14 TRIBHUVAN I.

INIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING FulI Marks | 80
Examination Control Division
2075 Bhadra

Subject' - Transmission and Distribution System Design (88754)

,/ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
'/ Attempt All questions.
{ The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks.
,/ Conductor Table and Anpendix attached herewith.
,/ Assume suitable data if necessary.

-=.-'State the following statements are TRUE or FALSE? Justify your answer with a brief
explanation, [(1+f ;x41
a) Impulse withstand voltage of an overhead transmission line insulator depends on
system Q'{eutral) earthing condition'
b) Height of tower is the function of voltage only.
c) Thermal limit design for distribution feeder is applicable in dense urban areas but
power losses and voltage drop is major concern in rural areas.
d) The peak demand of a load centre is the sum of the peak demand of different
consumer classes.

2. In design of a transmission line for delivering power of 180 MW for a distance of 200
km. Considering that the system is to be operated at po\4,er factor of 0.85, find the
required numbers of insulator disc per string to be selected. u6l
3. a) For the design of most economical span of a high voltage transmission line, following
data arc available for a particular conductor. Select the most economical span. [10]

- Given that: conductor diameter: 28 mm

\_.__, Cross sectional atea:463 mmz
-
UTS 15910 ks
:
Wind Pressure 100 kil^'
Factory of safety :2
Span(m) Maximum Sag(m)
o
250 3,24
275 3.88
300 4.57
325 5.32
350 6.t2 o 8.7m

All towers are straight line towers. The air clearance is shown in figure.
Assurr1e:
Minimum ground clearance is 6m. Neglect the effect of ground wire.
b) What do you mean by corona? Derive the expression for corona inception voltage. t6l
t
4' a) With the help of a suitable load curye, show that loss of load factor may be expressed
AS;
LLF: Kr*LF + Kr*1Pz
l6l
b) The initial survey of a particular load center, the following consumer data
has been
obtained.
Consumer Potential Avg.Monthly No. of 5'n year load Pattem
Class Consumer consumption effective Responsibility Load
Number KWr{) daylmonth factor factor
Domestic 100 30 30 r.0 0.25
Commercial .
20 30 25 0.5 0.3
Non- 50 20 20 0.1 0.2s
commercial
Assuming consumption growttr factor of 5Yo in each year for egch class
and
electrification coverage factor by 5t year is 70% for all ,onrurn., classes.
Determine
5'h vear peak load of the load center in rw. (Negiect projecti-pr.,i.itiii##;; ttgl
5' a) A particular load center has a peak demand of 50 kW at power factor of 0.g laggrng.
Compute %o peakpower loss and voltage drop in 3 phase LT feeder configuration
with
rated transformer of I l/0.4 kV,
Option Eggdet configuration
I 4 feqders each of length 3km
II 2 feeders each of 4 krn
u 3 feeders each of2 km

Impedance per phase = (l.l+0.25) elkm. Assume uniformty distributed load along
feeders
u0l
b) sffibution size ftVAR)
placed at achieve the
For simp each node is
in p.u. at
t6l
 APPENDIX

I MostEconomica|VoltageEmpiricalFormula:,=L+*ffiJo,'
ll Standard Voltage: 66 kV, 132 kv,220kv,400 kv
llr Table A-l: Transmission line capability curve with the assumption gf single circuit
mlssron surqe r of 400 O.
Length Power Transmission Capability/SlL
80 2.7s
160 2.25
240 1.75
320 1.35
4go 1.00
540 o.75

lv. able A-z:

