlater(19th 7. FamilyaffairswereunderalowercouncilcaledDoho
century)influencedpoliticalmaters. comprisingofseveralmaleheads.
7. Theyhadadecentralizedsystemofgovernment. 8. Therewasaclassofwarriorsfordefense(Thuondi)with
8. Theyhadritualleaderstopresideoverreligiousfunctionsand OsumbaMurwayiastheleader.
advisethecommunityduringcrisis. 9. Theyhadadecentralizedsystemofgovernment,withamilitary
9. Theywentthrough4stages:boyhood(1Laiyak),Warriorhood leader(OsumbaMurwayi)
(1Imuran),JuniorelderandSeniorelder.
10.TheylaterhadOloibonastheiroveralpoliticalleader. CUSHITES

FunctionsofOloibon. Somali

Hepresidedoverreligiousfunctionslikeofferingsacrifices. ResultsofthemigrationandsetlementofSomaliintoKenya.
Headvisedandblessedwarriorsbeforewar/declaredwar.
HeadministeredMaasailand/heactedasaunifyingfactor. 1. Theyintermarriedwiththeothercommunitiesaroundtheir
Headvisedcouncilsofeldersonmaterspertainingdailyareasofsetlement.
runningofthecommunity. 2. Therewasexpansionoftradingactivitieswiththeirneighbours.
5. Heforetoldwhatwouldhappeninfuture. 3. Expansionofagricultureintheregionduetodemandof
6. Hearbitratedincasesinvolvingcouncilsofeldersand agriculturalproducebySomalis.
membersofdifferentclans. 4. Increasedconflictsovercontrolofresources.
7. Hehadtheabilitytomakerainbycommunicatingwiththe 5. Displacementandredistributionofpeopleintheareaswhere
spiritsoftheancestors. theysetled.
8. Hewasconsultedwhendisasterslikedroughtstruck. 6. Culturalexchangee.g.communitiesborrowedIslamfrom
Somali.
7. Assimilationofsomecommunitiese.g.Oromo.
Luo 8. Someofthemadoptedcropfarmingpracticewhentheysetled
alongpotentialareaslikerivervaleys.
TheyoriginatedfromPubungu/PakwachbeforeenteringKenya.
Social
Economic
1. Relatedfamiliesformedaclan

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2. Theyhadage-sets 6. Thereexistedotherspecialpeoplewhowererespectedlike

3. Theymarkedinitiationbycircumcisingtheirboysandgirls. medicinepeopleandprophets.
4. TheyhadsupremeGod-Waq. 7. TheyworshippedapowerfulGod-Wak/Waqtowhomthey
5. Theyhadreligiousleaderswhopresidedoverreligious offeredindividualandfamilyprayers.
functions. 8. Theheadofthefamilyofferedsacrificesateverynewmoon.
6. TheylateradoptedIslam. 9. Theyhadreligiousshrineswheretheyofferedprayersand
7. Theybelievedintheexistenceofancestralspirits. sacrifices.
8. Theyhadspecialplacesofworship/shrines. 10.Theybelievedinancestralspiritswhoprotectedtheliving.
9. Marriagewasexogamousandpolygamous. 11.Theyhadpatrilinealsystemofinheritance,bythe1stbornwho
10.Propertywasinheritedbytheeldestson,andthensharedwith sharedwiththeyoungerones.
theothers. 12.Marriagewaspolygamousandexogamous.
11.Theyhadceremoniesinwhichtheysanganddanced.
Theirreligiouspractices.

1. TheybelievedinGodwhomtheyreferredtoasWaq.

2. Theyhadreligiousleaders.
3. Theyhadancestralspirits.
4. Theyhadsacredplacesforworship.
5. TheylaterembracedIslaminthe16thCentury.
Political
1. Theyhadadecentralizedsystemofgovernmentbasedon
clansmadeupofrelatedfamilies
2. Eachclanwasindependentofeachotherbutcouldcome
togethertofaceacommonenemy
3. Theclanwasheadedbyacouncilofelders
Thecouncilofeldershaddutieslikepresidingoverassemblies, likemilet,sorghumandyams.
maintaininglawandorderetc.
Theyhadanoveralchief(sultan)buthispowersdidnot
supersedethoseofthecouncilofelders.Political
Hewasmainlyanegotiatorbetweendifferentclansaswelas
confirminganewaSultanintoofficeasaformality
6. Theyhadage-setsystemwhichprovidedwarriorsfordefense
ofthecommunityagainstexternalatacksandacquiringwealth
forthem.
7. Eachage-setperformedspecificpoliticaldutiesforaperiodof
time.
8. WiththeintroductionofIslam,thecouncilofelderswas
replacedbySheikhsascommunityleaders.
9. WiththeintroductionofIslam,theirpoliticalsystemwasthen
basedontheIslamicorSharialaw.
Economic
1. Theywerenomadicpastoralistsandkeptcamel.
2. Theirstaplefoodswascamelmeat.
3. Theytradedwiththeirneighbouringcommunities.
4. Theymadecraftse.g.baskets.
5. Theyhuntedandgatheredforwildanimalsandfruits.
6. Theyfishedalongriversandlakes.
7. Theyironworkedforweaponsandtools.
8. Theyalsopractisedlandcultivationincropslikemilet.
BORANA
Economic
1. Theywerenomadicpastoralists/Keptlivestocklikecamel,
sheep,goatsandcatle.
2. TheytradedwiththeirneighbourslikethePokomoand
Mijikenda.
3. Theydidhuntingandgatheringforwildanimalsandfruitsto
supplimentlocalyproducedfoodstuffs.
4. Theymadecraftslikebasketsandpotery.
5. Theyironworkedforweaponsandtools.
6. Theyraidedforcatlewhichearnedthecommunityadditional
wealth.
7. Theydidfishingforthosewhosetledaroundriversandlakes
8. Thosewholivedinwateredareascultivatedandgrewcrops
1. Relatedfamiliesformedaclanwhichwasthebasicpolitical
unit.
2. Theyhadacentralizedsystemofgovernment.
3. Theyalsohadacouncilofelders
4. Thecouncilofeldersmaintainedlawandorder,enforcedrules,
regulatedbehavioroftheclanmembers,madedecisions
concerningwarandpeace;andtheirdecisionwasfinal
5. Theylivedinacampwiththeseniormarriedmanrecognizedas
thehead,whoenforcedlawsandsetleddisputeswithinthe
camp.
6. Theyweredividedinto2groups/halvesforeffective
administration.
7. EachhalfwasadministeredbyaleadercaledKalu.
8. ThepositionofKaluwashereditaryandhehadbothpolitical
andreligiousduties.
9. Kalusetledmajorinter-clandisputes.
10.Healsoadministeredwiththehelpofthecouncilofelders.
11.Theyhadaclassofwarriorswhodefendedthecommunities
againstexternalatacksandorganizedraidsagainst
neighbours.

Social CONTACTSBETWEENEASTAFRICAANDTHEOUTSIDEWOLDUP

1. Thenuclearfamilywasthesmalestsocialunitheadedbythe
father.
2. Theyhadclansformedbyrelatedfamilies
3. Theyalsohadthecamp,madeupofunrelatedfamilies,ledby
mostseniormarriedman.
4. Theyhadage-setsmadeupofboyscircumcisedatthesame
time.
Theyalsohadage-gradesrangingfrominfancytooldage
havingitsownrightsandduties.Evidence.
TOTHE19THCENTUARY.
-TheearlyvisitorstotheEastAfricanCoastincludedEgyptians,
Phoenicians(fromLebanon),Indonesians,Turks,Romans,Syrians,
Greeks,Indians,Chinese,Persians,Arabs,peoplefromBurma,
Thailand,SpiceandMalaysia.
TheearliestincludedEgyptians,Indonesians,Romans,Persians,
Syrians,Phoenicians,Greeks,Chinese,Arabs,Indians.

Novels,UpdatedICT,CPA,KASNEB,HighSchool&PrimaryNotes 0705525657 7
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
towns.
1. TheGraeco-RomanDocumentarywhichmakesdirect  MajormarketswereEurope,India,ChinaandtheMiddleEast.
referencestotheEastAfricanCoast.
TheBook-PeriplusoftheErythereanSea,writenduringthe1st ResultsofthetradebetweentheEastAfricanCoastandtheoutside
CenturyADbyaGreekMerchant;ittalksaboutthepeopleand world.
placesalongtheEastAfricanCoast.
ThewritingsbyaGreekScholar-ClaudiusPtolemy(Geography). 1.ManyAfricanswereconvertedtoIslam.
Inthisbook,hemadereferencetotheEastAfricanCoast 2.NewcropswereintroducedattheE.AfricanCoast.
(AZANIA)andthetradealongtheCoast. 3.Growthoftownsandcity-states.
4. TheSwahiliChronicles(Histories)writenbytheCoastalpeople, 4.Riseofaclassofrichmerchants.
basedontheOralTraditions. 5.Declineoflocalindustriesasthelocalstastedforeigngoods.
5. NaturalHistorywritenbyaRomanGeographerandHistorian- 6.DestructionofwildlifeduetocontinuedsearchforIvory.
PlinyabouttradebetweentheCoastandIndia. 7.Warfareduetoslavetrade.
6. Arabtravelerse.g.Al-Mosudi,Al-IdrisiandIbnBatutawrote 8.Introductionofcurrencyasamediumofexchange.
aboutplacestheyvisitedattheEastAfricanCoastand 9.InternationalrelationswereintroducedbetweenE.Africaandthe
intermarriagealongtheCoastlineofE.A. outsideworld.
ArchaeologicalsitesalongtheEastAfricanCoastalsohave 10.ExposedE.Africa,hencecolonization.
evidenceinformofartifactse.g.Potery;thisisevidentatGedi 11.Traderouteslaterdevelopedintomainroads.
andKilwabyDrKirkmanandChitick(Archaeologists).
ChristiantopographyofCosmosIndicoPleatustes.CityStates.
TypesofevidenceaboutcontactsbetweentheKenyanCoastand
theoutsideworlduptothe1200AD.  Thisisatownoracitywithitsowngovernmentresponsiblefor
itsownaffairsindependentofanyexternalinfluence.
1. Archaeologicale.g.ruins,coinsetc.  SuchcityStateswereintroducedattheEastAfricanCoastby
2. Writene.g.Ptolemy’sGeography. theArabs.
3. Presenceofcropsindigenoustotheotherpartsoftheworld.  TheyincludedMombasa,Kilwa,Pemba,Sofala,Malindi,Pate,
4. Linguistics. Zanzibaretc.
th
Arabs.
Factorsforthegrowthofthecoastalcitystatesbythe19 Century.
Reasonsforthecomingoftheearlyvisitors. 1. LucrativeIndiaOceanTradebasedonitemslikeslaves,gold
1. TheywantedtotradeandcontroltheIndianOceantrade. andiron.
2. Favorableclimateintermsofplentyofrainfal.
2. Somecameaspolitical/religiousrefugees. 3. Fertilesoilwhichencouragedthedevelopmentofagriculture.
3. Theycametospreadtheirreligion-Islam. 4. Gooddeepnaturalhabourswhichmadethedockingofships
4. Theycametoestablishsetlements. easier.
5. Theyalsocameforexploration/wantedtofindoutaboutthe 5. Monsoonwindswhichensuredcheaptransportationfortraders.
resourcesalongthecoast. 6. Actualsetlementofpeopleatthecoastwithurbanculturesi.e
Factorsthatfacilitatedtheircoming. livinginclusteredsetlements.
7. RiseofIslaminArabiaencouragedArabsetlementatthe
1. AccessibilityoftheKenyanCoastviaRedseaandIndianocean. coast.
8. Defensivesite/securitye.g.Islands
2. Knowledgeofboatmaking/sailingships/dhows. 9. Wealthyandpowerfulsultanswhocontroledtradeandsetup
3. Themonsoonwindswhichpoweredtheirdhowsontothe competitivecommerceandtookprideinbuildingcities.
Coast. 10.Strongcentralizedgovernmentsbasedonsharialaw
4. Marinetechnology,asthecompasswasdevelopedtohelp encouragedthegrowthofsomeofthemlikeMalindi.
themlocatedirectionoftravel.
5. DeepnaturalharbourstodocktheirshipsattheEastAfrican CharacteristicsoftheCityStates.
Coast.
1. Kiswahiliwasthelanguage.
Howtheknowledgeinmarinetechnologyfacilitatedthecomingof 2. Islamwasthereligion.
theearlyvisitorstotheKenyanCoast. 3. Theyateorientalfoods/Spices.
4. ArabicandPersianarchitecturewasusedinconstructionof
1. Itenabledthemtousethecompasspointinlocatingdirection. houses.
Tradewasthemaineconomicactivity/Indiaoceantrade.
Itenabledthemtodevelop/applytheskilsofmapreading. 6. Thealsopracticedspinningandweaving.
TheyfishedontheIndianOcean.
2.Itfacilitatedtheconstruction/useofboats.
OrganizationofthetradebetweentheArabsandEastAfrica. 8. ThepeopleweredividedintoMuslimsandAfricans.
9. TheywereruledbyImams/Sultans/Sheikhs.
ForeigntraderscametotheEastAfricanCoastusingdhowsor 10.Theywereindependentpoliticalentities.
sailingshipswhichreliedonmonsoonwindsfortravel.11.Theymintedandusedtheirowncoins/money.
TheyexchangedtheirgoodswiththeCoastalgoodsatvarious 12.Thepeopleworewovenandsilkclothes/Practisedspinning
marketCentreslikeSofala. andweaving.
MajorexportsfromtheCoastincludedGold,Ivory,Slaves,
Rhinohorns,Tortoiseshels,Honey,Beewax,CoconutOiletc. Reasonsforthedeclineofthecoastalcitystatesafter1500.
GoldcamefromSofalaandKilwa.
ImportsincludedCotonclothesfromIndia,Silk,Weaponsfrom 1. CorruptionbythePortuguese,hencelossofrevenue.
MiddleEast. 2. ConstantwarfarebetweenthePortugueseandtheCoastal
 Modeoftradewasbarter. towns.
 3. InvasionoftheCoastalsetlementsbytheZimba,who
TheCoastalrulersorganizedthetradefromwithintheirCoastal
Novels,UpdatedICT,CPA,KASNEB,HighSchool&PrimaryNotes 0705525657 8
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
disruptedtheeconomicactivities. paythetributehehadagreed.

4. Increasedconflictsbetweencitystates. 7. Franciscod’Almeidacamewithanotherfleetin1505.He
5. Droughtspelhinderedeconomicactivities. conqueredSofala,KilwaandLamu.
6. ConflictbetweentheMazruiandBussaidifamiliesover 8. Between1506to1507,TristaodaCunhacamewithanother
leadership. fleet.HeatackedOja,Brava,Socotra,PateandLamu.
7. Taxesleviedfromthecoastalsetlementsbythecorrupt 9. By1509,mostoftheimportanttowns,NorthoftheRuvuma
Portugueseadministratorsweakenedtheeconomicbaseofthe hadfalenunderthePortugueserule,butresistancescontinued.
citystates. 10.By1589,althesetlementswereunderthePortugueserule.
RivalrybetweenEuropeannationsoverthecontrolofthetrade 11.In1593,theybuiltFortJesus.
alongthecoast/Europeancolonizationoftheregionandtheir 12.TheywerelaterchalengedbytheDutch,BritishandtheFrench.
desiretocontroltradingactivities.
9. Outbreakofdiseasese.g.inGedi. WhytheybuiltFortJesus.
10.ExhaustionofcommoditieslikeGoldinSofala.
1. Actasahidingplaceagainstatacksfromtheirenemies.
ResultsoftheinteractionbetweenthepeopleoftheKenyanCoast 2. Usedasabaseforsendingexpeditionsagainstresisting
andtheArabs. communitiesofthecoast.
3. Useditforstorageofarmaments/itemsbeforetransportation.
1. SomepeoplealongtheKenyanCoastwereconvertedtoIslam. 4. Usedaswatchtowertoseeatackersfromadistance.
2. TheArabsintroducedIslamicculture/architecturetothe 5. TobeusedasanadministrativebasebythePortuguese.
Coastalpeople. 6. Tobeusedasastorefortradeitems.
TheArabsintroducednewcropswhichwerelateradoptedby 7. Tobeusedasprisonforwarcaptives. thecoastalpeople.

Introductionanddemandforimportedcropsledtothedecline Reasonsfortheirsuccess.
oftraditionalindustries.
SomecommunitiesliketheAkambaresortedtoLongDistance 1. Theyhadsuperiorweaponslikecanonsascomparedtothe
Tradeinsearchforcommodities. Coastalcommunities.
6. Therewasanincreaseinpopulationasmanytraderssetledat 2. Theyhadawel-trainedarmy/theyorganizedsurpriseatacks
thecoast. andfoughtwithdetermination.
7. TheArabsestablishedcitystates/townsatthecoast. 3. Disunityandrivalrybetweenthecoastaltownshadmadethe
8. TheIslamiclaw(sharia)andsystemofadministrationwas dividedandweakwhilethePortuguesefoughtasaunitedforce
introducedbytheArabsatthecoast. /people.
9. TherewasthedevelopmentofKiswahililanguageasaresultof 4. TheygotreinforcementfromGoa,India,Mozambiqueand
theinteractionbetweenArabsandcoastalpeople. Portugal.
10.IntermarriagebetweenAfricansandArabsledtothe 5. ThePortugueseformedalianceswithsomecoastaltownslike
emergenceofWaswahilipeople. Malindi.
6. Constantraidsofcoastalstatesbyinteriorcommunitieslike
ThecomingofthePortuguese. theGala/OromoandtheZimbafurtherweakenedthem.
7. TheTurksandthePersiannaviesintheIndianoceanweretoo
Reasonsfortheircoming. weaktoofferanyhelptothecoastalcommunities.
8. TheconstructionoffortsbythePortuguesee.g.fortJesus
1. TheycametocontroltheIndianOceanTrade/Theycameto enabledthemtosustaintheircontroloverthearea.
tradewiththeCoastaltowns. 9. TheharshnessofthePortugueseadministratorsmadethe
2. TheycametofindthesearouttoIndia. Africanstosubmittotheirrule.
TheycameforexplorationoftheEastAfricanCoast.
TheycametolookfortheLegendaryChristiankingPrester Functionsoftheircaptains
Johnandformananti-Muslimaliancewithhim.
5. Theycametoprotecttheirtradinginterests/createatrading 1. Colecttaxesfromthecoastalrulers.
empireattheEastAfricanCoast. 2. Toimposeimportandexportduties.
6. Theycametomaketheplacearefilingstationwherethey 3. Tosuppressanyformofresistanceorrebelion.
wouldobtainfreshsuppliese.g.fruits. 4. Theywereresponsibleforgoodgovernanceonbehalfofthe
7. TheywantedtoforcethewealthyCoastalmerchants/States ViceroybasedinGoa-India.
topaytaxestoPortugal
TheplacewasstrategicfortheprotectionofPortugueseships Reasonsforthedeclineoftheirrule.
againsttheTurksandtheEgyptiansintheregion.
1. CompetitionfromotherEuropeanpowersliketheDutch,French,
TheirConquest. GermansandtheBritish,whichreducedtheirprofits
2. CoastalcommunitieswereassistedbyPersians,Turksandthe
1. Theirconqueststartedin1487,whenBartholomewDiazcame Omani.
tofindthesearouttoIndia. 3. Delaysinreinforcementduetolongdistance.
2. VascodaGamathencametoMalindiin1498.Herevealedto 4. Tropicaldiseasesaffectedandevenkiledmostofthem.
theKingaboutthewealthoftheE.AfricanCoast. 5. Theyhadcorruptofficialswhosquanderedthetaxesandother
3. TheKingthensenttroopstocapturethecontrolofthisCoast gainsfromthecoast.
forthewealth. 6. TradeatthecoastdeclinedandthereforethePortuguesesaw
4. Thefirstonecamein1500ledbyPedroAlvaresCabraland theircontrolasaliability.
triedtocaptureSofala. 7. TheirsetlementsattheCoastwereatackedbytheZimba
5. Thesecondonecamein1502ledbyVascodaGama.He people,thusmakingtheirlifedifficult(LootingandKiling).
conqueredKilwaandforcedtheSultantopaytributeto 8. HarshPortuguesehashrulemadetheCoastalcommunitiesto
Portugal. resentandresistagainstthePortuguese.
Anothertroopwassentin1503underRuyLaurencoRavasco. 9. Shortageofpersonnelforadministrationanddefenseas
HeatackedSofala,Mafia,Zanzibar,andforcedtheSultantoPortugalwassmalwithasmalpopulation.

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10.ForcibleunionofPortugalandSpainbetween1580-1640ledto townsthuseasilydefensible.

theirneglectoftheir 5. Fertilesuitablesoilsforclovesandcoconuts.
possessionsattheEastAfricanCoast. 6. NeedtoexploittradepotentialitiesbetweentheE.A.Candthe
11.Shortageofessentialsupplieslikefood. outsideworld.
12.FaloffortJesusin1698after33monthssiegebyOmanArabs. 7. Cleanandsoftdrinkingwater.
8. ThepeopleofZanzibarhadbeenloyaltohimthroughoutthe
Impactoftheirrule. struggle.

TheybuiltFortJesusfordefensepurposewhichlaterbecamea ContributionsofSayyidSaidtothecommunityofKenyanCoastin
touristatraction. the19thCentury.
2. Theirharshandcruelmannerofsuppressingrebelionsledto
lossoflives. 1. Heintroducedglovegrowing.
3. Theyintroducednewfoodcropswhicharestaplefoodsfor 2. HeintroducedtheIndiancoins/Rupees,makingtradeeasier.
manyKenyans. 3. Heencouragedforeigntradewiththecoastalinhabitants.
4. ConstantrebelionagainstthePortugueseruleinterferedwith 4. Heensuredpeaceandstabilitybothatthecoastsandthe
thetradingactivitiesleadingtoitsdecline. interior.
5. ThecoastaltownsthatresistedthePortugueserulewere 5. HeencouragedArabandSwahilitraderstoventureintothe
destroyedandleftinruins/destructionofproperty. interior.
6. Theyeducatedthecoastalpeopleonhowtouseanimal 6. HeatractedIndianBanyanstotradeandactasmoneylenders.
manureinfarmingthusincreasingcropyields. 7. HesignedcommercialtreatieswithforeignnationslikeUSA,
7. SomewordsborrowedfromPortugueselanguageenriched France,GermanyandBritain.
Kiswahililanguage.
ThePortugueseimposedheavytaxationwhichimpoverished FactorsthatinfluencedSayyidSaidtodevelopagriculturein
thecoastalpeople. Zanzibarinthe19thCentury.
9. TheyfosteredgoodrelationsbetweentheE.Africancoastand
India. 1. Zanzibarhadfavorableclimateforclovegrowing.
10.Theheavytaxationtheyimposedonthecoastalpeople 2. Availabilityofslavelabour.
hinderedeconomicdevelopmentalongthecoast. 3. Availabilityoffertilesoil.
4. Availabilityofdeepnaturalhabourswhichwouldpromotetrade
EstablishmentofOmanRule. inagriculturalproducts.
5. Availabilityofmarket.
 TheOmanArabstookoverthecontrolofE.Africafromthe 6. Availabilityofunoccupiedtractsoflandinthemainland.
Portuguese.
TheMazrui,NabahanandBusaidifamiliesprovidedtherulers. ReasonswhyOmanrulerswereinterestedinestablishingtheir
controloverKenyancoast.
CoastalcommunitiesresistedtheOmanbecausethelater wantedtaxleviedontrade.
1. Expandtheircommercialempire.
In1741,MohammedIbnAzthmanal-Mazruiwasappointedas
ToestablishpoliticalcontroloverKenyancoast.newgovernorofMombasa.
 HefailedtorecognizethenewImamofOman-AhmedbinSaid 3. ToassistinendingPortugueserule.
al-Busaidi. ReasonsforthedeclineoftheOmanirule
 Ahmedrevengedbyhavinghimmurdered.
 In1806,thisthencausedastrugglebetweentheal-Busaidiand 1. CivilwarsinOman.
al-Mazruifamilies.
RebelionbyCoastaltownsespecialyMombasa.
SayyidSaidtookoverasthenewImam(Busaidifamily),atthe 3. ThreatsofPersianinvasion
ageof15years,supportedbytheBritish.
 In1817,hecapturedPate. Effects
 In1822,hecapturedPembaandBrava.
 In1823,hecapturedBajunIslands. 1. Plantationagriculturewasestablished.
 In1837,HecapturedMombasa. 2. Clovegrowingstarted.
 In1840,hemovedhiscapitalfromMuscattoZanzibar. 3. Slavetradeintensified.
CausesofconflictsbetweentheMazruiandBusaidi Factorsthatfavouredthedevelopmentofplantationagriculture

1. ToexpandcontroloverMombasa. 1. SayyidSaid’sinterestindevelopmentoftheoveraleconomyof

2. TheMazruiwantedtobeindependent. EastAfricanpossession
3. MombasahadfoughtagainstthePortugueseanddidnotwant 2. SayyidSaid’spolicy-cutone,plant3
toberuledbyanotherforeigner. 3. Suitablesoilsforclovesandcoconuts
4. Tocontroltrade. 4. Adequaterainfalwhichfavouredagriculture.
5. TheMazruiofMombasawereawareoftheproblemsfacingthe 5. SayyidsaidencouragedsetlerfarmersfromOman&Zanzibar
rulerofOman/civilwar. 6. Availabilityofslavelabour/transportbywater.
Reasonswhyhemovedhiscapital. 7. Availabilityofunoccupiedland
8. HighdemandforclovesandfarmproduceinArabiaandEurope.
9. Therealreadyexitedtradeinagriculturalproducts.
ZanzibarhadapleasantclimateasMuscatwasadesert/hot 10.Gooddeepnaturalharbours. anddry.
NeedtocontrolthetownsofE.AfricanCoastmoreeffectively. WhyslavetradeintensifiedalongtheKenyanCoastafterthe
3. Deepharborsfordockingtheirships. establishmentofplantationagriculture.
4. Zanzibarwasstrategicalylocatedtothemainlandandother

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1. Therewasinternaldemandforslavelabourincloveplantations actitssource.
inPemba,Zanzibar,Malindietc.
DemandforslavelabourintheFrenchsugarplantationsinthe FactorsthatfacilitatedthespreadofIslaminEastAfrica.
islandsofReunionandMauritius.
SlaveswereneededasportersintheivorytradeinwhichIndia, 1. Throughtrade.
BritainandUSAparticipated. 2. ArabmigrationandsetlementalongtheCoastledtothe
4. Porterswereneededfortransportationofagriculturalgoodsin conversionoflocalBantu.
Malindi. 3. EstablishmentofIslamiceducation.
5. Slaveswereneededtoworkasdomesticworkersandsoldiers 4. SomelocalpeoplebecameMuslimstoavoidenslavement.
inArabia. 5. IslamicreligiondidnotconflictwithAfricanindigenous
religionsandculturalpractices.
Effectsofthedevelopmentofplantationagriculture
CharacteristicsofIslamiccultureattheEastAfricanCoastby
1. TheeconomyoftheCoastgrew 1500AD.
2. Slavetradeintensified,withtheappointmentofTIPUTIP
3. Warfareintensifiedintheregionduetotheweaponsgotfrom 1. DressingdepictedIslamicaswomenworebuibuiandmen
trade woreKansu.
4. MilitarizationoftheinteriorofEastAfrica. 2. Shariawasusedintheadministrationofjustice.
5. AtractedEuropeaninterest,hencecolonization 3. AdoptionofIslamictitleslikeSheikhs.
6. FarmingandfarmingskilsimprovedwiththearrivalofArab 4. AdoptionofIslamicreligion.
farmers. 5. Utensilscomprisedofporcelainbowlsandwaterjars.
7. Tradeexpandedwithnewandmoregoodsfromtrade. 6. ArchitecturewasinfluencedbyArabicdesigns.
8. Foodsufficiency 7. LearningwasdoneinmadrasausingArabiclanguage.
9. Populationexpansion
10.Emergenceofwealthymerchants ImpactofIslamonthepeopleofKenya.
11 Developmentofurbancenters.
12.OpeneduptheinteriorofEastAfrica 1.Replacementofindigenousreligions/SpreadofIslam.
13.Indigenouspeoplewererenderedlandlessandbecame 2.Developmentofasystemofleadership.
squatersastheirlandwas 3.IntroductionofIslamicculturelikemodeofdressing.
grabbedforplantationagriculture. 4.IntroductionofIslamiclaw/Sharia.
5.IntroductionofArabicarchitecture.
WhyBritishwereagainstslavetrade 6.Introductionofnewcrops.

Britainwasgetingindustrializedandshewantedpeopleback EffectsofslavetradeontheAfricancommunitiesofKenya.
onthefarmsinAfricaforcheaprawmaterials.
Theslavescouldalsobeamarketfortheir(British)products. 1. Thepeopleliveunderinsecurityandfear.
Machineswerepreferredastheyrequiredlesshumanlabour. 2. Thereweremanydeathsduringthecaptureofslaves.
4. Manywritingsinfluencedtheidea,e.g.Dr.DavidLivingstone 3. Lossofskiledlaboure.g.Ironsmiths/Declineintraditional
whotermedthetradeasin-human. industries.
5. InfluencefromBritisheconomistse.g.AdamsSmithwho 4. Destructionofpropertyduringraidsforslaves.
arguedthatfreepeoplecouldperformbeterthanslaves. 5. Itledtohumansufferinge.g.burningofhousestoacquire
slaves.
Consequently,theysignedtreatieswiththeSultanofZanzibar 6. Displacementofsomecommunities.
inabidtoendslavetradeandslavery 7. PromotedinteractionbetweenKenyancommunitieslikethe
AkambaandAgikuyu.
1. 1822,MoresbyTreatywassignedtostopslavetrade. 8. Changeofsocialrolesasmostmenweretargetedforslavery/
2. 1845,Hammertontreatywassignedtostopslavetrade separationfamilies.
betweentheE.AfricanCostandOman. 9. Establishmentoffreedslave’ssetlementsatFreretownand
3. 1873,FrereTreatywassignedbySayyidBarghashtostop Bagamoyoaftertheabolition,henceregainmoralstatusby
slavery. Africans.
Methodsusedtoabolishslavetrade Longdistancetrade

1. Declaringslavetradeilegal  ThistradedevelopedbetweenthecoastoftheEastAfricaand

2. Prohibitingslavetrade theinterior.
3. NavalpatrolonhighSeastoarrestslowingships.  ItinvolvedtheYao,Nyamwezi,Swahili,Mijikenda,Akamba
4. Signingtreaties Baganda,andArabs.
 TheAkambaorganizedcaravansthatledtothecoastweekly.
Reasonsforthefailureofanti-slaveryactivitiesbefore1873  Theyalsosetupmarkets.
1. Slavetradingwasveryprofitableandmerchantswereprepared  Theyorganizedthemselvesintohuntingandtradingparties.
 SomeofthecentersinKenyaincludedTaveta,MbooniHils,
toriskcapture ElurekoinWanga&MiazininearNgong.
2. TherewereonlyafewBritishshipstopatrolthecoast  Thegoodsfromtheinteriorincludedivory/Tusks,Beewax,
3. SayyidSaiddidnotwanttostopslavetrade,asheknewit Rhinohorns,animalskins/hides,tortoiseshels,Goldand
wouldmakehimunpopular-withhissubjectswhousedslave slaves.
labourincloveplantations.  Fromthecoast,werehadironaxesandhoes,utensils,silk,
4. TheFrenchtwistedthelawbygivingpassportstoslaves(free
immigrantsscheme) beadsetc.
 TheKhartoumers(Egyptians&Sudanese)alsoparticipatedin
5. Noatemptwasmadetopenetrateinlandandstopslavetrade

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 PAPER1
theL.D.T.
12.Havingsecureandsoundtradepolicy,SayyidSaidestablished
Routesinvolved
Mombasa-Mijikenda-TaitaTaveta,toKilimanjaro&Victoria, HowthelongDistancetradersacquiredslaves
anotherbranchfromTaitaTavetatoGalanariver-Mt.Kenya
regiontoWesternpartsofKenya.
2. Bagamoyo-Tabora-Buganda-Ujiji-Zaire.
Factorsthatfavoured.
ExistenceofenterprisingmerchantsegtheIndianBanyanswho trade
gavecredittotraders.
2. Naturalhaboursensuredsafedockingofvesselsandfueling
andoff-loadingsupplies.
3. Introductionanduseofgunsforprotection,slaveraidingand
hunting.
4. PersonalinitiativebySayyidSaidasheencouragedArab
traderstoorganizecaravanstotheinterior.
5. RolesplayedbyprominentleaderslikeChiefKivoiofAkamba.
6. Localtradeexistedwhichprovidedabaseuponwhichthe
IndianOceantradewasbuilt.
7. Highdemandforthegoodsfromthecoastbyconsumersfrom
foreigncountries.
th
8. Highdemandforslavesinthe19 Centurytobeusedinthe
farmsandasporters.
AvailabilityofitemsoftradefromtheEastAfricanCoastand distancetradeinthe19thcentury
foreigncountries.
Establishmentoftraderouteslinkingtheinteriorandthecoast. 1. CompetitionfrombeterorganizedArabandSwahilitraders
EffectsonthepeopleofKenya.
1. Sometradingcentresdevelopedintotownse.g.Lamu.
2. Incertainareas,slaveraidscausedsuffering,insecurityand
lossoflives.
TraderspavedwayforEuropeancolonization.
Inter-communitytradepromotedculturalinteractione.g.RolesofSayyidSaid
SwahililanguageandIslamicreligion.
5. Therewereintermarriagesbetweencommunities.
6. Somepeoplegotalotofwealthandbecameverypowerful
people,somerisingtopositionofimportancee.g.ChiefKivoi.
7. Newcropswereintroducedintheinterior,hencemorefood
production.
8. Peoplewereintroducedtomoneyeconomy,thusmaking
transactionseasy.
9. Africanslavelabourledtodevelopmentofplantation
agriculturealongthecoast.
10.TherewasdepopulationasmanyAfricanswerecaptured/sold
asslaves.
11.Itopeneduptheinterior,thusleadingtocolonization.
12.Traderouteslaterdevelopedintoroadsandhighways.
FactorsthatfavoredthegrowthoftheI.O.T./IT
1. EastAfricahadtradelinkswiththeFarEastbeforethisperiod.
2. WelestablishedregionaltradeinEastAfrica.
3. SayyidSaidencouragedforeigntraderstotheEastAfrican
4. Arab&SwahilitradersweregiventheflagoftheSultanto
ensuresecurity.
5. Uniformlevyof5%bytheSultanalongtheCoast.
6. SayyidsaidintroducedcoppercoinsfromIndianpeopleto
replacesilvercurrency,MariaTheresaDolar&theSpanish
crown.HealsoemployedIndianBanyansasmoneylenders.
7. Availabilityanddemandforgoods
8. PhysicalfeaturesoftheEastAfricancoaste.g.deepharbours
atractedforeignerstotrade
Existenceofwealthymerchants
Establishmentoftraderoutesandmarkets.OrganizationoftheI.O.T.
TheSultan’sidentificationoftheBritishasthesoletrading
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agentsovercamerivalry.
linkswithforeigncountriese.g.America.
1. Exchangewithothergoods/BuyingslavesfromAfricans.
2. Raiding.
3. Enticementandgifts.
FactorsthatfavouredtheparticipationofAkambainlongdistance
1. Unsuitableenvironmentalconditionsastheregionwasdryand
infertile.
2. Theywerestrategicaly/centralylocatedbetweenthecoast
andtheinterior.
3. ExistenceofentrepreneurslikeChiefKivoiwhoencouraged
tradingactivitiesamonghispeople.
4. Theyhadmuchexperienceinlocalandinter-communitytrade.
5. Therewashighdemandforsomeoftheircommoditiesoftrade.
6. Theywereskiledironworkersandhunters.
7. Thereexistedwelestablishedtradeorcaravanroutes.
8. Thereexistedtheitemsoftrade.
ReasonsforthedeclineoftheimportanceofAkambainlong
2. ConstantraidsfromOromoandMaasai.
3. Theirtradingpartnerse.g.AgikuyuandAembubecame
reluctantastheyconsideredtheAkambaasslavetraders.
4. Thedeclineofelephantpopulation
5. Thefightagainstslavetrade.
6. ColonialintrusionegtheBritishcolonizationoftheinterior.
1. SignedtreatieswithvariousEuropeannationsfortrade.
2. EstablishedZanzibarasamarketcentreforinternationaltrade.
3. OrganizedIndianBanyansforfinance.
4. Providedsecurity.
EffectsoftheLongDistanceTradeonthepeopleofEastAfricain
the19thCentury.
1. Itledtothesetlingofpeopleinurbancentresthatwere
developedalongtraderoutes.
2. Itledtotheemergenceofwealthyclassofpeoplealongthe
coast/intheinteriorofKenya./Emergenceofkingsand
kingdoms.
3. Itledtotheacquisitionofforeign/newgoodsthroughtrade/
declineoftraditionalindustries.
4. Peopleacquired/cultivatednewcropsleadingtoincreased
foodproduction.
5. SomepeoplewereconvertedtoIslambyMuslimtraders.
6. Peoplewereintroducedtomoneyeconomytherebymaking
transactioneasy.
7. Africanslavelabourledtothedevelopmentofagriculturealong
thecoast.
8. TherewasdepopulationasmanyAfricanswerecaptured/sold
asslaves.
9. Itcauseduntoldsuffering/miseryaspeoplewereraided/
capturedasslaves.
10.Itopeneduptheinteriorforcolonization.
11.Traderouteslaterdevelopedintoroadsandhighways.
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1. ItwasconductedbetweentheEastAfricaCoastandthe
outsideworldegfromChinawehadPorcelainbowlsandsilk.
2. ThetradersincludedGreeks,Romans,Arabs,Indiansand
Coastalpeople.
3. AfricanscontroledthetradebetweentheinteriorandEast
Africancoast.
4. Middlemenwereusedinthetrade
FromEastAfricanCost,wehadgold,ivory,slavesetc.
Fromoutsidewehadironware,glassware,cloves,guns,spices, Economic silketc.
7. Itwasconductedincommercialcenters.
8. Themethodoftradewasmainlybarter.
9. Ivorywasgotbyhuntingelephantsandslavesweremainlywar
captives.
10.Atthecoast,tradewascontroledbyMuslimsofAsianorigin.
Factorsthatcontributedtothedevelopmentoftradebetweenthe
EastAfricanCoastandtheoutsideworldby1900.
1. Availabilityoftradeitemsandthosefromoutside.
2. TheE.AfricancoasthadtradelinkswiththeFarEastlong
beforethereignofSayyidSaid.
3. SayyidSaidsignedtreatieswithBritain,France,Americaand
Germany,whichgaveforeignerstherighttotradewiththe
coastaltowns.
4. SayyidSaidalowedtheseEuropeannationsandAmericato
openconsulatesinZanzibar.
Existenceofthelongdistancetradeprovidedthebaseforthe 8. Rivalrybetweencoastaltownse.g.MalindiandMombasa. trade.
SayyidSaidimprovedthemonetarysystemtofacilitatetradeby SpreadofChristianityby19thCentury
introducingsmalcoppercoinsfromIndia,MariaTheressa
dolarsandtheSpanishcrown.
7. HighdemandfortradegoodsfromtheEastAfricanCoastand
thosefromoutside.
8. AccessibilityoftheKenyanCoastbysea/IndianOcean.
9. PresenceofenterprisingmerchantsattheCoastandoutside.
10.Improvementoftransportsystemespecialythebuildingof
strongsailingships.
11.Existenceofmonsoonwindswhichfacilitatedmovementof
sailingships.
12.Establishmentofspecifictraderoutesandmarketslike
ZanzibarandMombasafacilitatedthemovementand
exchangeofgoods.
13.Presenceofnaturalharborsatthecoastfordockingtheirships.
14.RelativepoliticalstabilityattheCoast.
15.AdvancementofshipbuildinginEuropewasanadded
advantagetothetradersasitfacilitatedtravel.
SupportgiventothetradersbythesultanofZanzibar/
AvailabilityofcreditfacilitiesfromtheIndianBanyansand Missionarywork
wealthymerchants.
EffectsoftheIOT(tradebetweenE.AfricanCoastandtheoutside
world).
Social
1. IntermarriagesbetweentheE.Africancommunitiesandthe
Arabs,henceemergenceofSwahilipeople.
2. EmergenceofSwahiliculture.
3. Constructionofstonehouses/Architecture/urbanization.
4. Newwaysofdressingaswomenworebuibuiandmenwore
kanzus.
5. ConvertionofAfricanstoIslamandChristianity.
6. Depopulationofthecoast/lossoflives/slavery
7. Changeofsocialrolesasfamilieswereseparated.
8. Destructionofproperty.
9. Inter-communityconflicts.
10.Somepeoplebecamewealthyasaresultoftrade.
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Political
1. EstablishmentoftheArabcitystates
2. Europeaninterestinthecoastdeveloped.
3. Increasedwarfareandcorruption
4. Growthofchiefdomsundersuccessfultraders.
5. OpenedtheinteriorofEastAfricaforEuropean
1. Over-exploitationofEastAfricanresources
2. Useofcurrencywasintroduced
3. Emergenceofsuccessfultraderse.g.SayyidSaidandTippuTip.
4. Commercialcompaniese.g.BritishEastIndianCompanywere
formed.
5. WealthincreasedalongtheE.Africancoast.
6. Newcropswereincreased.
ReasonsforthedeclineoftheI.O.T.
1. ComingofthePortuguese
2. Atacksfromtheman-eatingLions
3. Declineofgoldsuppliesfromtheinterior.
4. Abolitionofslavetrade.
5. EuropeaninvasionoftheE.Africancoast.
6. RivalrybetweenArabicrulingdynastiese.g.MazruiandBusaidi.
7. Introductionoflegitimatetrade.
 ThiswasdonebyChristianmissionariese.g.Church
MissionarySociety(CMS).TheWhiteFathers(WF),African
InlandMission(AIM),HolyGhostFathers(HGF),Churchof
ScotlandMission(CSM),UnitedMethodistChurch(UMC),
PresbyterianChurchofScotland(PCOS),AfricanInlandChurch
(AIC),ConsolataFathers(CF),TheMilHilFathers,SeventhDay
Adventists(SDA),Quakers/FriendsMission(FM)&Churchof
GodMission(COGM).
Reasonsforthecomingofthemissionaries
1. TospreadChristianity
2. Tospreadformaleducationandwesterncivilization
3. Tostopslavetradeandslavery/Tostartlegitimatetrade
4. TofightIslam
5. Foradventure/Exploration.
ThiswasachievedbyDrJohnLudwigKrapf,JohannRebman,Jacob
EhardtandThomasWekefield.
a. JohnLudwigKrapf
 Hecamein1844.
1. HebuiltamissionchurchatRabaiin1846.
2. HeconvertedpeopletoChristianity.
3. HetranslatedtheNewTestamentintoSwahili.
4. HewroteandpublishedthefirstKiswahilidictionary.
5. Hetrainedthefirstcatechistswholateronspreadthegospel.
6. HeencouragedothermissionariestocometoKenya.
7. HisexplorationofKenyaledtotheopeningupoftheinteriorfor
moremissionaryactivitiesbeforereturningtoGermanyIn1853
duetoilhealth.
b. JohannRebman
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
 Hecamein1846andconfirmedthattherewassnowonMt. colonialismandlossoftheirtraditionalauthority.

Kilimanjaro. 12.Lackofcommonlanguagetofacilitatecommunicationwith
 WithKrapf,heestablishedmissioncentresinKenya. Africans.
st
Hewasthe1 Europeantoseethesnow-cappedpeakofMt 13.Limitedtransportandcommunicationfacilities.
Kilimanjaro,beforereturningtoGermanyin1873. 14.Thevastnessoftheareatobecoveredbyindividual
missionarieswasachalenge.
c. JacobErhardt ReasonsfortheestablishmentofmissionstationsinKenya
 Hecamein1848 1. ToworkashomesfortheneedywheretheAfricanswere

converted.
1. HedrewthemapofEastAfrica,thoughitwasnotaccurate 2. ToserveascenterswhereAfricanscouldbetaughtbasic
2. HeconvertedKenyanstoChristianity literacytoenablethemreadtheBibleandbepreachedto.
3. HefoundedmissionstationswithKrapfandRebman. 3. ToteachtheAfricansnewmethodsofcarpentry,farmingand
-Heleftbackhomein1855. masonry.
4. TotrainAfricanCatechistswhowouldinturnfacilitatethe
Contributionsoftheearlymissionariesinthefieldofeducation. spreadofChristianity.
5. ToactascenterstospreadChristianity.
1. Theysetupschools/encouragedAfricanstogotoschool. 6. Toserveashealthcenterswherebasichealthserviceswere
2. TheytaughtAfricanshowtoread/write. providedtoAfricansastheywerepreachedto.
3. TheytaughttheAfricansvocationalskils. 7. ToserveascentersforthepacificationofAfricanstopromote
4. Theytranslatedthebibleintolocallanguages. Europeancolonization.
5. Theywrotebooks/dictionary. 8. ToserveasbaseswhereEuropeanmissionariescouldoperate
from.
FactorsthatfavouredtheearlyspreadofChristianityinE.Africain 9. Existenceofchurcheswherepreachingwasdone.
the19thCentury. HowmissionstationspromotedthespreadofChristianity

1. Existenceofalreadyestablishedtraderoutes/railwaylinking 1. Theywerehomesfortheneedy,whereAfricanswereconverted.
thecoastandtheinteriorfacilitatedtheirmovement.
2. TheuseofAfricanguidesandportersmadetheirmovement 2. Toserveaslearningcenters,wherelearnerswerepreachedto.
andtransportationoftheirluggageeasy. 3. Theywerehealthcentersasthesickwerepreachedto.
3. Thelearningoflocallanguagesbythemissionariesfacilitated 4. Africancatechistsweretrainedthereandhencespreadthe
theiractivitiesamongdifferentcommunities. gospelamongAfricans.
4. ThetranslationofthebibleandotherChristianliteratureto 5. Existenceofchurcheswherepreachingwasdone.
Kiswahiliandotherlocallanguagesmadethereligion ReasonsforthefailureofthePortugueseatempttointroduce
accessibletomanyAfricancommunities. ChristianitytotheCoastalpeoplebefore1500-1700AD.
5. TrainingofAfricancatechistsandotherreligiousleaders 1. HarshandcrueladministrationbythePortuguese.
assistedinspreadingChristianity.
6. Thediscoveryofthecureofsomediseaseslikequininefor 2. Theywereanti-socialastheyfailedtomixfreelywiththe
treatingmalariafeverreducedthenumberofdeathcases locals/theylivedinsegregatedsetlements.
amongthemissionaries. 3. IslamicdominanceattheCoasthadtakenroot.
7. SupportandprotectiongiventothembysomeAfrican 4. Rebelionfromthelocalpeople.
communitiespromotedtheiractivities. 5. TheynevermadeanyatempttospreadChristianity.
8. SupportfromchurchorganizationsinEuropeenabledthemto 6. ChristianitywasnotaccommodativetotheAfricancultureas
caryouttheiractivities. comparedtoIslam.
9. Theexistenceofdisplacedpeoplelikefreedslavesalsohelped ResultsofthecomingofmissionariestoKenya.
inspreadingChristianity.
10.Theestablishmentofmissionstationswhichwereusedas 1. ManyAfricanswereconvertedtoChristianity.
basesforoperation.
11.Supportandprotectionfromthecolonialgovernment. 2. TheybuiltschoolswhereAfricansweretaughthowtoreadand
12.Establishmentofmissionstationswhichwereusedasbases write.
3. Theybuilthospitalswhichwereusedtoimprovethehealthof
ofoperation people.
Chalengestothemissionaries 4. Theyintroducednewcropsandfarmingmethods.
5. Theyintroducednewvocationalskilse.g.carpentry.
1. Hostilityfrombelieversofthetraditionalreligionswhosaw 6. Theytranslatedthebibleintolocallanguages.
themasthreatstotheirbeliefsandculturalpractices. 7. TheyunderminedtheauthorityoftheAfricanleaders.
2. Desertionbyporterswhiletheywereintheinterior/junglesof 8. TheydrewthemapoftheinterioroftheGreatLakesregion
Africa whichinspiredmanyexplorerstocometoAfrica/openedup
3. OppositionfromleadersofIslamicfaithandthosewhohad theinterior/Exploration.
beenconvertedtoIslam. 9. Theyinfluencedtheirgovernmentstotakeinterestintheregion
4. Theftoftheirsupplieslikefood,medicineandclothes. whichlaterledtocolonization.
5. Harshtropicalclimatetogetherwithtropicaldiseases. 10.TheyintroducedWesternculturewhichunderminedtheAfrican
6. AtacksbywildanimalslikeLions. culture.
7. Inadequatepersonneltocaryoutmissionaryactivities. 11.TheywrotethefirstSwahilidictionaryandgrammarbook.
8. Shortageofsupplieslikefoodandmedicine. 12.Theyestablishedsetlementsforthefreedslavesandgave
9. RivalryamongdifferentChristiangroups. securitytothedestitute.
10.Slavetraderswerehostiletothemastheywereathreattotheir 13.Theyhelpedinimprovingintransportsystembydeveloping
activities. roads
11.HostilityfromAfricanrulerswhooftenidentifiedthemwith connectingtheirstations.

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 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com

14.Theypromoteddisunityamongthepeopleofdifferent Righttolife.
denominationsandnon- Righttoequalityandfreedomfromdiscrimination.
ChristiansVs.Christians. RighttoHumandignity.
15.Independentchurchesdevelopedafterwards. Righttofreedomandsecurityoftheperson.
16.Newarchitecturaldesignswereintroduced. Righttofreedomfromslavery,servitudeandforcedlabour.
17.Africannationalismdevelopedtofightforindependence. Righttoprivacy.
Righttofreedomfromconscience,religion,beliefandopinion.
Righttoexpression.
Righttofreedomofthemedia.
CITIZENSHIP Righttoaccessinformation.
Righttofreedomofassociation.
Citizenshipisalegalrightofapersonbelongingtoaparticular country. Righttopoliticalrights.
Righttoassembly,demonstration,picketingandpetition.
WaysofbecomingaKenyancitizen Righttofreedomofmovementandresidence.
Righttoprotectionrighttoproperty.
Therearetwoways:Birthandregistration. Righttocleanandhealthyenvironment.
Righttoeconomicandsocialrights.
Birth Righttolanguageandculture.
Righttofreedomtofoundorstartafamily.
Conditions: Righttoconsumerrights.
Righttofairadministrativeaction.
1.Ifthefatherormotherwas/isaKenyancitizenonthedayofhis /herbirth. Rightsofarrestedpersons.
Righttofairhearing
2.Achildgaugedtobebelow8yearsandwhosenationalityor Rightsofpersonsdetained,heldincustodyorimprisoned.
parentageisnotknown. Righttofairlabourpractices.
3.AKenyancitizenbybirthbuthadlostcitizenshipbyacquiring Righttoaccessjustice
anothercountry’scitizenship.
NB/ThesocialrightsofaKenyancitizeninclude:
2) Registration
Righttohealthcareserviceswhichareofreasonable
OnecanapplytobecomeaKenyancitizenundertheanyofthe standards.
folowingconditions. Righttohousingfacilitieswhichareaccessibleandadequate.
Righttohaveadequatefoodwhichisofacceptablequality.
Conditions: Righttoregularsupplyofwaterwhichiscleanandsafe.
Righttoappropriatesocialsecuritytopersonswhoareunable
1.ApersonwhohasbeenmarriedtoaKenyancitizenforatleast7 years. tosupportthemselvesandtheirdependents.
Righttoaccessibleformaleducationinordertopromote literacy.
2.ApersonwhohaslawfulyresidedinKenyacontinuouslyfor7 years. Righttoembraceculture/languageofone’schoice
regardlessofhis/herbackground.
3.Anon-KenyanchildwhohasbeenadoptedbyaKenyancitizen. Righttocleanenvironment/sanitationwhichisfreefrom polution.

Reasonsforrevocationofcitizenshipbyregistration. Righttolife,whichguaranteesthatalpeoplehavearightto
1. Ifthepersonregisteredhasbeenconvictedoftreasonoran livefromthetimeofconception.
offencewhosepenaltyisatleast7yearimprisonment.
Duringwar,heorshemayhavesoldoutKenya’ssecretsor Conditionsunderwhichitcanbetakenaway evenassistedtheenemy.
Ifoneisimprisonedfor3yearsormorewithinthe1stfiveyears 1. Whendefendingone’slifeorcountryincaseofwar.
afterregistration.
2. Whendefendingone’spropertyagainstviolentatack.
Iftheregistrationisfakeorobtainedthroughunfairmeans. 3. Whenthelifeoflawenforcementofficerisindangerwhen
ReasonsforrevocationofKenyancitizenshipacquiredbybirth apprehendingcriminals.
4. Abortioncanbedoneunderemergencytreatmentorifthelife
1. Ifcitizenshipwasacquiredthroughfraud/falserepresentation. ofthemotherisindangerbasedonopinionofatrainedhealth
professional/mercykiling.
2. Ifitisdiscoveredthatthepersonwas8yearsandabove,when 5. Ifoneisfoundguiltyofanoffencepunishablebydeathe.g.
foundinKenya. murder,treasonandrobberywithviolence.
3. Ifthenationality/parenthoodofthepersonbecomesknown 6. Whenpreventingtheescapeoflawfulydetainedperson.
andrevealsthathe/swasacitizenofanothercountry. 7. Whenpreventingapersonfromcommitingacrime.
Rightsofacitizen 8. Whensuppressingariot/rebelion/mutiny.
Rightsarepowersoffreeaction. 2. RighttoHumandignity

Theyarelegalclaimsthatuniversalybelongtoalpeoplefromthe
timetheyarebornregardlessoftheirplaceoforigin,sex,tribe,age, Thisguaranteeseveryindividual’sdignitytoberespectedand
politicalaffiliationsorbeliefs.
protected.Ridiculeandembarrassmentofapersonisunlawful.
Therights/freedomsofacitizen.
3. Freedomofexpression,whichguaranteesalKenyansthe

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 PAPER1
freedomtoseek,receiveorimpartinformation.
Canbedeprivedwhen:-
Ifonemakesuntrueormaliciousuterancesaboutanother (Defaming).
Ifonepublishesseditiousdocumentsorrevealsgovernments secretes.
Ifoneincitesothersagainstthegovernmentorotherpeople.
Commentingonmatersthatarealreadyincourt.
Whenonepublishespornographicmaterial.
FreedomofAssociation,whichprovidesalthecitizensthe
freedomtoform,joinorparticipateinactivitiesofan
associationofanykind.
Canbedeprivedwhen:
Whenoneisaconvictedcriminal
Asuspectedcriminalandincustody.
Whenmaintaininglawandorder.
Controlingthespreadofacontagiousdisease
Duringcurfeworstateofemergency.
Whenoneisofunsoundmind.
ȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀȀĀȀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀ਀
Freedomofconscience,religion,beliefandopinion,which
givesacitizenthefreedomtomanifestanyreligionorbelief
throughwarship,practice,teachingorobservance,including
thedayofworship.
Canbedeprivedwhen:
Ifitisbeingusedtocausehatredamongpeople.
Ifitisnotregistered
IfitisgoingorteachingagainsthumanityandAfrican norms.
Devilworshippingisnotalowed.
Righttocleanandhealthyenvironment,whichguaranteesa
citizenthetisresponsibilitytoensurethatourenvironmentis clean.
7. Righttolanguageandculture,whichguaranteesacitizenthe
freedomtousethelanguage,andtoembracethecultureof
hischoice.
8. Righttofamily,whichguaranteesanadultwiththefreedomto
marryapersonoftheoppositesex.
Under-ageandsamesexmarriagesarenotalowed.
Righttoassembly,demonstration,picketingandpetition. 6. Whentransferringsuspectedpersontoanothercountry (deportingasuspect)
 Freedomtoassembleandparticipateinpeaceful
demonstrationandevenpresentpetitionstopublic
authorities.
Butthedemonstratorsshouldnotinterferewiththepeace
oftheothers
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isabokemicah@gmail.com
10.PoliticalRights.
Therighttomakepoliticalchoicese.g.formingandjoiningpolitical parties.
11.Freedomofthemedia.
Thisistheprintandelectronicmediaetc.
Mediaownersandthosewhoworkforthemedia,freedomto
operatewithoutbeingparalyzedfortheiropinion.
Canbedeprivedwhen:
Oneisnotalowedtoinciteotherstoviolence/hatespeech.
Nooneisalowedtopublishobsceneinformation/
pornography.
Nooneisalowedtorevealstatesecrets/confidential information.
Nooneisalowedtospreadfalseinformation/rumours/ defamation.
Wrongfulaccesstoinformation/hackingclassified
information.
Accesstoinformation.
Thisgivealindividualsrighttoaccessinformationheldbythe
stateandothers,whichaffectsthenation.
13.ProtectionofRighttoproperty
Acitizencanownpropertyindividualyorasagroupanywherein Kenya.
Canbedeprivedwhen:
Ifilegalyacquired
Inneedforusebythegovernment/publice.g.forconstruction
ofaroad.
Administrativeinterventione.g.distributingtotheneglected
likechildren.
Whenonedefaultstopaydebte.g.loan.
Righttofairlabourpractices.
Thisgivestheworkersthefreedomtoenjoyfairremuneration,
reasonableworking-conditions,joinorparticipateintradeunion
activitiesandrighttogoonstrike.
15.Freedomofmovementandresidence
Thisgivesanindividualthefreedomtomoveandresideanywherein
thecountry.
Canbedeprivedwhen:
1. Areasofstatesecuritye.g.statehouse.
2. Privatefarms
3. Duringstateofemergency(curfew)
4. Duringcrisis,anareacanbedeclaredano-gozone.
5. Bythegovernmenttocompelonetoatendcourtproceedings.
7. Controlingspreadofadisease.
8. Whenoneisaminor.
9. WhenoneisaVagrant.
16.Freedomfromslavery,Servitudeandforcedlabour
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
Thisrightgivesanindividualthefreedomnotbeheldasaslave

orperformforcedlabour. 21. Consumerrights

Canbedeprivedwhen: Consumershavearighttoreasonable-qualitygoodsandservices,

andinformationtoenablethemgainfromit,righttoprotectionof
1. Oneisconvict theirhealth,safetyandmoney,andcompensationincaseoflossor
2. Oneisaculprit/courtorderorsentence injuryarisingfromuseofproductswithdefects.
Payingforgoodsorservices
Aspartofcommunalorciviccommitments
Underlawfuldetention,hemaybeaskedtocleanhis
environment. 22.Fairadministrativeaction
Memberofarmedforces,inthecourseofhisorherduty.
Duringwar.Thisistherighttoefficient,lawful,reasonableandproceduralyfair administrativeaction.
RighttoPrivacy
Accesstojustice
Thisguaranteesanindividualtherightnottohavehimself,
herself,hisorherhomeorpropertysearched,orhisorher Areasonablefeewilbecharged,ifrequiredforjudicialjustice. possessionseized.

Informationpertainingone’sfamilyorprivatelifeshouldnotbe Shelteringcriminals,bribinglawenforcers,aidingacriminalfrom
revealedunnecessarily,orprivatecommunicationinterfered arrest,concealingcriminalacts,andlyingtohelpculpritstoevade
with.punishmentareactsagainstthisright.

Canbedeprivedwhen: 24.Rightstoarrestedpersons.

1. Oneisofunsoundmind 1. Thearrestedshouldbeinformedinalanguageheunderstands
2. Drugaddict ofthereasonforhis/herarrest.
3. Onehasaninfectiousdisease 2. Toremainsilentandbeinformedoftheconsequencesof
4. Oneissuspectedtohavecommited,abouttocommit,or remainingsilent.
caughtcommitinganoffence 3. Righttogetlegalassistancefromalawyer.
5. Courtoflawordersforonetobeheldincustody. 4. Righttorefusetobeforcedtomakeaconfessionoradmission
6. Oneisaminor/under18yrs. beforeatrialasthiscouldbeusedagainsttheperson.
7. Ifoneisavagrant. 5. Righttobeheldseparatelyfrompersonsservingjailterms.
8. Ifoneisaconvictedcriminal. 6. Righttobebroughtbeforecourtoflawwithin24hoursafter
9. TopreventilegalentryofpersonsintoKenya. arest.
7. Righttobeinformedofthechargesoneisfacing.
18. Freedomandsecurityoftheperson. 8. Righttobereleasedonbondorbailpendingtrialunlessthere
aregoodreasonsforrefusaltobereleased.
Thisguaranteesanindividualtherighttoprotectionfrombeing 9. Rightnottoberemandedincustodyforanoffencethatis
detainedwithoutagoodreasonandwithouttrial,andfrombeing punishablebyafineonlyorbyprisontermnotexceeding6
subjectedtophysicalorpsychologicaltorture,corporalpunishment months.
orcruelandinhumantreatment.
25.Fairhearingforanaccusedperson
Canbedeprivedwhen:
1.Oneisinnocentuntilprovenotherwise.
1. Religiouslawtakescoursee.g.ShariaforIslam 2.Haveadequatetimeandfacilitiestoprepareadefense.
2. Customarylawtakescoursee.g.traditional/cultural 3.Apublic/cameratrialbeforeacourt.
4.Tobeinformedofthecharges.
19.Equalityandfreedomfromdiscrimination 5.Tobepresentwhenbeingtried.
6.Toberepresentedbyanadvocateandtobeinformedofthisright
Thisgivesanindividualthefreedomnottobediscriminatedon immediately.
whateverground.Alpersonsareequalbeforethelaw. 7.Toremainsilentandnottotestifyduringtheproceedings.
8.Tobeinformedinadvance,oftheevidencetheprosecution
Canbedeprivedwhen: intendstopresent,andto
havereasonableaccesstotheevidence.
1. Whenlawenforcersaretoarrestacriminal 9.Tochalengetheevidence.
2. Whenpublicofficerse.g.taxinspectorsonduty. 10.Torefusetogiveself-incriminatingevidence.
3. Whenonehasinfectiousdiseases. 11.Tohavetheassistanceofaninterpreteriftheaccusedperson
4. Whenlawrequiresspecialstandardsorqualification. cannotunderstandthe
5. Whencustomarylawisapplied. languageusedatthetrial.
6. Whenoneisofunsoundmind. 12.Tohavetrialbeginandconcludedintheshortesttimepossible.
7. Whenoneisimmorale.g.rapist. 13.Ifconvicted,toappealto,orappealforreviewbyahighercourt.
8. Ifoneisanon-citizen. 14.Righttoremainsilentwhenbeingtried.
26.Rightsofpersonsdetained,heldincustodyorimprisoned.
20. Economicandsocialrights.
ThispersonretainsaltherightscontainedintheBilofRights
IncludeRighttohealthcareservices,Accessibleandadequate exceptthosethatareimpracticalunderthecircumstances.
housing,freedomfromhunger,cleanandsafewater,social Thisindividualhasarighttoanorderofhabeascorpus(asuspect
securityandeducation. shouldnotbedetainedbeyondacertaingiventimebeforebeing

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 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
sentencedbycourtoflaw).Heshouldbetreatedinhumanemanner 3. Ithelpslimitsuspicionandenhancessecurity.

4. Itenablespeopletackleproblemstogether.
Responsibilitiesofcitizens 5. Itenhancespoliticalstabilityinacountry.
6. Promotescolectiveresponsibilityamongcitizensinacountry.
1. Participateinaldemocraticprocessinthecountrylike 7. ItmakesKenyatospeakwithonevoiceininternationalforalike
electionsandreferendumtoensuregoodgovernance. UNO.
Obeyingthelawsofthelandsoastoenhancepeaceinthe 8. Itatractsforeigninvestment.
society. 9. ItunitesKenyaandhenceearningherselfrecognitionandcan
3. Contributepositivelyone’sviewsonissuesaffectingthe beinvitedtotakepartininternationalactivitieslikepeace
communityliketakingpartindebates. keepingmissionsorbeingchosenasaheadquartersofan
4. Promotesruleoflawbyreportlawbreakersandthose internationalagencye.g.UNEP.
intendingtobreakthelawtothepolice.
Topromoteandprotecttherightsandfreedomsofalpeople Nationalunity
inthesocietyforharmoniousco-existence.
Maintainhighmoralandethicalstandardsinthesociety/ Factorsthatpromotenationalunity
fightscoruption/promotesproperutilizationofresources
foral. 1. TheunitaryconstitutionprovidesforequalityofalKenyans
7. Participateincommunitydevelopmentactivitiestoimprove beforethelaw.
thewelfareofthepeopleinthecommunity. 2. OnegovernmentwhichisrecognizedbyalKenyansandthus,
8. Payingtaxtothegovernmenttoensuresmoothfinancial runstheaffairsofthecountry,hencepromotingunity.
operations. 3. Theinstitutionofthepresidencywhichisrecognizedbythe
9. Takecareoftheenvironmenttopromotehealthyliving. constitutionasthespokespersonandtheinternational
10. Tocontributetopositivedevelopmentofthecountrythrough representativeofalKenyans.
hardwork,regardlessoftheworkoneisdoing. 4. Oneeducationsystempromotesunitythroughtheuseofone
Ensureproperuseofpublicandprivatefacilitiesandproperty curiculuminalpublicschools,useofonemediumof
/takingcareoftheenvironmentforahealthyliving.instruction,commonnationalexaminations,Centralized
Bemindfulofotherpeople’swelfare,likehelpingthedisabled, traininganddeploymentofteachersandexistenceofnational
theaged,thechildrenandthelessfortunateinthesociety.schools.TeachingofsubjectslikeHistoryandReligionaswe l
asdramaandmusicactivitiesinschoolsalsopromotes
Valuesofagoodcitizen nationalunity.
5. Theeconomicgrowththatincludesequitabledistributionof
1. He/sheshouldbepatriotictothecountry. resourceslikeschoolsandhealthservicesandprovisionof
2. Oneshouldtakepartinactivitiesthatfosternationalunity, water,urbanizationwherepeopleliveinunityregardlessoftheir
includingeconomicactivities. backgrounds,employmentopportunitiesanduseofcommon
3. Oneshouldparticipateindemocraticprocesseitherasa curency.
contenderoravoter. 6. UseofKiswahiliandEnglishasofficiallanguagesenables
4. Oneshouldprotecthumandignity;e.g.shoulddiscouragemob Kenyanstointeractfreelyandwithease.
justice. 7. Existenceandcommemorationofnationalactivitieslike
5. Oneshouldrespectsocialjustice;e.g.protestagainstgrabbing nationalholidays,agriculturalandothershowsaswelas
ofpublicland. gamesandsports.
6. Oneshouldobserveequitybyrespectingtheinterestsofevery 8. Themassmedia,thusmodesofcommunicationthatareused
citizen,regardlessofage,gender,ethnicityorrace. topassinformationtoalargenumberofpeopleatthesame
7. Oneshouldrespectinclusivenessinthesociety,thusthewhole time.Theyincludenewspapers,magazines,radioandtelevision.
communityshouldbeconsultedforviewsconcerningthem. TheyenablealKenyansfromanypartofthecountryto
8. Oneshouldrespectequalityofalcitizens. contributetonationaldebatesbeforedecisionsofnational
9. Oneshouldrespecthumanrights. importancearemade.
Oneshouldensurethatthereisnodiscriminationagainstany 9. Varioussymbolsofnationalunitylikethenationalanthem,
memberorsectionofthepopulationandensureprotectionof loyaltypledge,CoatofarmsaswelasNationalphilosophies
themarginalized. promoteasenseofbelonging,thusunity.
Oneshouldsupportgoodgovernance;e.g.bypayingtaxes.
Oneshouldmaintainhighintegrityinthesociety;e.g.byHowtheconstitutionpromotesnationalintegration
desistingfromunethicalpracticeslikecorruption.
13.He/sheshouldensuretransparencyandaccountability, 1. ItguaranteesequalopportunitytoalKenyans.
especialythecivilservants. 2. Itprovidesprotectiontoalindividualsagainstanyformof
14.He/sheshouldsupportthegovernmentbytakingpartin discrimination/Bilofrights.
projectsthatensuresustainabledevelopment. 3. Itprovidesforaunitarygovernment.
Symbolsofnationalunity

NATIONALINTEGRATION
Nationalintegrationistheprocessofbringingtogetherpeopleof 1. Thenationalflag
diversebackgroundsinacountry. 2. Thenationalanthem
ItleadstoNationalUnity. 3. Thecoatofarms
Importanceofnationalintegration 4. Thepublicseal
1. Itpromotesrapidsocialandeconomicdevelopmentina ImportanceofNationalunity

country/enablespeopletodevelopacountry. 1. Itcreatesunityfornationaldevelopment
2. Promotespeacefulco-existenceofdifferentethnicgroupsand
racesinacountry. 2. Itpromotespeacefulco-existence

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Itpromotespatriotismandnationalism
Itenhancescommunicationasitinvolvesanofficiallanguage
Itpromotespoliticalstability
Iteliminatessuspicion
Factorsthatmaylimitnationalunity
1.Itisflexibleasonechoosesthetimetomeet.
2.Onecanchoosehis/herownarbitrator.
3.Itisprivateandconfidential/nopublicity.
4.Itisfastasonechoosesthetime.
5.Onechooseshis/herrules.

Tribalism/racism/nepotism/ethnicity. c) Mediation
Religiousconflictsandfanaticsmayleadtodifferences
betweenindividuals. Thisisusedtosolveconflictsfrompoliticalfactorse.g.
Discriminatorylawe.g.basedongender betweenpoliticalpartiesorinternationalconflictsleadingto
Partymembership/affiliationswhichmayleadto signingofagreements.
discriminationbaseddifferentparties.
Politicalideologies/intoleranceofdivergentpoliticalviewsand e) Negotiation/Reconciliation
ideologies.
Greedonthesideofpoliticalleaders(corruption) Agreeingonissues,butnotnecessarilywithfacts
Ignorancearisingfromlackofinformation.
Povertywhichmayleadtovicesliketheftcancausedisunity. f) Colaboration
Iresponsibleuterancesbypoliticalleaders.
11.Misuseofpowerbyleadersfortheirowngainsdisunitethe people. Agreeandco-operateandworktogether

g) Isolation/avoiding/accordance
CONFLICTRESOLUTION.
Keepthetwopartiesseparate
Aconflictisadisagreementbetweentwopeopleorgroups(dispute)
Conflictresolutionistheprocessofsetlingadispute/discord/ h) Legislation
disagreementwhenitoccurs.
Passingoflegislationsbyparliamenttocriminalizecertainactivities
Causesofconflicts
Administrativemachinery
1.Religiousdifferences.
2.Nepotism LiketheChieforDO
3.Tribalism
4.Racism Litigation/Courtsystem.
5.Partyloyalties
6.Irresponsiblestatementsbyleaders/abuseofofficebyleaders. Itinvolvestheuseofalegalpaneltolistentothe2partiesand
makeajudgment.
Levelsofconflicts
Problemsolving
Individualvs.individual
Individualvs.group Traceanddealwiththerootcauseoftheconflict
Countryvs.country/Statevs.state
Statevs.group Processofsolvingconflictbymediation
Groupvs.group
Statevs.individual Acceptthatconflictsdoexist
Diagnosingtheconflicttoestablishthenatureandcauses
Effectsofconflicts Examinethecausesandsymptomscriticaly(grievances)
Determinehowfartheconflicthasadvancedi.e.depthand
Manydeathsasaresultofwar. standofthepartiesinvolves.
Destructionofpropertyduringviolence. Managetheconflictby:
Displacementofpeople/internalydisplacedpersons. Definingtheproblemandpresentingalthepossible
Insecurityaspeoplelosetrustineachother. solutionsavailable
Itunderminesnationalunity Implementthesolution
Enmityandhatrederuptsamongpeople Folowuptoseehoweffectivethesolutionis.
Violationofpeople’srightsandfreedoms Evaluatei.e.reasonsforfailureorsuccess
Economicsetbacks/Lackofdevelopmentinthesociety
Suspicion,fearandpoorrelations NB.Ifincourt,courtprocedureshavetobefolowedbefore
prosecutionisreached/done.
Peacefulmethodsofresolvingconflicts
Violentwaysofsolvingconflicts
a) Compromise
a) Subjugation
Eachpartyinvolvedhastosacrificesomethingtobringpeace.
Onesidelosesandanotheronewins
b) Arbitration Ordercancomefromabove-foronesideorbothtostop
hostilityorelseforcebeused.
Thisisusedtosolveconflictoutofcourt Maynotbeeffectivesincemistrustandhostilitymaycontinue.

Advantagesofarbitration

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b) Policing a) Unwriten

c) Armedforces Thiskindofconstitutioncontainslaws,customsandtraditions

whichmaybewriteninvariousplacesormaynotbewritenatal
e.g.Britishconstitution.
CONSTITUTION&CONSTITUTIONMAKING
AConstitutionisaset/colectionofagreedprinciples,rulesand b) Writen
regulationsthatguideagovernmentandthegovernmentintheir
duties,responsibilitiesandlimitsoftheirfreedoms. Itisdocumented
Compositionofaconstitution Advantages

1. Structureofagovernment. 1. Itisnoteasilyalteredbyselfishpersonsfortheirowninterests.

2. Alrulespertainingtotheheadofstate. 2. Incaseofacrisis,itprovidesaclearguidelineontheprocedure
3. Composition,powersandfunctionsofparliamentarylaw. tobefolowed.
4. Compositionoftheexecutiveorganofthegovernment. 3. Itisusualyrigidasitrecognizesthefundamentalrightsinthe
5. Compositionofthejudiciarywithpowersofcourts. country.
6. Dutiesandrightsofcitizens. 4. Itisgoodforanewlyformedstatetostartinanorderlymanner.
7. Guaranteeoffundamentalhumanrights. 5. Itrecognizesalthepeopleinthecountry,regardlessoftheir
status.
Factorsthatdeterminetheformationofaconstitution 6. Itunitesthepeopleasitismadeafterathoroughconsultation.
1. Historicalbackgroundofacountry

2. Geographicalfactorse.g.ithasIslands. Itsdemerits/disadvantages
3. Religiousbeliefsofthepeoplee.g.iftoincorporateIslamic
Sharia. 1. Itistoorigidforamendment.
4. Racialcomposition. 2. Itgivesthejudiciarytoomuchpower.
3. Theproceduretoamendisslowandcostly.
Functions/Importanceofaconstitution 4. Itistoodetailedtobeunderstoodbytheordinarypeople.
1. Itprovidesalegalgroundformakingacountry’slaws. SourcesofKenyanLaw.

2. Itspelsoutpowersofgovernmentanditsrelationshiptothe
governed. 1. Customofparliament/Standingordersandotherregulations.
3. Rightsanddutiesofcitizensaredefinedbytheconstitution. 2. Conventionsandpractices.
4. Itensuresequalityofalcitizens. 3. Statutes/Actsofparliament.
5. Itisasymbolofunity. 4. Customs/Ancientortraditionalpractices.
5. Precedents/Applicationofacceptedprinciplestoasituation.
6. Thecommonlaw.
Theconstitutionasafundamentallawofthecountry RolesofKenyanconstitutioningoverningofthecountry

1. Altheotherlawsareeitherdependentorlimitedbyit. 1. ItspelsouttherightsofcitizensofKenyaandenablesthemto

2. Itprescribestheform,administrationandbodypoliticsofthe knowwhatisexpected.
country 2. Itspelsouttheduties,responsibilitiesandlimitsofthosein
3. Itdeterminestherelationshipamongorgansandinstitutionsof power,thustheleaderscanonlyactaccordingtotheprovisions
governmentandbetweenthecitizensandtheirgovernment. oftheconstitution.
4. Itguidesthedirectionthatshouldbetakenincasea 3. ItensuresequalityofalKenyansirrespectiveoftheirstatus.
contradictionarisesbetweenitandanyotherlawoftheland. 4. Itisthebasisofallegislationsinthecountry.Anylawthatis
contrarytotheconstitutionisrenderednulandvoid
Characteristicsofagoodconstitution 5. Itspelsoutthestructureofthegovernmentandoutlinesthe
functionsofeacharm.
1. Itshouldcontainclearandrealisticprovisionsforits
amendments Theindependenceconstitution
2. Itscontentisclearlydefined/itshouldbedefiniteandspelout Thisconstitutionwasformulatedduringthe2ndLancasterHouse
itscontentsinasimplelanguage.
Itiscomprehensive,thuscoversalaspectsofgovernment. Conferenceof1962.
Itshouldbedurableandrigid,thusnoteasilychangedor
tamperedwith. Itsfeatures/provisions
5. Itshouldbeelasticorflexibletoadapttothechangingneedsof
thesociety. 1. ItprovidedforaGovernorGeneralwhowastheHeadofState
6. Itmustbeabletoprotectthefundamentalrightsandfreedoms onbehalfoftheQueen.
ofthecitizens. 2. ItprovidedforanindependentJudiciarytoensurejusticeand
7. Itshouldtakecareofalgroupsinthesociety. preventcorruption.
3. ItsetupaJudicialServiceCommissiontoappointJudicial
Typesofconstitution Officers.
4. Itprovidedthat,theGovernorinconsultationwithRegional
1. Unwriten AuthoritiesandthePrimeMinister,appointingofChiefJustice.
2. Writen 5. Itprovidedforsevenregionalgovernmentsandwhosepower
includedland,education,healthandthepolice.

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6. Itcomprisedrulesandfundamentalrightsofcitizens. andAsiansetlementsinKenyaasworkersandEuropeansas

7. ItprovidedfortheestablishmentofthePublicService
CommissionandtheCentralLandBoardtoensurefairand
effectivegovernance.
8. ItprovidedfortheTenureofOfficeoftheJudgesandthe
AtorneyGeneral.
ItprovidedfortheMulti-Partydemocracywherethepartywith I. EastAfricaorderinCouncil(1905)
themajorityinparliamentformedthegovernment.
Itdefinedtheamendmentproceduresuchthatspecialmajority 1. Itenhancedtheofficeofthecommissioner.
oftwothirdmajorityrequiredtochangetheconstitution. 2. Itchangedthetitlefromcommissionerto‘Governorand
11.Itprovidedfortheseparationofpowersforthethreearmsof
government.
12.Itwasbi-cameral/providedfortwochambersofparliament,
SenateandHouseof
representatives
13.ItprovidedforthepositionofthePrimeMinisterastheheadof
government.
NB.Thesenateauthorizeddeclarationofstateofemergency,
approvedconstitutionalamendmentandapprovedbils.
ConstitutionmakinginKenya
• ThisstartedfromthetimewhentheBritishannexedKenyanin
1885.
• TheyruledKenyathroughtheimperialBritishEastAfrica
Company(IBEAC)whichwasstartedbySirWiliamMackinnon.
Anglo-Germanagreementof1886gaveTanganyikatoGermany • In1948,Royalinstructionswereissuedtoincrease
&KenyatoBritain.
Anglo-Germanagreementof1890(Heligolandtreaty)gave
UgandatoBritainasthey(Germans)tookHeligoland(asmal
IslandinEurope).
Roleofthecompany
1. Maintainlawandorder
2. Appointadministrators
3. Endslavetrade
4. Promotelegitimatetrade
5. Colecttaxes
Whenthecompanyfailed,theEuropeansformedthe
colonialistsAssociationin1902tohandleadministrativeissuesVI.
inKenya.
Between1923-1954,therewereseveralconstitutional
developmentsasAfricansstruggledformorerepresentationin Stagesinconstitutionmaking.
thelegislativecouncil(LegCo).
I. EastAfricanorderinCouncil(1897)
• Thissetuptheofficeofthecommissioner,appointedbythe
Queen.
Thiswastheofficechargedwiththeestablishmentofasystem 6. Referendum.
ofadministration.
Itsrole
1. Setupthenecessaryadministrativebodiesintheprotectorate.
2. Hadauthoritytomakelaws
3. Hadauthoritytoestablishcourtsoflaw
4. HewasanswerabletosecretaryofstateinLondon.
I. EastAfricaOrderinCouncil(1902)
1. Thisempoweredthecommissionertodividethecountryinto
provincesanddistrictsforthepurposesofadministration.
2. Hecouldalsohireandsackpublicservants
3. Heestablishedacentralgovernmentsystem.
4. TheKenya-UgandarailwayfacilitatedtheincreaseofEuropean
missionariesandtradersandgamehunters.
5. Thecommissioner-Eliotchancesinvitedmanysetlerstocome
andsetleinKenyatoenablethepayfortherailway
construction.
commanderin-chief’
3. ItgavetheGovernor&Commander-in-Chiefpowertoappoint
judicialofficers.
4. LegCowassetupandExecutiveCouncil.
1920,KenyawasdeclaredaBritishColony.
VI. DevonshireWhitePaper(1923)
ItdeclaredKenyaan‘Africanterritory’andinterestsofKenyanwere
paramount.
• Governorbecamepresidentin1925withthefolowingpowers.
i. Hecouldinitiatelegislationonfinances
i. Couldsuspendandremovemembersotherthanthe
ex-officiomembers.
i. CouldprolongordissolvetheLegCo.
representationintheLegCo.
• 1944,EliudMathuwasnominatedtothelegCo.
• 1946,WalterFanuelodedefolowed.
• In1946,KAU(KenyaAfricanUnionwasformedasapolitical
party.
• In1954,Litletonconstitutionwassetupanditrecommended
foramulti-racialgovernmentwithAfricanelectiontotheLeg-co.
• 1958,AfricanrepresentationintheLegCowasincreasedbythe
LenoxBoydconstitution.
V. 1stLancasterHouseConference-1960
• Fromtheconference,4Africanswereappointedasministers.
2ndLancasterHouseConference1962
Theindependenceconstitutionwassetup.
1. Debateovercontentiousissues.
2. Colectingofpublicviews.
3. Civiceducation.
4. Conveningconstitutionalconferences.
5. Draftingoftheconstitution.
7. Enactingoftheconstitution.
8. Promulgationoftheconstitution.
TheprocessofConstitutionmakinginKenya.
1. Themembersofparliamentstartbydebatingovercontentious
issuesiewhatincludeandwhattochange.
2. Thecolectionofviewsfromthecitizensonthesamefolows.
3. Civiceducationisthenconductedtoenablethecitizens
understandwhatitmeans.
4. Aconstitutionalconferenceisthenheldtodiscusstheideas
fromthepublic.
5. Theconstitutionisthendraftedbyexpertstoensureitis
properlydone.
6. Areferendumisthenconductedwherethecitizensaregivena
chancetovotefororagainstthedraftconstitution.

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7. Ifitisapprovedbytheelectorate,itisthenenactedbythe
parliament.
Theconstitutionisthepresentedtothepeoplebythepresident,
thuspromulgation.
CONSTITUTIONAMENDMENTSSINCEINDEPENDENCE
1964
 ThepostofthePrimeMinisterwasreplacedwithan
executivepresident.
 Postofvicepresidentwasalsocreatedandhe/shewould
beappointedbythepresident
Powersbytheregionsintheregionalgovernmentwere
reducedasfinancialsupportfromtheCentralgovernment 1977
wasdeniedtothem.
1965
 Approvalforstateofemergencytobedeclaredwas
reducedfrom65%toasimplemajorityoftheMP’s
 Periodtoseekparliamentaryresolutionoverstateof
emergencywasextendedfrom7to21days.
 RegionalAssemblywasreplacedwithprovincialcouncils.
1966
 CommonwealthcitizensbecamelegibleforKenyan
citizenship,unlikebeforewhentheywereentitledtoit.
Amemberofparliamentwhowasjailedfor6monthsof
morewastoforfeithisseat.
 AnMPwhomissed8consecutivesessionswithout
permissionfromthespeaker,hewouldalsolosehisseat.
 AnMPwhodefectedfromthepartythatsponsoredhim/r
wastoforfeithisseatandseekfreshmandateonhisnew
party’sticket.
 Thepresidentwasempoweredtoappoint/dismisssenior
civilservantsatwil.
Presidentwasempoweredtodetainacitizenwithouttrial,
ifhe/shewasperceivedtobeathreattostatesecurity. 1986
 Presidentcouldcontrolthefreedomofpress.
 Unicameralhousewasadoptedwiththemergerofthetwo
houses.
1967
 Clearedtheinterpretationofsec-42A,thusitmeantthat
one’sactionscouldbetakentomeanactionsthathe/she
hadforfeitaseat(parliamentary)byvirtueofsupportinga
differentparty.
1968
Abolishedalprovincialcouncils.
Alcandidatesforgeneralelectionsweretobenominated
byregisteredpoliticalparties.
Presidentwouldbedirectlyelectedbythepeople.
Ifthepresidentialseatfelvacant,theVicePresident
wouldoverfor90dayswithinwhich,electionswouldheld. 1991
 12MPswouldbeappointedbythepresidenttoreplace
thespecialyelectedmembersofHouseRepresentatives.
1969
 AlmembersoftheECKwouldbeappointedbythe
president.
1974
 Votingagewasreducedfrom21to18years
 Ageforpresidencywasloweredfrom40to35years.
 Kiswahilibecameofficiallanguageinparliament.
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 ProficiencyinbothEnglishandKiswahiliwasrequiredfor
qualificationtostandasaparliamentarycandidate.
1975
 TheLegislativeandfinancialreportswerealowedtobe
quotedinEnglish,thoughtheycouldbedebatedinEnglish
orSwahili.
 ThePresidentcouldpardonelectionoffenders,otherwise,
couldcontestagainafter5yearsfromcourt’sverdict.
 CourtofAppealwasestablished,folowingthecolapseof
EastAfricanCommunity&EastAfricanCourtofAppeal.
 ChiefJusticebecamejudgeofcourtofAppealandhigh
court.
1979
 Publicofficersweretoresign6monthsinadvanceto
qualifyforparliamentarycandidature.
1982
 Kenyabecameaone-partystate,(Section2Aofthe
constitutionwasamended)
 Officeofthechiefsecretarywascreatedasheadofpublic
service.
1985
 Highcourtcouldhandleelectionpetitions.
 Highcourtjudgeappointedtocourtofappealcould
continuehearingcaseshe/swashandlinginHighCourt.
 MembershipofthePublicServiceCommissionwas
increasedto15,includingthechairmanandvicechairman.
 AcquisitionofcitizenshipforanyoneborninKenyaafter
11/12/1963.
 RemovalofsecurityoftenureofofficesofAG,Controler
&Auditor-GeneralandChiefSecretary.
1988
 Removalofsecurityoftenureofjudgesofhighcourtand
chairmanofpublicservicecommission.
 Policecouldholdacapitaloffencesuspectfor14days.
1990
 SecurityoftenureforofficeofAGandControler&
AuditorGeneral-Reinstated.
 Multi-partismwasre-introduced.
 Securityoftenureofpresidentwaslimitedto2termsof5
yearseach
 Apresidentialcandidatemustatain25%votescastfrom
fiveoftheprovincestobedeclaredthewinner.
1996
 Parliamentaryseatswereincreasedfrom188to210
1997
 PoliticalpartiesweretonominatetheMP’s(Nominated).
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
 Coalitiongovernmentwasintroduced. officiallanguages.
Leaderofrunnersuppartybecameofficialyheadof
oppositioninparliament 3. Citizenship
1998  Dualcitizenshipislegalized.