Table wl
A-2: Withstand vol for diffcrent
Maximum System 1 Minute Dry withstand 1 Minute Wet Withstand lmpufse Withstand
Voltage (kv) (kv) (kv)
123 2L5 185 4s0
145 265 230 s50
255 435 395 900
420 7ffi Ftr
v. able A-3: Flashover or 254 x 154 mm disc insulators
Number of Discs 1 Minute Dry FOV (kV) l Minute Wet FOV lmpulse FOV
(kv) (kvl
1 80 50 r50
2 155 90 255
3 215 130 355
4 270 170 t|{'
5 325 ua 5E
6 380 z5t0 510
7 435 2X) 69s
8 485 330 780
9 s35 371) 860
10 58s 410 945
11 635 4y) 1025
t2 585 tl85 1105
13 730 520 1185
t4 775 55s t255
15 820 590 1345
t5 865 620 7425
17 910 650 1505
18 9s5 680 1585
19 100 7LO 1555
20 1045 740 L745

vi. Minimum iir clearancc: 6,5 inch per l0 kV (rms) and factor of safety = t inch
vii. Maximum insulator string swing; 450

&-- EasierrCenCitien#OgW
xl. Minimum ground clearance = Hg = t!! + n feet,V is I--lEtemVoltage

tkQ)
 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Examination Control Division
2074 Bhadra
,'
Ey.Esl:' Tl?t_s.nission and Distriburion System Design (EET54)
'/ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
,/ Attempt AII questions.
,/
{
{
;. - ...
l. s are true or false. [(l+3)*4J
the cennected bus.
n voltage is to increase the conducrorsize.
c) The value of SSR should not be chosen belorv 1.8.
' d) For design of urban distribution line first
select the transfbrmer location and then size of thc
conductor.

2. ' a) Discuss the economical and technical oriteiion to be consiilered while selecting the best suitable
' standard voltage level and number of circuits for transmission line clesign. tSf
b) For a double cireuit, 132 kV transmission line, find the fbllowing air clearance with
justifications.
l8l
i) Cross arm }ength
ii) Insulator string length
iii) Horizontal and Vertical separation of conductor
iv) Heiglrt of eanh wire fronn top most conductor.
3. a) Detenninc the horizontal position of maximum sag from either supporting towers qf e4ual height
at a different elevation from a common reference. Also, explain thc' condiiion of'uirruai -l
sag. [o]
b) Explain the different types of insulator failure.
t4I

4. a) To transmit the given amount of power to a given distance a single circuit with single cafih
wire is
chosen for which the following design steps are completed, compute the most econqmical span if
the
transmission length is 200 km. I l2l
span(m) Drnax(rn) Hl(m) H2(m) H3(m) H(m)
250 3.t4 r0.245 13.555 16.865 28.8 t5
275 3.69 10,801 l4.l rI t7.421 29..371
300 4.27 I 1.38j 14.693 r8.003 29.95j
325
350
4.88
5.50
I 1.965
12.548
r5.298
t5.923
18.608 i:;;
30.558
3I.r83
I
19.233 ir . r 83_J

Where FII height of lower conductor from ground'

H2 heigk af miCdle conC'.pf.or fior-n grounr{
H3 height of top condubtor itom ground
Ht total height of tower. '

The power conductor has maximum working tension of 6990 k"; and diameter '['he
of 25.97nrnr. eanlr rrirc
has maxirnum working tension of 2856 kg and diameter of 16.52mm. Assume 80% rowcr or.e- ef A r1,pc.
l5o/o arc of B type and 5Yo are of C type and the rvind force is I00 kg/mz.

b) What is Ruling span? Explain the surveying requirenrent for transmission and distribution line rlesign.
I l*.3f
 5. a)Show that the voltage drop and power loss in feeder of uniformly distributed load is half and one third
'l of that in pnd loadpC cgndition- . [8]

b) The consumer data for particular distribution transfonner fbr a specilied year is as shorvn as follo*'s.
Table-l [10]

Consumer class Class A Class B Class C

Consumer Number 80 30 40
Monthly energy consumption 30 kwh 22 kwh 25 kwh
No. of effective days per month 30 24 25
Coincidence factor 1 0.9 0.9s
Powerfactor 0.9 0.8 0.8s
load pattem Table 2 Table 2 Table 2

Table-2
Tirn€ [hrs.) c.s,F.s.fi 6:Qti.,io.o0 10:@-r4.t6' !.4.CIG-18:0S t8.co-3i.@ 21.O0.?4'trf
Class A 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 1 0.4
Class B 0.1 0.1 0.5 7 0.5 o1
Class C 0.1 0.1 1 1 01 0.1

Determine the following.