Thenewconstitutionwouldbebasedontheprinciplesof
democracy,accountability,humanrights,people’s 4. TheBilofRights
participationandsocialjustice.
 Itcomprises26rightsandfreedomsofcitizens.
2001
Constitutionalreviewcommissionwassetuptoworkona 5. LandandEnvironment
draftconstitution.
AllandinKenyabelongstothepeopleofKenyacolectivelyas
2008 anation,communitiesandindividuals.
Grandcoalitionwasintroducedingovernment,withpost  Thereforethelandisclarifiedaspublic,communityandprivate.
ofPMandtwodeputies
. 6. Leadershipandintegrity
2010, thenewconstitutionwaspromulgatedbythethenpresident
MwaiKibaki.  Thiscomprisestheguidelinesforstateofficers.
HowtheNationalAccordandReconciliationAct,2008affectedthe

compositionofthegovernment. 7. TheLegislature
1. Itcreatedacoalitiongovernment.  Ithasabicameraltypeoflegislature:Nationalassembly

2. Itcreatedtheoffice/positionofthePrimeMinister.
3. Itcreatedtheoffices/positionsofthetwodeputyprime
ministers.
4. Itincreasedthenumberofministers/cabinetministers.
Accordingtothisnewconstitution,wehavethefolowingkey
(representingthepeopleoftheconstituencies-290seats).
 Minimumof47seatsforwomen,12nominatedmembersto
representtheyouth,personswithdisabilitiesandworkers.
 TheSpeakerisanex-officiomemberofthenationalassembly.
TheSenaterepresentsthecounties.

changes:
1. Reductionofthepresident’sexecutivepowers.  Ithas47memberselectedbyregisteredvotersofthecounty.
 16womenarenominatedbythepoliticalparties.
2. Devolutionofpowertotheregionsbythecreationofnational  1maleand1femalerepresenttheyouth.
andcountygovernments.  1maleand1femalerepresentpersonswithdisabilities,and
3. Creationofthesenateandthenationalassembly,thustwo
thespeakerastheex-officiomember.
chambersofparliament.
EstablishmentoftheJudicialServiceCommissionwhichsha l
promoteandfacilitatetheindependenceandaccountabilityof 8.
Representationofthepeople thejudiciaryforefficiency.
 Itprovidesguidingprinciplestotheelectoralprocess.
OnlytwowaysofbecomingaKenyancitizenarerecognized,
thusbybirthandregistration.Dualcitizenshipisalsolegal.
9. TheExecutive
CreationoftheLandCommissionwhichwilensureeffective
landuseandsetlelanddisputesinthecountry.
Thisarmofgov’texecuteslawandimplementsgov’tpolicies.
7. Expansionofthecitizens’BilofRightstoguaranteeequal
 ItcomprisesthePresident,DeputyPresident,andnotfewer
representationforeithergenderinalgovernancestructures
andincreasedcitizen’participationindemocraticgovernance. than14ormorethan22cabinetsecretaries(ministers),
8. RecognitionoftheKadhiCourtsasaSubordinatecourtinthe SecretarytothecabinetandDirectorofpublicprosecution.
 Itshouldreflecttheregionalandethnicdiversityofthepeople
Judicialsystem.
9. Theconstitutioncanonlybeamendedbyparliamentary ofKenya.
approval.
10.TheJudiciary
Itprovidesfortheruleoflaw,thusallegalmatersarehandled
inaccordancewiththelaw.
 Thiscomprisesthelawcourtsandthejudicialofficers.
TheseparationofpowersbetweentheExecutive,Legislature andJudiciary.
11.DevolvedGovernment
Chaptersofthenewconstitution.  Kenyaisdividedinto47counties,withaCountyAssemblyand

1. Sovereigntyofthepeopleandsupremacyoftheconstitution aCountyExecutive.
 Thepowerbelongstothepeopleanditshalbeexercised 12.Publicfinance

accordingtotheconstitution.  AConsolidatedFundhasbeenestablishedinwhichalthe

2. TheRepublic moneyreceivedbythenationalgovernmentispaid.
 AcommissiononRevenueAlocationisalsoinplacetomake
 Kenyaisasovereignrepublicdividedintocounties. recommendationsconcerningthebasisforequitablesharingof
nationalrevenue.
 KiswahiliisaNationallanguage,whileEnglish&Kiswahiliare 13.ThepublicService

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 Itdealswithemployingcompetentcivilservants. Waysofapplying

14.Nationalsecurity Referendum

TheorgansofnationalsecurityincludeKenyaDefenseForces, Aladultvotersexpresstheirviewonissuesthroughbalot.
TheNationalInteligenceServiceandtheNationalPolice
Service. Initiative
TheyaresupervisedbytheNationalSecurityCouncil.
Peopleinitiatelegislationandpassontolegislaturetoendorse.
15.CommissionsandIndependentOffices
Recal
Theyare10commissions:
Electedofficialsareremovedfromofficebythevotersbyvoteofno-
confidence
TheKenyaNationalHumanRightsandEqualityCommission
TheNationalLandCommission
3. TheIndependentElectoralandBoundariesCommission Plebiscite
4. ParliamentaryServiceCommission Obtainadirectvoteonmatersofpolicyorpoliticalimportancefrom
5. JudicialServiceCommission
6. CommissiononRevenueAlocation thepeople.
7. PublicServiceCommission Advantages
8. NationalPoliceServiceCommission
9. TeachersServiceCommission 1. Thelawsmadearewelcomebyalthepeopleinashorttime.
10.SalariesandRemunerationsCommission
2. Promotespatriotismasthepeoplefeeltheyownthe
16.Amendmentoftheconstitution governmentdecision-makingprocessandthelawstheypass.
3. Theyunderstandtheirownlawsbeterandhenceobeythem
 Itstipulatesthatamendmentscanbedoneby2thirdmajority easily.
votesinparliament. Disadvantages
 Othersamendmentscanbedonebyareferendumwith20%of
registeredvotersin24counties. 1. Onlysuitableinsmalstateswithasmalpopulation.
 Theotherwayofmakinganamendmentisbyasimplemajority
ofthecitizensvotinginthereferendum. 2. Noteasytosucceedsinceitisdifficulttomobilizealthe
people.
Thustheparliamentaryinitiativeandthepopularinitiative. b) Indirect/representative

17.Generalprovisions  Thepeoplegovernthroughelectedrepresentatives.

 Thisisaguidelineontheenforcementandtheinterpretationof Waysofapplying
theconstitution.
1. Parliamentarydemocracy
Anycitizencangotocourtifhe/shefeelstheconstitutionhas beencontravenedoritisfacedwithathreatofcontravention.

Presidentialdemocracy

Advantagesofrepresentativedemocracy.
18.Transitionalandconsequentialprovisions 1. Thepeopleelectleadersoftheirownchoice.

2. Thesupremepowerisvestedinthehandsofthepeople.
Thepeoplecanrecaltheirleaders.
Thetimetableforimplementingthenewconstitutionmustbe 4. Itiseasytomakedecisions. adheredto.
5. Theelectedleadersareaccountabletothepeople/Peopleare
 Theparliamentshouldenactlegislationtogovernparticular
abletoairtheirgrievances.
maters,otherwiseanycitizencangotocourtforthesameand
theParliamentcanbedissolvedbythepresidentonadviceby Advantagesofdemocracy
theChiefJustice.
1. Itispopularasthegovernmentiselectedbythepeople,hence
itcannotaffordtoignorethem.
DEMOCRACY&HUMANRIGHTS 2. Inademocraticcountry,anyonecanrisetopowerasalpeople
areequalbeforethelaw.
Democracy 3. Itdevelopsinitiativeandsenseofresponsibilityinpeople.
Meansgovernmentofthepeople,forthepeopleandbythepeople. 4. Itbalancesthelibertyofthepeopleandthepowerofthestate
Itisbasedonpolitical,socialandeconomicaspects. wherethelatermakeslawsbasedontheconsentoftheformer
whowilinglyobeythem.
Typesofdemocracy 5. Itpromotespatriotismwherepeoplefeeltheyarepartofthe
government,andthisreducesthedesireofthosewhowould
a) Direct/Pure liketoremoveit.
6. Itpromotespeacefulco-existencewithinacountryaswelas
Peopledirectlyrunthegovernmente.g.Athens. withothercountries.

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Disadvantagesofdemocracy orcorrespondence.

13.Freedomofmovement
1. Itpromotesdictatorshipbymajority. 14.Righttoenjoyasyluminothercountries
2. Itencouragesclassstruggleandcorruption. 15.Righttonationality
Itencouragesthegovernmenttobeslowandwasteful.16.Righttomarryandstartafamily
Itpromoteselectionsthatarenotbasedonmerit.17.Righttoownpropertyindividualyandinassociation
5. Itmayencourageincompetence. 18.Freedomofthought,conscienceandreligion
6. Itistheelectedmajoritywhorule. 19.Freedomofopinionandexpression
Itmayenablebadleaderscansailthroughbycoruption.20.Freedomofpeacefulassemblyandassociation
Rightstotakepartinthegovernanceofthenation
Principlesofdemocracy 22.Righttosocialsecurity
23.Righttoworkandfreechoiceofemployment
1. Freedomofspeech,debateandequality. 24.Righttorestandleisure
2. Participationofthepeopleintheirgovernment. 25.Righttoenjoyafairstandardofliving
3. Openandaccountablemassmedia. 26.Righttoeducation
4. Economicdemocracy. 27.Righttoparticipateinculturallifeofcommunity
5. Equalitybeforethelaw. 28.Righttointernationalorder(peaceandstability)
29.Wealowedutytoourcommunities.
Humanrights

Thisreferstothepowersoffreeactionbyhumanbeings
Theyarebasictosurvivalandarecontainedinbilofrights. WhytheUNCharteronHumanRightswasformulatedbytheUNO.

Whyitisimportanttorespecthumanrights. 1. Tobringaboutinternationalcooperationinfosteringand
promotingrespectforhumanrightsandfundamental
1. Itpromoteshumandignityastherightsofthepeopleare freedomsforalpeoplewithoutdiscriminationbasedonrace,
observed. language,genderorreligion.
2. Itpromotesunityamongthepeoplebyencouraging 2. Toavoidrepetitionofatrocitieswhichwerecommited
harmoniousco-existence. againstinnocentpeopleduringthe2ndWorldWarliketothe
3. Itpromotestheruleoflawbyenhancingjustice/good Jews.
governanceinthesociety. 3. Topreservethedignityofindividualsandtheircommunities.
4. Itpromotesrespectfortheotherpeople’sculturesby 4. Topromotesocialjusticeandpotentialforalhumanbeings.
appreciatingculturaldiversity. 5. Toshowthatsubjectingpeopletoinhumantreatment/
5. Itpromotesdemocracyasotherpeople’sopinion/viewsare conditionsasinprisonsorconcentrationcampsisa
respected. violationoftheirinalienablerights.
6. Itpromotestolerancebyaccommodatingotherpeople’sviews
andideas. ImportanceoftheUNcharteronHR.
7. Itpromotesinternationalrelationsbyobservingconventions/
treatiesonhumanrights. 1. Itpromotestheestablishmentandmaintenanceofpeaceand
8. Itpromotesdevelopmentbycreatingenabling/conducive security.
environment. 2. Itenhancesthepromotionofgoodgovernance.
9. Rightsjustifyspecialtreatmentofminority/disadvantaged 3. Itenablesthepromotionofdevelopment.
communities. 4. Ithelpsineradicatingpoverty.
10.Itprovidesguidancetostateorgansregardingtheexerciseof 5. Itfacilitatesthepreventionofterrorism.
Statepower. 6. Ithelpsinconflictprevention
7. IthelpsinPeace-making
Itsprinciples/charter 8. Itfacilitateshumanitarianassistance.
9. Ithasalsocontributedpositivelytothepromotionoftherights
1. Equalityforthesovereignmemberstates. ofthewomenandtheirempowerment.
2. Almemberstoobeythecharter. 10.Itworksforthechampioningtherightsofthevulnerablegroups
3. Internationalconflictstobesetledamicably.
4. Nouseofforceagainstothers. Bodiesthatmonitorhumanrights
5. ShouldsupportandassisttheUN.
6. Non-memberstatesshouldnotgoagainsttheUN. 1. Police/lawenforcementofficers
2. Lawyersandjudges
UNCharteronhumanrights 3. Tradeunions
4. Journalists
1. Alhumanbeingsarebornfreeandequal 5. Religiousorganizations.
2. Nodiscriminationunderanycircumstances 6. Associationsandspecialcommissionse.g.women’sgroups,
3. Righttolife,libertyandsecurity business,LawSocietyKenyaetc.
Nooneshouldbeenslaved.
Notorture,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment TheKenyanBilofRights
Recognitionofalasapersonbeforethelaw.
Alareequalbeforethelawandareprotectedbythelaw. Thesearetherightsofanindividualbyvirtueofbeingahuman
Wearealoutfieldtorightofredressifwronged.being.Theyarecontainedintheinternationalcovenantonciviland
9. Noarbitraryarrest,detentionorexile politicalrights.
Righttoafairandpublichearing
Weareinnocentunlessprovedguilty.
Righttoprotectionoflawagainstatacksonourprivacy,home

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SpecificgroupsofthepeopleinKenyaandhowtherightsare
appliedtothem.
1. Children
Theyshouldenjoyalthe
-Survivalrights,
-Developmentalrights,
-Rightsofprotection,
-Rightstoparticipation.
2. Personswithdisabilities.
Theyshouldenjoythefolowingrights:
-Treatedwithdignityandrespectandbeaddressedand
referredtonotinamannerthatisdemeaning.
-Accesseducationalinstitutionsandfacilitiesforpersonswith
disabilitiesthatareintegratedintothesocietytotheinterestof
theperson.
-Reasonableaccesstoalplaces,publictransport&information.
-Usethesignlanguage,Braileoranyotherappropriateformof
communication.
-Accessmaterialsanddevicestoovercomeconstraintsarising
fromtheperson’sdisability.
3. Youth-betweenage18-35years
-Accesstorelevanteducation&training.
-Opportunitiestoassociate,berepresentedandparticipatein
political,social,economicandotherspheresoflife.
-Accesstoemployment.
-Protectionfromharmfulculturalpracticesandexploitation.
4. Minoritiesandthemarginalizedgroups.
-ThemarginalizedarethoseKenyanswhoaredisadvantagedby
discriminationongroundlikerace,sex,pregnancy,marital
status,healthstatus,ethnicorsocialorigin,colour,age,
disability,religion,conscience,belief,culture,dress,languageor
birth.
-Theyincludeacommunityofrelativelysmalpopulation,a
communitythathasremainedoutsidetheintegratedsocial&
economiclifeofKenyatopreservetheiruniqueculture,a
communitywhichhaschosentoretainandmaintaina
traditionalandlivelihoodbasedonhuntingorgathering,and
Pastoralpersonsandcommunities,whethernomadicorsetled.
-Theyparticipateandarerepresentedingovernanceandother
spheresoflife.
-Tobeprovidedwithspecialopportunitiesineducationand
economicfields.
-Specialopportunitiesforaccesstoemployment.
-Freedomtodeveloptheirculturalvalues,languageand
practices,butnotthenegativeculturalpracticesthathinder
development.
-Shouldhavereasonableaccesstowater,healthservices&
infrastructure.
5. Oldermembersofthesociety-aged60yearsandabove
-Fulyparticipateintheaffairsofthesociety.
-Pursuetheirpersonaldevelopment.
-Liveindignityandrespect,andbefreefromabuse.
-Receivereasonablecareandassistancefromtheirimmediate
familymembers&thestate.
6. Rightsofthearrestedpersons
1.Oneisinnocentuntilprovenotherwise.
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2.Haveadequatetimeandfacilitiestoprepareadefense.
3.Apublic/cameratrialbeforeacourt.
4.Tobeinformedofthecharges.
5.Tobepresentwhenbeingtried.
6.Toberepresentedbyanadvocateandtobeinformedofthisright
immediately.
7.Toremainsilentandnottotestifyduringtheproceedings.
8.Tobeinformedinadvance,oftheevidencetheprosecution
intendstopresent,andtohavereasonableaccesstothe
evidence.
9.Tochalengetheevidence.
10.Torefusetogiveself-incriminatingevidence.
11.Tohavetheassistanceofaninterpreteriftheaccusedperson
cannotunderstand
thelanguageusedatthetrial.
12.Tohavetrialbeginandconcludedintheshortesttimepossible.
13.Ifconvicted,toappealto,orappealforreviewbyahighercourt.
7. Detained,heldincustodyorimprisoned.
-Theyshouldbesubjectedtohumantreatmentinaccordance
tothe
InternationalHumanRightsConvention.
-However,theyhavethedutytoberesponsibleandobedientto
the
regulationsofthedepartmentofcorrectionalservices.
HowtheBilofRightsprotectstherightsofindividuals.
1. Itstatesthateveryindividualhasarighttolife.
2. Itguaranteeslibertyofalcitizensbyforbiddingenslavement,
detentionorimprisonmentwithouttrial.
3. Itprotectstheindividualfromalformsoftortureandinhuman
treatment.
4. Itguaranteestheprotectionofprivatepropertyandalows
Kenyanstoownpropertyanywhereinthecountry.
5. Itprotectsindividuals’freedomofspeechandexpression.
6. Itprotectsindividuals’freedomofConscienceandreligion/
worship.
7. ItgivesKenyanstherighttomovefreelythroughoutthecountry
andtoresideinanypartofthecountry.Kenyansareprotected
frombeingexpeledfromthecountry.
8. Itguaranteestheindividualagainstanyformofdiscrimination
onthebasisofcolour,creed,gender,religionetc.
9. Guaranteesfreebasicrights-education,foodandshelter.
10.Providesforthefreedomofassembly/association.
11.Itprotectsindividualsfromarbitraryarrest,searchandentry
intoone’spropertywithouthisconsent.
CharacteristicsofHumanRights
1. Theyareuniversal–theyapplyequalytoalhumanbeings
2. Areindivisible-Onecannotbeappliedwhiletheotheronedoes
notexist.
3. Havelimitations-Oneshouldrespecttherightsoftheothers.
4. Derogation-maybesuspendedundercertaincircumstances.
5. Onecanonlyenjoythemaslongasheisnotinterferingwith
others’rightsandfreedoms
6. Theyareapreconditionforpeaceandstabilityandformabasis
fordevelopment
7. Theyareenshrinedintheconstitution.
Aspectsofrights
1. Political
2. Economic
3. Social
ClassificationofHumanrights
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
ahealthymind.
Civilandpoliticalrights 3. Accesstoinformationtohelpthechildgrowintoaresponsible person.

Thesearetherightsthatprovideasecurespaceforindividual 4. Socialsecurity
topursuetheirvaluesandinterests 5. Parentalcare,loveandprotection
Theylimitinterferenceinpersonallives.E.g.righttovote,think
andhaveaccesstoinformation. I) Rightstoprotection
I. Social,Economicandculturalrights Thesehelptoprotectthechildagainstneglect,discriminationand

crueltye.g.
Theyrequirethestatetotakespecificactiontofacilitatetheir
enjoyment 1. Protectionfromexploitatione.g.childlabour
Thisisthroughhonestadministration,equitabledistributionof 2. Disastere.g.famine,waretc
resourcesandappropriatepoliciese.g.righttoownproperty, 3. Sexualabuse
workstartandfoundafamily,andeducationetc. 4. Discrimination
5. Abuse,neglectanddrugs
I. Solidarityrights IV) Rightstoparticipation

Theserightsfocusonthewholecountry.
Theyrequirethestatetopursuepoliciesthatdonotdestroy Thesepromotethechildtotakepart,andbeheardthusrightto expressthemselves.E.g.
naturalresourcesorwastefinancialresourcese.g.rightto
cleanandhealthyandsustainableenvironment,peaceand 1. Association
development
2. Thoughtandopinion
SocialrightsofanindividualinKenya. 3. Contribution
4. Notmakewrongdecision
1. Healthcarewhichareofreasonablestandards. 5. Theirfeelingsshouldbealowedtoinfluencethedirectionof
2. Housingfacilitywhichisaccessibleandadequate. development.
3. Adequatefoodwhichisofgoodquality.
4. Regularsupplyofwaterwhichiscleanandsafe. V) Others
Appropriatesocialsecuritytopersonswhoareunableto
supportthemselvesandtheirdependents.
6. Accessformaleducationinordertopromoteliteracy. 1. Righttoadoption.
7. Embraceculture/languageofone’schoiceregardlessofhis/her 2. Specialprotectionandassistance.
background. 3. Practisetheirreligionsandbeliefs.
8. Cleanenvironment/sanitationwhichisfreefrompolution. 4. Protectionandassistancetorefugees.

Rightsofachild

Achildisanybodybelowtheageof18years
TheyarecontainedintheUNconventionontherightsofachild
whichwasputforwardin1990. TheKenyaNationalHumanRightsandEqualityCommission
 FortheKenyanchild,therightsarecontainedintheChildren’s (KNHREC)
Actof2001. Objectives.
Classificationofrightsofachild 1. Toprotectthesovereigntyofthepeople.

i. Survivalrights 2. Toensuresecureobservancebyalstateorgansofdemocratic
valuesandprinciples.
Thesearenecessaryforthesurvivalofthechilde.g. 3. Topromoteconstitutionalism.
1. Righttolife Itsfunctions.

2. Nameandidentity 1. Itpromotesrespectforhumanrightsanddevelopsacultureof
3. Goodmedicalcare
humanrightsintheRepublic.
4. Goodclothing
2. Itpromotesgenderequalityandequitygeneralyand
5. Goodshelter
coordinatesandfacilitatesgendermainstreamingin
6. Goodfood
development.
3. Itpromotestheprotectionandobservanceofhumanrightsin
publicandprivateinstitutions.
I) Developmentalrights 4. Itmonitors,investigatesandreportsontheobservanceof
humanrightsinalspheresoflifeintheRepublic,including
Thesefacilitatethechild’sdevelopmentofthemind,bodyandsoul. observancebynationalsecurityorgans.
5. Itreceivesandinvestigatescomplaintsaboutalegedabusesof
1. Righttocompulsoryeducationuptosecondaryleveltoequip humanrightsandtakestepstosecureappropriateredress
wherenecessary.
him/herwithskils,habitandvalueswhicharenecessaryfor 6. Itinvestigatesorresearchesamaterinrespectofhuman
life. rights,andmakerecommendationstoimprovethefunctionsof
2. Playandleisuretoenablethechildtobephysicalyfitandhave
thestateorgans.

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7. Itactsastheprincipleorganofthestateinensuring Anglo-Germanagreement(1886)

compliancewithobligationsundertreatiesandconventions
relatingtohumanrights. Terms
8. Itinvestigatesanyconductinstateaffairs,oranyactor
omissioninpublicadministrationinanysphereofgovernment, 1. Sultangot16km(10miles)coastalstripandtheIslandsof
whichisalegedorsuspectedtobeimproper. Zanzibar,Pemba,Mafia,Lamu,Kismayu,Brava,&andtownsof
9. Itinvestigatescomplaintsofabuseofpower,unfairtreatment, MercaandMogadishu.
manifestinjusticeorunlawful,oppressive,unfairor 2. CoastlineofWitu&theareabetweenR.Umba&R.Ruvuma
unresponsiveofficialconduct. wouldbeGerman.
10.Itgivesareportontheresultsofinvestigationsintheconduct 3. BritaintooktheareabetweenR-Umba&R.JubatotheNorth.
ofstateaffairs. 4. TheWesternboundarywasnotdefinedhenceUgandawasleft
forwhicheverpowergottherefirst.
 Thetreatyfailedtoaddresstheissuefuly,andhenceanother

treatywassigned.
 Themainreasonforthe2ndonewasthecontinuedconflicts
betweentheBritish&GermansoverUganda/Westernregion.
ESTABLISHMENTOFCOLONIALRULEINKENYA
Anglo-German(Heligoland)treaty-1890
ScrambleandPartitionofEastAfrica
WhytheBritishwereinterestedinKenyainthe2ndhalfofthe19th Terms

Century. 1. GermanyrecognizedUgandaasaBritishSphereofinfluence.
2. GermanyabandonedherclaimofWitu,andBritaingaveher
1. TheywantedtogainaccesstoUgandatocontrolthesourceof Heligoland(smalIslandinNorthSea).
R.NilefortheirinterestsinEgypt. 3. GermanygotastripoflandonLakeTanganyikaandpurchased
2. Theycametolookformarketfortheirmanufacturedgoods. theCoastofTanganyikafromtheSultan.
3. TheywantedtouseKenyaasanoutletforSurpluscapital 4. TheSultanofZanzibarretainedthe16kmCoastalstrip.
investment. 5. GermanygotaccesstotheportofZanzibar.
4. TheywantedtoprotectmissionariesandotherBritish 6. ZanzibarandPembacameundertheBritish.
NationalswhowerealreadysetledinKenyaandUganda. 7. WesternboundariesofbothUgandaandTanganyikawere
5. TopreventKenyafrombeingcolonizedbyotherEuropean defined.
powers.
Imperialism/expansionistpolicy/Forprestige/nationalpride
asthiswouldaddtoheradvantageasagreatnation/National BritishoccupationofKenya
pride,astheyfeltthatpowerrestedinthenumberofcolonies.
Publicopinionwhichfavouredtheacquisitionofcoloniesby Methodsused governments.
Theycametostopslavetradeandestablishlegitimatetrade. 1. Useofmilitaryatacksagainsttheunfriendlycommunities/
TheycametocontrolthefertileHighlandsfortheiragricultural useofexpeditions/force.
benefit. 2. SigningoftreatiesbetweenthecolonialagentsandtheAfrican
10.Theycametoestablishstrategicstationsalongthecoastto leaders/agreements/colaborations/diplomacy.
safeguardtheirinterestsinIndia. 3. Establishedadministrativepostsoroperationalbasesinthe
11.Theywantedtospreadhercivilization. interiorfromwheretheyoperated.
Theycametosecuresetlementfortheirsurpluspopulation. 4. UseofmissionariestopacifyAfricansthroughpreaching.
TheysawKenyaasasourceofRawMaterials.
TheyuseddirectruleinKenyaforthefolowingreasons:
Fightingtactics
1. MostcommunitiesinKenyadidnothavecentralizedsystems
1. Scorchedearthpolicy ofadministration,thustheBritishappointedchiefs.
2. Hornofacow 2. Thereweremanyethnicgroupswithdiversesocio-cultural
3. Tortoiseshel systemswhichmadeitdifficultfortheBritishtoapplyindirect
4. Guerila rule.
3. MostcommunitiesresistedtheBritishruleandsotheyhadto
becontroleddirectly.
4. Therewasanexistingsystemofdirectruleusedbythe
Categoriesofthetreatiessigned ImperialBritishEastAfricaCompanyonwhichtheBritishbuilt
theiradministration.
1.EuropeansVs.Africans. 5. TheBritishhadenoughadministrators.
2.BetweenvariousEuropeanpowers. 6. TheBritishalsohadenoughfundstopayforthedirect
administrationcosts.
Course
CompanyRule
ItwasmainlybetweentheBritish&Germans
TheGermanleader(KarlPeters)signedtreatieswiththeEast  TheBritishusedtheImperialBritishEastAfricaCompany
Africanleaderstoadministercertainareasintheregion. (IBEAC)torule.
Misunderstandingthemarose,whichresultedintothe
formationofacommissiontosetletheboundarydispute. Itsroles

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1. Itwastoestablishadministrationposts/maintainedlawand companyrulefailed.

order/Levyingandcolectingtaxes
2. Itwastoconductandorganizelegitimatetradewithlocal ResponsebyKenyans
communities.
3. Itdiscouragedslavetrade.  Theyacceptedthematfirst,butlatersomeofthemstarted
4. ItwastosuppressAfricanresistanceagainsttheBritish. resistingthem.
5. ItwastopromotespreadofWesterncivilization/Secured  Theresistanceswereintwoways:-activeandpassive.
Britishsphereofinfluence.  Otherscolaborated
6. ItalsoprovidedinformationabouttheE.Africaninterior.  ResistersincludedNandi,Bukusu,Agiriama&Somali.
7. ItbuilttheKenya-Ugandarailway.  ColaboratorsincludedMaasai,Wanga.
8. Itpioneeredtheconstructionofroads/improvedinfrastructure.  Othersposedmixedreactions,thussomesectionsresistedas
otherscolaboratede.g.Akamba,AgikuyuandLuo.
Itsachievement
WhytheKenyanCommunitiesresistedtheestablishmentofcolonial
Itqueledlocalaggression. rule.
Itlaidbasisoflocaladministrationbyestablishingfortse.g. FortSmith
Itdevelopedrubberindustryintheinterior Somecommunitieshadestablishedstrongsocio-political
Itpioneeredthebuildingofroadstofacilitatetransport. systemswhichtheywerenotwilingtoalowforeignersto
Itsecuredfreedomofseveralslaves/Discouragedslave destroy.
tradingandencouragedlegitimatetrade. Thosecommunitieswhichweremilitarilysuperiortotheir
ItbuilttheKenya-Ugandarailway. neighboursbelievedthatnootherrace/communitycould
defeatthemandthusresisted.
WhytheBritishusedcompanyruleinKenya. Somecommunities’socio-economicandpoliticalsetupswere
strongenoughtosustainresistance.
Thecompanywasfamiliarwiththearea. Wantedtoprotecttheirindependenceagainstforeigninvaders.
TheBritishlackedaclearpolicyontheadministrationof Someofthecommunitieswereencouragedbytheirreligious
colonialpossessions. leaderstoresist.Suchleaderspromisedtheirpeoplethatthey
Theylackedenoughpersonnel. wouldreceivesupernaturalprotectionagainstfirearms.
Theylackedsufficientfunds/inadequatefunds. Mostcommunitiesunderestimatedthemilitarystrengthofthe British.
Theywereagainstthelandalienationoftheirland.
WhytheBritishusedindirectruleinKenya. Theywereopposedtothepaymentoftaxes/Kipandesystem/
Lackofpoliticalrepresentation.
Theyhadinadequatepersonneltobestationedinalpartsof Theywereopposedtogovernmentpolicyofdestocking.
thecountryforadministration. TheywereopposedtoforcedlabouronEuropeanfarms.
Shortageoffundsforadministrativecosts. RacialdiscriminationbytheBritish.
Theywerenotconversantwiththeregion.
Theywantedtospendminimalyformaximumprofit. Whytheyweredefeated.
TheywantedtoavoiddirectconfrontationwiththeAfricans.
HowitwasdoneinKenya 1. Lackedunity,henceweredefeatedeasily.
2. Theyhadinferiorweapons.
1. AmongtheWanga,Mumiawasmadeparamount,andhis 3. TheyhadlitleknowledgeabouttheBritishfightingtactics.
4. Theyhadbeenweakenedbycatastropheslikefamine.
appointeeswerealsoreplacedgradualy. 5. Theirleaderslackedadequateorganizationalskilsof
2. AmongtheAkamba,theyappointedcertainchiefsfrom mobilizingthepeople.
prominentfamiliese.g.ChiefKivoi,andalsousedthecouncilof 6. TheBritishusedtreacherywhendealingwithsome
elders(Nzama)whichalsofailed. communities/colaborationbysome.
3. Amongotherindividuals,theBritishalsofoundprominent 7. Theyweredemoralizedwhenmanysoldierswerecapturedand
individualse.g.KaruriwaGakureofNorthAgikuyu. kiled.
Problemsitencountered 8. TheBritishusedruthlessmethodstosuppresstheresistance,
likeScorchedearthpolicy.
1. Shortageoffundstofinance/capitaltorunitsdaytoday 9. TheKenya-UgandarailwayfacilitatedfastmovementofBritish
troops.
activities.
Poortransportfacilitiesinfrastructure,whichhamperedtrade
FactorsthatfacilitatedtheestablishmentofcolonialruleinKenya.
betweentheinteriorandthecoast.
Nonavigablerivers. 9. SomeAfricanleaderscolaboratedwiththeBritishegthe
3. Co-ordinationbetweencolonialofficeinLondon&theoffices
onthespotwaspoor. MumiaoftheWanga.
10.SomeAfricanleaderswereignorantofthetrueimplicationof
4. Thecompanylackedexperiencedandtrainedadministrators.
5. Therewasmismanagementoffundsbythecompanyofficials/ theprotectoratetreatieswhichtheysignedwiththeBritish.
11.TheBritishhadsuperiormilitaryweaponscomparedtoAfrican
coruption. communities.
6. Continuousresistance/rebelionbysomeAfricans 12.EuropeanmissionarieswhowerealreadyoperatinginKenya
communities persuadedsomeAfricanleaderstoacceptEuropeanrule.They
7. Competition/rivalryfromtheGermanEastAfricaCompany. alsopersuadedtheirhomegovernmentstocomeandprotect
8. Hotanddrytropicalclimatewithtropicaldiseasese.g.malaria. them.
9. Theareawastoovastforthefewofficialstomanage. 13.TherewasdisunityamongtheAfricans.
14.SomeAfricancommunitieshadbeenweakenedbycivilwars,
In1895,KenyawasthendeclaredBritishProtectorateafterthe

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diseasesandslavetrade.
15.TheEuropeanshadworkedouttheirstrategiesofoccupation
duringtheBerlinconference.Theyalsoagreedtoco-operateto
dealwithAfricans.
16.ThediscoveryofquininereducedtheEuropeanmortality.This
madeitpossibleforthemtostayinKenyaandimposetheir
rule.
17.Europeantraderspersuadedtheirgovernmentstoacquire
teritorieswhichtheyconsideredastheircommercialspheres.
NandiResistance
1895-1906
Factorsfortheirrise
1. AdoptionoftheinstitutionoftheOrkoiyot-Barsabotwo,thus
unity.
2. Militaryorganization-Theage-setsystemensuredcontinuous
supplyofsoldiers&astandingarmy.
3. Strongeconomicbase-mixedfarmers-fertilesoilandreliable
rainfal.
4. Raidingearnedthemwealthinformoffoodstuffsandlivestock.
5. Contactwiththeothercommunitiesexposedthemtonew
ideas,cropsandtoolsforagriculture.
6. Theyhadableleaderse.g.KoitalelArapSamoeiwhoprovided
therightdirection.
Reasonsfortheirresistance
1. Physicalappearanceofthewhites.Thepinkskincomplexion
andwayofdressingwasstrangeandtheNandifelttheywere
devilswhoneededimmediateexpulsion.
2. LandalienationbytheBritish/Wantedtoprotecttheirland
wealthwhichtheyhadacquiredthroughraiding.
3. Theydidnotwantstrangerstopassthroughtheirterritory,
folowingKimnyole’sprophesy.
4. NandiunityunderKoitalelastheyhadwonmanybatlesunder
hisleadership.
Needtosafeguardtheirindependence.
Theyhadsuccessfulyraided/foughttheirneighbours/ Causes intrudersinthepast.
7. Nandipride,astheywereexperiencingnotablesuccessover
theirneighbours.
Thismadethemdeterminedtosafeguardtheircommunityat
alcosts/Theyhatedforeigners.
ReasonsfortheNandilongresistance
1. TheuseofguerrilawarfaremadeitdifficultfortheBritishto
defeattheNandiwarriorswithease.
2. Theprevalenceoftropicaldiseasesreducedtheefficiencyof
theBritisharmy.
3. Theforestedandhilyterrainwhichmadeitdifficultforthe
soldierstomoveswiftly.
4. TheNandimixedeconomyensuredtheirgoodandreliable
foodsupplyforthesoldiers/warriors.
Theyhadwel-trained,experiencedanddisciplinedarmywhich 3. TheBritishwouldoccupyalthelandtotheNorthofR.Sabaki.
enabledthemtofacetheBritishwithconfidence.
Theyhadsomeknowledgeofweaponmanufacturerbythe RolesofMekatililiwaMenza ironworkers.
Theirunitythrough‘Orkoiyot’gavethemcouragetofight. 1. EncouragedtheAgiriamatofighttheBritishbyadministering
Theyhadasystematicspynetwork,thuscouldobtainneeded oathsforunity(MkusheMkushe).
informationforthestruggle.
9. Theyhadableleaderswhoprovidedtherightadvice.
Reasonsfortheirdefeat
1. TheBritishgotreinforcementsin1905fromIndians,Swahili Effects
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andSomalifighters,andalsotheMaasai.
2. ThesuperiorityoftheBritishweaponsandtactics.
3. ThescorchedearthpolicybytheBritishcausedstarvationand
famineamongtheNandi
4. NaturalcalamitieslikeSmalpoxleftthemweak.
5. Lackofsupportfromtheirneighboringcommunities.
6. TheBritishusedTreacherousmethodse.g.1905,they
arangedforameetingwithKimnyoleinwhichtheymurdered
him.
Results
1. ThelandthatbelongedtoNandiwasalienatedfortheWhite
setlementastheNandiwerepushedtoreserveswherethey
couldnotcarryouttheirfarmingactivities.
2. TheNandilosttheirindependenceastheBritishestablished
theirrule.
3. TheNandiwereforcedtoliveassquatersonEuropeanfarms
wheretheyprovidedcheaplabour.
4. TherewasmassivelossoflivesastheBritishforcesraided/
carriedoutpunitiveexpeditions.
5. TheNandilostpropertywhichwaseitherdestroyedor
confiscatedbytheBritish,especialylivestockandhence
faminebrokeinNandiland.
6. TheNandilosttheirmilitarysuperiorityintheregionasthey
weresubduedbytheBritish.
7. TheNandiwarriorswereconscriptedintocolonialsecurity
forces.
8. TherewasanoutbreakofdiseasesinNandiland,egsmalpox.
9. TherewassecurityalongtherailwayastheNandiweremoved
to
areasfarfromit/manyBritishfortswerebuiltinNandiland.
10.TheBritishconfiscatedlivestockbelongingtotheNandiand
gave
totheirenemiesliketheMaasai.
Agiriama
TheywereledbyMekatililiwaMenza&WanjewaMadorika.
1. TheBritishdidnotrespecttheircultureespecialythepoliceat
KitengeniwhorapedtheAgiriamawomen.
2. TheBritishdisruptedtradeinIvorybytakingoverasmiddlemen.
3. Theywereopposedtoforcedtaxation.
4. TheAgiriamwereopposedtoforcedlabour.
5. TheydislikedtheBritishappointedheadmenwhocolected
taxesandrecruitedlabour.
6. Theywereforcedtoprovideablebodiedmentojointheking’s
AfricanrifleswhoweretotakepartintheWorldWarI.
Conditionsunderwhichthewarended.
1. AgiriamaweretoofferlabourersforEuropeansetlersand
publicworks.
2. Able-bodiedmenweretoserveintheking’sAfricanRifles.
2. ShepresentedthegrievancesofAgiriamatoBritish.
3. SheraliedtheAgiriamatogetheragainstacommonenemy.
4. Herleadershiphighlightedtheroleofwomeninthestrugglefor
independence.
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
Reasons
Mekatilili&WanjeweredeportedtoKisi.
ClosureofAgiriamashrineatKayaFungoandopeningofanew 1. Theyhadbeenweakenedbynumerousanimalandhuman
oneatMangea. diseasese.g.pneumonia,cholera,smalpoxandRinderpest.
3. Agiriamalosttheirindependence. 2. Naturalcalamitiese.g.droughtandlocustinvasionwhich
4. Manyliveswerelost. destroyedthegrassleavingbehindahugeoflossoflivestock.
5. Propertywasdestroyed. 3. Severefaminecausedbynaturalcalamitiese.g.drought
6. Agiriamaweredisalowedtobrewtheirtraditionalliquor. leadingtodeaths.
4. RiseofNandiasastrongpowerwasathreatastheyraidedthe
Bukusuresistance. Maasai.
5. CivilwarsbythePurko&Kwavibetween1850-1870had
Causes weakenedtheMaasai.
6. LenanaexpectedmilitarysupportagainsthisbrotherSendeyo
1. TheywerebeingpushedbytheBritishtorecognizeNabongo oftheLoitaMaasai.
Mumia(ofWanga)astheoveralleaderofAbaluhya. 7. LenananeededfoodforhisstarvingMaasai
2. Tosafeguardtheirindependence. 8. HewasscaredoftheBritishfolowingtheKedongMassacre,in
3. In1894,theBritishdemandedtheBukusuwarriorstosurrender whichScotishtrader-DickAndrewandtwoFrenchtravelers
altheirguns. gunneddownabout100Maasaiwarriors.
4. HatedSwahiliwhomBritishemployedintheirforces. 9. Hewantedtoconsolidatehispowerandhiskingdom’s.
10.Maasaiwantedhelptogettheirwomenandchildrenbackfrom
Effects theAgikuyu.TheyhadbeenleftincustodyoftheAgikuyu
during1891famine.
1. LandalienationastheBukusuwerepushedouttoreserves.
2. Therewasgreatlossoflives. o Inreturn,theMaasaiwererewardedtheconfiscatedlivestock.
3. TheBukusulosttheirsheepandcatle. o FolowingtheKedongMassacre,theMaasaihadtoseek
4. TheBukusuwomen&childrenweretakenprisoners. peace.
5. TheBukusulosttheirindependence. o Maasaiagreementsof1904and1911sealedthegoodAnglo-
Maasairelation
Somaliresistance o The1904agreementcreatedMaasaireservesofLaikipia
plateauandNgong.
TheywereledbyAhmedBinMurgan. o 1911treatypushedtheMaasaifromLaikipiatotheSouth.
Causes

Benefits.
1. TheydidnotwanttobedominatedbytheChristianBritish.
2. TheBritishinterferedwiththeirpasturelandandwatering 1. BritishsupportedLenanaagainstSendeyoin1894succession
points. disputes.
3. TheBritishwereagainsttheSomaliraidingactivitiesagainst 2. Maasaiwereprotectedagainstraidsbytheirneighbours.
theirneighbours. 3. Lenanawasmadetheparamountchief.
4. TheBritishinterferedwiththeirnomadiclifestyle. 4. Maasaiwererewardedwiththecatleacquiredfrom
5. TheyhaddividedthemintoItalianandBritishSomali/Spheres uncooperativepeoplee.g.NandiandAgikuyu.
ofinfluence(Darod&Hawiye)in1890. 5. TheMaasaiwereemployedasmercenariesbytheBritish.
6. PunitiveexpeditionssentbytheBritishtoSomalilandwere
rejectedbytheSomali. Resultsofthecolaboration
 Atfirst,theBritishwerehesitantinatackingandfightingthe 1. LenanawasrecognizedastheparamountchiefoftheMaasai

Somali. 1901.
2.TheMaasainomadicgrazinghabitswerecurtailed.
Why 3.TheMaasailosttheirindependence.
4.Theirlandwasalienatedastheyweredisplaced.
1. Itwasdemandingintermsofweaponsandmilitarypersonnel. 5.SeparationbetweentheLoita&NgongofthePurkoMaasai
2. ItwastimeconsumingastheSomaliwerenomadic. separatedrelatedclans.
3. Therewasnojustificationsincetheywouldonlygainasmal 6. Maasaieconomywasdisruptedastheirlivestockwasreduced.
teritory. 7. Theywererewardedwithmaterialsthingse.g.grainsandcatle
4. Therewasnoeconomicviabilityastheregion/landwas conflictedfromtheothercommunities.
infertile. 8. SomeMaasaiwereusedasmercenariesagainstotherresisting
communities.
Effects 9. Theircustomofcross-breedinglivestockwiththeSamburu
wasstopped,whichweakenedtheirstock.
1. Lossofhumanlives. 10.TheMaasaifreedomtoconducttheirritualsliketheinitiation
2. Theircatlewereconfiscated. wasrestrictedtoonlya5-square-milereserve.
BritishdividedthemintoDarodandHawiyein1890.
DeclarationofprotectoratestatusastheSomalilosttheir WangaColaboration independence.
Reasonsfortheircolaboration
COLLABORATIONS
1. MumiawantedtoacquiremodernweaponsfromtheBritish
Maasai whichhewouldusetofightagainsthistraditionalenemiese.g.
BukusuandLuo.