For each class of consumer:
i. peak load
ii. Load factor (daily and annual)
iii. Contribution factor
iv. Annual energy sell
For distribution transformer (Neglect LT losses)
i. pea& load
ii. ' Load factor
iii. Annual'eirergy sells.- ; i

c) Explain the small area loa<i lbrecasting with the help of load gror\4h curve of small area. t4I

*+*
Appendix-A, . l
I.Mosteconomicalvoltageempiricalformula:5.5Iry*ffi}
*It. Stanclard voltage:66kv, 132kv, 220kv'400kv'
line
curve with assumption of single circuit transmission
m. Table-A_l: trarismission line capability
surge imPedance of 400Q
Ir'trttiptying facton. :n I-' I -

Len
?.7 5
80
2.25
160
'240 t.75
1.35
320
L00
0.7 s

IV. lnrpulsc rl itltstartd

min dtt*ithstarrd I nrin rvet wttlrstalld
Maximum sYstenr 1
rKV) (KV) (Kll-- ---
;

voltage
l8s 450 r

117, 215
??o 550
145 26s
4?5 39s e00
255 l 550
760 680
420

rlclruv Y vl voltages fot 254X154

mm disc insulators'
V. Table-A-3:
I ilul9-f\-J ' flashover
ll min u'et t'UV(KV) i lmpulse ["OV(KV
No. of ljrscs l
150
1i 255
355
440 _ ___ __l
525 -t

(rl0 i

6es I

/.es i
7Eu -
8
o B
<a(
r 860
945
10 r 025
615 450
1l I r05
685 48s
12
5n 1185 '
1i 1) A\
77s 55s
l4 .4s
a?n 590
15 1 41<
I+LJ
620
T6
650
ti 9\A
680 r 585
t8 955
7lc I 665
r 000
I 7+5
740

Minimum Air clearance (a): factor of safety is 30 cm.

per phase peak) ancr
L 1 cm for lKV (maximum
of sat'ety' is [l irrclt'
rgKv (maximum per phase rms) and tactor
il. 6.5 inch per
t
?2 J'RIBHUVAN L]NIVER'SITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Examination Control Division
2073 Bhadra

el{ n-t*4 on System Design (EE 754)

$y,bjgsli - Jtegs-s t$rqg
i
-u:t
,/ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far a-s practicable.
,/ Attempt All questions.
{ The Jigures in the margin.indicate Fall Markl
,/ Nece$sarv tablg ure attached herewi.th.
{ Assume suitoble data if necessnry.

State and justify whether the following statements are true of false. [4xal
- ay Horizontal conductor configuration is general choice for and above 400 kV
transmissiorr line.
b) The cturent carrying capacity of conductor increases with increase in ambient
temPerature'
c) Corona is more dominating design criterion for LV Transmission lines.
d) Network distribution system is more reliable than Radial Distribution system.
Z" a) Explain the effect of varying following parameter on conductor and insulator cost per
unit length of transmission line. t8l
(i) Pou'er to be transmitted and length of line
(ii) Voltage level
(iii)Number of circuit
b) Compute the various air clearances required f,or a 220 kY single circuit Transmission
line. t8l

_ 3. a) Explain the factors afflecting the choice of BIL of a transmission line for insulator
discs selections. i6l
b) To transmit the given amount of power to a given distance a single circuit with single
' earth wire is chosen for which the following design steps are completed, compute the
most economical span if the transrnission length is 200 krh. Assume 10Yo of Towers
have been used to take care of maxirnum angie deviation of 15o and rest are straight
line Towers.