Novels,UpdatedICT,CPA,KASNEB,HighSchool&PrimaryNotes 0705525657
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 PAPER1
2. HewantedtheBritishtosupporthimtoexpandhisterritory.
HewantedtogainprestigeforassociatingwiththeBritish. 5. TheBritishdisruptedtheirpeacebycontinuouslysending
Hewantedtogetprotectionagainsthistraditionalenemieslike expeditionswhocauseddeathsanddestructionofproperty.
theLuoofUgenyaandtheNandi.
5. HewantedtoconsolidatehispowerinthewholeofWestern
Kenya.
6. HewasinfluencedbyhisneighboursliketheBaganda.
7. HewantedtobenefitbytradingwiththeBritish.
Hehadatraditionofwelcomingstrangersashehadworked Muka.
withlongdistancetraders.
HerealizedthefutilityinresistingtheBritishafterseeinghow Reasonsfortheircolaboration
theyhadcrushedtheBukusu.
HewasinterestedinEuropean/Britishcivilizationespecialy- 1. Theyhadbeendefeatedonvariousoccasionsandhence,felt
educationandreligion.
Effectsofthecolaboration.
MumiawasmadetheparamountchiefoftheWanga-1909
SomeofhisrelativeswereusedasagentsoftheBritish Reasonsfortheirdefeat
administrationandweredeployedaschiefstootherareasof
WesternKenya.
3. Mumias/ElurekobecamethecentreofColonialadministration
inWesternKenya.
4. MumiaenjoyedtradingactivitieswithBritish,withMumias
beingamajorterminusfortradecaravanstoUganda.
5. IntensifiedhostilitybetweenWangaandotherAbaluhyia
communities.
6. TheBritishassistedhimtoexpandhisterritorytoSamia,
BunyalaandBusoga.
7. TheWangaacquiredmaterialbenefitslikeclothesandfirearms
fromtheBritish.
8. TheWangalosttheirindependence.
9. Manypeoplefromthecommunitywereconvertedto
Christianity.
10.HewasassistedbytheBritishtosubduehisenemieslikethe
LuoofUgenyaandotherAbaluhyaclans.
11.HisKingdomwasusedasabasetocolonizecommunitiesin
WesternKenya.
12.Heprovidedthecolonialadministrationwithvitalinformation
overappointmentofchiefsandheadmen.
BenefitstotheKingdom.
MumiawasmadetheparamountChiefoftheregion.
ThekingdomwasstrengthenedusingtheBritishmilitary Agikuyu support.
isabokemicah@gmail.com
lootedtheirproperty.
6. TheBritishtriedtostopthemfromraidingtheirneighborse.g.
Agikuyu.
7. Theywereforcedtoprovidelabourforpublicworks.
Resisters–Iveti,Kangundo/underMwatuwaNgomaandMwana
demoralised/RuthlessnessoftheBritish.
2. 1899faminehadweakenedsomesectionsmakingthem
unabletostageameaningfulresistance.
3. ThemissionarieshadpacifiedsomesectionsoftheAkamba.
1. Emergenceofself-servingopportunistswhowereinterestedin
enrichingthemselvesbyalyingwiththeBritish
2. Theywerehighlysegmented,hencelackedproperco-ordination.
3. Famineof1899weakenedthem,hencenotabletofightagainst
suchstrongpowerlikeBritish.
4. Missionarieshadpacifiedsomeoftheirsectionsby
underminingtheirtraditionsandbeliefs.
5. DisruptionofAkambatradeandraidingactivitiesbytheBritish
cutofftheirsourceoflivelihood,thusweakeningthem.
Effectsoftheirreactions
1. TheAkambalosttheirindependence.
2. ThelandoftheAkambawasalienatedbytheBritish.
3. Lossofmanyhumanlivesduringtheresistance.
4. Valuablepropertywasdestroyedandlooted.
5. InterferencewithAkambacultureastheBritishbroughtin
Christianity.
6. IntroductionoftaxationontheAkambawhichaffectedtheir
economy.
7. TherewasrecruitmentofAkambaintoking’sAfricanrifles.
8. TherewasnomorefreefoodfortheBritishofficialswhileon
tourofKambaland.

Wangarulers/princeswereusedtoadministerthesurrounding Colaborators-KinyanjuiwaGathirimu,Wang’ombewaIhura,and
communities.
4. Wangakingdomwasexpanded.
SimilaritiesbetweentheresultsoftheMaasaiandWanga
colaborations.
1. TheBritishrecognizedtheirleaders.
Bothcommunitieslosttheirindependence.
Thepeopleinbothcommunitieswereusedasmercenaries. Resistors-WaiyakiwaHinga
Bothcommunitiesgotmaterialgains/rewards.
MIXEDREACTIONS
Akamba
Reasonsforresisting
1. Theydidnotwanttolosetheirindependence
2. TheBritishcutdownIthemboTree(shrine)foraflagpoleat
Mutituniin1891.
3. Companyagentsdisruptedtheirlongdistancetrade.
4. AbuseoftheirculturebytheBritishwhorapedtheirwomenand
KaruriwaGakure.
Reasonsforcolaborating
1. Forpersonalwealth
2. Safeguardtheirposition
3. Protectionfromtheirlocalenemies.
Reasonsforresistance
1. TheAgikuyufearedlossofindependence.
2. TheAgikuyualsofearedlossoftheirpositions.
3. Theywereforcedsupplyofgrainstotraders.
4. InterferencewiththeirculturebytheBritish.
5. IBEACraidedAgikuyuforcatleandgrains
6. MassivelandalienationbytheBritish
7. HarassmentandruthlessnessoftheBritish.
Resultsofthemixedreaction

Novels,UpdatedICT,CPA,KASNEB,HighSchool&PrimaryNotes 0705525657
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 PAPER1
Animositybetweencolaboratingsectionsandtheresisting ones.
LandalienationbytheBritish.
Someleaderswhocolaboratedrosetoprominence.
TheyAgikuyureceivedWesterneducationandconvertedto
Christianity
Lossoflivesastheytriedtoresist.
Triggeredtheemergenceofhomeguards.
LossofindependenceastheywereruledbytheBritish.
ShiftingofBritishfromFortDagoretitoFortSmithandlater
FortHalduetocontinuousraidsbytheAgikuyu.
Massivedestructionandlootingofproperty.
Luo
Colaborators–GemandAsembo Resisters–
Sakwa,Seme,Uyoma,UgenyaandKisumu
Reasonsfortheirreaction(Resistance)
TheLuoneededtoprotecttheirland.
TheLuofearedlosingtheirfreedom.
TheBritishhadthehabitofatackingthemforgrainsand livestock.
PunitiveexpeditionssentbytheBritishandMumia.
ReasonsfortheirColaboration
Therewassomeinfluencefromtheneighbors-Wangafor
benefitslikeeducation
TherewasneedforassistanceagainstneighbourslikeLuoof
Seme,Uyoma,Sakwaetc.
TheyrealizedthefutilityofresistingtheBritish-fromthe
experiencewiththeneighbors.
Effectsoftheirreaction
LossofindependencebytheLuo.
Lossofpropertythroughlootingandburning.
Lossofliveswhiletryingtoresist.
Hatredbetweencolaboratorsandresisters.
LeadersgainedWesterneducationandreligion.
Africanleadershipwasunderminedasitwasreplacedwith
Britishadministration
LuolandwasalienatedbytheBritish.
COLONIALSYSTEMSOFADMINISTRATIONINKENYA
Centralandlocalgovernment.
Hierarchy
1. ColonialSecretary
BasedinLondon.
PoliticalheadofBritishadministration.
Overalcoordinatorofcolonialpolicies.
Governor
HerepresentedBritishgovernmentinthecolony.
Heassentedlawbeforeimplementation.
Hewastheoveralinchargeofthecolony/Headofexecutive council.
Hesupervisedtheprovincialadministration.
Heappointedadministrators.
Novels,UpdatedICT,CPA,KASNEB,HighSchool&PrimaryNotes 0705525657
33
isabokemicah@gmail.com
3. ProvincialCommissioners
Herepresentedgovernorintheprovince.
Heimplementedgovernmentpoliciesintheprovince.
HesupervisedworkofDistrictCommissioners,District
Officers.
4. DistrictCommissioners
Heimplementedgovernmentpoliciesinthedistricts.
Hemaintainedlawandorderandsecurityinthedistrict.
Hepresidedoverdistrictadvisorycommitees.
HecoordinatedworkofDistrictOfficersandChiefs.
5. DistrictOfficers
HeimplementedordersfromDC’s.
Heco-coordinatedworkofthechiefs
Hemaintainedlawandorderindivisions.
6. Chiefs
Theymaintainpubliclawandorder.
Theywerealsoinvolvedinhearingofpetycases.
Theyalsoorganizedforclearingofroadsandfootpaths.
Theycouldalsoemployotherpersonstoassisttheme.g.
messengers.
TheyassistedtheEuropeanDO’sincolectionoftaxes.
Theycontroledthebrewingofilegalliquor,cultivationof
poisonousplantsandcarryingofweapons.
TheymobilizedAfricanlabourforpublicwork.
Theyconvenedpublicmeetings.
Theycommunicateddirectivesfromthegovernment.
7. Headmen
Theyconnectedthegovernmentandthepeopleatgrassroots
Theymobilizedpeoplefordevelopmentwithinvilages.
Localgovernment
Itwasaimedatinvolvingthelocalpeopleintherunningofthe
government
Functions
Toprovidelegalforumforlocalstomakedecisionsthrough
commiteesfortheiraffairs.
Toutilizelocalresourcesfordevelopment.
Tolinkpeoplewithcentralgovernment.
LOCALNATIVECOUNCILS(LNC-1922)
Objectives
Toencourageanddevelopasenseofresponsibilityandduty
amongtheAfricans.
ToprovideawayfortheeducatedAfricanstoairtheirviewat districtlevel.
TorestricttheAfricansintheirreserves.
ToenablethegovernmenttocontaintheAfricansproperly.
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
problemswhichcosttimetobesolved.

Achievements 7. ShortageofbasicsupplieslikewaterespecialyintheNyika
plateau.
1. ItrestrictedAfricanpoliticalactivities. 8. Under-developedportfacilitiesatthecoastalsobroughtdelays.
2. Itprovidedbasicsocialneeds.
3. Itmaintainedbasicinfrastructure. Consequences/Effects
4. Itcolectedtaxes.
1. Itfacilitatedtransportofgoodsandpeople.
Impactoftheestablishmentoflocalgovernment 2. Itledtothedevelopmentofurbancenters.
3. Itopeneduptheinteriorforeconomicdevelopment.
Itexploitedlocalresourcesandinitiativesindevelopment. 4. Itfacilitatedthemovementoftradersandpromotedtrade.
Itmaintainedlawandorderusingasmalpoliceforcesetupto 5. Itledtothedevelopmentofotherformsoftransportand
in1896. communicatione.g.roadandtelecommunication.
3. ItpromoteddevelopmentofinfrastructureandAfricanwelfare. 6. Itledtocreationofemploymentopportunities.
4. ItarbitratedAfricancases/disputesthroughDistrictAfrican 7. Itwasamajorsourceofrevenueforthecolonialauthority
Courts. 8. ItencouragedthecomingofsetlerstoKenya.
9. ItpromotedinteractionbetweendifferentKenyancommunities.
Chalenges 10.Itfacilitatedthebuildingofindustries.
11.ItledtolandalienationbytheBritishandthus,creationof
1. Shortageoftrainedandexperiencedworkers. reservesforAfricans
2. Poortransportandcommunication,hencepoorcoordination.
3. Inadequatefundstoruntheiractivities. HowitpromotedeconomicdevelopmentincolonialKenya.
4. Struggle/rivalrybetweenlocalsandsetlers.
5. Racialdiscrimination. 1. Ithastenedthetransportationofgoods/services.
2. Itpromotedthegrowthoftrade/commercialactivities.
3. Itopenedtheinteriorforbeterfarming/agriculture.
4. Itledtothegrowthofindustries/mining.
5. Itledtothegrowth/developmentofurbancentres.
6. Itcreatedemployment.
7. Itledtothedevelopmentofothermeansoftransport.
HowtheKenya-UgandaRailwaycontributedtothesetlerfarmingin

SOCIALANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTSINKENYADURINGTHE Kenya.
COLONIALPERIOD
1. Itprovidedcheapandreliablelabournetwork.
Kenya-UgandaRailway 2. ItopeneduptheKenyaHighlandsforsetlers.
Reasons 1896-1901 SetlerfarminginKenya

Tofacilitatefastmovementoftroopstothetroubledareasin CharacteristicsofAfricanfarmingduringcolonialperiod.
theinteriorforeffectiveadministration.
2. Totransportadministratorsintotheinteriorforeffective 1. Subsistencecropsweregrown.
administrationofBritishEastAfrica. 2. TheAfricanshadnoadvisoryandotherservices.
3. TofacilitatethemovementofChristianmissionariestothe 3. Theyusedthetraditionalmethodsoffarming.
interiortospreadChristianity. 4. Africansworkedontheirownfarms.
4. TheBritishwantedtocontrolUgandaasitwasthesourceR. 5. Theyhadsmalpiecesofland.
Nile. 6. Itwascharacterizedbyoverstocking.
Theywantedtouseittoexploitresourcesintheinterior.
Toabolishslavetradeandpromotelegitimatetrade.
TotransportrawmaterialsfromtheinteriortotheCoastand
manufacturedgoodsfromthecoasttotheinterior.WhythesetlerscametoKenya.
Toobtainrevenuefromtheinteriorforadministration.
Therewasneedtoexploitthelandformoneytorunthe
HowitspeededupcolonizationofKenya. administration
2. Therewerelargetractsofunoccupiedland
1. Itenhancedthetransportationoftroops/administrators. 3. TheWhiteswouldbeloyaltothecolonialgovernmentas
2. ItopenedupthecountrytoEuropeansetlement. opposedtotheAfricans.
3. Itledtoforcefuldisplacement/lossoflandbysome 4. ThegovernorNortheysawtheneedtodevelopthehighlandsto
communities. meetadministrativecosts.
5. ThesetlerswouldhelptocontrolAsianimmigrationand
Problemsencountered influenceinKenya.
6. TheclimateoftheWhitehighlandswassuitableforWhite
1. Tropicaldiseasese.g.smalpox,jiggersetc. setlement.
Man-eatingLionsintheTsavoandotherwildanimals.
Heavyrainsinsomeregionswashedawaytherails.Factorsthatpromoted/favouredsetlerfarminginKenya.
Hostilecommunitiesstolematerials.
5. Therewasinadequatelabourwhichledtoimportationof 1. ThegovernmentsnatchedlandfromAfricansandgavetothe
workersfromIndia. setlersandlaborersandloansbygovernment.
6. Terrainacrossthehighlandplateaucausedengineering 2. Favorableclimate/adequatetemperatureandrainfal.

Novels,UpdatedICT,CPA,KASNEB,HighSchool&PrimaryNotes 0705525657
34
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
3. Fertilityofthesoil. 1. Thewagesprovidedbysetlerswerelow.

4. Buildingandmaintenanceofvariousformsoftransporte.g. 2. Manydidnotlikeleavingtheirfamiliestogoandworkfor
roads. Europeans.
3. Theyhatedtheharshconditionstheyweresubjectedtobythe
HowcolonialgovernmentacquiredlandfortheEuropeansetlers. setlerfarmers.
1. AlienationofAfricanlandthroughsigningtreaties. Problemsencounteredbysetlers.

ThroughlegislationthatalowedEuropeanstobuyorleaseland.
ForcefulevictionoftheAfricansbythecolonialgovernment. 1. Raidsbylocalswhoselandhadbeentaken.
4. UsingmissionariestopacifytheAfricans. 2. UnwilingAfricanstoofferlabour,therewasashortage.
5. TheBritishalsousedtradingcompaniesliketheImperialBritish 3. Theylackedbasicskilsandexperienceasmanyhadnot
EastAfricaCompany. practicedagriculturebefore.
6. Theyalsousedtrickery/givinggiftstotheAfricansin 4. Thesetlerswerenotfamiliarwiththeseasons&therefore
exchangeforland. couldnotpredictwhenandwhattoplant.
5. Shortageofcapitaltoinvestinagriculture.
HowcolonialgovernmentencouragedsetlerfaminginKenya. 6. Theywereunabletomarkettheirproduceduringtheworld
wars.
Europeansetlerswereprovidedwithlargetractsoflandwhich 7. Therewasinadequatetransport&communicationnetwork
werealienatedfromtheAfricansthroughvariouslandwhichaffectedthemovementofpeople&goods.
legislations. 8. Pestsandanimal&cropdiseases,hencehighcostin
2. Thecolonialgovernmentcameupwithwaystoprovidelabour production.
totheWhitesetlers.
Africanswereforbiddenfromgrowingsomecashcropsand NB/Cropscultivatedincludedcoffee,wheat,sisal,teaand
keepingsomeexoticanimalstoforcethemtoseekwage pyrethrum.
employmentinsetlerfarms.
EstablishmentofAfricanreservesinremoteandunproductive WhyAfricanswerenotalowedtogrowcashcropstil1937
areastodeprivethemofmarketortheirgoods/produce.
TheNortheycircularof1918-1919requiredchiefstosupplya 1. African-growncoffeewouldbepronetodiseaseswhichwould
numberoflabourrecruitsforsetlerfarmsandgovernmentspreadtowhitefarms.
projects. 2. Africanscouldlowerthequalityastheyhadneitherknowledge
6. Thegovernmentofferedcreditfacilitiestosetlerstodevelop norskils.
farming/extensionservicese.g.developmentofagriculture 3. EnsurelabourforEuropeanfarms.
Establishmentofagro-basedindustriesprovidedreadymarket 4. Toavoidunnecessarycompetitionincashcropfarming. fortheirproduce.
Developmentoftransportandcommunicationsystem FeaturesofAfricanfarmingduringcolonialperiod.
facilitatedsetlerfarming.
9. Thegovernmentensuredtherewasprotectiontosetlers 1. Itwassubsistenceinnature/forconsumption.
againstpossibleAfricanrebelion. 2. Itwascommunalinnature.
3. Theyusedtraditionalmethodsoffarming.
WhythecolonialgovernmentencouragedsetlerfarminginKenya. 4. TheAfricansworkedintheirownfarms.
5. Theyhadsmalpiecesofland.
TomakeKenyaawhiteman’scountry.
Tohelpfinancetheadministrativeexpensesofthecolony. Coloniallandpolicies
Tohelppayfortheconstructionandmaintenanceofthe
railway. Landacts/ordinances
TocountertheArabinfluenceinKenya.
TheKenyaHighlandsweresuitableforEuropeansetlement. 1. IndianacquisitionAct-1896 Accordingtothisact,authoritiescouldtakeoverlandfor
HowEuropeansetlersgotlabourforce. railway,
governmentconstructionandpublicutilities.
1. IntroductionoftaxationbytheBritishgovernmentpayablein
cash. 2. LandRegulationAct-1897
2. Forcedrecruitment/conscription/denyingthemthe Italowedthegovernmenttoissueacertificateof
opportunitytogrowcashcrops. occupationanda
3. UsingtheKipandesystem leaseof99years.
4. AlienationofAfricanland/CreationofAfricanReserves.
5. Useofsquatersystem,astheAfricanswereencouragedto 3. EastAfricanLandOrderinCouncil-1901
setleoninEuropeanfarmsassquatersandweregivensmal Itdefinedcrownlandas‘AlPublicLand’whichisnot
plotsoflandinreturnforlabour. private
6. Useoflabourasapunishment.
7. Useofcolonialchiefsandpolice/theywerethreatenedwith
imprisonmentiftheydidnotprovidelabour 4. CrownLandOrdinance-1902
8. PresentinggiftsorpresentstoAfricanslikeclothesandfoodin Thisalowedthegovernmenttoselorleasecrownlandto
returnforlabour/Labourwasalsoexchangesfor Europeansat2rupeesper100acresorrentat15rupees
manufacturedgoods. per100acresannualy.
WhytheAfricanwereagainstprovidinglabourtothesetlersin 5. Maasaiagreement-1904

Kenyaduringcolonialism. TheMaasaiwerepushedtoLaikipiaandNgongreserves.

Novels,UpdatedICT,CPA,KASNEB,HighSchool&PrimaryNotes 0705525657
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 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
6. Four(4)moreAfricanreserveswerecreatedin1905-InKikuyu

andNandiareas. GrievancesoftheSetlersinKenya.
7. Reservationofhighlandsforwhitesetlers-1906 1. TheywantedKenyahighlandstobeexclusivelyreservedforthe

2ndMaasaiagreement-1911 Whites.
8. 2. TheywantedmoreindependencefromBritain/Internalself-
ItpushedoutMaasaifromfertileLaikipiareservesforEuropean rule.
setlement. 3. TheywantedrestrictiononIndianimmigrationintoKenya.
4. TheyneverwantedAsianstoberepresentedintheLegislative
9. Crownlandordinance-1915 Council.
ItpreservedtheWhitehighlandsexclusivelyfortheWhite
setlers. GrievancesoftheAfricans.
Thesetlersweregivenaleaseupto999years.
1. Theywantedtheirlandback.
10.KenyaAnnexationOrderinCouncil1920. 2. Theywantedthekipandeandsquatersystemtobeabolished.
AfricansweretenantsoftheCrowneveninreserves. 3. TheywantedtheAfricanstoberepresentedintheLegislative
Council.
11.Landcommission-1924 4. Theywantedforcedlabourtobeabolished.
Itfixedtheboundariesofreserves.

NativeLandsTrustOrdinance-1930
AfricanreservesbelongedtotheAfricanspermanently
Itssignificance/results.
13.Cartercommission-1932
ItfixedboundariesoftheWhiteHighlands. 1. AfricansbenefitedasKenyawasdeclaredanAfrican
territoryandtheinterestoftheAfricanbecameparamount
14.KenyaHighlandsOrderinCouncil-1939 wheretherewasracialconflict.
Itreservedwhitehighlandspermanentlyandexclusively 2. Itstoppedthesetlersfromdeclaringtheirself-
for independencefrom
Europeans. Britain.
3. TheAfricanproblemsmoreso,thatoflandandlabour
Swynnetonplan–1945–consolidationandregistrationof werenot
AfricaLandwithaviewofbeterlandmanagement. resolved.
4. TheIndiansweredisappointedastheywerenotalowedto
Impact setlein
thewhiteHighlandsandhavepoliticalrightswiththe
1. TheAfricanslosttheirlandtoEuropeans. Whites.
2. Mostlandwasusedfortheconstructionrailway,European 5. TheAfricanswererepresentedintheLegislativeCouncil
setlementandmissionarywork. byamissionarycaledDrArthur1924.
3. TheAfricanswerepushedtoreservesandtheybecame 6. TheIndianswerebiterandevendeclinedtotakeuptheir
squaters. seatsintheLegislativeCouncilorinMunicipalCouncil.
4. Traditionalstructuresweredisruptedbythesituationsin 7. TheAfricansbecamemoreenlightenedpoliticalyandthey
reserves. startedformingpoliticalgroupstoaddresstheir
5. Kipandesystemwasintroducedtoensurelaboursupply. grievances.
6. Taxationwasintroduced. 8. ItledtocreationofLocalNativeCouncilsinKenya.
7. Indiansweredeniedaccesstoagriculturalland. 9. ItintensifiedrivalrybetweenthesetlersandIndians.
NationalismroseandgrewinKenya.
ItincreasedEuropeanimmigrationintoKenya.HowitaffectedtheIndians
LandbecameagreatsourceofAfricanresentment.
1. Indianswerenotalowedtosetleinthehighlands.
DevonshireWhitePaper-1923 2. ThegovernmentwasinvitingmoresetlerstocheckonIndian
immigrationintoKenya.
 ItwasputforwardbysetlersandDukeofDevonshire. 3. Theycaledfordirectandadequaterepresentationto
 Itstoppedthecalforself-independenceinKenyabysetlers LegislativeCounciloncommonrol.
4. TheyobjectedtheirseparatetaxationfromEuropeansand
Terms segregatededucation.

Kenyanhighlandsweretobereservedforwhitesetersalone. HowitaffectedEuropeans/setlers
Indianswouldelect5memberstotheLegislativeCounciland
alsoberepresentedintheCountyCouncils 1. OpposedIndiancalforequality
3. Racialsegregationinresidentialareasandrestrictionson 2. Justifiedsegregation(racial)inalspheresastheirculturewas
Indianimmigrationswereabolished. ‘superior’
4. Africaninterestswereparamount. 3. TheyarguedthattheywouldrathergiveintotheAfrican
5. TheColonialsecretarywouldstrictlycontroltheaffairsofthe demandsthantotheIndianthoughtheyhadnomoralrightto
colony. protecttheinterestofAfricans.
AmissionarywouldbenominatedtotheLegislativeCouncilto 4. TheyclaimedtohavelegalrighttotheHighlands. representtheAfricans.
ThesetlerswouldmaintaintheirsuperiorityinLegislative EffectsoftheDevonshireWhitepaper. Council.

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36
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
1. ItsavedKenyafrombeingaWhitesetlerdominatedcolony. CreationofAfricanreserves.

2. Itreducedsetlerdominance.
3. Europeandemandforself-governmentwasrejected.
ItledtoestablishmentoflocalnativecouncilsforAfricans. 4. IntroducingtheKipandesystem.
Dr.Arthur,amissionarywasappointedtorepresentthe
interestsofAfricansinLegislativeCouncil.
6. WhiteHighlandswerereservedforEuropeansalone.
URBANIZATION
Factorsthatfavoured/influencedurbanizationinKenyaduring
colonialperiod.
1. Existenceofadministrationcentres.
2. Existenceofsocialamenitiesegmissionstations.
3. Availabilityofminerals/miningactivities/industries.
4. Availabilityofsecurity.
5. Agriculturalactivities.
6. Commercialactivities/tradingactivities.
7. Availabilityoftransport/communication.
ReasonsformovementofAfricanstotownsduringcolonialperiod.
3. Ensuringthatonlythosewhohadspecificactivitiesto
undertakeintheurbanareaslivedthere.
ConsequencesofurbanizationinKenyaduringcolonialism
1. Itbroughtaboutinteractionhenceexchangeofideas
2. ItresultedintoendofdifferencesbetweenKenyacommunities
duetocontactsformed.
3. Welfareandassociationswereformed
4. SportsperfectedrelationsbetweenKenyancommunities
5. Africansgotemployed
6. Unemployment,hencepoverty
7. Industriesexpanded
8. Slumsdevelopedforpoorearners.
9. ErosionofAfricanculture
10.Poorworkingconditions/remunerations
11.Kipandesystembecamemorestrict
12.Changeoftraditionaldivisionoflabour
EducationandHealth

1. Theovercrowded/unproductivereservescreatedbythe Educationwasofferedbymissionaries,governmentthenlocal

colonialgovernmentmadelivingconditionsdifficult/ councilsandcommunityorganizationse.g.Asians.
unbearabletherebyresultingintomigrationstotowns.
Availabilityofbetersocialservices/amenities/healthcentres Itsfeatures
/educationprovidedintownsatractedtheAfricans.
ThetaxesimposedonAfricansforcedthemtotownsinsearch 1. Itwaselementary-religion,writing,reading,hygieneand
forjobs. arithmetic.
4. Availabilityofinfrastructure/pipedwater/pavedroads/ 2. Itwasindustrialandtechnicalinapproach.
electricityatractedtheAfricanstotownsastheyhopedfora 3. Itwasdenominational.
beterlife.
Employment/jobopportunitiesatractedpeopletotownsas WhyAfricanswerenotgivenacademiceducationduringcolonialism.
theywerepromisedbeterwages.
6. Mistreatment/frustrationsbythelabour/publicworkers 1. Theywereconsideredaslackingthementalcapacitytoacquire
forcedthemtomovetotowns. academiceducation.
7. Thewidespreadpovertyinruralareas/reservescauseduntold 2. Toavoidcompetitionwiththewhitesforjobmarket.
sufferingtherebymakingthemtomigratetotowns. 3. Tousethemformanualjobonly.
8. Africanentrepreneurswantedtotakeadvantageoftrade 4. TolimitAfricanpoliticalawareness.
marketsintowns.
ProblemsfacedbyAfricansinurbancentresduringcolonialperiod ObjectivesofMissionaryeducation

inKenya.
1. ImpartagriculturalskilsinAfricansprobablytopromotesetler
1. Therewereinadequatehousingfacilitiestomeetthedemand farming.
oftheAfricanpeople/itledtothedevelopmentof 2. ToprovidetechnicalskilsforAfricanstoimproveindustrial
shanties/slums. knowledge.
2. Increasedpopulationinurbancentresledtoseriouswater 3. TotrainAfricanstospreadChristianity.
shortage. 4. ToofferAfricansskilstoreadtheBibleanddosimple
3. ThesocialservicesprovidedtotheAfricanswereinadequate arithmetic.
andofpoorquality.
4. Lackofplanningofhousingledtopoordrainageand Howtheyfulfiledtheobjectives.
sanitationfacilities.
Establishmentofindustriesinurbancentresledtopolutionof 1. Designingacurriculumwithemphasisonagriculture,tailoring,
theenvironmentwhichaffectedthehealthoftheinhabitants. masonryandcarpentry.
Overcrowdingespecialyinshanties/slumsledtotheoutbreak 2. EstablishingthefirstsecondaryschoolsforAfricanslike
ofdiseases. Aliance-1926,Kabaa-1927,Maseno-1938andYala-1939.
7. Thereweremanyunemployedpeoplewhogotinvolvedin 3. TrainingAfricanteacherswhomanagedthe‘bushschools’.
socialvices/crime. 4. Offeringthenecessaryfinancialandmaterialsupporttomake
8. Africansworkinginurbancentresreceivedlowwageswhich theseschoolsoperational.
affectedtheirstandardofliving/Africansweresubjectedto
racialdiscrimination. NB-TheFraserCommissionof1908hadrecommendedaracialy
HowthecolonialgovernmentcontroledthemigrationofAfricansto segregatedsystemofeducation,Provisionoftechnicaleducationto
urbancentres. Africans,Maintenanceofracialysegregatedschools,more
cooperationbetweenthecolonialadministratorsandtheChristian
Takingheadcountofthosewhoweresupposedtoliveintowns missionariesandappealsforgrants-in-aidformissionschools. /reserves.

Enactingstrictrulesaboutmigrationsintourbancentres/ In1924,thePhelps-StokesCommissionrecommendedauniform

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37
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
systemofeducationinalgovernmentandmissionaryschools, patron. sufficienttrainingforteachersandrelatedpersonnelbeestablished 
Itfoughtforalienatedland,increaseinAfricanwagesand
bystartingcolegesandthoseschoolsbebuiltinruralareas. abolitionofKipande.
 1921,itwaschangedtoYoungKikuyuAssociation
RoleofAfricansinprovidingformaleducation
2) EastAfricanAssociation(EAA)
1. Theystartedtheirownschools
2. Theyestablishedcolegesfortrainingteachers  ItwasformedinJune1921byHarryThukuandAbdala
3. Theypaidfeeswhichwereusedtoruntheschoolsand TairavanfromKikuyuAssociation.
coleges. HarryThukuwasthechairman.
Theyprovidedlandfortheconstructionofschoolsandcoleges
Theyprovidedbasicneedsforschoolsandcolegese.g.food. Grievances-
Theyweretrainedasteachersandheadsoflearninginstitution.
Health 1. Theydemandedforthereturnofthealienatedland.
2. Theywantedthecolonialgovernmenttoabolishhut/poltax.
1. Healthcentersweresetup-toeradicatediseases,trainmedical 3. TheydemandedfortheabolitionofKipande.
4. Theydemandedforbeterworkingandlivingconditions.
personnel,andimprovehealthandhygieneforAfricansand 5. TheydemandedthattheelectionstothelegislativeCouncilbe
Asiansintowns. doneonacommonrol.
2. 1921–PublicHealthOrdinanceempoweredmedical 6. Theydemandedfortheabolitionofforcedlabour.
departmenttousepreventiveratherthancurativemeasures. 7. TheydemandedformoreeducationforAfricans.
3. 1949-BureauofMedicalResearchwassetupasagencyof 8. Theydemandedanendtocompulsorydestocking.
EastAfricanHighCommission. 9. Theydemandedfortherevocationofthecolonialstatus.
4. 1951,KingGeorgeVIhospital(Kenyata)wassetup.
5. Africansalsousedherbalmedicinetocurediseases.  ThukusoughtassistancefromAsianstoprovidevehiclesfor
transportandpublisharticlesofEAAinnewspaper.
POLITICALDEVELOPMENTSANDTHESTRUGGLEFOR  HealsoestablishedcontactswithPan-Africanistse.g.Dubois
 HetraveledandpublicizedtheAfricanproblemsabroad.
INDEPENDENCEINKENYA(1919-1963)
GrievancesofKenyansbetween1919-1939 3) KikuyuCentralAssociation

1. TheAfricanswereunhappyastheywerenotrepresentedin Itwasformedin1924-JosephKang’ethe(President)

LegislativeCouncil. Objectives-
2. Introductionofkipandesystemwhichlimitedtheirmovement
wasresentedbytheAfricans. 1. ItadvocateforgrowingofcoffeebyAfricans
3. Introductionofdestockingpolicy/underminingAfricanculture. 2. ItworkedtowardsresolutionofalienatedAfricanland.
4. LandlessnessaftertheirlandhadbeenalienatedbytheBritish. 3. TohavelawswriteninKikuyu.
5. IntroductionoftaxationwasoppressiveasitmadetheAfricans 4. Topressurizecolonialgovernmenttoabolishkipande
workforEuropeansagainsttheirwil. system.
6. TheAfricanswereagainsttheintroducedforcedlabourbythe 5. Topressurizecolonialgovernmenttoabolishracial
colonialadministrators. segregation.
7. Theyweremeanttoworkforlonghoursyettheywerepaidlow 6. TorespectAfricancultureandcustoms.
wages. 7. Toagitateforthereleaseofpoliticalprisoners.
8. TheAfricanswerenotalowedtogrowcashcropsandthis Grievances
deniedthemtheopportunitytoparticipateineconomic
developmentoftheircountry. 1. RacialdiscriminationagainsttheAfricans.
MethodsusedbytheAfricansinKenyainthestrugglefor 2. TheywantedmoreeducationalfacilitiesfortheAfricans.
3. TheywantedtheAfricanstobeissuedwithLandtitledeeds.
independence. 4. TheywantedliftofthebanongrowingcashcropsbyAfricans
1. Theyusedarmedstruggleagainstthecolonialadministration. especialycoffee.
5. TheywantedthelawstobetranslatedintoKikuyulanguage.
2. Theyusedstrikesandboycotsasameansofchalengingthe 6. TheydemandedfortheprotectionofAgikuyucustoms
colonialpower. especialyfemalecircumcision.
3. Useoftradeunionstoencouragetheirstruggleamongthe 7. TheywantedmoreAfricanrepresentationintheLegislative
workers. Council.
4. TheyusedrepresentationintheLegislaveCouncil. 8. EndtotheKipandesystemwhichrestrictedtheAfrican
5. Theyusedmassmediatomobilizethepeople. movement.
6. Theyformedsocialorganizations&politicalpartiestopressfor 9. TaxationwhichwasimposedontheAfricans
change. 10.ForcedlabourwhichhadbeenintroduceduponAfricans.
7. TheyusedindependentchurchestosensitizetheAfricans 11.ThereleaseofHarryThukuandtheotherAfricannationalists
abouttheirpoliticalrights. whohadbeenarrested.
8. Africanssentpetitionsanddelegationstothegovernor& 12.Landproblem,astheAfricanlandhadbeenalienatedandleft
colonialofficeinLondon/Internationalfora. theAfricansassquaters.
1) KikuyuAssociation(KA) 4) KavirondoTaxPayersWelfareAssociation(KTPWA)

 Itwasformed1920  Itwasformedin1921byJonathanOkwiri
 ChiefKinyanjuiwaGathirimu&ChiefKoinangewaMbiyuas

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38
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
 ItdemandedforParamountchiefsforCentraland 5. TheypublicizedAfricansgrievancestointernationalcommunity.
SouthernNyanza
Kipande,forcedlabour,land,status(representationto Factorsthatenabledthemissionariestocarryouttheiractivitiesin
LegislativeCouncilforNyanzawithanelectedpresident), Kenyaby1920
TitleDeedsforindividualland.
ConstructionoftheKenyaUgandaRailwaymadetheir
5) UkambaMembersAssociation(UMA) movementeasier.
2. Politicalstabilitywhichprovidedaconduciveatmospherefor
Itwasformedin1937DecemberbySamuelMuindiMbingu& missionaryactivities.
ElijahKavulaanditsmainissueswereland,destocking. 3. Lackofstrongoppositionfromotherreligionsmadethe
AfricansacceptChristianityeasily.
6) TaitaHilsAssociation(THA) 4. Establishmentofchurches,schoolsandhealthcenters
atractedAfricanswhobecameconverts.
-Itwasformedin1938byDanielMapinga 5. Translationofthebibleintolocallanguagesenhanced
missionaryactivities.
Itwasformedtofightforthereturnoftheiralienatedland, 6. Thediscoveryofquininewhichwasacureformalaria
protestagainstdestockingpolicy,kipandesystem,forced facilitatedmissionarywork.
labour, 7. SomeAfricanrulerswerefriendlytomissionariestherefore
tobealowedtogrowcashcropsandhaveequalrightswiththe theysupportedmissionaryactivities.
Europeans 8. Africanconvertsbecameevangelists,andthusspreading
Christianity.
7) CoastAfricanAssociation(CAA) 9. UseofSwahiliasalanguageofcommunication.
10.EastAfricancommunitiesincludingKenyalackedwel
 Itwasformedin1941byHarryStephenandFrancisKhamisi organizedpoliticalsystemsthatwereabletoresistmissionary
 Itdemandedfor: work.
1. Removalofuneducatedchiefs. 11.Explorersreportsabouttheregion,e.g.H.M.Stanley’sreport
2. ImprovededucationforAfricans. aboutUganda.
3. Adequatehealthfacilities. 12.Christianteachingofequality.
4. Abolitionoftaxation. 13.Supportfromthecolonialgovernment.
5. TaxescolectedfromAfricantraditionaldrinksbeusedto RoleofcolonizersinthegrowthofChristianityinEastAfrica.
developtheruralareas.
6. AppointmentofAfricanadministrators 1. TheydividedAfricanintospheresofinfluenceandthisalowed
7. Formationofco-operativeunionsforAfricans.
8. AfricanrepresentationoftheCoastalregionintheLegislative missionariestogetdifferentareasfortheirwork.
2. Theyprovidedsecurityforthemissionaries.
Council.
9. LandalienationwhichaffectedtheMijikenda. 3. TheyopeneduptheinteriorandconstructedKenya-Uganda
10.ElevationofShimolaTewatoahighschool. Railwaywhichfacilitatedthetravelofmissionaries.
4. Theyinvitedthemissionaries.
Problemsfacedbyearlypoliticalparties 5. Theymaintainedlawandorder.
6. Theyincludedthemissionariesinthegovernmentandthisgave
1. Harassmentbycolonialgovernment themanopportunityforagreatersay.
2. Wrangleswithinthepartiesforpositionsandideologies. 7. Theyfinancedthemissionaries.
3. Shortageoffunds. 8. TheyfoughtsomeAfricanpracticeslikefemalecircumcision
4. Mismanagementoffundsduetoincompetenceand andthesemadethemissionaryworkeasier.
inexperiencedleaders. 9. ColonialatitudeofhostilityandoppressiontotheAfricans
5. Disunity. madethem(African)turntothemissionaries.
6. Colaborationwiththecolonists. 10.Communicationsystemlaidbythegovernmentmadetheir
7. Criminalizationandeventualbanningoftheparties. workeasier.
Characteristicofearlypoliticalparties/organizationsinKenya ObjectivesofChristianmissionaryeducationduringcolonialtime.

1. TheywereledbymissionaryeducatedAfricans. 1. ToteachAfricansbasicliteracyandnumeracyskils.

2. Theyhadinter-regionalco-operation.
3. TheygotmaterialsandlegalhelpfromAsians.
4. Theywerenotafterindependence,butagainstexploitationand
oppression.
5. Theywereethnicbased/lacknationaloutlook.
Theyhadsmalmembership.
Factorsbehindtheiremergence
Theirdemandswerefocusedonwelfareofthepeople.
Achievementsoftheseearlypoliticalparties
1. TheyprovidedpoliticaleducationtoAfricancommunities/Re-
awakenedmassesbymakingthemconsciousofpolitical
situationinthecountry.
2. Theycommunicatedcommunities’problemstocolonial
government.
3. TheydefendedAfricancultureagainstfurthererosion.
4. Theyfoughtforthewelfareofworkers.
2. ToteachtheAfricansbeterfarmingmethods.
3. TotrainAfricanasCatechists.
4. ToteachAfricansbasictechnicalskils.
5. Tocivilize/betermethodsofhygiene.
Independentchurchesandschools
1. TheywereagainstwesternizationinfluencebyChristian
missionariesagainstAfricanCulture.
2. Inadequatemissionaryeducation.
3. Colonialdominationandexploitation.
4. TheyviewedEuropeanmissionariesascolonialagents.
5. DevinecalinghimbysomeAfricans.
6. DissatisfactionwiththeinterpretationoftheBible.
7. Toaccommodatetraditionalpractices
8. Litlesayinmissionchurches(paternalism).

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 PAPER1
ReasonsfortheestablishmentofIndependentschools.
1. ToprovidemoreeducationopportunitiesforAfricans/To
provideadditionaleducationopportunitiesforAfricans.
2. Topreservetheirculturalheritage/values/Identity
3. TocreatejobopportunitiesfortheeducatedAfricansas
teachers.
4. Toaddressdiscriminationintheeducationsystem.
5. ToprovidequalityeducationtotheAfricans.
Factorsfortheestablishmentofindependentchurches.
Todevelopworshippatenswhichwererelevanttotheirneeds. 4. ChristianUniversalEvangelicalUnionbyIshmaelNoah-1938
Toavoidbeingdiscriminatedagainstinthemissionchurches.
Topreservetheirculturalheritagewhichwasbeingthreatened Otherleaderswere:EliotKamwana,CharlesDomingo&John
byEuropeanmissionary.
4. Toprovideaforumforculturalactivities.
Resultsoftheestablishmentofindependentchurches.
1. Africanculturalpracticesandbeliefswereincorporatedin
church.
2. ItgaveAfricanclergyanopportunityofleadershipinchurch.
3. AcceleratedthespreadofChristianity.
4. MoreAfricansweretrainedasclergy.
5. Itledtotheestablishmentofindependentschool.
6. Itledtotheformationofnationalism.
Characteristicsofindependentchurchesandschools
1. TheywerefoundedbymissionaryeducatedAfricans.
2. TheytoleratedAfricanculturalpractices.
3. Theywereagainstpatronizingatitude.
Theyco-operatedwithearlypoliticalparties/Associations. 5. Threatwithclosurebythecolonialgovernment/hostilityfrom government.
CharacteristicsofindependentchurchesinKenyaduringandafter
independence.
Theywereformed/startedbytheAfricans.
TheyaccommodatedAfricanculturalvaluese.g.polygamy. 1. TheyrepresentedAfricansintheLegislativeCouncil.
3. Africansheldseniorpositionsofleadershipinthechurches/
theywereledbyAfricans.
ThechurchesworkedcloselywithAfricanpoliticalparties. 4. Themissionariesalsocreatedjobopportunities.
Others
1. TheyvaluedChristianityandwesterneducationbutwere
againstwesternizinginfluencebymissionaries.
2. MembershipwaspurelyAfrican.
3. TheyadoptedtheuseofdrumsandAfricanmusical
instrumentsintheirworship.
4. Differentindependentchurchesadoptedspecialatirefortheir
members.
5. Theyadopteddoctrinesofmissionchurches.
Problemstheyfaced
1. Hostilityfromcolonialgovernmentandmissionaries,hencethe
governmentlookedfortheslightestopportunitytoclosethem
down.
2. Internalwranglesamongfoundermembersforleadership
positionsandrecognition.
3. Inadequatefundstofinancetheiroperations.
4. Themissionariesunderminedtheseinstitutionsastheylooked
downuponthem.
5. Splintergroupsdevelopedandthishinderedthenecessary
unityamongthechurches.
6. Inadequatetrainedpersonneltoruntheschoolsandchurches,
Novels,UpdatedICT,CPA,KASNEB,HighSchool&PrimaryNotes 0705525657
40
isabokemicah@gmail.com
leadingtoinefficiencyandconfusion.
7. LackedsupportfromfelowAfricanswhopreferredmission
schools.
8. Competitionfrommission-runschoolsandchurchesfor
folowers.
9. Forcedtofolowofficialsylabusandbecomemembersof
DistrictEducationBoard
Independentchurchesandschoolsduringcolonialperiod
1. NomiyaLuoChurchbyJohnOwalo-1910
2. DiniyaRoho(HolySpiritChurch)-1927
3. JorohobyAlfayoOdongoMango-1932
Chilembwe.
 KikuyuIndependentschoolsAssociation(KISA)was
established-1929.
 KikuyuKaring’aEducationalAssociation(KKEA)wasalso
formed-1930.
1. InCentralwehadchurcheslikeGituambaIndependentchurch.
2. MumboismofLuo&Abagusi-1920’s.
3. AfricanIndependentPentecostalChurch.
4. AfricanOrthodoxChurch.
Problemsfacedbyindependentschools
1. Lackoftrainedteachers.
2. Shortageoffunds
3. Inadequatefacilities.
4. Leadershipsquabbles.
6. Competitionfromcolonialgovernment.
Effectsofmissionaryworkinthe19thCentury.
2. TheyspreadChristianity.
3. TheycondemnedAfricanpracticese.g.polygamy.
TheyspreadWesternEuropeancivilizationandeducation.
6. Theyprovidedmedicalservicesandconstructedhealthcenters.
7. Theyabolishedslavetrade.
8. Theygaverisetoindependentchurches.
9. Theyimprovedagriculturee.g.withnewcropsandnewfarming
methods.
10.Theyintroductionofformal/westerneducation.
11.Theyalsoledtothelatercolonizationoftheregion.
PoliticalOrganizationsandmovementsafter1945/Factorsthat
hastenedthestruggleforindependenceafter1945.
1. ThesigningoftheAtlanticCharterbyWinstonChurchil-British
PM&FranklinRooseveltin1941-whichadvocatedfor
independenceforstates.
2. Thefailureofthecolonialgovernmenttorewardtheex-soldiers
ofWorldWar2increasedtheagitationforindependence.
3. Theexperienceoftheex-soldiersoftheWorldWar2made
themrealizethattheEuropeanswerenotsuperiorhencethey
demandedforself-rule.
4. IndependenceforformerBritishcolonieslikeIndia,Pakistan
andGhanainspirednationalistsinKenyatodemandfor
independence.
5. AcquisitionofwesterneducationbymanyAfricansenabled
themtounderstandpoliticaldevelopmentatinternationallevel
 PAPER1
andforcefulydemandforindependence.
RealizationbyBritainthatcolonieswereexpensiveto
administerhencetheneedtograntthemself-rule/riseto RolesofKAUinthestruggleforindependence
poweroftheBritishLabourParty.
7. Pan-Africanismmovementinspiredthenationalistsby
supportingandencouragingthemforindependence.
8. TheUNOwasestablishedandadvocatedforAfrican
nationalism.
Others
9. ThereturnofKenyata-1946andhisroleofunitingthe
Kenyans.
10.Theroleofindependentchurchesandschools
11.TheMauMauuprisingforcedtheBritishtorealizetheneedfor
grantingKenyaindependence.
12.Theroleofnationalistsindemandingforconstitutionalreforms.
13.PressurefromAEMOgroups.
14.SupportfromAfro-Asianpeopleandsolidarityorganizations
andsocialiststates.
15.Politicalpartieswerelegalizedafter1945,whichenhanced
mobilizationofmassesagainstcolonialrule.Theroleof
independentchurchesandschools.
NB/Someofthefactorsareexternalwhileothersareinternal.
CharacteristicsofpoliticalpartiesformedinKenyaafter1945.
1. Theyhadanationaloutlookasmembershipwasdrawnfromal
partsofthecountry.
2. Theirmainobjectivewastofightforindependence.
3. Theywereledbyeducatedelites.
4. Theyweremilitant.
5. Theyhadsimilargrievancesegdemandedforfairtaxation,
improvedworkers’conditionsandreturnofthealienatedland.
6. Theyhadlargemembership.
7. Theywerecloselylinkedtoindependentschoolsandchurches.
FactorsthatunderminednationalisticactivitiesinKenyabetween
1939-1963.
1. Inadequatefundstoruntheiractivities.
2. DisunityamongtheAfricannationalistswhichaffected
coordinationandtheirstrengthagainstcolonialism.
3. Banningofpoliticalparties,KAUmembershadtooperateby
hideandseek.
4. Declarationofstateofemergencyunderminedmovement
amongmemberandofficials.
5. Massiliteracy,hencetheciviliansdidnotunderstandand
supporttheactivitiesofKAU.
6. Denialofmassmediaaccesstopublishandspreadtheideas
ofthepartytoreachmorepublic.
Colonialharassmentfrustratedtheeffortoftheofficials.
Arrestanddetentionoftheirleaderswhichdemoralisedthe MAUMAU
members.
9. Lackofcooperationbyalcommunitiesassomeeven
colaboratedwiththecolonialgovernment.
10.Betrayalbytheloyalists/home-guards.
KenyaAfricanStudyUnion(KASU)
 Founded-1944toassistMathuEliud,touniteKenyansto
advanceAfricaninterests,constitutionalreformsandimprove
workingandlivingconditionsforAfricans.
 ByHarryThuku,Khamisi.
 KASUbecameKAUin1946.
7. Discriminationintheprovisionofsocialservices.
DemandsofKAUincluded;self-rule,releasepoliticalprisoners,
ThepoliceshootingonUplandsBaconFactorywherethe
freeandcompulsoryqualityeducation,stoptaxation,stop
Novels,UpdatedICT,CPA,KASNEB,HighSchool&PrimaryNotes 0705525657
41
isabokemicah@gmail.com
forcedlabourandbeterworkingconditions.
1. ItunitedtheKenyans.
2. Itmobilizedpeopleformassmovement.
3. Itorganizedformilitarystruggle(Maumau).
4. MoralandmaterialsupporttoMauMaufighters.
5. GuidanceandpoliticalguidetoEliudMathu.
HowKAUpromotednationalisminKenyabetween1944-1953.
1. ItinfluencedcolonialgovernmenttoincreaseAfrican
representationinthelegislativeCouncil.
2. Itopenedupbranchesinvariouspartsofthecountryto
educateAfricansontheneedtouniteagainstEuropeans.
3. Itpublisheditsownpaper‘SautiyaMwafrika’topopularizeits
objectivesthroughoutthecountry.
4. ItsupportedEliudMathuwhowasappointedtothe
legislativeCouncilinvariousways.
5. ItpresentedthegrievancesoftheAfricansininternationalfora.
6. Itsupportedactivitiesofmaumaufreedomfightersbygiving
themmoralandmaterialsupport.
7. Itprovidedleadershipforthenationalisticstruggle.
8. ItlaiddownthefoundationofKANUwhichledKenyato
independence.
9. ItorganizedraliesontherightsofAfricans.
10.IthelddiscussionswithcolonialgovernmentaboutKenya’s
politicalfuture.
11.ItsupportedtradeUnionswhichfoughtfornationalism.
ProblemsfacedbyKAU.
1. BetrayalbysomeAfricansundermineditsactivities/wrangles
betweenmoderatesandradicals.
2. Insufficient/inadequatefundshampereditsactivities.
3. Oppositionfromthecolonialgovernment/setlers.
4. Repressivelawsrestricteditsactivities.
5. Arrest/detentionofitsleadersafterthedeclarationofthe
stateofemergencyfrustrateditsmembers.
6. Lackofpropercommunicationchannels.
7. Banningofthepartyin1953.
8. Ethnicdivision/fearofdominationbylargercommunities.
9. Lackofpoliticalawarenessduetoiliteracy.
RoleofTomMboyainKAU.
 Hewasthedirectorofpublicityin1952andexposedKAU’s
policies.
 Hebecamethetreasurerofthepartyin1953andthereby
mobilizedfinancialsupportforKAU.
 HemadeKAUhaveanationaloutlook/RevitalizedKAU.
Causes
1. Failureofthecolonialgovernmenttofulfiltheirpromisestothe
worldwarveteranse.g.employment.
2. LossofindependencebyAfricanstoEuropeans.
3. Therewasgrowingunemploymentanddeterioratingconditions
ofAfricanworkersespecialyintowns.
4. Africansreactedtotheoppressionbycolonialchiefsandpolice.
5. BiternessamongAfricansduetolandalienationwhichpushed
themtocrowdinreservesassquaters.
6. Refusalbythecolonialgovernmenttograntthempolitical
reforms.
8.
moreseatsforAfricansLegislativeCouncil,returnAfricanLand,
workerswereonstrike,kilingandwoundingsome,thus
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
causingdiscontent. Agikuyu,Aembu&AmeruwereevacuatedfromNairobi,hence

9. TheOlenguruoneepisodeof1949whicharoseasaresultof theybecamebiter.
squaters’problem.Thesquatersoccupyingtheschemewere 9. Declarationofstateofemergencybythecolonialgovernment.
evictedandtakentoYata,asemi-aridarea,thuscausingalot 10.ItcementedAfricanunity.
ofdiscontentamongtheAfricans.
TheclosureofavegetablefactoryatKaratinacausedfurther NB/Thecivilianssuppliedfoodtothefighters,suppliedinformation
discontentasitledtounemploymentandlossofrevenuetothe andgavemoralsupport.
vegetablesuppliers.
TherefusalbythecolonialgovernmenttoliftthebanonKAU turnedtheassociationintoanundergroundmovementtofight
Methodsusedbythecolonialgovernmenttodiscouragethe
againstcolonialism. activitiesoftheMauMau.
12.TheAfricansdislikedtheimpositionoftaxesandforcedlabour.
1. Arresting/detainingtheactivistsincamps.
ItwasorganizedbynationalistsincludingJomoKenyata, 2. Armedforcestosuppressthemovement.
RamogiAchiengOneko,FredKubai,BildadKagia,Kung’u 3. Kiling/executingtheactivists.
Karumba&PaulNgeiin1952(TheKapenguriasix). 4. Usedtraitors/spiestorevealhidingplacesofthefighters.
 Oathingwasusedtomakeparticipantstoremainloyal 5. Burning/destroyingofhousesoftheactivists/Scorched
andhonestandkeepthesecretsofthemovement.Italso earth
inspiredcourage. policy
 AsiansandAfricanmerchantspaidprotectionfee(in 6. Keepingtheminconcentrationcampstocurtailtheir
Nairobi) movement.
 Duetoescalatingviolenceandassassinationofleading 7. BanningtheKenyaAfricanUnion(KAU).
governmentloyalists. 8. Closingdowntheindependentschools.
TomMbotela&WaruhiuwaKung’u,thegovernorSir 9. Stateofemergencywasdeclared/Curfews.
th 10.TorturingMauMaufighters.
EvelyneBaringdeclaredstateofemergencyon20
October1952,andaltheleadingnationalistswere Rolesofpoliticalpartiesinthestruggleforindependence.
arrestedandjailedfor7years.
ProblemsfacedbyMauMaufighters. 1. Theymobilizedmasssupportforthenationalists.

1. Thefighterslackedsufficienttransportandcommunication
facilities.
2. Coldtemperatureanddiseaseswhichcausedrespiratory
problemstothefighters.
3. Theyfacedatacksbywildanimals.
4. Theyhadashortageoffightingequipment.
5. Thereweredivisionsamongthefightersandleaders.
6. Theylackedco-ordinationastheleadershadnotrainingand
theiractivitiesweredisruptedbythecolonialgovernment.
7. Theyhaddisjointedrecruitmentprocess.
8. Somewereforcedhence,notcommited.
Whymaumaulastedforlong/WhatfacilitatedtheMauMau.
2. Theyunitedthefreedomfighters.
3. Theypreparednationalistswhoweretotakeoverleadership
afterindependence.
4. TheyprovidedmoralandmaterialsupportfortheMauMau
fighters.
5. TheypresentedgrievancesofAfricansininternationalfora.
6. Theypressurizedforconstitutionalchangeswhichhastened
independence.
7. TheycreatedawarenessamongtheAfricansontheirrights.
8. Theypressurizedforthereleasebypoliticalprisoners.
9. Theyparticipatedinthedraftingofindependenceconstitution
atLancasterHouseConference.
GrievancesofAfricansafter1945

1. Oathingunitedthepeopleandmadethemforcommited. 1. Landalienationbythecolonialgovernment.

2. Guerilawarfareusedbythefightersmadeitdifficultforthe 2. Forcedlabouronthewhitesetlers’farms.
Britishgovernmenttocontaintherebelion. 3. KipandesystemwhichrestrictedtheAfricanmovement.
3. Supportfromtheciviliansforfood,weaponsandinformation. 4. Racialdiscriminationinalspheresoflife
4. Itwasledbyableleaders. 5. InterferencewithAfricansculture.
5. ArbadaresandMtKenyaforestsprovidedgoodhideoutsforthe 6. PoorsocialservicesespecialyintheAfricanareaslike
MauMaufighters. reserves.
6. Adequateweaponswhichhelpedthemtocontinuefighting. 7. Paymentoftaxeswhichwascolectedwithalotofforceand
7. Someofthefighterswereex-servicemenandtheywereableto brutality.
applytheirmilitaryexperiencefromthe1stand2ndworldwars. 8. LackofpoliticalrepresentationintheLegislativeCouncilforthe
8. Themovementreceivedmaterialandmoralsupportfrom Africans.
IndependentAfricancountries. 9. Poorwagesandworkingconditionsfortheworkersasthey
workedforlongerhoursforlitlepay.
Results 10.DestockingpolicywhichforcedtheAfricanstoreducethe
numberoftheirlivestock.
1. Humandeaths/Lossofhumanlives. 11.Harassmentbycolonialadministrators.
Africanswerearrested,detainedandinjured.

Atractedtheatentionofinternationalcommunity,henceWhyBritainchangedheratitudetowardscolonizationofKenya
between1945-1960.pushedforindependent

4. Speededupnationalism.
5. Powerandinfluenceofsetlerswasreduced.
6. Destructionofproperty.
7. StrictrulesbygovernmenttocontrolactivitiesofAfrican
politicalpartieswereputinplace.
8. Establishmentofconcentration/detentioncamps.
1. ElectionoflabourpartyinBritainin1945,asignofevaporation
/developmentofimperialspirit.
2. Developmentofnationalistunrestafterworldwar2.
3. OutbreakofMauMau.
4. RiseofUSSR&USA,whowereagainstcolonialism.

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 PAPER1
5. GainingofindependentbyIndia1947andChina-1957.
6. Colonialismprovedexpensive.
7. FormationoftradeunionsandpoliticalpartiesinKenya.
KenyaAfricanNationalUnion(KANU)
 FormedinMarch27th,1960byformerleadersofKAU
 TheypressedforreleaseofJomoKenyataandindependence
KenyaAfricanDemocraticUnion(KADU)
ItwasformedinJune1960byRonaldNgala,DanielMoi,Masinde
Muliro&JustusOleTipis
RolesofKADUinthestruggleforindependence.
ItunitedthesmalercommunitiesinKenya.
Iteducated/mobilizedAfricansagainstcolonialdominion.
ItpressedforthereleaseofJomoKenyata.
Itparticipatedinthedrawingupoftheindependence
constitution.
AfricanPeoplesParty(APP)
ItwasformedaftertheLancasterHousebyPaulNgeitoaddress
Akambainterests.
TradeUnions
ItstartedinKenyaafter1914toimprovetheworkers’welfare
WhytradeUnionswerenotformedinKenyaby1914
Africansweredeniedtheopportunitybythecolonial
administrators.
Theyhadlowpurchasingpower.
Theywerescatered,thuscouldnotcometogether.
Wageearninglabourerswerefew.
Therewerefewelitestoprovideleadership.
RolesofTradeUnionsinstruggleforIndependent
Theyorganizedstrikesandboycotstoopposethepoliciesof
thecolonialgovernment.
Theyprovidedrelevanttraininggroundforpotentialnationalist leaders.
Theycontributedmoneytopoliticalpartiesandenabledthem
tosustainthestruggleforindependence.
Theysensitizedworkersontheimportanceofjoiningpolitical
partiesthatstruggledforindependence.
Theyfiledthevacuumcreatedbytheproscriptionofpolitical
partiesin1952.
Theymobilizedpeopletosupportnationaliststruggle.
TheymadeKenya’ssituationberecognizedabroad.
Methodsusedbytradeunionstodemandfortheirrights.
Strikes
Boycots.
Goslows/sit-ins.
Demonstrations.
Petitions/memoranda
WhyTradeUnionsweremoreactiveinUrbanthanrural
Moremoneyandwagelabourwasintowns.
Easymobilizationsincetheywerelivinginlargenumbers.
Novels,UpdatedICT,CPA,KASNEB,HighSchool&PrimaryNotes 0705525657
43
isabokemicah@gmail.com
3. Leadershipbyeducatedintowns
4. Massmediafacilitiesintownshencemorepoliticalawareness
5. Mosteconomic,socialandpoliticalinjusticesweresufferedby
towndwelers.
6. Towndwelersweremixeduphencenolanguageorcultural
bariers.
7. Rurallabourwasscateredunlikeintownswhereitwas
concentrated.
ProblemsfacedbyTradeUnions
Harassmentbywhichsetlersandcolonialgovernment.
Ithadinsufficientfundstorunitsactivities.
Constantwranglesamongleaderswhichweakenedthe
movement.
Ignoranceofthepeopleontheroleoftradeunionsandhence
didnotsupportit.
Causesofthe1947AfricanworkersstrikeinMombasa.
1.Therewasunequalpaymentofsalariesandwages.
2.TherewerePoorworkingconditions.
3.Therewashighrateofinflation.
4.TherewasdisrespectofAfricanworkers.
AfricanWorkersFederation(AWF)
Itsdemands
Salaryfairnessforalraces
RespectforAfricanworkers
Sufficientalowances
Shortworkinghour
KenyaFederationoflabour(KFL)
Afterstateofemergencyin1960,manyworkersweredeported
Tradeunionsthereforejoined/mergedtoKFRTU(Kenya
FederationofRegisteredTradeUnions)
1953,itwasjoinedbyKenyalocalgovernmentworkersunion
(KLGWU),withTomMboyaasGeneralSecretary.
In1955,itwaschangedtoKFL
TheTradeUnionsthatjoinedtoformtheK.F.L.
1.TransportandAliedWorkersunion.
2.Tailors,TentandSailmakersandGarmentWorkersUnion.
3.LocalGovernmentWorkersUnion.
4.NightWatchmen,ClubsandShopsWorkersUnion.
5.DomesticandHotelWorkersUnion.
6.EastAfricanFederationofBuildingandConstructionWorkers
Union.
Roleofwomeninstruggleforindependence
ProphetessMoraainKitutu.
SyotumewaKithukeofUkambaniusedKilumedance.
MekatililiwaMenzaledtheAgiriama1913.
MaryMuthonifoughtforreleaseofHarryThuku-1922.
Independentchurchesandschoolswereestablishedbywomen
toadvocateforthewelfareofAfricanse.g.LegioMaria.
Contributionofwomen
Theytookpartinthearmedresistancewheresomeofthem
wereleaderse.g.MarshalMuthoni.
Theyraisedfundsforsupportingpoliticalactivities.
Theyprovidedmoralsupporttothefreedomfighterstogoon
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
withthefight. members.

4. Theydemandedforthereleaseofthedetained/arrested 8. GovernmentalowedAfricanstoformpoliticalparties.
freedomfighterslikeHarryThuku. 9. Itestablishedadvisorycounciltodiscussgovernmentpolicies
5. Theysuppliedarmsandfoodtothefreedomfightersintheir 10. 1957electionswereheldin8constituencies.
hideouts. 11.AfricanElectedMembersOrganizationwasfounded.
Theyactedasspiesforthefreedomfighters.
Theytookpartinoathing/theyadministeredoathsofsecrecy. NB/Theformationofamulti-racialgovernment/societywasalowed.
Theykepttheirhomesintactasmencontinuedwiththe (MAIN) struggle.

Theyenduredpainandsufferinginflictedbythecolonial FoundermembersofAEMO
governmentforthesakeofliberation.
DanielArapMoi.
Constitutionalchangesleadingtoindependence1954-1963. 2. MasindeMuliro
3. LawrenceOguta
st
Litletonconstitutionof1954ledtotheappointmentofthe1 4. JamesMuimi/JamesNzau
AfricanministerandnominationofotherAfricanleaderstothe 5. TomMboya
LegislativeCouncil. 6. RonaldNgala
2. 1957,wehadthe1stalraceselectionsandAfricanswere 7. BenardMate
electedinthe8constituencies. 8. OgingaOdinga
LenoxBoydconstitutiongavemoreseatstotheAfricansfrom
st
8to14members.Forthe1 time,moreAfricanswereelected DemandsofAEMO
tothelegislativeCouncil.
4. The1stLancasterHouseconferenceof1960gaveAfricans 1. ItdemandedforamajorityelectedAfricanrepresentationinthe
moreseatsinthelegCo.Africanrepresentationincreasedfrom LegislativeCouncil.
14to33members. 2. ThateveryAfricanof21yearsandabovebealowedtovote
5. In1960,stateofemergencywasliftedandAfricanswere regardlessofeducationorincome.
alowedtoformcountrywidepoliticalparties.KANUandKADU 3. Theydemandedthatregistrationofvoterstobedoneon
wereformed. commonrol/universalsuffrage.
6. The2ndLancasterHouseConferenceof1962drewthe 4. Theycaledforanendtothestateofemergency.
independenceconstitutionandKenyawastobecomea 5. TheydemandedtheKenyahighlandstobeopenedtoalraces.
majimbo/federalstate.
st
In1961,the1 GeneralelectionswereheldandKANUwornbut RolesofAfricanelectedmembersofparliamentduringthestruggle
refusedtoformgovernmentuntilthereleaseofJomoKenyata. forindependenceinKenya.(AEMO)
KANUandKADUformedacoalitiongovernmentwithNgalaand
KenyataasthetwoleadersofGovernment. 1. Theydemandedforthereleaseofdetained/imprisoned
9. June1963,KenyaatainedindependencewithKenyataasthe Africannationalists.
1stPrimeMinister. 2. TheynetworkedwithPan-Africaniststohastenthe
achievementofindependence.
Lyteltonconstitution-1954 3. Theyaired/presentedAfricangrievancesininternationalfora.
4. Theyformedpoliticalparties/movementstodemandfor
Itproposed/Reforms: independence/rightsofAfricans.
5. TheypopularizedKenyata,therebymakinghimacceptableasa
1. Establishmentofamulti-racialcouncilofministers nationalleader.
representingthethreeraces. 6. Theytookpartinthewritingoftheindependenceconstitution
2. ThebanonformationsofpoliticalpartiesbyAfricanswaslifted duringthe2ndLancasterhouseconference.
astheywerenowalowedatdistrictlevel. 7. Theyenlightened/educatedtheAfricansontheneedto
3. B.A.OhangawasappointedthefirstAfricanministerfor struggleforindependence.
Communitydevelopment&Africanaffairs. 8. TheyadvocatedforincreasedAfricanrepresentationinthe
4. EachracetoelecttheirownrepresentativetotheLegislative LegislativeCouncil.
Council/electionofeightAfricanstothelegislativeCouncil.
5. Establishmentofanadvisorycounciltodiscussgovernment
policies. LennoxBoydConstitution-1958
6. Electionsoncommonrolbasis/Thegovernmentprovidedfor
electionsof8AfricanstotheLegislativeCouncil.  InOct.1957,BoydreplacedLyteltonbeforehevisitedKenya-
7. AsystemofAfricanelectionstobedoneeverytwoyears. withrecommendations
 Specialmembershiptoleg-co4fromeachraceelectedby
ResultsoftheLyteltonconstitution othermemberstoLegCo.
1. AnExecutiveCouncilwasreplacedbymulti-racialcouncilof  ThenumberofAfricanministerswastobedoubled.

ministers ResultsofLennoxBoydconstitution.
2. EightAfricanmemberscouldbeelectedtoLegCo.
3. Certainpropertyqualificationandothereducational 1. Africanelectedmemberswereincreasedfrom8to14.
requirementswerespecifiedforAfricancandidates. 2. Therewastobeelectionof14AfricanstotheLegCo,not
4. Multi-racialelectionswerealowed. representingtheconstituencies.
5. TherewereseparateelectoralrolsforAfricans,whitesand 3. Setingacommissiontoreviewandrecommendedthe
Asians. abolitionofracistlaws.
6. EuropeansweregivenmoreseatsintheLegCo.148-Afs,3 4. Thecouncilofministerswasenlargedto16.
Hindus,3Muslims,1Arabs. 5. Africanswerealowedtoformnationwidepoliticalparties.
7. Therewere29electoralmembersasopposedto30,nominated

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 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
1stLancasterHouseConference-1960 Frenchnotes

Setbooksguides
 Itdemandedfor‘one-man,one-vote,withAfricanmajorityin Primaryschoolnotes
councilofministers,andAfricangovernment. KCSETopicals
*CPA*tuitioning
Agreements/Outcome Updated*CPA,CIFAATD*KASNEBnotes
Updated*CPS,CICT,ATD*KASNEBNotes
1. Aladultsabove40yearswerealowedtovote. Updated*ICT,IT,ACCA,CFA*notes
2. TheLegCowasexpandedto65members. Forextradingguidance
3. 4/12membersofcouncilwereAfricans(a3rd). *CCTV*instalation&Networkingservices
4. Africanswerealowedtoformpoliticalparties. Onlineservices
5. TheBilofrightswouldbeincludedintheconstitution *_Althematerialsareinsoftcopyandwe'lupdated
6. AlpropertytakenbyEuropeanswouldbecompensated. Text/calorWhatsApp*0714497530togetyourcopy_*
*htps://wa.me/254714497530*
2ndLancasterhouseConference-1962

Itwasconvenedon12thFe-1962todrawanindependence
constitutionandreconcileKANU&KADU.

Itsprovisions

Thecountrywastobedividedinto6regionswithanassembly
foreach.
TheParliamentwastohave2chambers–senateandhouseof LIVES&CONTRIBUTIONSOFKENYANLEADERS
representatives
ThePostofprimeministerasheadofgovernmentwascreated. JomoKenyata1892-1978
GovernorGeneralwastobeheadofstateandcommanderin-
chiefforarmedforces.  HewornasKamauNgegiin1892inGatundu-Kiambu.
5. Electionsweretobeheldafter5years,withrequirementsfor  HewasbaptizedasJohnstonein1914,aftercircumcisionin
voterorcandidatedefined. 1913.
6. Theconstitutioncouldonlybeamendedbyatleast2/3majority  HeworeMaasaibeltwithornamentcaledKinyata.
intheHouseofRepresentatives(2thirds).  From1924,hedevelopedinterestinpoliticalactivitiesof
7. TheMonarchhadspecialpowerswhichsheexercisedthrough JamesBeautahandJosephKang’ethe.
In1927,hebecamesecretaryofKikuyuCentralAssociation.
CentralLandBoardwasformedtohandlelandissues.
Itprovidedfortheprotectionoftheminorities’rights.HisroleinthestruggleforindependenceinKenya.
Itcreatedanindependentandimpartialjudiciary.
ItcreatedCommissionsinchargeofvariousresponsibilities. 1. HewasoneofthefoundermembersofKCAwhichfoughtfor
Itcontainedadetailedbilofrights.rightsofAfricansinKenya.
Kenyawastohaveamulti-partysystem,withKANUandKADU
2. StartedKCAnewspaper‘Muiguithania’inwhichhetalkedabout
governorgeneral.
formingacoalitiongovernment.thegrievancesoftheAfricans.
AsiansinvolvedinthestruggleforindependenceinKenya. Laterhediditinhisbook-facingMt-Kenya.
3. DuringhisstudyinBritain-1929-46,hepresentedtheplight
1. A.M.Jevanjee AfricansinKenyainmanyinternationalmeetings.
4. HebecamepresidentofKAUin1947andtransformeditintoa
2. PioGamaPinto massparty.
3. M.A.Desai 5. In1961,electedintoLegCoandatemptedtoreconcileKANU&
4. MakhanSingh KADU.
NB/PartiesinKenyabetween1960-1963wereKANU,KADU,APP 6. 1962,ledKANUdelegatetoLancasterHouseConferenceto
workonindependenceconstitution.
(AfricanPeople’sPartyandNKP(NewKenyaParty) 7. 1963,electionsearnedhimpostof1 Pm st

8. HewasAfricanspokesmanandrepresentative.
*LATESTHIGHSCHOOLNOTES* 9. HemobilizedandatendedconferencesforKenyanAfricans.
10.Heorganizedpoliticalcampaignsandmeetings.
*0714497530*(MrIsaboke) st
Mathsform1-4 11.Hebecamethe1 presidentofKenyaon12/12/1964.
Englishform1-4 ProblemsofKenyansatIndependence
kiswahiliform1-4
chemistryform1-4 1. SplitwithinKANUduetohispolicyonlandashecompromised
Biologyform1-4 withthewhites.
Physicsform1-4 2. Kenyadidnothaveenoughfundsfordevelopment.
Agricultureform1-4 3. Poverty,ignoranceanddiseasewereaseriousproblem.
Businessform1-4 4. Shortageofmanpower.
Creform1-4 5. Poortransportandcommunicationnetwork.
Historyform1-4 6. Existenceofbanditry(shiftermenace)inNorthEasternFrontier
Computerform1-4 DistrictKenyaalsoshiftedatentionfromeconomic
Geographyform1-4 development.
Homesciencef1-4 7. PoliticalassassinationsofPioGamaPintoin1965,TomMboya
I.R.Estudiesf1-4

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 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
in1969andJ.M.Kariukiin1975posedachalengetohis thecoastalcommunities.

regime.
TOMMBOYA
1. Hewasbornon15/08/1930inThika
2. Hemarriedin1953and1961
3. In1952,KenyaLocalGovernmentWorkersUnion(KLGWU)was 9.
formedandhebecameitsactingtreasurer.
4. HecondemnedcolonialinjusticesinKenya.
5. InOct-1953,hewaselectedtheSecretaryofKenyaFederation
ofRegisteredTradeUnion(KFRTU)&KFL.
6. In1957,heformedtheNairobiPeople’sConvectionParty
(NPCP)tofightforKenya’sindependence.
7. In1957,AEMOwasformedwithhimassecretary.
8. In1958,hejoinedothernationaliststorejecttheLenoxBoyd
constitution.
In1958,herepresentedKenyaatthePAFMECA(Pan-African 14.In1964,ledKADUmemberstodissolveandjoinKANU.
FreedomMovementofEastandCentralAfrica)inGhanawhere 15.HediedinanaccidentonMombasaNairobiroadin1972.
colonialismwascondemned.
HeaffiliatedKFRTUtotheinternationalconfederationofFree HiscontributiontothestruggleforindependenceinKenya.
TradeUnions(ICFTU)inUSAandtheBritishTradeUnionism,
thusstrengtheningTradeunionismthusstrengtheningTrade
unionisminKenyawhichfoughtforAfricanRights.
11.In1959,heboycotedtheLegislativeCouncilanddemandedfor 2. AsamemberofAEMO,hepressurizedformoreconstitutional
aconstitutional
conference.
st
12.1960,heatendedthe1 LancasterHouseConference.
13.HewasamongthefoundermembersofKANU,withhimas
secretaryin1960.
14.HepressedforthereleaseofJomoKenyataandother
detainees.
nd
15.1962,atendedthe2 LancasterhouseConference.
16.1957,waselectedMPforNairobi.
17.Hedevelopedthesocial,economicandpoliticalmasterplan
‘sessionalpaperNO.10’in1965.
18.Hewasshortdeadon05/07/1969byNahashonNjenga
outsideachemistalongMoiAvenue.
HisrolesinthedevelopmentoftradeunionmovementinKenya.
6. HebecametreasurerofAEMO,andpressurizedfor
constitutionalreformsfortheAfricans.
7. HejoinedbyMboyatheywenttoLondontopressfor
constitutionalreforms.
8. In1958,Hebecametheministerforlabour,socialsecurityand
adulteducation.
Heparticipatedin1stLancasterHousewhichgaveAfricans
moreseatsinlegCo.
10.In1960,herefusedpostofTreasurerwhenKANUwasformed.
11.HewasafoundermemberofKADUwhichadvocatedfor
Majimboatthe1stLancasterHouseconference.
12.In1961,Hebecametheministerforeducationandleaderof
governmentbusiness.
13.Heatendedthe2ndLancasterHouseConferencein1962
wherehepressedforregionalgovernmentwhileKANUopted
forastrongunitarygovernment.
1. HemobilizedtheMijikendaontoformingapressuregroup-The
MijikendaUnion.
reformsforAfricans.
3. In1955,hemobilizedpeoplefromMombasatoformMombasa
AfricanDemocraticUnion.
4. HewasinstrumentalintheformationofKADUtodefendthe
interestsoftheminorityAfricangroupsagainstpossible
dominationbyKANU.Hebecamethepresidentoftheparty.
nd
5. HeandMboyaledtheAfricandelegationwhichatendedthe2
LancasterHouseConferencetodiscusstheindependence
constitution.
6. Hesupportedandcaledforthereleaseofthedetained
nationalists.
7. InMay1963,KADUunderNgalaformedthe1stindependence
government.
JaramogiOgingaAjumaOdinga

Hewasinstrumentalintheformationoftradeunionmovement. 1. HeformedtheLuoThriftandTradingCo-operativewhichwas
Heservedasaleaderintradeunionorganizationbothlocalyregisteredin1947.HeusedAchiengOneko’spaper,Ramogito
andinternationaly. promotetheactivitiesoftheLuoThriftandTradingCo-
3. Heorganizedprotests/demonstrationsagainstthearrestand operativeandprintanti-governmentinformation.
harassmentoftradeunionmembers/workers. 2. In1950,heatendedaKAUmeetinginKisumuwherehe
4. Heliaisedwithinternationaltradeunionorganizationswherehe discussedaboutpoliticaleventsinthecountry.
gainedknowledge/experienceofrunningtradeunions. 3. HelinkedupwithKenyatawhereheagreedthattheLuoand
5. Hesolicitedforfundstofinancetheactivitiesoftradeunion theAgikuyuwouldworktogether.
movementinKenya. 4. In1953,hetraveledtoIndiawherehemetJ.P.Nehru.Hewas
6. Heorganizedtradeunioncourses/seminarsinvariousparts arestedwhenhecamebackbutlaterreleased.
ofthecountrytoeducateheworkers/leaders. 5. In1957election,hewaselectedtotheLegCotorepresent
7. Heagitatedforbeterterms/conditionsforworkers. Nyanza.
8. Heatendedcoursesonindustrialrelationsabroadwherehe 6. Withotherelectedmembers,theyformedtheAfricanElected
gainedknowledgeonlabourrelations. MembersOrganization(AEMO).
7. Hedemandedforthereleaseofthedetainedpoliticalleaders
RonaldGideonNgala andliftingofthestateofemergency.
8. HewasafoundermemberoftheKenyaindependent
1. Ngalawasborn1923atGatari-Giriama(KilifiDistrict). movement(KIM)whichfoughtforindependenceforKenya.
In1943,hebecameamemberoftheCoastAfricanAssociation 9. HedenouncedtheprovisionsoftheLyteltonconstitution.
throughwhichheexpressedtheproblemsandhopesofthe 10.In1958,heraisedalarmaboutKenyata’sconditioninprison.
Mijikendapeople. 11.In1960,heparticipatedinthefirstLancasterHouseconference
3. HealsomobilizedtheMijikendaintoformingpressuregroup todiscussthecountry’sindependence.
caledtheMijikendaUnion,throughwhichtheypressurizedfor 12.WhenKANUwasformedin1960,hewaselectedthevice
theirgrievancestobeheardbythecolonialgovernment. presidentoftheparty.
4. In1955,heformedMADU(MombasaAfricanDemocraticUnion) 13.In1961,hewithotherleadersvisitedKenyatainLodwarand
whichagitatedforindependence. resolvedtopromoteunityamongAfricans.
In1957,NgalawaselectedtoLegCoforCoastrural14.In1962,heparticipatedinthe2ndLancasterHouseConference
constituency,thepositionheusedtoairouttheproblemsofwhichpavedwayforKenya’sindependence.

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 PAPER1
After1963election,hewasappointedtheministerforHome ProfessorWangariMaathai Affairs.
1964,hebecametheVicePresidentofKenya. WasborntoMutaNjugiandLydiaWanjiruasa3rdbornon1st
1969,hewasputunderhousearrestbyKenyata’sgovernment April,1940inIhithevilageinNyeri.
folowingviolenceinKisumuwhenKenyatawenttoopen
NyanzaProvincialHospital.
18.1982,hewasexpeledfromKANU
19.In1991,heformedForumforRestorationofDemocracy(FORD)
20.ThePartysplitandheremainedinK-(Ford-Kenya)
21.In1992,helosttoMoiaspresidentialcandidate.
22.HewastheMPforBondoandtheoppositionleadertilhis
deathin1994.
23.In1990,hesuccessfulyagitatedforreturnofmulti-parties.
DanielToroiticharapMoi(KAPKORIOS)
1. Hewasborn02/09/1924inKuriengw’oinBaringo
2. In1955,hewasnominatedtoLegCoforRiftvaleyafter
OleTamenoresigned
3. In1957,hewaselectedMPforR.Valey.
4. In1959,hewasthe1stAfricanleadertovisitKenyatain
prison-Lodwar.
nd
5. In1962,heparticipatedin2 Lancasterhouseconference.
6. In1960-hewaschairmanofKADU
In1961-Hebacametheministerforeducation
1. ShewasamemberoftheRedCrossbeforebecomingits
In1963,MPforBaringoNorthandpresidentofRiftvaley
9. In1964,heinitiateddissolvingofKADUtojoinKANU
10.In1966,hewaselectedasKANUVPforRiftvaley
11.In1967-hebecametheVP
12.In1968,hebecameleaderofGovernmentbusiness.
13.In1978-hebecamepresident.
14.Afterwinning1979elections,hetouredalpartsofthe
countrytoreconcileKenyans.
15.Heexpandededucationalfacilitiesinthecountry,
changingtheeducationalsystemfrom7:4:2:3to8:4:4in
1984.
16.HestartedtheNyayoPhilosophyofPeace,Love&Unity.
17.Heretiredaspresidentin2002-afterelectionswonby
KibakiagainstMoi’schoice-UhuruKenyata.
HisrolesineducationdevelopmentinKenyabetween1979and
2002.
1. Introductionof8-4-4systemofeducation.
2. Introductionofschoolmilk/feedingprogrammein1979.
3. Expansionofprimary/secondaryschools.
4. Increaseofpublicuniversity.
5. Expansionoftertiaryinstitutions.
6. Introductionofcost-sharingineducation.
Thechalengeshefacedaspresident.
1. st
Theatemptedmilitarycoupof1 Aug,1982.
2. ConstantcriticismoverhisonePartystateofgovernance.
3. FreezingofdonorfundbytheWorldBankandIMF.
4. Oppositionfrompoliticalpartiese.g.FORD.
5. Ethnicclashesinsomepartsofthecountry/crossborder
catlerustling.
6. Politicalassassinations.
7. Detentionandtortureofsomepoliticalactivists.
8. Corruption
9. Weakenedeconomy/inflation.
10.HIVpandemic.
11.Straineddiplomaticrelations.
12.Naturaldisasterslikefamineandfloods.
Novels,UpdatedICT,CPA,KASNEB,HighSchool&PrimaryNotes 0705525657
47
isabokemicah@gmail.com
 ThefamilyrelocatedtoNakuruin1943.
 ShewentbacktoIhithewheresheenroledforherprimary
school.
 In1957,shejoinedStCecilia(currentlyLoretoGHS)forher
secondaryeducation.
 ShegotascholarshiptoUSforaBachelorofSciencedegreein
1960beforepursuingaMastersdegreeinBiologicalSciencein
US.
 ShethenstartedworkingattheUniversitycolegeofNairobias
anassistantresearcherinmicro-anatomy.
 In1967,shewenttoGermanyforherDoctoratedegreebefore
returningin1969.
 InMay1969,shegotmarriedtoMwangiMaathai.
 In1971,shewasthe1stwomanfromEastandCentralAfricato
obtainaPh.D.
 In1977whileworkingattheNairobiUniversity,she
campaignedforherfemalecoleaguestobepaidsamesalaries
withtheirmalecounterparts.
 In1977,sheseparatedwithMwangianddivorcedin1979.
Directorform1973-
1980,amongotherorganizations.regionalAssembly
2. In1977,WangariandtheotherNCWK(NationalChristian
CouncilofWomenofKenya)planted7treesatKamukunjiin
honorofthehistoricalcommunityleaders.
3. ThismarkedthebirthoftheGreenBeltMovement.
4. In1979,shebecametheVicechairoftheNCWKbefore
becomingtheChairin1980til1987whensheretired.
5. Thisearnedherpopularityasthemovementjoinedpro-
democracymovementagainsttheoppressiveKANUgov’tinthe
2ndhalfof1980s.
6. In1989,shelearntthatKANUgov’twasplanningtoconstructa
skyscraperasTimesMediaTrustComplexatUhuruPark.
7. Shewroteleterstoseveralgovernmentofficialsandgot
supportfrommanypeople.
8. In1990,theproposalwascanceled.
9. In1992withotherpro-democracyadvocates,shemetand
cameupwithagroupwhichtheycaledForumforRestoration
ofDemocracy(FORD).
10.Theyconfrontedthegov’tonsuspicionthatsomemembers
weretargetedforassassination.
11.Thisconfrontationearnedherseveralarrestswhichatracted
theatentionoftheInternationalCommunity.
12.ShealsojoinedandsupportedthegroupReleasepolitical
Prisonerswhichhadbeenformedbywomenwhosesonshad
beenarrestedtogetherwithMaathai.
13.TheypresentedapetitiontotheAGandcampedinacornerat
UhuruParkonaHunger
strike,whichcametobeknownasFreedomCorner.
16.Theycontinuedtil1993whenthepoliticalprisonerswere
released.
17.InSept1998,shestartedtheJubilee2000,whichcampaigned
forthecancelationofheavydebtsowedtorichcountriesby
thepoorones.
18.Shefoughtagainstcorruptionespecialygrabbingofpublic
landanddestructionoftheenvironment.
19.In2004,shebecamethe1stAfricanwomantowintheNobel
Prize.
20.Shewonitforhercontributiontosustainabledevelopment,
democracyandpeace.
21.In2002elections,shewonasanMPforTetuconstituencyona
NARCticket.
22.2003,shebecametheassistantministerforEnvironment,
NaturalResourcesandwildlifetil2005.
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
Sheremainedvocalonmatersconcerningenvironmental
preservationandhumanrightstilherdeathon26/09/2012 Reasonsforelections.
atNairobiHospital,duetoovariancancer.
ItgivesKenyansanopportunitytochoosenewpoliticalleaders.
HerrolesintheliberationofwomeninKenya. 2. ItenablesKenyanstoexercisetheirdemocraticright.
3. Theyofferalternativeideasofrunningthegovernmentthrough
1. ShewasamemberoftheKenyaAssociationofUniversity differentpoliticalparties’manifestos.
womenandchampionedthecauseofwomeneducation. 4. Itisaconstitutionalrequirement.
Shechampionedtheliberationofwomenwhenshewasmost 5. Theymakeelectedleaders/prospectiveleadersworkhardto
activememberoftheensurethattheyarere-elected/elected. NationalChristianCouncilofwomen.