Span Dmax(m) H1(m) FI2(m) H3(m) FIt(m)

(m)

250 3.14 t0.24s 13.55s 16.865 28.815

275 3.69 10.80r 14.111 17.42.1 29.]7 |

300 4.27 I 1.383 r4.693 18.003 29.953

325 4.88 11.965 15.298 18.608 30.558

350 5.50 12.548 15.923 t9.233 31. r 83

T
where,
H1 height of lower conductor from ground
FIzheight of middle conductor from ground
Ht height of top conductor from ground
Ht total height of tower
The porryer conductor has UTS of 8000 kg and diameter of 20 mm. The earth wire
has
sion of 4000 kg and diameter of 16 mm.
and Factor of safety for Tension is 2.
. t10]
4- a) Explain the dependency of energy loss computation in a transmission / distribution
line on the load factor with proper rnathematiiu aia.
tgl
b) show that the percentage voltage Regulation in a primary distribution feeder
is
invenely proportional to the square of the line voltage
t8l
5. a) Explain one of the srnall area forecasting method.
t6]
b) A ll k /0-4 kv, 100 KVA distribution transfomer has 4 outgoing secondary
disoibution lines of 1.5 km each. The conductor r:sed has resistance of tO
/ km.
Determine the rnonthly energy loss in the lines if the peak demand of the load
centre
has 80KVA at the load factor of 0.4. Given LLF: O.fLf + 0.7 LFz. tl0l
r&**

F-T o->
t

' AnPendix-A
I'
ffi
uJ{ff , power;nfflt/*1ooor
+'ffi1
I.. Most economical voltage empirical formuia:S

.
II. Standard voltage: 66kv, 132kv,220h'400kv'
of single circuit
ru. Table-A-l: fransmission line capability curve with assumption
transmission finb surge impedance of 400C1
Length@r) tr4uttiptving fagto{!q!)-
80 7.75
160 2.25
240
2."1^ 1.35
480
640 0.75
tv. for different system vottagen
1 min dry 1 min wet Impulse witlstand
Murimum sYstem
voltase withstand (KV) withstand (KU (KV)
215 185 4s0
r23
26s 230 550
145
435 39s 900
255
760 680 55U
420

V. Table-A-3: flashover voltages for 254X154 mm disc insulators'

1 min dry I min wet Impulse FOV(K$
No. of Discs
FOVTKV) FOV(KV)
80 50 150
1
t5s 90 255
2
2t5 130 3s5
3
270 170 440
4
325 210 525
5
380 250 610
6
435 290 69s
7
I 485 330 780
535 370 860
9
58s 410 945
10
ti 635 450 1025
I 105
t2 685 485
730 520 I 185
r3
555 1265
l4 775
820 s90 134s
15
620 1425
t6 865
910 650 1505
T7
95s 680 1585
18
710 r665
r9 1000
1045 740 1745
20
t Appendix B

tdrrat alDibM cocGd{l6lrrf lJbrot't.rllhfldq ll: ttt(lt5tl t *n

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I
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Gurrs .ftr ru&.u crrrr{rut iriradhtrtlr tr53r a$r t|!+!,tn l|lL |rcd rd I
o
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rrrr Otb cr eg rul t] 'aorf- hrof 'i:l
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€x I0r| crw il
s
ktlcat ia
xlil a
T
3
t2 It lt 15
tl lf cl
E
o
uoLE 6.' rG.{? a?1800 r 6 t.SO tJo 4.to rL37 4! 19 14 S7 It-99 0E6 z
SQQIRREL tl aJr :.1?.{00 tlr 6 2.11 1^tl 6.!r a.lr tt 58 77 nr l&y9 0.809
o0firE8, t6 35.91 1.o9800 131 6 L36 l.# ?-et $.6e 106 12 14 9t2 18.99 0.109
WEASEL fr 31,31 o.il160 r5|r 6 z.'e 2.fi 1.71 36-tS !U 87 4r l!3d Itgt o-Et l
FEBRET a( {i..8? 0,6?950 Itr 6 3.d ,.0 e.00 {e.'[ i?1 116 ,5 ltot ItJ9 0.t09
RABEIT !0 t-r 0.J&r90 t0b 6 3.3J ,,3J lo.0l Gt.10 zll r1t 6e ttfll, l$ef 0"ff19
{vtlNK l{t c.32 n.{J6ro lt4 G r,6 3.56 10.98 T,SE 259 r?t a2 Nt tt.t olot
HOr[r"SE .|: ::-5t 0.3D??o 72 2.19 2,.?9 rL% lt{:O 5{! !0. 1t8 5t08 t5.t0 l,or0
IIEATER 45 i+.07 0.t&ilo Nr 6 t.g 3.99 il.t? t7-tj 303 zOJ 9t 4l' 18.99 0?-'
RACCOON {3 ?: t3 0.355t0 lto 6 r,09 4.6 12J'1 9t.9? 318 llt t0! n4 r8.9e q
A'|rER 50 E:.8J 0.3{!,lO 281 6 4,27 1.72 12:.6 9?.91 !!t 230 100 797J Ir.ee 0*/
crT sJ 9.r,:r sJo:s 3Ot tt 4.5O 4JO $.lt ltt.10 3tt 26t 124 3314 18.+9 o.frP
DT.,G 65 rC:.60 0.1?{50 t21 6 +TL r.t t4-16 uE.Jo 394 23! 106 t9,5t 0J35
LSOPARD s? r:i.:o s:r9rr 3?t 6 J,lr tit 15.!4 14t.4 49t !60 133 dlt1
'.2r9 19.J1 0-1tr3
covoTE 30 r:!,f0 C.!Bl.lO . 3?5 26 2,h l:90 t5,t5 15l.60 521 tSJ 156 '{53f r&99 o.nt
TIOE& E0 l:;.io c-::2ro stt 30 2.K z.fi r6.t2 16l.g1 6114 163 241 fi58 rI.E o.lrt
lYOLF 95 t*.10 c.t8+fo +3(l t0 259 259 tt.l! te5.o0 727 4ft ?9J 68fl! 17.73 0.1t7

LY.YX n0 l7:'.00 C.:5S90 4?5 n 1.?9 :- :,79 jr.5j 126.10 84.1 506 33S i95O l;.?l 9.ist
PANTHER I3J 20'-m 0.t]?50 30 1.00 ? 3.fir 3t-00 xt-60 976 J86 390 9177 t?,71 0.:r
LTDN lrc 2-t:.50 0.r ll30 'D
rJ5 !0 . 3.rs : 3,rE ]].36 2el.9o t09? 659 418 10210 lr..t 0.?8;
BEAR 161 35:-r0 c.tt0f,0 595 t0 t,lt ? 3-15 3.41 326.10 t2I9 714 48S il]|O t t.tJ
GO \f t8J Jt:.JC 0.08989 580 l0 3.:t 7 3.7t 35-fl 4s0.00 1492 896 596 lr?.g0 li.,
0.7t-t
0.;s
SHE€P 1I' X6c.!0 0.0f 1 74t- 30 t,99 i 3.e9 27,93 {6t.G0 t726 t03( 690 t99lo l?.;)
t'3

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o.:89
DgEft Z& 4t9.30 0.t67E6 . 106 r0 4.21 7 *J? -r l.r. sfr.il ltrr? lltg Zg9 tSZlO o^&16

zEEnA i60 4rs.50 0.06800 795 t4 ,.18 7 3.t€ lrr f&.50 t6l3 t!*t 4tS ,J33t6
r?.71 0.?E?
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ti.sc 58&i0 2tg6 l3:.o 976 10?{o
19.t5 0,686
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tu,:t0 s.otti7 900 $ 3.53 ; 3-s3 Jl,7t 19?.001m2 1453 Stg t0tt0
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