AsachairpersonoftheNationalChristianCouncilofwomen, Causesfor2007post-electionviolence.
shegearedtowards
unifyingalwomengroupsinKenya. 11.Irregularitiesinthevoters’registers.
4. Shedidvariousresearchesonwaystoaleviatechalenges -Namesofsomeregisteredvotersweremissingintheregister-
experiencedbywomenlike about30%.
accesstomedication,safewaterandenergy. -Kenyansinthediasporawerenotgivenanopportunitytovote.
5. Sheorganizedcommunity-basedseminarswherewomen -Someofthenamesofthevotersintheregisterweredeceased.
openlydiscussedtheirsocio- -Womenwereunder-representedinthevoters’register.
economicissues. 2.Imbalanceddistributionofregisteredvotersamongthe
6. Shegavemassivesupporttoagroupofwomenwhohad constituenciesduetounfair
formedthe‘releasepolitical demarcation.
prisoners’. 3.Severalcasesofcheatingwithinflatednumbersofvotesinthe
ShespokeonbehalfofwomenintheUNspecialsessionsin strongholdsofthemain
theGeneralassembly.politicalparties.
4.Exclusivestrongholdsassomeelectoralareaswerereservedfor
Herroles/significanceonenvironmentalconservationinKenya. certainpoliticalparties.
5.Defectivemethodsofvotetalyingandrelayingofinformation
1. ShewasaboardmemberofEnvironmentalLiaisonCentre whichwasnotdone
whichfacilitatedtheparticipationofNGO’sintheworkof transparently.
UNEP. 6.IncompetenceoftheElectoralCommissionofKenyaofficials.
AsamemberoftheNationalChristianCouncilofWomen EventheChairman-SamuelKivuitustatedthatitwasimpossibleto
inKenya(NCWK),sheencouragedtheplantingoftrees. telwhowonboth
ShehelpedintheestablishmentoftheGreenBeltParliamentaryandPresidentialelections.
Movementwhichinvolvedwomenintree-plantingto 7.Integrityintheresultsassomeofthecrucialelectiondocuments
conservetheenvironment. werenotsignedby
Shemobilizedwomentoplantmorethan20miliontrees someofficialsasrequired,egForm16A.
whichwouldprovideasolutiontosomeoftheirproblems. 8.CompositionofElectoralCommissionofKenya.
SheopposedtheestablishmentofTimesMediaTrustThiswasevidentinthemannerinwhichtheofficialswere
complexinUhuruParkwhichwoulddestroythe appointed,unlikebefore. recreationalpark.

SheaddressedtheUNonseveraloccasionsonissues PrinciplesofelectoralsysteminKenya.
affectingtheenvironment.
7. In2004,shewontheNobelprizeforherrolein 1. Freedomofcitizenstoexercisetheirpoliticalrights.
environmentalconservation. 2. Morethan2/3oftheelectivepublicbodiesmustnotbeofthe
8. ShechampionedforthepreservationofKaruraforest. samegender.
9. SheusedherpositionastheAssistantministerfor 3. Fairrepresentationofpeoplewithdisabilities.
Environmenttoformulatepoliciesaimedatpreservingthe 4. Universalsuffragebasedontheaspirationforfair
environment. representationandequalityofvote.
5. Freeandfairelectionsbasedon:
-secretbalot.
FORMATION,STRUCTUREANDFUNCTIONSOFTHEGOVERNMENT -absenceofviolence,intimidation,improperinfluenceor
OFKENYA. coruption.
6. Thereshouldbeanindependentbodyconductingtheelectoral
ElectoralProcessinKenya process.
-transparency.
MethodsofvotinginKenyasinceindependence. -administrationoftheelectionsinanimpartial,neutral,efficient,
accurateandaccountablemanner.
1. Mlolongo(Queuing).
2. Acclamation. Regulationsonelections
3. Secretbalot.
1. TheconstitutionofKenya
TheyaretwotypesGeneralandBy-elections. -ThisstipulatesthatKenyaisaSovereignRepublicandalthe
SovereignPower
General belongsthepeoplewhomayexerciseiteitherdirectlyor
throughtheir
 Theseareheldafter5years. democraticalyelectedleaders.
 Theycomprisespresidential,Parliamentary(Nationaland 2. TheNationalAssemblyandthePresidentialElectionAct.
CountyAssemblies). -Thisexplainsthestepstobefolowedwhenregisteringvoters,

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nominating promotefreeandfairelections.

candidates,polingandcountingofvotesandotherrelated 11.Itdistributes/transportselectoralmaterialstoalpoling
processes. stations.
3. TheLocalGovernmentAct. 12.Itappointselectionofficials.
-Thisgivestheprocedureandrulesforconductingelectionsfor 13.Itannounceselectionresultsanddeclaresthewinners.
county,municipal
andtowncouncils. WaysofbecomingamemberofparliamentinKenya.
4. TheElectionOffencesAct.
-Itlaysdowntheelectionoffencesandpenalties.Forexample a) Election.
bribingvoters, b) Nomination
threateningvoters,votingmorethanonceofcausingviolence c) ByvirtueofholdingofficeofAGandSpeaker.
duringcampaignsor
onthepolingday. Processofelection
RequirementsforpoliticalpartiesinKenya. 1. Voterandciviceducation

TheyshouldreflectanationaloutlookasprescribedbyanAct 2. Registrationofvoters ofparliament.

2. Theyshouldhaveademocraticalygoverningbody.
3. Theyshouldpromoteandupholdnationalunity.
4. Theyshouldabidebythedemocraticprinciplesofgood
governance,promoteandpractisedemocracy.
5. Theyshouldrespecttherightsofalpersonstoparticipatein
politicalprocess.
6. Theyshouldrespectandpromotehumanrightsand
fundamentalfreedomsandgenderequalityandequity.
7. Theyshouldpromotetheprinciplesofconstitutionandruleof
law.
8. Theyshouldsubscribetoandobservethecodeofconductfor
politicalparties.
Prohibitionsforpoliticalparties.
1. Beingfoundedonreligious,linguistic,racial,ethnic,genderor
regionalbasisorseektoengageinadvocacyofhatredonany
suchbasis.
2. Engaginginorencouragingviolenceorintimidatingsupporters
ofotherparties.
3. Establishingormaintainingaparamilitaryforce,militiaor
similarorganization.
4. Engaginginbriberyorotherformsofcorruption.
Acceptingorusingpublicresourcestopromoteitsinterestsor 6. Whenhisnamedoesnotappearinthevoter’sregister.
itscandidatesinelections,exceptasitisprovidedbyanActof 7. Whenheistimebarred/late.
Parliament.
FunctionsofIndependentElectoralandBoundariesCommission.
Itcontinuouslyregisterscitizensasvoters.
Itdrawstheboundariesofconstituencies/wardsinalpartsof  Partynominations
thecountryinordertoensureequitablerepresentationofthe
people.
3. Itregulatesnominationofcandidatesbypoliticalpartiessoas
toensureproportionalnominationofmembers.
Itsetleselectoraldisputesotherthanpetitionsarisingfromthe electoralprocessinordertoensuresmooth/fairelections.
1.Parliamentarycandidates
Itregistersalcandidateswhointendtocontestforpositions
duringelections/announcesandprovidesanelection
timetable.
6. Iteducatesvotersontheirrights/importanceofparticipationin
electionssoastomakeinformeddecisions.
7. Itmonitors/observestheelectionsinordertoensure
transparency/honesty.
8. Itregulatestheamountofmoneyspentbycandidates/political
partiestopreventsomecandidatesfrominfluencingthevoters.
9. Itdevelopscodeofconductforcandidates/parties
participatinginelectionswiththeviewofchecking
malpractices.
10.Itensurescompliancewiththeelectorallawsbyalparties
involvedinorderto
ItisdonebytheIndependentElectoralandBoundaries
CommissionofKenya(IEBC).
Qualificationofavoter
1. Acitizenof18yearsandabove
2. Onemusthavelived,donebusiness,ownedlandoremployedin
theconstituencyfive(5)monthsinthelastyearbefore
elections.
3. Oneshouldnothavebeenconvictedofelectionoffenceduring
precedingfiveyears.
4. OneshouldhaveanoriginalIDorpassportwhichisvalidandin
goodcondition.
Whyaregisteredvotermaynotvote.
1. Whenincustody.
2. Whenheisinsane/ofunsoundmind.
3. Ifhepresentshimselfinaconstituencywhereheisnot
registered.
4. Whendiscoveredtohaveregisteredmorethanonce.
5. WhenhedoesnothaveanIDorhasadefectiveIDonthevoting
day.
Nominationofcandidates
ThisisCounty,parliamentaryorpresidentialnominations.
 Presentationofnominationpapers
 Commencementofcampaigns/elections.
Requirementsfornominations
1. Oneshouldbearegisteredvoter.
2. Oneshouldbeliterate.
3. OneshouldbenominatedbyapoliticalpartyORforan
independentcandidatetotheNationalAssembly,be
supportedbyatleast1000registeredvotersinthe
constituency.Foranindependentcandidatetothesenate,
byatleast2000registeredvotersinthecounty.
4. Oneshouldupholdgoodmoralvalues.
DisqualificationascandidateforNationalAssembly.
1. Ifhe/sheinservingaprisonsentenceofnotlessthan6
monthsasatthedateforregistrationordateofelections.

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2. Ifhe/sheisofunsoundmind. 2000registeredvotersinthecounty.

3. Declaredbankruptbycourtoflaw.
4. Ifhe/sheisamemberofthecountyassembly. Presentationofnominationpapers
Ifhe/sheisacivilservant.
Ifhe/shehasnotbeenacitizenofKenyaforthelast10years  Presidentialcandidatespresenttheirpaperstothechairperson
beforedateofelections. ofIEBC.
7. Ifhe/shehasheldofficeoftheIEBCwithinthelast5years  Parliamentaryandciviccandidatespresentstheirpapersto
beforethedateofelections. IEBCofficialsintheconstituency.
Ifhe/sheisfoundtohavemisusedorabusedpublicofficeat  TheyalpayanominationfeetotheIEBC. anygiventime.
Campaigns
Howamemberofparliamentmaylosehis/herseat.
1. CeasestobeaKenyancitizen.  Thisbeginsafterthecandidateshavehandedovertheir
nominationpapers.
2. Ifhe/shereceivesaprisonsentenceexceeding6monthsor  Itisdoneaccordingtotheelectoralcodeofconduct
deathpenalty.  Theyinformthepoliceofanintendedralyforsecuritypurpose.
3. Iffoundtohavecommitedanelectionoffenceorhiselection  Campaignsend12.00amontheeveofelections/12hours
hasbeennulifiedbyhighcourt. beforethedateelections.
4. ResignsfromtheNationalAssemblybywritingtotheSpeaker.
5. Ifdeclaredbankruptbycourtoflaw. Poling
Iffoundtobeofunsoundmind.
Ifhe/shedefects/resignsfromthepartythatsponsoredhim.
8. Failstoatend8consecutivesessionsinaparticular  Polingstationsareopenedat6.00amto6.00pm

parliamentwithoutpermissionfromthespeaker.  Presidingofficersareinchargeofthepolingstations
9. Ifhe/shewaselectedtoparliamentasanindependent  AvoterproducesanoriginalID.
candidateanddecidestojoinapoliticalparty.  Balotpapersarethenplacedinthebalotboxes.
 Votersfingerismarkedwithinktoprevent2ndvoting.
2. County.  Lately,countingisdoneinthepolingstations.
 Presidingofficerannouncestheresultsbeforesendingtothe
a) He/shemustbearegisteredvoter. constituencyhalfortalyingbeforeofficialcompiling,recording
b) He/shemustbeliterate. andannouncementbythereturningofficer.
c) He/shemustbenominatedbyaregisteredpoliticalparty,if
sheisnotcontestingasan By-elections
independentcandidatewhoissupportedby500registered
votersintheward. Reasons
d) He/sheshouldbeofsoundmind.
e) He/sheshouldnothavebeendeclaredbankrupt. 1.DeathofMemberofParliament
f) He/sheshouldnotbeservinganimprisonmentsentence 2.IfanMPisdeclaredbankruptbycourtoflaw.
exceeding6months. 3.ImprisonmentofMPforover6months.
g) He/shemusthavebeenacitizenofKenyaforatlest10years 4.Defectionfromthepartythatsponsoredhim/hertoanother
precedingthedateof party
election. 5. ResignationofanMP.
h) He/sheshouldnothaveheldofficeofIEBCwithinthelast5 6. Ruledbycourtoflaw-notvalidlyelected/Nulificationof
years. electionresultsbycourtoflaw.
7. Changeofcitizenship
Disqualification 8. Missing8consecutivesessionswithoutpermissionfrom
speaker
1. Ifhe/sheisacivilservant. 9. Whenelectedasspeakerofnationalassembly.
Ifhe/shehas,withinthelast5yearsimmediatelybeforethe 10.Ifamemberissentencedtodeath.
dateelections,heldofficeasamemberofIEBC.11.Ifamemberisdeclaredinsane.
Ifhe/shehasnotbeenaKenyancitizenforthelast10years
beforethedateelections. Electionsofficials
4. Ifhe/sheisofunsoundmind.
5. Ifhe/sheisdeclaredbankruptbyacourtoflaw. 1)DistrictElectioncoordinator
6. Ifhe/sheisservingaprisonsentenceofnotlessthan6
months. 1. Worksatdistrictlevelaselectionofficer
7. Ifhe/shehasbeenfoundtohaveabusedormisusedstate/ 2. LinksthepeoplewithCommissionHeadquarters.
publicoffice.
2)Registrationofficers.
Conditionsforanindependentcandidate
 Registervotersateveryconstituency.
1. He/sheshouldnotamemberofapoliticalpartyforthelast3
monthstothedateelections. 3) ReturningOfficers
2. He/shemustbearegisteredvoter.
3. He/shemustbeliterate. 1. Theyareinchargeofelectionsinaconstituency.
4. ForcandidatestotheNationalAssembly,he/sheshouldhave 2. Theysetuppolingboothsinstations.
thesupportofnotlessthan1000registeredvotersinthe 3. Theyreceivenominationpapersformthecandidates.
constituency. 4. Theydistributebalotpapersandboxestoalpoling
5. Candidatestothesenate,shouldhavethesupportofatleast stations.

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5. Theysupervisevotingandcountingofvotes. 15.Inadequateciviceducation.
Theyappointpresidingofficerineachpolingstation. 16.Inaccessibilityofsomepolingstationsduetoextremeweather
Theyanannounceresultsintheconstituencyaftertalying. conditions.
Communicationproblemsbetweenheadquartersandpoling
4) Presidingofficers stations.
1. Theyarein-chargeofeachpolingstation FORMATIONOFGOVERNMENT

2. Theyconductpols
3. Theyensureeligiblevotersvoteonlyonce.  Thegovernmentisformedafterelectionsofthepresident,the
4. Theyassistiliteratevoters governors,thesenatorsandMP’s
Theysealbalotsboxesaftercountingandtransferthem  Thepresidentthenappointsthecabinetsecretaries. totalyingstations

Theymaintainlawandorderinthepolingstation.TheCountyExecutiveCommitee
Theyensurefairnessandopennessinthestation.
ThisconsistsofThecountyGovernor,theDeputyCounty
5) Polingclerks Governor(bothareelected)andMembersappointedbythe
CountyGovernorwithapprovaloftheAssembly.
Theycheckvoters’documentsegIDcards.
WhenaCountyGovernorcanberemoved/leaveoffice.
Theyconfirmvoters’namesinthevoters’
register. 1. Forgross-violationoftheconstitutionoranyotherlaw.
c) Theyissuebalotpapers. 2. Whenthereisstrongbeliefthathehascommitedacrime
Theyassisttheiliterateandthedisabledvoters. undernationalorinternationallaw.
e) Theyputindelibleinkonvoters’fingers.
3. Whenfoundguiltyofabuseofofficeorgross-misconduct.
Theydirectthevoterstothebalotboxandout
4. Whenhe/sheisPhysicalormentalincapacitytoperform.
ofthepolingstation. 5. Whenhe/shedies.
Theyhelpinthecountingandsealingofbalot 6. Whenhe/sheresigns.
boxes. 7. Whenhe/sheeasestobelegiblefortheoffice.
6) Securitypersonnel 8. Whenhe/sheisimprisonedforatleast12months.
9. Whenhe/sheisremovedfromtheofficeundertheconstitution.

Thesearepoliceofficersassigneddutytomaintainlawand FunctionsoftheCountyExecutiveCommitee.
orderduringelections.
Theyhelpthepresidingofficertomaintainlawandorder. 1. Itimplementscountylegislation.
Itimplementsnationallegislationwithinthecounty.
7) Countingclerks 3. Itmanagesandcoordinatesthecountyadministrationandits
departments.
Theysortoutthebalotboxesanddothecountingofthevotes 4. Itperformsanyotherfunctionsconferredonitbythe
percandidatebeforeanalyzing. constitutionornationallegislation.
5. Itpreparesproposedlegislationforconsiderationbythecounty
8) Partyagents assembly.
6. Itprovidesthecountyassemblywithfulandregularreporton
 Theyrepresenttheparties/candidatesinpolingstationsor matersrelatingtothecounty.
countinghals.
StructureandfunctionsoftheNationalGovernment.
9) Observers
1) Legislature/Parliament.
 Theseareneutralornon-partisanpeopleapprovedbytheIEBC
to‘watchover’theelections. Isfalsinto2categories:TheNationalAssemblyandtheSenate.
Theywriteareportonthewholeexercise.
NationalAssembly
Factorsthatmayinterferewithfreeandfairelections. 1. Ithas290membersrepresentingtheconstituencies.
2.
1. Ethnicloyalties/polarization/alegiance/Tribalism/racism/ Ithas47women,onefromeachcounty.
Nepotism. 3. Ithas12nominatedmemberstorepresentthespecialinterests
2. Partyloyalties. includingtheyouth,personswithdisabilitiesandworks.
3. Misuseofmassmedia. 4. Thespeaker,whoistheex-officiomember.
4. Harassmentofvotersbyrivalgroups. Functions
5. Incompetentelectionofficials.
Partisanelectionofficials.
Electionviolenceandconsequentchaosthatmarelections. 1. Itrepresentsthewilofthepeopleatthenationallegislative
8. Genderinsensitivity. level.
9. Electionrigging. 2. Itdeliberatesandresolvesissuesofconcerntothepeople.
10.Fearinstiledoncandidates. 3. Itmakes,repealsandamendslaws.
11.Useofnegativepropagandabycandidatesandsupporters. 4. Ithasthepowertoenactlegislationthataffectsthenationand
12.Inefficientdistributionofelectionmaterials. notthecountygovernment.
13.Corruption/Briberyofcandidatesandtheirsupporters. 5. Itcontrolsnationalrevenueandexpenditureoftherepublic.
14.Iliteracyofsomevoters. 6. Itreviewstheconductoftheofficeofthepresident,thedeputy
presidentandotherstateofficers,andifnecessary,initiates

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theirremovalfromoffice. 3. He/sherecordsalnoticesofmotionandothermatershanded

7. Itapprovesthedeclarationofwarandextensionofstateof inbytheMP’seitherinthehouseorhisofficersandthen
emergencywhendeclared. advisesthespeakeronorderofparliamentarybusiness.
8. Itsupervisesoperationsofstateorgans. 4. He/shemaintainsresponsewithcabinetsecretaries
concerningparliamentarymaters.
Senate. 5. He/shepreparesandkeepssafelyaltheparliamentaryrecords
inthe‘Hansard’
1. Ithas47memberselectedfromthecounties. 6. He/shepreparestruecopiesofbilspassedandpresentsthem
2. Ithas16nominatedwomen. aftercertificationbythepresident.
3. Italsohas1manand1womanrepresentingtheyouth. 7. He/sheorganizesandmaintainsalibraryforusebythe
4. Ithas1manand1womanrepresentingthepersonswith members.
disabilities. 8. He/shecontrolsthefinancesofthehouse.
5. ItalsohastheSpeakerastheex-officiomember. 9. He/sheeducatesthepublicontheworkingofparliamentto
fosterinterestandrespectfornationalassembly.
Functions 10.He/shesupervisesparliamentarystaff.
11.He/sheactsasbranchsecretarytoCommonwealth
6. Themembersrepresentthecountiesandprotecttheinterests ParliamentaryAssociation.
ofthecountiesandtheirgovernments.
Theyparticipateintheprocessoflawmakingbyconsidering, TheconstitutionstipulatesthattheParliamentshalhavetheleader
debatingandapprovingbilsconcerningcounties.ofthemajorityparty(Largestparty/coalitionofparties)andthe
Theydeterminethealocationofnationalrevenueamongleaderoftheminorityparty(secondlargestpartyofcoalitionof
counties. parties)
Theyexerciseoversightofstateofficersbyconsideringand
determininganyresolutiontoremovethepresidentordeputy RolesoftherulingpartyinKenya.
presidentfrompower.
Itformulatespoliciesonrunningthegovernment.
Speaker 2. Itmobilizespeoplee.g.toatendraliesandparticipatein
elections.
His/herroles/functions. 3. Itactsasalinkbetweenthegovernmentandthepeople/
initiatedebateonimportantissuesaffectingthepeopleandthe
1. He/sheChairsparliamentarysessionsduringwhichhe/she government.
invitesmembersofparliamenttocontributeto 4. Itprovidesciviceducationtotheelectorate.
motions/debates.
He/shemaintainsorderbyenforcingstandingorders/rules. FunctionsofthePartyleadersinParliament.
He/shegivespermissiontomemberswhowishtobeabsent
foreightconsecutivesessions/He/shemarkstheregisterin 1. Promotingandupholdingofnationalunitythroughparty
parliament. activities.
4. He/sheswearsinmembersofparliamentafterelectionsbefore 2. Enforcingadherence,democracy,andupholdingHumanRights.
theycanparticipateinproceedings. 3. Workingtoadvancethegoalsofthepartyandensuretheir
5. He/sheisinchargeofthegeneraladministrationoftheNational programmeiscarriedouttothesatisfactionoftheparty.
Assembly. 4. Theleaderofthemajoritypartyhastoensureandmaintain
6. He/shechairsthestandingorderscommiteewhichinterprets supportforlegislation.
thestandingordersoftheNationalAssembly. 5. Theleaderoftheminoritypartyhastoprotecttheinterestsof
7. He/shedeclaresparliamentaryseatsvacantinordertopave theminority.
wayforgeneral/by-elections. 6. Theleaderoftheminorityhastoensureaccountabilityand
8. He/shereceivesandacceptsletersofresignationfrom transparencyinthepartyandgovernment.
membersofparliamentwhohaveleft/defectedtootherparties
orjoinedparties. HowtheoppositionpartychecksontheGovernmentexcesses.
9. He/shechairstheparliamentaryservicecommissionwhich
looksafterthewelfareofthemembers. 1. Theypointoutonthemistakesmadebythegovernment.
He/sherepresentsparliamentininternationalforadealingwith 2. Theypointoutmisuseofpublicresources. matersofcommon
interest.Functionsoftheleaderofgovernmentbusinessinparliament.

DeputySpeaker 1. Secondingbilsmovedbycabinetsecretaries.
2. Chairingcommiteemeetingsonalproceduralmotions.
 He/sheisthechairpersonofthecommiteeofthewhole 3. Regularlyconsultingwiththeleaderofofficialopposition.
house 4. He/sheisinchargeofgovernment’sdebatingteam.
He/sheperformsthedutiesofthespeakerinhis/herabsence. 5. Notifyingthehouseonwhentoadjourn.

Theclerk Sergeant-at-Arms
 HeistheChiefExecutiveoftheParliamentaryService 1. Heorganizesalceremoniesinandaroundparliament.

Commission 2. Hemaintainsdisciplineinandaroundparliament.
3. He/sheisthecustodianofthemace,whichisthesymbolof
1. He/sherecordsminutesofproceedingsinthehouse,and authorityofparliament.
advisesmembersonmatersofprocedure 4. He/sheisresponsibleformaintenanceofparliamentbuildings
2. He/sheadvicesthespeakerandMP’sonmatersconcerning andground.
theparliament 5. He/sheexecutesordersoftheSpeaker.

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7. Citizensparticipateinnationalpoliticalleadership
WhyparliamentisanimportantinstitutioninKenya. 8. Italowsconstructiveactionsofgovernmentforgood
governance.
1. Itisthesupremelawmakingbody.Onceitmakeslaws,they
arebindingtoeverybody. Demerits.
Itismadeupofelectedrepresentativeswhoareelectedbythe
people,thereforeitrepresentstheinterestsoftheelectorate. 1. Itcancreateinstabilitywhenitsdecisionconflictswithother
Itchecksonthepossibleabuseofpowerbytheexecutive,andorgans.
thuspromotinggoodgovernanceandaccountability. 2. Itisnoteffectiveduringemergencies.
Itisempoweredtocontrolrevenuecolectionandgovernment 3. Itweakenstheexecutive.
expenditure.Forexample,theannualbudgetisdiscussedand
approvedbytheparliament. Processoflawmaking
Itensuresthatgovernmentmoneyisspentwel.Thecontroler
andAuditorGeneralchecksonthespendingofalministries ThiscanonlybeginwhentheSpeakerortheDeputySpeakeris
andproducesacomprehensivereportfordiscussionbypresentandifthereisquorumof50membersoftheNational
parliament.Assemblyor15membersoftheSenate.

PrivilegesenjoyedbyMembersofParliamentinKenya.
1. Freedomofspeech.
2. Freedomfromarrestforciviloffence.
3. Righttopunishmembersorstrangersforcontempt.
4. Theyregulatetheirownprocedureinparliament.
Howtheexecutivecontrolslegislature.
1. Thepresidentassentsbilbeforetheybecomelaw.
Thecabinetsecretariespreparegovernmentbilsbeforethey
canindirectlyinfluencewhatgoesoninparliamentandWhentheCabinetissatisfiedwiththebil,itisthenpublishedinthe
proceedings.KenyaGazete,atleast14daysbeforeitisintroducedinParliament.
Parliamentarysupremacy
Thisreferstotheparliamentasanoverallawmakingorganofthe
government.Allawshavetopassthroughtheparliamentbefore
theyareformulated.
Howtheparliamentissupreme
1. Therearetwotypesofbils,publicandprivate
2. Thepublicbilisfurtherbrokenintogovernmentandprivate
member’sbil.
3. Thepublicbilsdealswithmatersofpublicpolicythataffects
alcitizens
4. Aprivatebilintendstoaffectparticularpartofthecountry.
5. TherearealsoMoneybilswhichdealswithtax,paymentsand
chargesbythepublicetc
6. Itisproposed,thendraftedbytheAtorneyGeneralofficeby
theParliamentaryCounsel.
AbilthatconcernstheCountygovernmentcanoriginateineither
theSenateortheNationalassembly.
AbilthatdoesnotconcernthecountyAssemblycanonlybe
consideredintheNationalassembly.
AbilcanbeintroducedineitheroftheHouses,butaMoneybilcan
onlybeintroducedintheNationalAssembly.
Thestagesabilgoesthroughbeforeitbecomeslaw.

1. Itistheonlybodythatmakes,repealsandamendslaws. 1. ThebilisdraftedbytheAGandpresentedtoparliament/

2. Itcanterminatethepresident’sappointment. privatemembersbil.
3. Itcanlimitthepoweroftheexecutivebyamendingthe 2. Itispresentedinparliamentforthe1streadingbyeithertheAG
constitution. acabinetsecretaryconcernedforfamiliarizationandapproval
4. Cabinetsecretariesareaccountabletotheparliament. byMPs.
5. Itlegislatesbils. 3. Thebilispresentedforthe2ndreadingwhereitisdebated
6. Itapprovesgovernmentexpenditureandrevenue. beforeitiseitherapprovedorrejected.
7. Canpassvoteofnoconfidenceinthepresidentandhis 4. ItthengoestotheCommiteestagetoincorporatethe
government. recommendationsmadeatthe2ndstage.
8. MembersofParliamentenjoyimmunityduringparliamentary 5. Itgoestothereportstagewhereitreadinparliamenttoseeif
contributions. therecommendationshavebeenincorporated.
6. Itthengoesforthe3rd readingforvoting.Furtherchangescan
Limitationstoparliamentarysupremacy bemade.
7. Thebilistakentothepresidentforassentbeforeitbecomes
1. Increasedpowersofthepresidenttendstoover-ruleparliament law.
decisions 8. ItisthenpublishedintheKenyagazetewithin7daysforpublic
2. Itcannotmakelawscontrarytotheconstitution. noticeafterwhich,itbecomesoperationalonthe14thdayof
3. Itisalsobeovershadowedbytheinternationallaw. publication.
4. By-lawsaremadebytheCountyauthoritieswithout Bil-1streading-2ndreading-Commiteestage-Reportstage-3rdreading
consultationoftheparliament.
5. Customsandtraditionsofthepeoplemustberespected. -Presidentialassent-Actofparliament.
ThePresidentisgiven14daysfromthedatehereceivesthebilto
Meritsofparliamentarysupremacy assentitorreturnitbacktotheParliament.
IncaseitisreturnedtotheParliament,thefolowingstepscanbe
1. Itcancreateharmonyinthecountry. takenbytheMPs:
2. Itisflexible,henceitcanchangewithtimeandsituations
3. Itiseffective,asMPssitandanswerquestions 1. AmendthebilinlightofthePresident’sreservations,or
4. ItgivesableKenyansachancetoparticipateindebates passthebilasecondtimewithoutamendment.
Italowscitizenstoparticipateintheirgovernmentbyelection. 2. AmendthebilinlightwiththePresident’sreservations
Itgivestheelectorateachancetorejectnon-performingMPsandthespeakersubmitsittothePresidentforassent.

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3. TheParliamentcouldpassthebilafterconsideringthee president.

President’sreservations,eitherwithoutorwith 3. He/sheopensparliamentatthestartofeverysession
amendmentsthatdonotfulyaccommodatethe 4. He/shechairscabinetmeetings,anddirectsandcoordinates
President’sreservations. thefunctionsofministriesandgovernmentdepartments.
Thisisonlypossiblebyavotesupportedby: 5. He/sheistheCommanderin-chiefoftheArmedforces.
(a) 2/3ofthemembersoftheNationalAssembly,and 6. He/shemaypardonaconvictedperson,postponethe
(b) 2/3ofthedelegationsintheSenate,ifitisabilthat executionofpunishmentfortheoffender,orsubstitutewitha
requiresapprovaloftheSenate. lessseverepunishment.
7. He/sheconfershonorsfordistinguishedservices.
NB/SuchbilmustbepassedtoPresidentwithin7daysforassent 8. He/shepresidesovernationalholidaysinthecountry.
andthePresidentshouldassentitwithin7days.Otherwiseitwilbe
considerednulandvoid. Dutiesofthepresident.
ReasonsthatcanmaketheparliamentinKenyatobedissolved. 1. Torespect,upholdandsafeguardtheconstitution.

2. Tosafeguardthesovereigntyoftherepublic.
1. Whenvoteofnoconfidenceispassedonthegovernment/ 3. Topromoteandenhancetheunityofthenation.
president. 4. TopromoterespectforalthepeopleinKenya.
2. Aftertheexpiryofthe5yearparliamentaryperiod. 5. Toensuretheprotectionofhumanrightsandfundamental
3. Duringstateofemergency. freedomsandtheruleoflaw.
Whenoppositionhasmoremembersthantherulingpartyin
parliament.FunctionsoftheDeputyPresident.

THEEXECUTIVE 1. He/sheistheprincipalassistantofthepresident.
2. He/shedeputisesthepresidentinexecutingofduties
 Theexecutiveisheadedbythepresidentwhoiselectedona conferredtohim/herbytheconstitution.
maximumof2termsoffiveyeareach. 3. He/sheactsasthepresidentintheabsenceofthepresident.
TheothermembersoftheexecutiveincludedeputyPresident,
CabinetSecretaries,AtorneyGeneral,DirectorofPublic Cabinet
ProsecutionsandThePublicService.
ItconsistsofthePresident,DeputyPresident,Cabinet
Electionofthepresident secretarieswhomustnotbelessthan14andnotmorethan22,
AtorneyGeneralandthepublicservice.
Electionofthepresidentisbythecitizenanditisbasedonthe  Thepresidentappointsthecabinetsecretarieswiththe
principleofuniversalsuffrage(one-man-one-vote).approvaloftheNationalAssembly.

Whenthepresidentcanleaveoffice. Functionsofthecabinet

1. Deathofthepresident. 1. Toadviseandassistthepresidentingoverningthecountry.
2. Whenhe/sheresigns. 2. Todiscussnationalandinternationalissues.
3. Whenhe/sheisimpeached. 3. Toperformdelegateddutiesbythepresidente.gappointment
4. Whenhe/sheisphysicaly/mentalyincapacitated. ofboardmembersofparastatals.
5. Whenhe/shelosesapetitioninSupremeCourt. 4. Theyformulategovernmentpoliciesandprogrammeslike
6. Ithe/sheceasestobeKenyancitizen. givingguidelinesonKenya’sdomesticpolicywhichincludethe
7. Ifher/shedefectectsfromthepartythatsponsoredhim/herto economy,socialwelfare,lawandorder.
parliamentorifhe/shewaselectedasanindependent 5. Theyinitiatenewbilsandtabletheminthenationalassembly.
candidateandjoinsapoliticalpartyafterwards. 6. Theyareinchargeoftheirministriesgivingthemdirection,
managingthemandensuringthattheyarerunningsmoothly.
Qualificationforelectionsasapresident 7. Theoneinchargeoffinanceformulatesthebudgetand
presentsittotheNationalassemblyforapproval.
1. Onemustbeacitizenbybirth
2. He/shemustbequalifiedtostandasanMP. AtorneyGeneral
3. Onemustbenominatedbyapoliticalparty,orcontestasan
independentcandidate.  He/isappointedbythepresident,approvedbytheNA.
4. Onemustbeendorsedbynotfewerthan2,000votersfrom
eachofthemajorityofthecounties. His/herfunctions.

Foronetobedeclaredthepresidentialwinner,he/shemust 1. He/sheisthelegaladviserofthenationalgovernment.
gunner50%plus,ofalthevotescast. 2. He/sheistheChiefstateprosecutor.
He/sheshouldalsogunner25%ofthevotescastin24counties. 3. He/sheisamemberoftheadvisorycommiteethatassiststhe
presidentinpardoninganyconvictedperson.
Dualcitizenshipisnotconsideredforpresidentialcandidature.
4. He/sheistheProtectorofpublicinterestsi.eprotects
Ifhe/shedies,theDeputytakesoverandfreshelectionstobe
charitableendowments/advisesondisbursementofpublicheldwithin60days.
funds.
Constitutionaldutiesofthepresident. 5. He/sheisamemberoftheJudicialCommissionthatadvises
thepresidentontheappointmentofjudges.
1. He/sheactsastheheadofstate,herepresentsthecountry 6. He/sheheadstheAtorneyGeneral’schambers.
bothlocalyandinternationaly. 7. He/shehandlesmatersconcerningthejudiciarylikequestions
2. He/sheactsasheadofgovernment,heappointstheDeputy andbudgetinthenationalassembly
8. He/sheregistersandreceivesannualreturnsofsocietiesand

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politicalparties.  TheconstitutionhasestablishedtheNationalSecurityCouncil

9. He/shetakespartinthedraftingofgovernmentbilsbefore
theyaretabledinparliament.
10.He/sheactsasafriendofthecourtincivilproceedings.
Directorofpublicprosecution.
He/sheisappointedbythepresident,withtheapprovaloftheNA
foran8yearterm.
tosuperviseovertheNationalsecurityorgans.
 TheCouncilconsistsofthePresident,Deputypresident,
Cabinetsecretaryinchargeofdefence,cabinetsecretaryin
chargeofforeignaffairs,cabinetsecretaryinchargeofinternal
security,AG,ChiefofKenyaDefenceForces,Directorgeneralof
theNational
InteligenceServiceandInspector-GeneraloftheNational
PoliceService.
FunctionsoftheNationalSecurityCouncil.

His/herfunctionsandpowers.
1. Itintegratesthedomestic,foreignandmilitarypolicies
1. TodirecttheInspector-GeneraloftheNationalPoliceServiceto relatingtonationalsecurityforthenationalsecurityorgansto
investigateanyinformationoralegationofcriminalconduct. operateeffectively.
2. Toexercisesthestatepowerofprosecution. 2. Itassessandappraisestheobjectives,commitmentsand
3. Toinstitutesandundertakescriminalprosecutionagainstany riskstotherepublicinrespecttoactualandpotentialnational
personbeforeanycourtotherthanacourtsMarshal. securitycapabilities.
4. He/shemaytakeoverandcontinueanycriminalproceedings 3. Itreportsannualytoparliamentonstateofthesecurityof
commencedinanycourtotherthanacourtsmarshal. Kenya.
5. He/shemaydiscontinueatanystagebeforeanyjudgmentis 4. Withapprovalofparliament,thecouncilmaydeploynational
delivered,anycriminalproceedings,withpermissionofthe forcesoutsideKenyaforinternationalpeace.
court. 5. Withapprovalofparliament,itmayalsoapprovedeployment
offoreignforcesinKenya.
Thepublicservice
 ThenationalsecurityorgansincludeKenyaDefenceForces,
 ItisheadedbythePublicServiceCommission NationalInteligenceServiceandNationalPoliceService.
Principalsecretariesareinchargeofday-to-dayrunningof
ministries. TheKenyaDefenceForces
 Theyincludecivilservants,militaryofficers,parastatal
employeesandteachers.  TheseincludetheKenyaArmy,KenyaNavyandKenyaAirForce
 ThePublicServiceCommissionappoints,confirmsand  Theyprotectthecountryagainstexternalaggression.
disciplinescivilservants.
Itismadeupofachairperson,Vicechairpersonand7other Theirfunctions
membersappointedbythepresident,andapprovedbythe
NationalAssembly. 1. Theydefendthecountryfromexternalatacksandaggression
throughtheairorwaterorland.
Functionsofthecivilservice. 2. Theyparticipateinpublicworks/nationbuildingactivitiese.g.
roadconstruction(public/nationbuildinginitiative)
1. Itestablishesandabolishestheofficethepublicservice. 3. Theyprovideemergencyservicese.g.fightingfire
2. Itappointspersonstoact/holdthoseoffices,andtoconfirm 4. Theyparticipateinternationalpeacekeepingmissions.
appointments. 5. Theysometimesassisttheregularpoliceinmaintaininglaw
Itexercisesdisciplinarycontroloverthepeopleinthoseoffices. andorder.
Itpromotesthevaluesandprinciplesofthepublicservice. 6. Theyprovideentertainmentduringnationalfunctions.
5. Itinvestigates,monitorsandevaluatestheorganization, 7. TheNavyspecializesindetectingandfightingoffcriminals
administrationandpersonalpracticesofthepublicservice. whousewatermassestocommitcrimeinKenya.
Itensuresthatthepublicserviceisefficientandeffective.
Itdevelopshumanresourceinthepublicservice.ChalengesfacingtheKenyaDefenseForces.
Itreviewsandtakesrecommendationstothenational
governmentinrespectconditionsofservice,codeofconduct 1. Involvementincasesofindisciplinee.g.atemptedcoupof
andqualificationsofofficersinthepublicservice. 1982,
Itevaluatesandreportstothepresidentandparliamentonthe 2. Someofthemhavebeeninvolvedincorruptdealsintheir
extenttowhichthevaluesandprinciplesofthepublicservice operations.
arecompliedwith.Hearsanddeterminesappealsinrespectof 3. Regionalism,tribalismandnepotismhavealsobeenpracticed
countygovernments’publicservice. intheforces.
10.Itperformsanyotherfunctionsandpowersconferredbythe 4. Inadequatefundsduringeconomicdifficulttimes
nationallegislation. 5. Opportunitiestofurthereducationarenotavailedtomostof
thepersonnelintheforces.
OrgansofNationalSecurity. 6. Conservativeregulationslikegender-baseddiscriminationare
experiencedintheforces.
 TheseorgansprotectandguaranteeNationalSecurity. 7. PiracyandmilitiaatacksandraidsattheKenyaboarderisalso
experienced.
Nationalsecurity. 8. InvasionofKenya’sterritorialwatersbyforeignfishermenand
foreignfishingvesselsfromforeigncountrieslikeChina.
Thisistheprotectionofagainstinternalandexternalthreatsto 9. ThelocationofMoiAirBaseatEastleighwhichishuman
Kenya’snationalintegrityandsovereignty,itspeople,their congestedinterfereswithlanding.
rightsfreedoms,property,peace,stabilityandprosperityand 10.Alegationsofviolationofhumanrightse.g.duringthe2007
othernationalinterests.post-electionviolence,

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thearmyweredeployedtorestorepeaceatMtElgonarea 12.Totakepartinnationalprojectse.g.constructionofbridges.

wheretheyrappedwomen,harassedpeople,etc 13.Toleadduringpublicholidaysbycontrolingcrowdsand
provideentertainment.
TheNationalInteligenceService(NIS) 14.Toliaisewithinternationalpolice(Interpol),toinvestigateand
arestinternational
 TheforceprotectsthenationalsecurityinterestsofKenyaand criminalse.g.terrorists
safeguardsthecitizensfromsuchthreatsliketerrorism.
ProblemsfacingtheNationalPoliceService
Itsfunctions
1. Poorandinadequatetransportandcommunication
1. Itisresponsibleforsecurityinteligenceandcounter 2. Theyhavebeenaccusedofcorruptionwhichhamperstheir
inteligencetoenhancenationalsecurity. operations.
2. Itperformsanyotherfunctionsaccordingtothenational 3. Highconcentrationofpopulationinsomeareaslikeslums.
legislation. 4. Politicalinterferencewhichinterfereswiththeiractivities.
3. ItliaiseswithKenyaPoliceCriminalInvestigationDepartment 5. Influxanduseofsophisticatedequipmentincrime,which
(CID)toinvestigatesomethreatsthathavecriminalimplication comefromneighboringcommunities.
e.g.terorism. 6. Terrorismactivitiesaroundtheglobe.
4. Itprotectshumanrightsissuesandindividualfreedoms. 7. Modernizationandadvancementininformationtechnology
5. Itobtainsinformationfrombothopenandconfidentialsources e.g.cybercrimeshaveincreased.
toassistthegovernmentindecisionmaking. 8. Pooranddangerouslivingandworkingconditions
9. Poorrelationshipwiththepublicwhoarereluctanttogive
Chalenges. theminformation.
10.Lackofregularin-servicetrainingfortheofficersoflower
1. LackoftrustfromKenyancitizensdeniesthemthenecessary ranks,whichhasloweredtheirperformanceinpublicrelations
information. andhumanrightsandquestforpromotion.
Financialyandpoliticaly,itisaccusedtobeatoolfortorture 11.Lackofaninformationtechnologypolicy,astheyrelyon
andoppressionwhichdisregardedthelawandconstitution.outdatedmethodsofrecordkeeping,givingrisetocasesof
Lackofcleardifferencebetweenaccountabilityandnecessarylostfiles.
secrecy.Itshouldbeauditedlikeanyothergovernment 12.Incompetenceofsomepoliceofficers,whicharisesfrom
organization. recruitmentoflowacademicaly,qualifiedpeoplelackof
4. Growingvolumeandcomplexityofcommunicationsarea promotion.
chalengeasthegovernmentagencieshavetointerceptand 13.Poormethodsofinvestigation,asthereislackofproper
theinformationcanbeusedincourtasevidence. trainingoninvestigationandlackofaccesstosophisticated
5. Thecomplexityofthetaskrequirescontinuouscapacity forensicfacilities.
measureslikeregulartraining. 14.Lackofaccountabilityandtransparency
6. Highrankingpoliticianshavealwaysinterferedwithoperations 15.Shortageofpersonnel
oftheforce. 16.Poorremuneration
Limitedfinancialandhumanresourcestorunitsoperations.
KenyanshavenoideaoftheoperationsintheNISe.g.during Remedies
the2008violence,iftheforcewasdoingitsworkefficiently,
thiscouldhavebeenprevented,henceblamedbythepublic. 1. Acquisitionofmoderncommunicationequipmentand
Lackofpowertofolowuponimplementingtheiradvice.vehiclestoimprovetransportandcommunication.
Introductionofpublicrelationsofficerandspokesperson.
TheNationalPoliceService. 3. Raisequalificationrequirements.
4. Introductionofprofessionaltrainingprogrammes.
ItcomprisesoftheKenyaPoliceServiceandtheAdministration 5. Improvementinlivingandworkingconditionsandterms.
Police(AP). 6. Communitypolicinghasbeenintroduced.
 TheServiceisheadedbyInspector-Generalandeachunit CorrectionalServices
headedbyaDeputyInspector-General.
Functions  Thiswasestablishedintheconstitutiontoprovidecorrection

measurestoconvictedcriminals.
1. Topreventcorruptionandpromoteandpractisetransparency
andaccountability. Functions
2. Toensurecompliancewithconstitutionalstandardsofhuman
rightsandfundamentalfreedoms. 1.Theyconfineinmatesconvictedbythelawcourts,toprotect
3. Tofosterandpromotegoodrelationshipwiththesociety. public’srightsand
4. Totrainstafftorespecthumanrightsandfundamental freedoms.
freedomsanddignity. 2.Theywatchoverbehaviourofsuspectedcriminalswherecases
5. Tomaintainlawandorderbyarrestinglawbreakers. arestilpendinginlaw
6. Toprotectthelawtosafeguardlifeandproperty. courts.
7. Todetectcrimethroughpatrolsandarrestthesuspectsand 3.Theyexecutive(implement)thedecisionsofthecourtsregarding
handthemovertotherelevantauthority. thetreatmentofthe
Toinvestigatecrimeandprosecutethesuspectsincourtoflaw. prisoners.
Toconfinesuspectedcriminalsinremandastheyawaitthe 4.Theyrehabilitateinmatesthroughcounselinginanatemptto
hearingandrulingoftheircasesincourt. correcttheirbehaviour.
10.Toregulatetrafficandarresttrafficoffenders. 5.Theyofferprisonersvocationaltrainingtomakethemproductive
Toprovideassistanceandreliefservicestovictimsofnatural citizensafterthen
calamitiese.g.floods.jailterm.

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6.Theytakecareofthewelfareofprisonersbyprovidingthemwith SupremeCourt

thenecessarybasic
needse.g.medicalatention.  ItcomprisestheChiefJustice,theDeputyChiefJusticeand5
7.Theyhelpinconfiningconvictedpeoplewhoareathreattostate judges.
security.  Theyretireat70yearsofage,thoughtheycanchoosetoretire
at60.
Chalengesfacingcorrectionalservicesdepartment
QualificationstotheSupremeCourt.
Congestioninprisonsduetorisingcrimerate.
Frequentoutbreakandspreadofdiseaseduetocongestion. 1. Adegreeinlawfromarecognizeduniversityoranadvocateof
3. Mistreatmentofprisonersbyprisonwarders. theHighCourt.
4. Inadequatebasicfacilitatese.g.medical,clothing,etc. 2. Atleast15yearsofexperienceasasuperiorcourtjudgeorasa
5. Poorlivingandworkingconditionsforprisonwarders distinguishedacademic,judicialofficer,legalpractitioneror
6. Poorremunerationandtermsofserviceforthewarders otherrelevantlegalfield.
Corruptionamongthewardersandotherseniorofficials. 3. Highmoralcharacter,integrityandimpartiality.
Interferencebyinfluentialpeople.
9. Rapidchangesaffectingprisoners. FunctionsoftheSupremeCourt.
10.Shortageoffinancetoruntheinstitutions.
11.Someinmateshavehardenedhencedifficulttorehabilitate 1. Ithearsanddeterminesdisputesovertheelectiontotheoffice
them. ofthepresident.(OriginalJurisdiction).
12.Longdelaysinthecompletionofcourtcasesworsen 2.IthearsappealcasesfromtheCourtofappeal,HighCourtand
congestioninprisons. anyotherlowerCourts.
13.Shortageoftrainedcounselorstorehabilitateinmates. 3.Itlistenstopetitionsontheinterpretationorapplicationofthe
constitution.
Remedies 4.OnrequestbytheNationalGovernmentoranyotherstateorgan
orcounty,itmay
1. Provisionofbeterfoodandimprovedmedicalservices. adviseonanymaterconcerningthesame.
2. Provisionofsufficientclothingandbedding. 5.Itbindsaltheothercourts.
3. Efficienttransportbypurchasingnewvehicles. 6.ItmayreviewcertificationoftheCourtofAppealonmatersof
4. Releaseofdeath-rowinmateswhohaveservedforover10 generalpublicinterest,
yearsawaitingexecution. andmayeitheraffirm,varyoroverturnthecertification/Itmakes
5. Streamliningofthehearingofcasestokeepprisonersin rulesforthrexercise
remandforashortperiod. ofitsjurisdiction.
Equippingtheprisonswithmeansofcommunicatione.g.
TV’s,Radiosetcintheirbusesandresidence.CourtofAppeal.
JUDICIARY
 Itconsistsofatleast12judges,fromwhomtheyelecta
president.
ItconsistsofthejudgesoftheCourts,magistrates,and Theyareappointedbythepresidentonrecommendationbythe
theotherofficersandstaff.JudicialServiceCommission(J.S.C.).

Qualifications.
RolesoftheJudiciaryinKenya  Atleast10years-experienceasasuperiorcourtjudgeora

1. Administrationofjustice distinguishedacademicorlegalpractitionerorinanyother
relevantlegalfield.
2. Interpretationoftheconstitution.
Principlesofthejudiciary  ItdealswithAppelateJurisdiction.

1. Justicemustbedonetoal,regardlessofstatus. TheHighCourt

2. Justiceshalnotbedelayed.  Judgeshereareappointedbythepresidenton
3. Alternativeformsofdisputeresolutionmustbepursued recommendationbytheJudicialServiceCommission(J.S.C.).
includingreconciliation,mediation,arbitrationandtraditional.
4. Justiceshalbeadministeredwithoutundueregardto Qualifications
proceduraltechnicalities.
5. Purposeandprinciplesoftheconstitutionmustbeprotected 1. Adegreeinlawfromarecognizeduniversity.
andpromoted. 2. Atleast10years-experienceasasuperiorcourtjudgeor
professionalyqualifiedmagistrateordistinguishedacademic
StructureandfunctionsofcourtsysteminKenya.
orlegalpractitionerorinanyotherrelevantlegalfield.

ThecourtsysteminKenyaconsistsofSupremeCourt,Courtof FunctionsoftheHighCourt.
Appeal,TheHighCourtandSubordinatecourts(Magistrates
courts,Kadhi’scourts,CourtsMarshalandanyothertribunals 1. Ithandlescivilandcriminalcase.
thatmaybeestablishedbyanActofParliament).
2. Itdeterminesifarightorafundamentalfreedomhasbeen
violated,denied,infringedorthreatened.
NB/ThesuperioronesareSupremeCourt,CourtofAppealandthe 3. Ithearsanyquestionsregardingtheinterpretationofthe
HighCourtwhiletheothersaresubordinate. constitution.

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4. Ithearscasesoflargeamountofmoneyorcasesofserious 1. Chiefjusticeaschairperson

crime. 2. 1SupremeCourtjudgeelectedbythejudgesofthesamecourt.
5. Itdealswithpetitioncases. 3. 1CourtofAppealjudgeelectedbyCourtofAppealjudges.
Itcorrectsanyirregularitiesindecisionsbythelowercourts. 4. 1HighCourtjudgeand1magistrate(amanandawoman)
Ithasadministrativejurisdictionovermaritimeornavalaffairs. electedbymembersoftheAssociationofjudgesand
8. Ithearscasesregardinginheritance. magistrates.
9. Itexercisesdivorcejurisdiction. 5. AtorneyGeneral.
10.Itdealswithanycasebetweenanypersonsfromanypartof 6. 2advocates,amanandawomanof15years-experience
thecountry/unlimitedteritorialjurisdiction. electedbytheLawSocietyofKenya.
11.ItprotectstherightsandfundamentalfreedomsintheBilof 7. 1personnominatedbythePublicServiceCommission
Rights. 8. Amanandawomanrepresentingthepublic,notlawyers,
Ithearsanappealfromadecisionofatribunalappointedunder appointedbythepresidentandapprovedbytheNational
theconstitutioneithertoconsiderremovalofthepersonfromAssembly.
office. 9. Chiefregistrarofthejudiciaryassecretary.
Itsupervisesoverthesubordinatecourtsandanyotherperson,
bodyorauthority FunctionsoftheJSC. exercisingajudicialfunction.

Itpromotesandfacilitatesindependenceandaccountabilityof
Terminationofajudgefromoffice. thejudiciaryandadministrationofjustice.
2. Itrecommendstothepresidentthepersonstobeappointedas
1. Duephysicalormentalincapacitation. judges.
2. Breachofcodeofconductprescribedforjudgesorsuperior 3. Itreviewsandmakesrecommendationsontheconditionsof
courtsbyanactofparliament. serviceofjudgesandjudicialofficersotherthantheir
3. Ifhe/shedeclaredbankruptbycourtoflaw. remunerations.
4. Ifhe/sheisincompetent. 4. Itappoints,receivescomplainsagainst,investigatesandtakes
5. Gross-misconductormisbehaviorbythejudge. actionagainstjudicialofficers.
5. Itpreparesandimplementsprogrammesforthecontinuing
MagistratesCourts educationandtrainingofjudgesandjudicialofficers.
6. Itadvisesthenationalgovernmentonimprovingtheefficiency
 Itisheadedbymagistratesasjudges. ofadministrationofjustice.
Theyexercisebothoriginalandappelatejurisdictionlimitedto
ageographicareaNB/ThespecialcourtsincludeKadhicourts,Militarycourts/Courts
martial,Juvenile/children’scourtsandIndustrialcourts/Special
Functions. tribunalse.g.rentrestrictionandbusinesspremisestribunal/Law
societyofKenya.
Theydealwithcriminalandcivilmatersconcerning:

1. Claimsundercustomarylawe.g.dowry.
2. Divorce SourcesofKenyanlaw
3. Legitimacy
4. Administrationofestatesofthedeceasedperson. 1. Africancustoms/customarylaw
5. Customarymatersonland,adulteryandinheritance. 2. Religion
3. Britishcommonlaw(age-oldcustomsandjudicialdecisions).
TheKadhi’sCourts 4. Actsofparliament/legislation
5. Judicialprecedentse.g.whatcourtofappealrulesisalso
 TheIslamicSharialawisappliedinthesecourts,headedbythe appliedbytheothercourts.
Kadhis. Objectivesofsentencinglaw-breakers
 Theydealwithmatersconcerninginheritance,divorceor
marriage. 1. Ithelpstodetercriminalsfromfuturecrime.
 BothpartiesmustbeMuslims
2. Itdeterothersfromcommitingsimilarcrime.
TheCourtsMartial 3. Ithelpstosecureforpublicaperiodofprotectionfromthe
offenderwhoisinprison.
 ThesearemilitarycourtsconvenedbyTheChiefofGeneral 4. Toreformorrehabilitatethecriminal.
StaffandCommanderofthearmedforces. 5. Ithelpstosatisfythedemandofthepeopleforjustice.
Theyaremainlyconcernedwithindisciplineissuese.g.
FunctionsofJudiciary
assistinganenemy,cowardice,desertion,drunkenness,neglect
ofduty,malingeringandabsencewithoutleave.
Itsetlesdisputesamongindividualsorbetweenindividuals
Thereisnoappealtothehighercourtsunlessifonandstate
constitutionalissues.
2. Itguaranteesruleoflawbyexercisingjustice.
TheJudicialServiceCommission 3. Ithelpsinthedevelopmentoflaw,e.g.whenajudgeisfaced
withacasethatisnotcoveredbyexistinglaw,hecancomeup
 Thiswasincorporatedintheconstitutiontohandlejudicial withadecision,usingprinciplesoffairnessandnaturaljustice.
4. Itadministersjustice,thuspunishingcriminalsaccordingtothe
maters. law.
Itcomprises 5. Itguardstheconstitutionalasitmakessurethatenactedlaw
conformstotheconstitution.
6. Itrecommendschildrentoapprovedschools,thus

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rehabilitatingthem.
7. Itarangesfortheadministrationofdeceased’sestatesby
appointingguardiansortrustees.
8. Itswearsinthepresidentandothergovernmentofficialsbythe
ChiefJustice.
HowtheJudiciaryensuresfairnessintheadministrationofjustice.
1. TheJudicialServiceCommissionensuresthatjudges
dischargetheirdutieswithoutinterference.
Suspectedcriminalsareheldinnocentuntilprovedguiltyina Limitationsofjudicialindependence
courtoflaw,givingthemachancetobeheardbycourts.
3. Personsfoundadministeringmobjusticeareliableto
prosecution.
Suspectedcriminalsareentitledtolegalrepresentationthrough independenceandtheabilityofcourtstobefair.
anadvocateoftheHighCourt.
Suspectedcriminalsofseriouscrimee.g.murderare Howjudicialindependenceisprotected
guaranteedfreegovernmentservicesofbeingrepresentedby
advocate.
6. Personsnotsatisfiedwiththeverdictarealowedtoappealtoa
highercourt.
ChiefJustice
Functions
1. He/sheistheheadofthejudiciaryashegivesdirectiveson
howthejudiciaryshouldadministerjusticeinthearbitrationof
disputes.
2. He/shechairsthejudicialservicecommissionasheadvises
thePresidentonappointment,removalandpromotionof
judgesofcourtofAppealandHighCourt.
3. He/sheprescribesfeestobechargesbythecourts.
4. He/sheexercisestheconstitutionalfunctionsvestedinthe
SupremeCourt,HighCourtandCourtofAppeal.
5. He/sheswearsinthecabinetandthepresident,advocatesof
highcourt.
6. He/sheadvisesonremovalofpresidentongroundof
incapacitycourts.
7. WithconsultationwithKadhicourts,hedeterminesthe
establishmentofKadhicourts.
8. He/sheappointsjudgestobemembersoftherulescommitee
whichdrawstheproceduretobefolowedinalmostalcasesin
courts.
9. He/shesupervisesadministrativelythesubordinatecourts,
thusmagistrates’courtsandKadhicourts.
IndependenceofJudiciary
-Thisreferstothecapacityofthecourtstoperformtheir
constitutional
functionsfreefromactualorapparentdependenceuponany
personsor
institutions,particularlytheexecutiveandlegislature.
-Itrequiresthatthejudiciarybefreefrombias,independentandnot
answerabletoanyauthorityintheexerciseofitspowers.
Importanceofindependenceofthejudiciary
1. Itisthebasisoftheruleoflaw.
2. Itenablesthecourtstointerpretthelawwithoutunduefearor
pressure.
3. Itsafeguardsthejudiciaryfromtheabuseofpowerbythe
legislatureandtheexecutive
4. Ithelpstheestablishmentofefficientandeffectivecommercial
andfinancialmarkets.
5. Itpromoteslibertyforcitizens.
PrincipalsofindependenceoftheJudiciary
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1. Itisconstitutionalandhencethegovernmenthasnooptionbut
respectit.
2. Judicialofficersshaldecidematersbeforethemimpartialy,
onthebasisoffactsaccordingtothelaw.
3. Nointerferencewiththejudicialprocess,norshalthejudicial
decisionsbythecourtsberevised.
4. Thecourtsandjudiciarymusthavetheconfidenceofthe
communityinordertomaintaintheirauthority.
1. Financialdependenceontheexecutiveandexternalassistance.
2. Massmedia,questioningthepracticeofthejudicial
1. Thejudiciaryhasbeenseparatedfromtheotherorgansof
government.
2. JudgesandmagistratesareappointedbytheJudicialService
CommissionandnotthePublicServiceCommission.
3. Thelongertenureofjudgesleadstoproficiencyandenhances
theirabilitytoperformdutieswithdiligence;otherwisethe
judgescoulddependonappointingbodyforre-appointment.
4. Securityoftenureforjudgesmakesthemimpartial;not
dependingonsomeone
5. Theoathofalegiancebyjudgestoperformdutieswithoutfear
orfavour.
6. Judgesandmagistratesarenotanswerabletotheexecutive,
hencenotsubjecttovictimizationandmolestation.
7. Thejudiciaryhasaseparatesystemofcommand,headedby
theChiefJustice.
8. Remunerationsofthejudgesarenotdiscussedinparliament.
Ruleoflaw
Thisistheexerciseofgovernmentauthorityaccordingtowriten
andestablishedlawsandprocedures.
Elementsofruleoflaw
1. Principleoflegality
Thusthestatecanonlyexercisethosepowersgrantedtoitbythe
law,soastopromoteagovernmentoflaw,andnotofmen.
2. Separationofthe3armsofgovernment,thustheyshouldhave
equalpowersandcontroleachotherthroughthesystemof
checksandbalances.
3. Equalitybeforethelaw;thuseveryoneshouldbetreatedequaly
beforethelaw
4. Thejudiciaryshouldworkwithoutfearorfavour
Principlesofruleoflaw
1. Allawsshouldbeprospectiveandopen,thuswhentheyare
passed,theyshouldonlyapplyinfuture.
2. Lawsshouldberelativelystable,notchangingtoooften
3. Themakingofcertainlawsshouldbeguidedbyopen,stable,
clearandgeneralrules.
4. Theindependenceofthejudiciarymustbeguaranteed.
5. Theprinciplesofnaturaljusticemustbefolowed.
6. Thecourtsshouldhavepowerstoreviewtheimplementationof
theseprinciples
7. Thecourtsshouldbeeasilyaccessible,thusnottoo
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
intimidatingandexpensive,tothedisadvantageofthepoor. 2. Onehasarightstoappeal

8. Thediscretionofsecurityforcesshouldnotbealowedto 3.
Oneshouldbepresentwhencourtproceedingsaretakingplace.
preventlaw. 4.
Onehasarighttolegalrepresentation.
5.
Oneisinnocentuntilprovenguilty.
Importanceofruleoflaw. 6.
Onemustbeinformedofthechargeswithsufficientdetailsso
astoprepareadefense.
1. Itprotectstherightofindividuals/groups. 7. Oneshouldnotbeforcedtogiveevidence.
Itspelsoutrulesofconduct/responsibilitiesamongpeople. 8. Oneshouldbegivenadequatetimetoconsultwiththe
Itpromotesfairnessintheadministrationofjustice/equalityadvocateorwitness
beforethelaw. 9. Onemustbegiventimepreparehis/herdefenseandconsulta
4. Itcreatespeaceandorderinthesociety. lawyerofhischoice.
5. Itgivesdirectiononwhatisrightandwrong. 10.Oneshouldbegivenachancetopleadforlenience.
Howthegovernmentupholdsruleoflawinthecountry. FactorsthatmayunderminetheadministrationofjusticeinKenya.

1. Byestablishinganindependentcourtsystemtotrycriminals 1. Censoringjudgespubliclyondecisionsmadeincourtmay

andciviloffences. influencethefinaljudgment/Politicalinterference,assome
2. Ensuringthatsuspectedcriminalsaretriedinacourtoflaw suspectedcriminalsmaybefreedonordersfromabove
andiffoundguilty,theyaresentenced. withoutfolowinglaiddownprocedure.
3. Byalowingthosefoundguiltytoappealforretrial. 2. Corruptpracticesbysomejudicialpersonnelandpolice
4. Byempoweringparliamenttocontroltheexcessesofthe officers.
executiveandthejudiciary. 3. Lackofimpartialityduringtrialsmayleadtounfairjudgment
5. Byentitlinganyaccusedpersonlegalrepresentationbyan 4. Highincidentsofcrimemaycausedelaysinthehearingand
advocateofthehighcourt. finalizingofcases.
6. Byarrestingcriminals. 5. Confiningsuspectsinremandforlongerperiodswithout
7. Bysubjectingalcitizensinthecountrytobegovernedbythe presentingthemtocourtoflawforprosecution.
samelaw. 6. Failuretoprotectthelegalrightsoftheordinarypeoplewhen
theyconflictwiththerichandthepoor.
Conceptsofnaturaljustice 7. Lackofcommitment/inabilitybythepolicetocarryout
thoroughinvestigationsonsuspectedcriminalactivities.
 Thisreferstotherequirementthatthepeopleorbodiesthat 8. Inabilityofordinarypeopletomeetthecostsofprolonged
solvedisputesadheretoatleastminimalstandardsoffair courtcases.
decision-making 9. Lackofknowledgeonlegalprocedureshencefindthemselves
 Thisisalwaysguidedbythequestion“isthisfair”,beforethe implicatedunfairly.
actionistaken. 10.Failurebylegalofficerstoatendtocasespromptlydueto
pressureofwork/
Principlesofnaturaljustice inadequatelegalofficerstohandlethemanycases/
Increasedcrimerate.
1. Thejudicialservicecommissionensuresthatjudgesdischarge 11.Useofoutdatedcoloniallawswhichdonotaddressthecurent
theirdutieswithoutinterference. /contemporaryissues
2. Suspectedcriminalsareheldinnocentuntilprovenguiltyby /Lackofmoderntechnology.
courtoflaw. 12.Lackofcommonlawderailstheeffectiveadministrationon
3. Peoplefoundadministeringmobjusticeareliableto justice
prosecution
4. Suspectedcriminalsareentitledtolegalrepresentationthrough
theadvocateofthehighcourt. DEVOLVEDGOVERNMENT
5. Personsnotsatisfiedwithverdictarealowedtoappealtoa
highcourt. Thisreferstothegrantingofpowerfromthecentralgovernmentof
Suspectcriminalsofseriouscrimese.g.murderareguaranteed asovereignstatetoalowerlevellikeregional,thusdecentralization
freegovernmentservicesofbeingrepresentedbyanadvocate. ofpowerandresources.
Thoseinvolvedinadisputeshouldbegivenadequatenotice
beforetheyareheard. Objectivesofdevolutionofgovernment.
Nopersonshouldbeanadjudicatorofhis/herowncase.
Ajudgeshouldnothaveaninterestinacasetoavoidbias.  ItmainlyaimedatlimitingthepoweroftheCentralgovernment.

Ruleagainstbias. 1. Topromotedemocraticandaccountableexerciseofpower.
2. Tofosternationalunitybyrecognizingdiversity.
Theadjudicator(Arbitrator)shouldbefairandjust,andletthe 3. Togivepowersofself-governancetothepeopleandpromote
culpritunderstandhow,whyandtheeffectofthedecision.theirparticipationindecision-makingonmatersthataffects
thematthelocallevel.
Naturaljusticeisthereforeaconceptusedtoensurethat
4. Torecognizetherightofcommunitiestomanagetheirown
properproceduresarefolowedtoalowafairhearingtooccur.
affairsforfurtherdevelopment.
Itrequiresthatoneisinnocentuntilhe/shepleadsorisproven
Toprotectandpromotetheinterestsandrightsofminoritiesguiltybycourtofla
w.
andmarginalizedcommunities.
JudicialRights/Fairhearing 6. Toensureequitablesharingofnationalandlocalresources
throughoutthecountry.
1. Onemustbegivenanopportunitytodefendhimself/Should 7. Tofacilitatethedecentralizationofstateorgansandtheir
beheard. functionsandservicesfromthecapitalofthecountry.
8. Tohavechecksandbalancesandtheseparationofpowers.

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9. Topromotesocialandeconomicdevelopment,andthe l) Heshouldbeofsoundmind.

provisionofeasilyaccessibleservicesthroughoutthecountry.
Principlesofdevolvedgovernment.
1. Itshalbebasedondemocraticprinciplesandtheseparationof
power.
2. Itwilhavereliablesourcesofrevenuetoenablethemtogovern
anddeliverserviceseffectively.
3. Ensuregenderbalanceintheirrespectivebodies.
4. Itisfoundedonthedoctrineofseparationofpowers.
Structureandfunctionsofthecountygovernment.
Thecountryisdividedinto47counties,namely1-Baringo,2-
Bomet,3-Busia,
4-Bungoma,5-ElgeiyoMarakwet,6-Embu,7-Garisa8-Homa
Bay,9-Isiolo,
10-Kakamega,11-Kajiado,12-Kericho,13-Kisumu,14-Kisi,
15-Kilifi,16-Kwale,
17-Kiambu,18-Kitui,19-Laikipia,20-Lamu,21-Mombasa,22-
Mandera,
23-Kirinyaga,24-Migori,25-Marsabit,26-Meru,27-Machakos,
28-Makueni,
29-Murang’a,30-Nairobi,31-Nakuru,32-Narok33-Nyandarua,
34-Nyeri,
35-Nyamira,36-Nandi,37-Siaya,38-TransNzoia,39-Tana
River,40-Taita/Taveta,
41-Samburu,42-Tharaka-Nithi,43-Turkana,44-Vihiga,45-
UasinGishu,46-Wajir
47-WestPokot
EachcountyhasitsownlegislativearmcaledCounty
AssemblyandexecutivecaledCountyExecutive.
Requirementstochangeboundariesofacounty.
1. Populationdensityanddemographictrends.
2. Physicalandhumaninfrastructure.
3. Historicalandculturalties.
4. Thecostofadministration.
5. Theviewsofthecommunitiesaffected.
6. Theobjectivesofdevolutionofgovernment.
7. Geographicalfeatures.
CountyAssembly
 Thisisthelegislativearmofthecounty.
Itconsistsof:
1. Memberselectedbyregisteredvotersofthewards.
Specialseatmembersforgenderbalance.
Membersrepresentingthemarginalizedgroupsincludingthe  TheCountyExecutiveCommiteeismadeupof: disabledandtheyouth.
4. Thespeaker,astheex-officiomember.
QualificationforelectiontotheCountyAssembly.
Hemustbearegisteredvoter.
Hemustsatisfytheeducation,moralandethicalrequirements PowersandfunctionsoftheCountyGovernor.
accordingtothe
constitutionorActofparliament.
k) Hemustbenominatedbyaregisteredpoliticalparty,ifsheis
notcontestingasan
independentcandidatewhoissupportedby500registered
votersintheward.
m) Heshouldnothavebeendeclaredbankruptbycourtoflaw.
n) Heshouldnotbeservinganimprisonmentsentenceexceeding
6months.
o) HemusthavebeenacitizenofKenyaforatlest10years
precedingthedateofelection.
p) HeshouldnothaveheldofficeofIEBCwithinthelast5years.
Conditionsthatmayleadtodisqualificationofcandidaturefor
CountyAssembly.
1. Ifoneisofunsoundmind.
2. Ifoneisbankrupt.
3. Ifservingaprisonsentenceofatleast6months.
4. Ifoneholdsapublicoffice.
5. IfonehasbeenamemberoftheIndependentElectoraland
BoundariesCommissionwithin5yearsbeforetheelectiondate.
6. Ifonehasmisusedorabusedpublicoffice.
7. IfonehasnotbeenacitizenofKenyaforatleast10years
beforetheelection.
FunctionsoftheCountyAssembly.
1. Itexercisesthelegislativeauthorityinthecountybymaking
lawsthatarenecessaryforeffectiveperformanceofthecounty.
2. Itsupervisesthecountyexecutivecommiteeandanyother
countyexecutiveorgans.
3. Itmayreceiveandapproveplansandpoliciesforthe
managementandexploitationofthecounty’sresources.
4. Itmayapprovepoliciesforthedevelopmentandmanagement
oftheinfrastructureandinstitutionsinthecounty.
5. Itenhanceslegislationtosetoutthestructureandframework
forthebeteradministrationandmanagementofthecounty
governments.
6. Itapprovesoversightbudgetsanddevelopmentprojects.
7. Itapprovesinvestmentdecisionsandloans.
8. Itsupervisesotherunitswithinthecountythroughpolitical
authority,guidanceanddirection.
9. Itmonitorstheexecutionofprojectsunderapproved
developmentplans,andassessingandevaluatingtheirimpact
ondevelopmentinthecounty.
ProcessoflawmakingatCountylevel.
 TheCountyAssemblyhastoadheretothefolowing:
1. Thenationalinterestsmustprevail.
2. Itshouldconductbusinessopenly,holdingitsmeetingsin
public.
3. Itshouldfacilitatepublicparticipationandinvolvementevenin
itscommitees.
4. Itshouldnotexcludethemediaorpublicinitssitingsunlessin
specialcircumstanceswherethespeakerhasestablished
legitimatereasonsfordoingso.
1. CountyGovernor
2. DeputyCountyGovernor
3. MembersappointedbytheCountyGovernorwiththeapproval
oftheCA
1. He/sheheadsthemanagementandco-ordinationofthe
functionsofthecountyadministration.
2. He/shenominatestheDeputyCountyGovernor.
3. He/sheappointsthemembersoftheCountyExecutive
CommiteewithapprovaloftheCountyAssembly.

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4. He/shesupervisesthefunctionsoftheCountyExecutive
Commitee.
5. He/sheparticipatesinthelawmakingprocess.
6. He/sheensurestheimplementationofthecountyandnational
legislation.
 TheDeputyGovernor(DG)maytakeovertheGovernor’sroles
intheabsenceofthelater.
FunctionsoftheCountyExecutiveCommitee(CEC)
1. Toimplementcountylegislation.
2. Toimplementwithinthecounty,thenationallegislation.
3. Itmanagesandcoordinatesthefunctionsofthecounty
administrationanditsdepartments.
4. Itperformsanyotherfunctionsassignedtoitbythe
constitution.
5. Itmayprepareproposedlegislationforconsiderationand
debatebytheCountyAssembly.
6. ItprovidestheCountyAssemblywithcompleteandregular
reportonmatersrelatedtothecounty.
FunctionsoftheCountyGovernments.
PromotionofAgriculture,especialyinareaswiththepotential. ChalengesfacingCountyGovernmentsandpossiblesolutions.
Provisionandsupervisionofcountyhealthservices.
Putingstructuresinplacetofacilitateculturalactivities,public 1. Revenuealocation,thusitmaynotbeeasytosharethe
entertainmentandpublicamenities.
4. Formulatinglegislationtofacilitatetoregulateandcontrolair
polution,otherpublicnuisancesandoutdooradvertising.
5. Ensuringcountytransportlikerods,streetlighting,trafficand
parkingetc.
6. Ensuringanimalcontrolandwelfarethroughlicensingofdogs
andprovisionoffacilitiesfortheaccommodation,careand
burialofanimals.
7. Formulatinglegislationtofacilitatetradethroughactivitieslike
tourism.
8. Regulatingcountydevelopmentandplanningthroughland
surveyandmapping,boundariesandfencing,housing,
electricity,gasandenergyregulation.
9. Formulatinglegislationtopromoteandregulateeducationatal 7.
levels.
10.Implementingspecificnationalgovernmentpoliciesonnatural
resourcesand
environmentalconservation.
11.Formulatelegislationtoregulatecountypublicworksand
services
Ensuringthatfire-fightingservicesanddisastermanagement 1.
centresareavailableand
workinginthecounty.
Putinginplacemeasurestocontroldrugusageandaccessto
pornographyinthe
county.
14.Ensuringtheparticipationofcommunitiesingovernanceatthe
locallevel,andassistingthemtodeveloptheadministrative
effectiveness.
RelationshipbetweenthenationalandCountyGovernment.
1. TheNationalGovernmentisstoppedbytheconstitutionfrom
interferingwiththeroleoftheCountyGovernments.
2. TheNationalGovernment’sroleinthecountiesisseeninits
functionswhicharenotperformedbytheCountyGovernment.
3. The2governmentsrelateasscheduledintheconstitution.
HowtheNationalGovernmentexercisescontrolovertheCounty
Governments.
1. TheNationalAssemblysetslegislationstoensurethatCounty
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Governmentshaveadequatesupporttoenablethemperform
theirfunctions.
2. Throughnationallegislation,proceduresforsetlingdisputes
betweentheCountyandNationalGovernmentsareprovided.
3. TheNationalGovernmenthaspowerstointerveneinaCounty
Governmentifitisunabletoperformitsfunctions.
4. Incaseofaconflict,nationallegislationprevailsoverCounty
legislation.
5. Afunctionorpowerofgovernmentatonelevelmaybe
transferredtoagovernmentattheotherlevelbyagreement
betweenthetwogovernments.
6. NationalandCountyGovernmentsperformanceoftheir
functionsandexercisetheirpowerswithmutualrespectof
eachother.
7. Thetwolevelsofgovernmentassist,supportandconsult
eachotherinpolicyimplementation.
8. Bothgovernmentsco-operateinperformanceoftheir
functionsandattimessetupjointcommitees.
9. Bothgovernmentsworktogetherinexchanginginformation
andco-ordinatepoliciesonadministrationtoenhance
capacity.
10.TheNationalGovernmentthroughthePresidentmaysuspend
theCountyGovernment.
revenuefromtheNationalgovernmentequaly.
2. Transferoffunctionse.g.Pre-schooleducationismanagedby
CountyGovernmentwhiletheotherlevelsaremanagedby
NationalGovernment.
3. Inadequatepersonneltorunkeydepartmentswithinthe
county/needforcapacitybuilding,trainingoftheofficersfor
thenewstructureofgovernment.
4. Theproblemofmanagingstructuresthatoverlapacrossmore
thanonecounty/Cross-countryplanninganddevelopment.
5. Structuraloverlapse.g.insometownsandcities,the
functionsofcertainsectionsandunitsaresimilar.
6. Policyandlegalgaps,thusneedforclearguidelinesincertain
areasliketherelationbetweencountiesandconstituencies.
Economiesofscalewherethecountiesmayberequiredfor
jointcommiteesforeconomicdevelopment.Howtodevelop
policiesonthisislikelytobeachalenge.
8. Restructuringthecountiesforcertaininstitutionstobeinline
withtheconstitutione.g.ProvincialadministrationandCDF.
9. Occurenceofnaturalcalamitieslikefloods,droughtand
faminecalingforemergencyreliefaid.
PUBLICREVENUEANDEXPENDITUREINKENYA
 Thisisplannedandreadbythesecretaryoftheministryof
Financeinparliamentatthebeginningofeveryfinancialyearin
formofanationalbudget.
 Thisnationalbudgetisacomprehensivestatementof
estimatedNationalGovernmentandCountyGovernment
revenueandexpenditureduringthefinancialyear.
Compositionofagovernmentbudget.
1. Estimatedamountofrevenuerequiredbythegovernment
duringthatyear.
2. Thevarioussourcesfromwhichthegovernmenthopestoraise
therevenue.
3. Projectsonwhichtherevenuewouldbespent.
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
ReasonsforthePreparationofanationalbudgetinKenya paidtothisfund.

 ItisusedtocarryoutservicesoftheNationalGovernment.
1. Itenablesthegovernmenttoidentifysourcesofgovernment
revenuetomeetitsfinancialobligations. 3.ContingenciesFund
2. Itenablesthegovernmenttoexplainitstaxstructuretothe
publicandSetthetaxlevel.  Thisfundtakescareofemergencies.
Ithelpstoensurethatthereisabalanceinthecountry’s
revenueandexpenditure,henceavoidingbudgetdeficit.
Thegovernmentisabletoidentifywaysofspendingwithout 4.RevenueFunds anywastage.
Theparliamentisabletomonitorpublicsourceutilization Thisestablishedineachcountywiththemoneyraisedfromthe
throughitswatchdogcommitees. county.
6. Itenablesthegovernmenttoidentify/prioritizethe
developmentprojectstofinanceinthecomingyear.
7. Thegovernmentisabletoassessitsperformanceinthe Domesticrevenuesources
previousyearandimprovewherenecessary.
8. Thegovernmentisabletosetasidesomefundstobeused  Taxesleviedoncitizenry,privateandpublicorganizations,
incaseofemergenciesinthecourseofthefinancialyear. foreigninvestorsetc.
9. Thegovernmentisabletogiveusefulinformationtothose  Theyarein2groups:
organizationsandindividualswhomaywanttokeeptrackon
thegovernmentexpenditure/ensuresaccountabilityand a) Directtaxes
transparencyintheeyesofthepublic.
Thegovernmentisabletowinconfidenceamonglocaland 1.Incometax/PAYE
internationaldevelopment 2.Capitalgaintax
partners/donorsthroughitsplansandpoliciesspeltoutinthe 3.Corporatetax budget.
11.Itensureequitableshareofresourcesandbalanced b) Indirecttaxes
development.
StagesinpreparingaNationalBudget.  Taxesongoodsandservices.

1. Eachgovernmentministrypreparesitsestimate. Theyinclude:

2. Theestimatesareforwardedtotheministryoffinance. 1. Customduty-onimports
3. Theministryoffinancecompilestheestimatesintoasingle 2. Exciseduty-goodsthatarelocalyproducedandsoldwithinthe
budget/theproposedbudget. country.
4. Theproposed/compiledbudgetisdiscussedbythecabinet. 3. Valuedaddedtax(VAT)
5. Thegov’tannouncesthebudgetday. Indirectsalestaxesonspecificgoodslikesugar.
6. Theministeroffinancepresents/readsthebudgetbeforethe 4. Trafficrevenuetax-onvariouscategoriesoftrafficservices.
parliament. 5. Investmentrevenue-fromparastatalbodiesandotherprofit
7. Theparliamentdiscuses/debates/approvesthebudget. makinginstitutionsthroughthetreasury
Principlesofpublicfinance. 6. Tradinglicenses-onbusinesse.g.hotel,shop,liquordealers
etc.
1. Opennessandaccountabilityincludingpublicparticipationin 7. Loaninterestreceipts-fromparastatalstowhichthe
governmentgivesmoneyoninterest.
financialmaters. 8. Houserates-fromgovernmentbuildings.
2. Promotionofanequitablesocietywheretheburdenoftaxation 9. Fees-fromfuel,woodetc.
issharedequitably. 10.Courtfines
3. Equalsharingofnationalrevenueamongthenationaland 11.Tourismfees.
countygovernments. 12.Domesticborrowing-throughthesaleoftreasurybilsandpost
4. Publicexpendituregearedtowardspromotingtheequitable officebonds.
developmentofthecountry.
Specialprovisionstocaterformarginalizedgroupsandregions. ExamplesofSourcesofPublicRevenue.
Sharingtheburdensandbenefitsoftheuseofresourcesand
publicborrowingequitablybetweenpresentandfuture1.Taxes.
generations.
2.Licensefee.
Usingpublicmoneyinaprudentandresponsibleway.3.Legalfines
Responsiblefinancialandclearfiscalreporting.4.Profitfromparastatals.
5.Saleofthegovernmentbonds
TypesofpublicrevenueinKenya
6.Treasurybilsandpostofficebonds.
7.Interestonloansandloanpayments
1. EqualisationFund
8.Feesfromgovernmentinstitutionse.g.schools.
9.Chargesfromprovisionofgovernmentservicese.g.health.
 Thisis50%oftherevenuecolectednationalyeachyear.
10.Grants,giftsandtechnicalassistancefromfriendlycountries.
ItisusedbytheNationalGovernmenttoprovidebasicservices 11.Institutionse.g.WorldBank. likewaterroadsetc.
Howitisspent.
2. ConsolidatedFund
1.Itisusedformaintaininggovernmentfacilitiese.g.roads.
AlthemoneyreceivedorraisedbytheNationalGovernmentis

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2.Initiatenewprojectse.g.governmentoffices.
3.Itisusedtofinancerecurrentgovernmentexpendituree.g.paying ) Constructionofnewcountyamenitieslikestadia,socialhals,
civilservants.
4.Itisusedtosubsidizepublicservicee.g.healthandeducation.
5.Itisusedtoserviceloans.
6.Itisusedtopaysubscriptionstointernationalorganizationse.g.
UNO,EAUetc 2.Recurrentexpenditure 7.Thisistofinancesecurityexpendituree.g.trainingsoldiers.
8.Itisusedtomeetemergenciese.g.floods.
9.Itisusedtoassistcountriesthatmayexperienceemergenciese.g.
naturaldisaster.
SourcesofrevenueforCountyGovernment.
Theyimposepropertyrateswithintheirterritoriestoenable
themraiserevenuefortheiroperations.
Theychargefortheservicestheyrendertotheresidentsof
thecountiesinordertogenerateincome.
Theyarealocatedpartofthenationalrevenueinorderto
suplimenttheirincome.
Byborrowingloansfromthenationalgovernmentor
internationalorganizationstofinancedevelopmentprojects.
Theylevytaxesontheservices/goodsgeneratedinthecounty
tofinancetheiractivities.
Throughlicencesgrantedtobusinesses/servicesoperatingin
thecounties.
Bychargingfeesontheuseofthecounties’property.
Byrentingproperty/housestopeopleinordertoraisefunds
fordevelopment.
Throughgrantsegfromlocalandinternationalsources.
Externalrevenuesources
Bilateralaid-fromfriendlynation(2)
Multilateral-involvesmanynations.
Chalengestogovernmenteffortsinraisingrevenuefromdomestic
borrowing.
Manyindividualsandcompaniesevadetax.
Inwealthdeclaration,manycompaniesorindividualsgive
wronginformation,thus,reducingtheamountduefortaxation.
Governmentofficialscoludewithpeopletocheatabouttheir income.
Moneybeingkeptinforeignaccounts
Peopleareignorantonhowtoinvestinthegovernmentthrough
treasurybils.
Embezzlementoffundsbyindividualsresponsiblewithrevenue colection.
Inexternalrevenue,thefolowingproblemsaremet.
Donorconditionsmustbefulfiledbeforethefundingis released.
Loansareissuedathighinterestrates.
Increaseingovernmentdebtduetotendencytorelyonforeign aid.
Donornationscompelrecipientstoimportgoodsfromthem.
Amountgivendependsongenerosityofthedonor.
Howthegovernmentspendsitsrevenue
Thisisdoneintwoways.
Capitalandrecurrentexpenditures
1.Capitalexpenditure
Thisinvolvesnewdevelopmentprojectse.g.universities,dams
etc.
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schoolsetc.
) Constructionofcountyfacilitieslikepurchaseofmotorvehicles
andequipments.
 Tosustainandmaintainthealreadyexistingfacilitiesand
servicesasinthefolowingexamples.
Wagesandsalariesofcivilservants,teachersetc.
Generalrepairandmaintenancee.g.bridges,roadsetc.
Debtservicing–loansbythegovernment
Contributiontointernationalorganizationse.g.COMESA,EAC,
AU,etc.
Grantsandbursaries
Embassies–maintainingKenyaembassiesabroad.
Managementofpublicfinance
Theparliamentwhichapprovesalnationalandcounty
expenditure.
TheControlerofbudgetwhoauthorizeswithdrawals.
Thecabinetsecretaryforfinancemaystopthetransferof
fundstoanyorganofgovernmentwiththeapprovalof
parliament.
Financialrecordsandtheauditingofaccountsofal
governmentandotherpublicbodieswilbedone.
TheAuditorGeneralauditstheaccountsofalgovernment
andstateorgans
Mostofthepublicfundsarespentonpurchasingpublic
goodsandservicesandthereisaproceduretobefolowed.
SomeoftheprocurementbodiesincludethePublic
ProcurementOversightAuthority(PPOA),Public
ProcurementOversightAdvisoryBoard(PPOAB),
PublicProcurementAdministrativeReviewBoard
(PPARB).
TheNationalGovernmentwilalsoimposesanctionson
contractorswhofailtofulfiltheircontractualagreementse.g.
failingtocompletetheirwork.
Algovernmentcontractsarepubliclyadvertisedforthe
awardingoftenderandawards.
Thegovernmenthasvestedincertainofficers,thepowerto
spendmoneyintheimplementationofspecificobjectives,
andtheyareexpectedtobeaccountableandtransparent.
ThegovernmentestablishedtheKenyaAnti-Corruption
Commission(KACC)in 2004.
X-raycamerastoverifycargoonarrivalattheportof Mombasa.
Thecommiteesinvolved.
PublicAccountsCommitee(PAC),whichreceivesreportsfrom
controlerandAuditorGeneralonbehalfofparliament,
scrutinize,beforepresentingtoparliament,summon
governmentofficialstoexplaintheirexpenditureorgive
clarificationandcloselymonitortopublicandnoteweaknesses.
PublicInvestmentCommitee(PIC)whichensuresthepublic
financeisspentonintendedprojects,investmentstargetedare
worthy,monitorsprojectimplementationandreportstothe
parliamentifitrealisesanyirregularities.
CommiteeofSupply-whichverifiesestimatesforwardby
governmentministriesanddepartments.
CommiteeofWaysandMeans–whichverifiesalbudgesand proposals.
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
NationalAssembly.

Italsoaddressestaxationmaters. 2. 2Personsappointedbythepoliticalpartiesrepresentedinthe
NationalAssembly.AccordingtothemembersintheNational
 ThecontrolerandAuditorgeneralauditsministriesand Assembly.
governmentdepartmentsandreportsfindingstoparliament. 3. PrincipalSecretary(PS)intheStateDepartment(Ministry)of
 Permanentsecretariesinministriesansweralquestions Finance.
regardingtheministriesexpenditure.
Itsfunctions
Governmentcontractsareadvertisedforawardingoftenders.
TheKenyaAnti-CoruptionCommission(KACC)establishedin
2004whichinvestigatescorruptcases 1. Makingrecommendationsoftheequitablesharingofrevenue
 Governmentofficershavebeengivenpowertospendmoneyin raisedbytheNationalGovernmentbetweentheCountyandthe
implementingspecificprojects;hencetheyhavebeenmade NationalGovernments.
accountable. 2. Makingrecommendationsonthefinancialmatersand
 Supplementaryexpendituresareapprovedbytheparliament financialmanagementbyCountyGovernment.
3. DefiningandenhancingrevenuesourcesoftheNationaland
 Mechanismhasbeenputinplacebythegovernmenttocurb
CountyGovernments.
revenueevasione.g.useofe-rayscannerstoverifycargoon
4. Encouragingfiscalresponsibilitytoenhanceaccountabilityfor
arivalattheMombasaPort.
fundsthroughappropriatefinancialprocedures.
CountyGovernments(CG) 5. Determining,publishingandregularlyreviewingthepolicyof
setingoutthecriteriatoidentifythemarginalized.
Thecountyhasbeenmandatedtoestablisharevenuefundto HOWTHECOUNTYGOVERNMENTSMANAGEPUBLICFINANCE. runitsrevenue.
TheCountyRevenueFundcontainsthecounty’sownrevenue, 1. ThroughthepreparationoftheCountybudget.
transfersfromthenationalrevenue,grantsandborrowedfunds. 2. AlmoniesborrowedbyaCountyGovernmentmustbe
Thecounty’sisaccountabletotheCountyAssembly.guaranteedbytheNationalGovernmentandapprovedbythe
Financialofficersinmanagingfinances CountyAssembly.
3. MoneyduetoaCountyGovernmentmaybetemporarily
a) ControlerofBudget stoppedbytheCabinetSecretaryforFinancetoprevent
mismanagement.
 He/sheisappointedbythepresidentandapprovedbythe 4. TheCountyGovernmentsadheretomechanismsestablished
bytheNationalGovernmentonopentenderingofprocurement
NationalAssemblyona10yearterm. anddisposalofpublicgoodsandservices.
 He/sheislegibleforre-appointment. 5. TheimplementationoftheCountybudgetissupervisedbythe
His/herroles ControlerofBudgetwhosubmitsareporttoparliamentevery
fourmonths.
1. OverseeingtheimplementationofthebudgetoftheNational 6. TherevenueandexpenditureofCountyGovernmentisaudited
bytheAuditorGeneral.
andCountygovernments. 7. ThegovernmentisaccountabletotheCountyAssemblyfor
2. Authorizingwithdrawalsfromthepublicfundslikethe financialmanagementwithintheCountyandreportsmaters
Equalisation,ConsolidatedandRevenueFunds. pertainingtofinance.
3. Every4months,he/sheisexpectedtosubmittoeachHouse 8. TheEthicsandAnti-CorruptionCommissioninvestigatesand
ofparliamentareportontheimplementationofthebudgeton recommendsforprosecutionofpublicofficerswho
boththeNationalandCountygov’ts. mismanagefundswithintheCounty.
b) AuditorGeneral

He/sheappointedbythepresidentandapprovedbytheNAon NATIONALPHILOSOPHIES(KENYA) an8yearterm.

o He/sheisnotlegibleforre-appointment.  Afteratainingindependence,therewasneedtobuildthe
Theaccountshe/sheauditswithin6months: nation.
 Kenyatathereforehadtoformulateaphilosophytoapproach
12.FundsandauthoritiesoftheNationalandtheCounty thisissue.
 Aphilosophythereforeisasystemofideologicalbeliefsand
Governments. valueschampionedbytherulingparty’sleadershipanditis
13.Alcourts. acceptedbymostofthecitizens.
14.Everycommissionandindependentofficeestablishedbythe  Sinceindependence,Kenyahashadthree(3)philosophies,
constitution. namelyAfricansocialism,harambeeandnyayoismAfrican
15.TheNationalAssembly,senateandtheCountyAssembly. Socialism
16.Politicalpartiesfundedfrompublicfunds.
17.Publicdebt. Africansocialism
18.Anyotherentitythatlegislationrequireshim/hertoaudit.
19.Anyentityfundedfromthepublicfunds.  ItwasestablishedbyKANUin1963
CommissiononRevenueAlocation(CRA).  Theideaswerelatermodifiedassessionalpaperno.10of
1965–asAfricanSocialismanditsApplicationtoPlanningin
Itcomprises: Kenya.
 ThisAfricanSocialismthereforereferstoAfricanpolitical,
1. Chairpersonappointedbythepresidentandapprovedbythe economicsystemthatispositivelyAfrican,butcapableof

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 PAPER1
beingflexibleenoughtoincorporateacceptance.Techniques
fromwhateversource.
Itsprinciples
BasedonAfricantraditions.
Mustbeacceptabletothedynamiccircumstances.
Mustnotrestitssuccessonothercountries.
Aims/Objectives
Tocreationofanewsociety,differentfromthecolonialof
inequality.
Tocreateafairandjustsocietywithhumanity.
TouniteandfreeKenyanswithrespecttotheirrights.
Politicalequality.
Socialjustice.
Humandignityandfreedom.
Freedomfromwant,diseaseandexploitation.
Equalopportunity.
Equitabledistributionofresources.
Itscharacteristics.
Democracy
Equalopportunities.
Respectforhumandignity.
Mutualsocialresponsibility
Itspolicies
Tocontrolofresources.
Toenhanceroleofgovernmentandco-operativesin
development.
Touseplanningtechniquesforresourcedevelopment.
Toextendplanningtolocallevels.
Nationalizationofenterpriseswherepossible.
Kenyanizationofpostsingovernmentinstitutionsandprivate
enterprises.
Increaseofthecountry’sproductivecapacityforthefuture.
Toencouragefamilyplanning.
ToestablishaNationalProvidentFundandNationalHealth
Insurance.
Toestablishacentralbank.
Totakemeasurestoincreasesavingandinvestment.
Tomodifytaxstructuretoincreasegovernmentrevenue,
domesticsavingsetcto achievebeterdistributionofincome.
Toreducetaxforlow-incomeearners.
Toreviewindustrialearningstopromoteemploymentand
expansion.
Taxationofidleresources.
Toemphasizeondevelopmentofagriculture.
Toreorganizemarketingboardstopromotethewelfareof
consumersandproducers.
Totakemeasurestoensurebeterfarmmanagement.
Tocontroleducationfortheneedsandresourcesofthe country.
Todevelopuniversityeducationforhighlevelmanpower.
Toguidestudentsforappropriatecourses.
Toexpandin-servicetrainingtomeetmanpowershortage.
Toestablishaco-operativecoleges.
Shortageofcriticalmanpowertobesourcedexternaly.
Toinvestigatewhethertonationalizethemajorgovernment utilities.
Toestablishanationalconstructioncompany.
Toestablishanationaltradingcompany.
Toincreaseinstaffandcapitalresourceofindustrialand
commercialdevelopment
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66
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corporation.
ToestablishKenyaTouristDevelopmentCorporation.
ToestablishacentralorganizationofTradeUnions.
Toprovideequalopportunitiesfordevelopmentinalpartsof thecountry.
ImpactsoftheAfricanSocialism(Achievements)
Itpromoteddemocraticprocessesingovernance.
Itpromotedrespectforhumandignity.
Itencouragedunityandpeacefulco-existence.
Itencouragedrapiddevelopmentthroughmutualresponsibility.
ItpromotedAfricancultures.
Moreefforthasbeenmadetoachievefairnessandjustice
throughD.F.R.D.
CommercialandindustrialownershiphasbeenAfricanized.
Agriculturaldevelopmenthasbeenachievede.g.irrigations
schemes.
Therehasbeensocialdevelopmentineducationandhealth.
Co-operativesocietieshavebeenestablished.
Harambee
IsderivedfromKiswahiliwhichmeans‘pulingtogether’or
‘workingtogether’
OriginatedfromtheAfricancultureofspiritofself-help.
Aims
Topromotedevelopment(nationalbuilding).
Topromoteself-reliance.
Topromotenationalcohesion(unity).
Topromoteconstructivenationalism.
Ithassocialandeconomicaspects.
Itsprinciples
Mobilizepeopleatlocalleveltoparticipateindevelopment.
Participationisguidedbyprinciplesofcolectivegood.
Choiceofprojectisguidedbytheneedsofthemajority.
Localresourcesshouldbeusedintheimplementationofthe project.
Itsachievements
Ithaspromotedsenseofmutualsocialresponsibility.
Ithasencourageddemocraticparticipationinnational
development.
Fairnessindistributionofnationalresourceshasbeen
enhanced.
Ithaspromotedunity.
Ithasboostededucation.
Agriculturaldevelopmenthasbeenachieved.
Bridgesandroadshavebeenbuilt.
Medicalserviceshavebeenextended.
Physicalydisabledhavebeenassisted.
Spiritualgrowthhasbeenenhanced.
Forumforleaderstoeducatethepublichasbeencreated.
Livingstandardshavebeenimproved.
WaysthroughwhichithaspromotededucationinKenya.
Manyeducationinstitutionshavebeenconstructedusingfunds
raisedthroughharambeeeffort,thusenablingmanychildrento
atendschool.
Manystudentshavebeenassistedtopayschoolfees/pursue
furtherstudies,thusenablingtheneedytogoonwithlearning.
 PAPER1
Physicalfacilitieshavebeenconstructed/improvedthrough ChalengestoNyayoism
harambee.Thisenableslearninginaconduciveenvironment.
Teaching/learningmaterialshavebeenpurchased/donatedto 1. Corruption.
schoolstoimprovethequalityofeducation.
Additionalstaff/workersinschoolshavebeenpaidthrough
harambeecontributionsbytheparentstooffsettheinadequacy. Impactsofphilosophies
Throughtheharambeespirits,co-curricularactivitieshavebeen supportedbywel-
wishersthushelpingthelearnerstoexploit Social theirtalents.
7. Schoolfurniturehasbeenboughtthroughharambeeeffort,
thusmakinglearning/teachingcomfortable.
8. Parentshavecontributedfundstosupplementthegovernment
schoolfeedingprogramme,thusimprovingenrolment/
retention.
WaysthroughwhichitpromotesnationalunityinKenya.
1. Itencouragespeopletoworktogether.
2. Itpromotescooperation.
3. Itpromotesequityinthedistributionofresources.
4. Itenhancesinteractionofthepeople.
5. Itpromotespatriotism.
Chalenges
Misappropriationoffunds/corruption.
PovertyamongKenyans.
Forcedcontribution.
Ethnicity/tribalism/nepotism/racism.
Abuseofharambeecontributionforpersonalgains.
Nyayoism
Itwasestablished/adoptedbyMoiwhenhecametopowerin
1978,afterKenyata’sdeath.
It’sfromKiswahiliword‘Nyayo’meaning‘footsteps’
ThereforeMoiwastofolowinthefootstepsofKenyata,in
whichhemeantpeace,loveandunityasthepilarsofthe
philosophy.
AimsofNyayoism
Topromotedmutualsocialresponsibility.
Toperpetuateharambeespirit.
Toenhanceco-operationandunity.
TopromoteJuaKalisector.
ItsachievementsinHealthsector.
Itledtothebuildingofhealthcentres,hospitalsandNyayo
wards.
Itmobilizedpeopletocontributemoneytopurchasedrugsfor theneedy.
Moneycontributedthroughthephilosophyenabledthesick
peopleseekforspecializedtreatmentwithinandoutsidethe
country.
Itmotivatedsomemedicalpersonneltoofferfreemedical
servicestothepeople.
Itledtotheconstructionofmedicaltraininginstitutionsand
trainingofpersonnel.
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2. WithholdingofaidbyW.B.andIMF.
1. Educationhasbeenpromotedbybuildingschoolsandcoleges.
2. Improvedmedicalservicesbyconstructingdispensaries,health
centresandhospitals.
3. Encouragedco-operation,understandandunityamongKenyan
communities.
4. Raisedlivingstandardsbypromotingthespiritualandsocial
welfareofthepeoplebyencouragingKenyanstoactively
participateindevelopmentprojects.
5. Disadvantagedgroupshavebeenconsideredbyorganizing
harambeetoassistthem.
6. PromotedAfricanculturesthroughborrowingofpositive
Africantraditions.
7. Theyhavepromotedthespiritualwelbeingthroughbuildingof
churches.
Economic
Africanizationprocessandatainmentofself-reliancehasbeen enhanced.
Co-operativesocietieshavebeensetup.
Agriculturalproductionhasbeenboosted.
Improvedtransportandcommunication
Conduciveatmospherefortourismhasbeencreatedbythe
pilarsbyNyayoism
Political
Nationalityandpatriotismhavebeenpromoted.
Democracyhasbeenenhanced.
Internationalunderstandingandco-operationhavebeen
encouraged.
Chalengesandproblems
Dependingonforeignaid.
Fueledcorruption.
Leaderstendtoexploitcitizense.g.throughforcedharambee.
LacksolutionstoemergingproblemslikeHIV/AIDs,corruption
andethnicclashes.
SOCIAL,ECONOMICANDPOLITICALDEVELOPMENTAND
CHALLENGESINKENYASINCEINDEPENDENCE.
Political1963-1991
Afterindependence,Kenyahad3majorproblems,namely;lack
ofgoodleadership,suspicionandjealousy,andiliteracy.
Atindependence,wehadthemajimbo(federal)government
andconstitution
1964,DecemberKADUjoinedKANUandestablishedunitary
government
FrictionemergedasOdinga,Oneko,Kagiaetc.accused
Kenyataoffavouringtoupliftsomecommunities.
Consequently,KANUdelegatesheldaconferenceatLimuruin
March1966.
Atthemeeting,VicePresident’sPostwasabolished.
8KANUVicePresidentswereappointed.
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
 OdingaresignedandformedKenyaPeople’sUnion(KPU). HezekiahOchukastagedamilitarycoupagainstthe

 Mini-electionwasheld,withmembersofthenewparty government.
contestingonKPU’sticket. 25.Ochukawashanged,afterviolenceandkilingserupted.
JosephMurumbiwasappointedtheVicePresidentin1966,but
26.Moiregimebecomeevenmoreruthless.

resignedin1967beforeMoiwasappointed. 27.In1988,Mlolongo(queue)votingmethodwasintroduced.
 KPUwasbannedin1969. 28.In1989,KennethMatibawasexpeledfromthepartyafter
claimingthatthere
PoliticalChalenges wasrigginginelections.
29.In1990,KANUdiscardedMlolongo.
1. Onepartydictatorshipintroducedin1982. 30.In1988,Anyonaandkoigiweredetained.
2. Multipartismwhichwasintroducedin1992. 31.Someauthorsescapetoself-exileNgugiwaThiong'oand
3. PoliticalassassinationsofPioGamaPintoo,JMKariuki,Tom Mugo.
Mboya,RobertOukoetc 32.In1990,DrRobertJohnOuko,ministerforForeignAffairs
4. Ethnicclashes. wasfoundmurdered.
5. Post-electionviolenceof2007. 33.Hisremainswerediscoveredon16/2/90byaheadsboy
6. Politicaldetentionandtorture. atGotAlila.
7. Atemptedmilitarycoupof1982. Constitutionalchanges-1963-91
8. Genderinequalityinleadership.
Age/Generationstruggleforleadership.
1. In1964Dec,Unitaryconstitutionwassetuptoreplacethe
BorderconflictsfromneighbouringcountriesegUganda.
independencefederalconstitution.
FormationofmilitiagroupsegShiftaandAl-Shabaab.
Leadershipwrangles/ideologicaldifferences.2. In1966,Unicamerallegislaturewasestablishedtoreplacethe
13.Manipulationoftheconstitutionbythemembersof independencebicameral.
parliament. Thepresidentalsogotpowertoappoint12MP’s,whowere
previouslynominatedbythelegislature.
Politicalassassinations 3. In1966,only65%or2/3ofMP’scouldpassabil.
4. On28/4/66,MP’swhoresignfrompartyshouldseekre-
1. In1965,PioGamaintowasmurdered. electiononthenewpart’sticket.
2. HewastheonlyAsiancriticalofKenyata’sgovernment. 5. InMay1966-publicsecurityActwaspassed-presidentwas
3. th empoweredtodetaincitizenswithouttrial,iftheirconductisa
5 July1969,TomMboya,MinisterforFinanceand
Planningwasgunneddown. threattostatesecurity.
4. ThisincreasedtensionbetweenAgikuyuandLuo. 6. InApril1968,presidentwasempoweredtoalterprovincialand
5. Consequently,whenKenyatavisitedKisumuin1969,to districtboundaries.
opentheRussianfundedNewNyanzaGeneralHospital, 7. In1968,mandatoryageofvotingandwaschangedfrom21to
hewaspeltedwithstonesandroteneggs. 18yrs.Ageforpresidencyfrom40to35yrs.Incaseofdeathof
6. Presidentialguardsopenedfireandkiledabout43people. president,VicePresidentshouldactfor90daysduringwhich
7. ThenKPUwasbannedanditsmajorassociatesdetained. electionsshouldbeheld.
8. In1974,presidentwasempoweredtopardonelection
8. On5/3/1975,JosiahMwangiKariuki’s(J.M.)bodywas
foundinNgongForesthalfeatenbywildanimals. offenders.
9. Thisintensifiedthetensioninthecountry,asMoihad 9. In1982,Kenyawasmadeaonepartystate.
claimedthatJMwasinZambia,onlytofindhisbodyin 10.In1987,PresidentcouldnowhireandfiretheAG,chief
Ngong. secretaryandcontroledand
10.InOct.1975,MartinShikukuthethenMPforButere AuditorGeneralatwil.
claimedthatKANU& 11.In1988,securityoftenure Judges,andchairmanofpublic
parliamentweredead. servicecommissionwas
11.HewassecondedbyJeanMarieSeroney-Speaker. removed.
12.Bothwerearrestedanddetained. 12.In1988,policecouldholdasuspectfor14daysbeforetaking
13.In1976,MPforEldoretNorth-ChelagatMutaiwasarrested him/hertocourt.
13.In1990,SecurityoftenureforAGwasreinstated.
andimprisonedfor
2 ½yearsforincitingherconstituentsforviolence. 14.In1991,changedsec-2A,Kenyabecomeamulti-partystateby
14. 1977,GeorgeAnyona-MPforKitutuwasdetainedfor dejure.
accusingthegovernment 15.In1991,presidentialtenurewasloweredto2fiveyearterms.
ofcorruption. Someofthepartiesthatemergedafterthisincluded:
15.Campaignsstartedtochangetheconstitution
16.On22/8/1978,KenyatadiedinhissleepatstateHouse- 9. ForumforRestorationofDemocracy.
Mombasa.
17.Moiactedaspresidentfor90days,beforebeingelected 2.ForumforRestorationofDemocracy-Kenya.3.Forumfor
unopposed RestorationofDemocracy-Asili.4.DemocraticPartyofKenya5.
SocialDemocraticParty.
18.MoiappointedMwaiEmilioKibakiasVicePresident
19.Moireleasedpoliticalprisoners-inDecember1978 6.LiberalDemocraticParty7.ForumforRestorationofDemocracy-
People.
20.1980,bannedtribalorganizationse.g.GEMA,LuoUnion
etc. 8.KenyaNationalCongress.9.KenyaSocialCongress.
Healsostrengthenedthepartybymorerecruitment
Factorsthatfacilitatedtheformationofmanypoliticalpartiesin
InJune1982,Kenyabecameadejure(bylaw)oneparty Kenyaby1990.state.
23.ManyKenyanswerenothappyofthisintroductionofSec-
External
2Aintheconstitution.
24.On01/08/1982,juniorofficersoftheKenyaAirForceled
bySeniorPrivate 1.InfluencefromEasternEuropeandtheSovietUnionledtomulti-

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 PAPER1
partydemocracy.
2.Endofthecoldwarbroughtanewwaveofdemocracywhich
spreadtoKenya.
3.SomeAfricancountrieslikeTogo,Zambia,GhanaandNigeria
whohadadopted
multi-partismencouragedKenyatodothesame.
1. Pressurefromgovernmentsofdonorcommunityto
democratizeasaconditiontoresumeaid.
Internal
1.Amendment/repealofsection2AoftheKenyanconstitution,
alowingtheformation
ofmanypoliticalpartiesinthecountry.
2.Economichardshipswithinthecountry.
3.Failurebythegovernmenttoadoptalrecommendations
forwardedbythepublicto
theSaitotiReviewCommissionof1990.
4. KANUfailedtolistentocriticismandcriticswereeither
suspendedorexpeledfromtheparty/Discontentwithinthe
party.
Pressurefrommulti-partyactivistsdrawnfromthecivilsociety, 10.Theterritorialseas,seabedandcontinentalshelf.
politicalandlegalfraternityforcedthegovernmenttochange. 11.Landthatisnotcategorizedasprivateorcommunityunderthe
6.Alegedriggingof1988generalelectionsledtodiscontentamong
thelosers.
7.Pressurefromthechurch/clergy.
Chalengesofmulti-partism
1.Ethnicity/tribalism.
2.Greedypoliticiansareluredthroughbribestodefect.
3.Controlofgovernmentmachinerye.g.mediaoutletsbytheparty
inpower.
4.Lackofadequatefundingbythestate.
5.Somemembersofthecivilsocietytakesidesinpartypolitics.
6.Someleadersincitetheirsupportersagainsttheiropponents.
7.Inadequateciviceducation.
8.Leadershipwrangles.
Theroleofpoliticalpartiesingovernanceandnation-building.
Theyformulatepoliciesandprogrammesonhowtorunthe
governmentefficiently.
Theyselectcandidatesforpublicoffice,astheseniorofficialin
governmentarealsoleadersofpoliticalparties.
Theyplayaroleinmobilizingthepeoplee.g.toatendpolitical ralies.
Theychecktheexcessesofthegovernmentbypointingoutits mistakes.
Theyprovideciviceducationtotheelectorate.
Theyensurethatthereisanalternativegovernmentin-waiting
intheeventthattherulingpartyisunabletorule.
Theyactastraininggroundforpoliticalleadership.
Theyprovideagoodavenueforpoliticalassociationsina
country,thusenhancingunity.
Theytakepartindecisionmaking,astheyparticipateinwatch-
dogcommiteeslikePAC.
Theylinkthepeopleandthegovernmentastheyinitiate
politicaldebates onimportantnationalissues.
Theyprovideanalternativeapproachtomanagementofthe
politicalandeconomic affairsofthenationthroughtheir
participationinparliamentarydebates.
Economicdevelopmentsandchalengessinceindependence.
TypesofLandholdinginKenya.
Novels,UpdatedICT,CPA,KASNEB,HighSchool&PrimaryNotes 0705525657
69
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) Publicland
Itincludes:
1. Landthatwasun-alienated,bythetimetheconstitutionwas
enactedin2010.
2. Landwhichislawfulyforthegovernment,andisusedbyany
stateorgan.
3. Landwhichhasbeentransferredtothegovernmentthrough
sale,landrevertedbacktogovernmentownershipor
surenderedtothegovernment.
4. Landwhichisnotlegalyclaimedbyanindividualorcommunity.
5. Landinwhichnolegalheircanbeidentifiedbyanylegal
process.
6. Allandcontainingmineralsandmineraloilsasdefinedbylaw.
7. Governmentforests,gamereserves,watercatchmentareas,
nationalparks,governmentanimalsanctuariesandspecific
protectedarease.g.historicalsites.
8. Alroadsandotherplacesasprovidedbyactofparliament.
9. Alrivers,lakesandwaterbodiesasdefinedbyactof
parliament.
constitution.
12.Anyotherlanddeclaredpubliclandbyactofparliament.
b)Communityland.
Thisislandvestedinandheldbycommunities.
Thisincludes:
Landlegalyregisteredinthenameofgroup
representatives.
Landtransferredtoaspecificcommunitythroughalegal process.
Landdeclaredtobecommunitylandbyactofparliament.
Landlawfulyheldorusedbyaspecificcommunityas
communityforest,grazingfieldsorshrines.
Ancestrallandsorlandtraditionalyusedbyhunter-
gatherercommunity.
LandthatislawfulyheldintrustbyCountyGovernment
onbehalfofcommunitiesinthecounties,excludingpublic land.
c)Privateland
Itcomprises
Registeredlandheldbyapersonunderanyfreehold nature.
Landheldbyapersonunderleaseholdnature.
AnylanddeclaredprivateunderanActofParliament.
Landownershipbynon-citizens
Thisispossibleunderthefolowingconditions:
Onleasehold.
Corporatebodycanonlyberecognizedasacitizenifitis
wholyownedbyormorecitizens.
Landpoliciessinceindependence
1963,LandReformexercisewascharacterizedby:
TransferoflandfromEuropeanstoAfricansandlandconsolidation
andregistration.
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
7. TransferoflandfromEuropeanstoAfricans.

Setlementschemes
Problems/chalengesfacingagriculture
1. MilionAcrescheme-1963,setlingAfricanfamilieson13.5
hectareseach. 1. Poorinfrastructureinsomepartsofthecountryhasledto
2. Harambeescheme1969-establishingabout16.25hectaresper greatlossesoffarmproduce,thusreducingtheearningsof
family. farmers.
3. Harakascheme1970setlingsquatersonsmalplotsin 2. Unsuitablepricesforagriculturalcommoditiesontheworld/
Central,Coast,EasternandRiftValey. localmarkethasdiscouragedfarmers.
4. ShirikaScheme-1971setledlandlessandunemployedon 3. Variouspartsofthecountryhavebeenhitbydrought/famine,
formerEuropeanfarms. thusforcingthegovernmenttoproviderelieffood.
4. Farmers’produceisoftendestroyedbypestsafterharvest,
BenefitsoflandreformstoKenyans. leadingtofoodshortage/poorstorage.
5. Poortechnology/useoftraditionalmethodshavecontributed
1. Farmerscouldusetheirlandtitledeedstoobtainloansfor tolowyields.
progress. 6. Politicalyinstigatedethnicclasheshavediscouragedfarmers
2. Farmersusedthetitledeedstopurchaselandwithconfidence. fromcarryingoutintensefarmingduetoinsecurity.
3. Thousandswereabletoownland. 7. ThepopulationofKenyahasbeengrowingfasterthanthe
4. Dairyandcashcropproductionincreased. gainsmadeintheagriculturalsector.
8. Corruptgovernmentofficialshavegrabbed/soldresearchland
NationalLandCommission therebyaffectingtheoperationsofresearchinstitutions/
Mismanagementoffundsmeantforagriculturedevelopment.
Itsfunctions 9. Farminghasbecomeacostlyventureformostfarmersarenot
abletomeetthehighcostsoffarminputs.
1. Tomanagepublicland. 10.Overproductionofsimilaragriculturalproductsleadsto
2. TorecommendanationallandpolicytotheNational wastageduetolackof
Government. buyers.
3. ToadvisetheNationalGovernmentonacomprehensive 11.Shortageofagricultureextensionofficershasmadeitdifficult
programmeforlandregistrationinthecountry. forfarmerstoget
4. Toconductresearchonlandinthecountry,includinguseof adviceonhowtoimproveyields.
naturalresourcesandmakerecommendationstotherelevant 12.Mismanagementofco-operativeshasimpoverishedfarmers.
authorities. 13.CompetitionfromCOMESA/Industrializednationshas
5. Toinvestigatepresentorpasthistoricalinjustices,eitheronits frustratedKenyanfarmers.
owninitiativeorasacomplaint,andrecommendappropriate
action. BenefitsofCooperativeSocietiesinKenyaafterindependence.
6. Toencouragetheuseoftraditionalmethodsofdispute
resolutioninlanddispute. Theygiveloans/creditfacilities.
7. Tomonitorandoverseetheresponsibilitiesoverlanduseand Theyprovidebankingfacilities/Savingsfacilities.
planninginthecountry. Theyprovidebenevolent/insuranceservices.
Theyinvestonbehalfofmembers.
Severalstepsweretakenbythegovernmenttopromotelarge-scale Theycreateemployment.
farming Theyeducatemembersonfinancialmanagement/investment.

A.D.C.(AgriculturalDevelopmentCorporation)wasestablished
tomanagelargescalefarms.Establishedbythegovernmentin
Western,RiftValey,Coastandotherparts.
KARI-KenyaAgriculturalResearchInstitutewasestablishedin
dryareasandduringdroughtseasonse.g.BuraIrrigation Industrialdevelopmentssinceindependence Scheme-
Coastwasestablishedtoresearchoncrops.
3.Establishedirigationschemestofacilitateagriculture. FactorsbehindindustrialdevelopmentinKenyasinceindependence
4.Developmentauthoritieshavebeenestablishede.g.Tana&Athi
RiverDevelopmentAuthority(TARDA). 1. Existence/availabilityofraw-materials.
5. Commissionshavebeenformedtodealwithlandissuese.g. 2. Freshwaterwithfish.
2001,MoiappointedCharlesNjonjotoinvestigatetheproblem 3. Productionoftimberfromforests.
oflandownershipanddistributioninKenya,2003,Kibaki 4. Richscenery.
appointedNdung’uCommissiononland. 5. Riversforelectricity.
HowtheKenyangovernmentfacilitatedtheacquisitionoflandfor 6. Populationexpansion-labourandmarket.
7. Richagriculturalfarmland.
Africansafter1963. 8. Transportandcommunication.
1. Resetlingpeopleinirrigationschemes. Government’saim/objectivesinpromotingindustrialdevelopment

2. Encouragingpeopletoformco-operativesocieties/land
buyingcompanies. 1. Atainingrapidgrowthinindustrialproduction.
OpeninguptheformerWhitehighlandstowilingbuyers.2. Creatingemployment.
Giving/providingloanstothosewhowerewilingtobuyland. 3. Creatingforeignexchange.
5. Consolidation/adjudicationoflandtoenabletomaximize 4. Utilizinglocalresources.
production. 5. Creatinglocalindustrialskils.
Issuingoflandtitledeedstomakeownershiplegal/easeland
transfer.Stepsbythegovernmenttoboostindustries

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 PAPER1
Establishmentoftheministryofcommercetoexpand
commercialandindustrialactivitiesinthecountry.
Technicalassistancewasalsoextendedtosmalscale
businessestohelpimproveenterprises.Italsopromoted
theJuakalisector.
Agro-basedindustrieslikebakeries,teaandcoffeehave
alsobeenpromotedbythegovernment.Textileindustries
havebeenexpanded.
Establishmentofstate-ownedfinancialandbanking
institutionshashelpedtoexpandeconomicgrowth
throughissuingofloans.
Thegovernmenthassoldparastatalsharestothepublic.
Thegovernmentestablishedlightengineeringindustries
toproducebasicimplements.
Thegovernmentsetupamotorvehicleassemblingplant
inThikaandoilrefineriesinMombasa.
Tourismindustryhasbeenestablishedtoboostthe
country’seconomy.
EstablishmentofKenyaIndustrialEstate(KIE)toprovide
technicaladviceandcapitalfortheestablishmentof
factoriesbyAfricans.
Prospectingandminingofmineralslikeoil,coalandgold.
Constructionofinfrastructurelikeroads.
Chalenges
Thecapitalwastransferedfromthecountrybythewhites.
Landlessness.
InadequateinfrastructureespecialyAfricanreserves.
Rural-urbanmigrationledtoinadequatefacilities.
ControloftheeconomybyEuropeancommunitye.g.large
industriesandfarms
Unskiledlabour.
Whyparastatalsaresetup
Generaterevenue.
Provideloanstofarmersandbusinessmen.
Createemployment.
Helpthegovernmenttocontrolkeysectorsoftheeconomy.
Toprovideessentialservicestocitizense.g.KenyaRailway
Corporation.
20/01/1978,KenyaPortsAuthority(KPA)
Wassetupto:-
Toprovidemoderncontainersforhandlingaltypesofcargoin Kenya.
TohandlesKenya’sexportsandimports.
Toearnforeignexchangeforthecountry.
Asasourceofemployment.
Tostimulatedlocalindustry.
ItappointspilotswhobringbigshipstoKilindiniharbour.
Itbuildsandmaintainsnavigationalgrids.
Kenyapowerandlightingcompanyhasalsofacilitated
economicdevelopmentinKenya.
Kenyapostalcorporationhascontributedalottotheeconomy.
1990’sKenyastartedliberalizingtheeconomy.
ProblemsfacingindustrializationinKenya
CapitalisrepatriatedfromKenya
Importedmaterialsareused.
Foreignerstakemostmanagerialposts.
Mismanagementofmajorindustries.
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Mostindustriesarelocatedneartowns,thushindering
expansion.
Shortageoffinancialsupport.
Competitionfrommoreindustrializedcountries.
SmaldomesticmarketofKenya.
Smalquantitiesofproduceduetouseoflowtechniques.
Lackofstrategicraw-materialse.g.petroleum.
EffectsofKenyaindustrialdevelopment
Ithasincreasedemploymentopportunities.
IthasliberatedKenyafromover-relianceonagriculturalsector.
Ithasimprovedtheinfrastructure.
IthasenabledKenyatodiversifyhereconomy.
Ithasfacilitatedutilizationofmineralresources.
Ithasfacilitatedthegrowthofurbancenters.
Culturalinteractionhasincreased.
Ithasearnedthecountryself-reliance.
Socialdevelopmentsandchalengessinceindependence
Poverty,ignoranceanddiseaseswerethemainsocialproblems
afterindependence.
Education
Kiswahiliwasgivenarespectablestatusinthecountry.
Commissionsweresetuptostreamlineeducation.
Harambeewasusedtoexpandeducationfacilities.
Commissions
Kenyaeducationcommission/OmindeCommission(1964)–
recommendedmajorchanges.
Nationalcommiteeoneducationobjectives&policies(1976)
Presidentialworkingpartyonthe2nduniversity(1982)/Mackay
commission-Recommendedthe8-4-4.
KamungeCommission(1988)-recommendedcostsharingin
educationandreductionofsubjectsin8-4-4
DavyKoechcommission(1988)-recommendedintroductionof
TotalIntegratedQualityEducationandTraining(TIQET)
In1969,MinistryofeducationtookoverthePrimaryeducation
fromthelocalgovernment.
In1978,schoolmilkwasintroducedinprimaryschoolto
encouragechildrentogotoschool
In2002,NARCgovernmentintroducedfreeprimaryeducation policy
Vocationalinstitutionshavebeenintroducede.g.vilage
polytechniccoleges
Teachers’TrainingColeges
Agriculturalbasedcoleges
Universities
K.I.E.hasbecomethemajornationalcurriculumdevelopment
andresearchcentre.
Kenyanationalexaminationcouncil(KNEC)wasestablishedin
1977toevaluatelearnersatprimary,secondaryandmiddle-
levelcoleges.
In1970,UniversitycolegeofNairobibecauseafuluniversity.
In1984,Moiuniversitywasestablished
In1985,KenyataUniversitywasestablished
In1987,EgertonUniversityfolowed
ThiswasfolowedbyJomoKenyataUniversityofAgricultural
andTechnologyin1994,Masenoin1999andWesternColege
ofScienceandTechnologyasauniversityin2003.
ApublicuniversityhasbeenproposedfortheCoastProvince.
Privateuniversitieshavealsobeenlicensedtoprovidehigher
 PAPER1
educatione.g.Daystar,Baraton,USIU,CatholicUniversityof
EastAfrica,NazareneandMethodist.
 In1970’sHighEducationLoansBoard(HELB)wasestablished
toloanthestudentstocompleteeducation.
 In1999,paraleldegreecourseswereintroduced.
Chalengesineducationsinceindependence.
Inadequatelearningandteachingfacilitieslikeclassrooms. 11.Continuedpolutionoftheenvironmenthasledtoincreased
Insufficientfundstoadequatelyremunerateteachersandailmentshereby
developlearningfacilities.
Highdrop-outrateduetoearlypregnancyamonggirls.
Indisciplineduetodrugabusewhichcausesstrikes.
Highpopulationstrainsthefewresourcesavailable.Culture&sports
HIV/AIDSpandemichastakenaheavytolonteachers.
Culturehasaffectedthesectorinthatsometraditionalwaysof
lifelikenomadiccommunitiesdonotgivevaluetoeducation. interactpeople,promotepatriotismandcreateemployment.
Frequentchangesandrevisionofthecurriculumwhichinvolves  Kenyahasexceledinsportslikeathletics,footbal,voleybal
hugefinancialresources.
16.Qualityeducationisexpensive,henceoutofreachbyordinary
Kenyansliketheparalelprogrammes.
17.Toomanyunemployedpeoplewithhighereducationand
technicalskilsdiscouragestheyouthsfrompursuinghigher
education.
18.Politicalinterferenceonlearninginstitutionsbypowerful
individualswhoinfluencetheappointmentofincompetenthead
teachers.
19.PoorperformanceinMathematicsandSciencesmakesthe
educationsystemnotto
produceenoughmanpowerinthetechnicalfield.
20.Corruptionandmismanagementoflearninginstitutionsand
embezzlementofschool
funds.
Health
ThegovernmentestablishedtheministryofHealthtomanage 10.Promotionofgames,sportsandculturalactivities
healthrelatedissuesinthecountry.
 TheNationalInsuranceFundwasestablishedtoassist
inpatientstooffsettheirmedicalbils.
 ThegovernmenthasencouragedNGOs/religious
organizations/individualstoprovidehealthservices.
 ResearchinstitutionslikeKEMRIwerealsoestablishedto
researchoncausesandcureforsomediseaseslikeLeprosy
 Immunizationcampaignofchildrentopreventthespreadof
communicablediseaseswascarriedout
4. Inadequatefacilitiesofcultureandsportingactivities.
Anumberofhospitals/clinics/dispensariesandNyayowards
emoto/Creationoftworeferral
hospitals.
 Therehasbeenthetrainingofmorehealthpersonnelby
establishingmedicaltrainingcenters.
 Creatingpublicawarenessonhealthrelatedissues.
 Ithasemployedmorehealthworkers.
Ithassubsidizedthecostofhealthcare/freemedicalservices.
Licensingtheactivitiesofherbalists/privatehospitalsinthe
country.
Kenyasinceindependence.
Chalengestohealth
1. Rapidlygrowingpopulation.
2. HIV/AIDSandotherdeadly/terminaldiseases.
3. Mismanagementofhealthinstitutionsandembezzlementof
funds.
4. Braindrainofqualifiedpersonnelhasaffectedthesector.
5. Someculturalpracticese.g.taboos,femalecircumcision.
6. Povertyandmalnutritionwhichcausepatientstoresortto
cheaptreatmentthatisnoteffective.
7. Ilegalabortionsandearlypregnancies.
Novels,UpdatedICT,CPA,KASNEB,HighSchool&PrimaryNotes 0705525657
72
isabokemicah@gmail.com
8. Inadequatefundswhichmakesitdifficultforthegovernmentto
providemedicalfacilitieshasloweredthequalityofthe
services/inadequatemedicalequipment.
9. Highrateofaccidentsandinjurieswhichstrainthefew
facilitiesavailable.
10. Poortransportandcommunicationinsomeareasundermine
theprovisionofhealth
services.
jeopardisingthegovernmenteffort.
 Culturalactivitiesentertainedpeople,educatemasses,unite
etc.
 1980’sMoiInternationalSportsCentre-Kasaraniwassetup.
 Thegovernmentisencouragingthecommunitytoparticipatein
traditionalsportlikecockadbul-fightinginWesternProvince.
StepstakenbytheKenyangovernmenttopromotenational
integrationsinceindependence
1. Developmentofnationalsymbols
2. DeclaringKiswahilianationallanguage
3. Establishingaone-partystatein1982andmultipartystatein
1992.
4. Promotionofharambeespirit
5. Nyayophilosophyofpeace,loveandunity
6. Abolitionofsocialsegregation
7. Abolitionofethnicorganizationsandgroupings
8. Useofsimilarnationalconstitution
9. Ethnicbalanceinpublicinstitutions
11.Promotionofnationalpublicservicei.e.civilservantscanserve
anywhereinthe
country.
Chalengesinsports
1. Pooratitudetowardsactivitieslikeculture,musicandsports.
2. Poorfinancialrewards.
3. Misappropriationoffundsmeantfortheirdevelopment.
Piracyofartisticworkshasdeniedthemrevenue.arebuiltusingtheHarambe
6. MostKenya’sculturalartifactsweretakenbythecolonists.
7. Foreignteamsyndrome-Suchteamshaveacquiredfanatical
supportfromKenyaattheexpenseofthelocalteams.
8. Exploitationofroyaltypaymentsinmusic,artanddrama.
9. InfluenceofforeigncultureshasmadeKenyanstoabandon
theirowncultures.
Howthegovernmenthasatemptedtopreserveculturalheritagein
1. Ithasincorporatedsomeaspectsofculturalstudiesinschools.
2. Ithaspromotedcompetitionbetweenschoolsandother
institutionsoflearningonculturalissueslikemusicfestivals.
3. Hasencouragedintermarriagebetweendifferentethnicgroups.
4. Ithasencouragedpeopletosetleandownpropertyinanypart
ofthecountry.
5. Ithasestablishedandmaintainedcenterswhichpreserve
culturalvaluesandheritageofdifferentcommunitiese.g.
museums,BomasofKenya,NationalArchives,Media
programmesonculture.
6. Ithasencouragedthemigrationandsetlementofpeoplefrom
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com
differentethnicgroupsintourbancenters.
Ithasestablishedlearninginstitutionswherepeoplefrom
differentcommunitiesinteract.
Ithasalowedfreedomofworshipwhichprovidesfor
interactionofAfricanreligiousheritage.
IthasestablishedaministryinchargeofCulture.

ImportanceofculturalactivitiesinKenya.

Forentertainment
Educatethemasses
Unitethepeople
Promotepatriotism
Sourceofemployment

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73
 PAPER1 isabokemicah@gmail.com

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